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ROTATION  = coefficient of friction

= angle of friction
Rotation is a motion in which the body is moving in a Example: A flywheel is turning at constant rate of Solution:
circular motion but the body has no horizontal or 250 rpm. How many seconds will it take for the EXAMPLE 14: A 1200 lb sled is pulled along a
vertical translation. flywheel to turn 2500 radians? w  w 0  t horizontal surface at uniform speed by means of a
50  150  (6) rope that makes an angle of 30 above the
Relation between linear and angular parameters: Solution:
  16.667 rad/s 2 horizontal. If the tension in the rope is 100 lbs, what
  wt is the coefficient of friction?
r S  r
 S  2500  rad w2  w02  2 Solution:
V = rw t   300 s
w 250 rev 2  rad 502  1502  2(16.667)
w a = r x motion
V 60 s 1 rev   600 rad
Rotation with constant angular acceleration: 100sin30o
S = linear distance;  = angular distance (radian) 100 lb
V = linear velocity; w = angular velocity (rad/s) FRICTION W = 1,200 lb
w0 1
a = linear acceleration;  = angular acceleration  = w0 t ± t 2 100cos30o
(rad/s2) 2 Frictional force – a static force acting in parallel to 30o
t = time spent the surface to prevent impending motion of the
w = w 0 ± t body
r = radius of the rotating body 
w
 w 2 = w 0 2 ± 2  motion
Note: The formulas involved here are the same as in
LINEAR MOTION, the difference as we change S to F
, V to w, and a to . w0 = initial angular velocity; w = final angular W
velocity
Example: V = Vo – at becomes w = wo - t  = angular acceleration
 = angular distance covered N
V2 = Vo2 – 2aS becomes w2 = wo2 – 2
t = time spent P

Example: What is the linear speed of a point on the Fy = 0: N + 100sin30o – 1,200 = 0
EXAMPLE 12: A flywheel 1.2 m in diameter
edge of a 14-inch diameter disk turning at 40 rpm? accelerates uniformly from rest to 2000 rpm in 20 s. F N = 1,150 lb
What is its angular acceleration in rad/s2? Fx = 0: 100cos30o – F = 0
Solution: 
Solution: R F = 86.60 lb
V  rw N
2000 rev 2  rad F = N
 7   40 rev 2 rad  w= x  209.44 rad/s
2 86.6 = ( 1,150 )
V ft   x   2.44 ft/s 60 s rev Formulas: F = N
 12   60 s 1 rev   = 0.0753
w = w 0 + t
F
Rotation with constant angular velocity ( = 0): 209.44 = 0 +  (20)  = tan = EXAMPLE 15: A body weighing 350 lbs rests on a
N
2
plane inclined 30O with the horizontal. The angle of
 = 10.472 rad/s
P = external force applied to the body static friction between the body and the plane is 15 O.
  = wt
F = frictional force (always directed opposite of What horizontal force P is necessary to hold the body
EXAMPLE 13: A motor takes 6 s to go from 150 to
the impending motion, if not moving, or the from sliding down the plane?
w 50 rad/s at constant angular acceleration. The total
motion, if moving)
angle through which the motor’s shaft turned during
N = normal force (reaction from surface, it is Solution:
 = angular distance covered the acceleration is ___.
always directed perpendicular to the surface  = tan
w = angular velocity of rotation of contact)  = tan15o
t = time spent R = resultant of F and N  = 0.268
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Fnet = net force or total force that causes motion

y’
m = mass of the body REF = ma
motion Note: Frictionless means no frictional force. a = acceleration produced by the net force 4,000 = 10,000a
350cos30o 350 lb P = external force applied a = 3.924 m/s2
y = 25 sin53o
Ff = frictional or resistance force
y = 19.965 ft
Psin30o 30o V  V0  at
350sin30o x’
x = 10 cos 53o D’ ALMEMBERT’S PRINCIPLE V  0  3.924(8)  31.4 m/s
x = 6.018 ft
Theory: Static conditions can be applied in a body EXAMPLE 18: A loaded elevator with very worn
P
30o M2 = 0 possessing acceleration by the addition of an cables has a total mass of 2200 kg and the cables
imaginary force called the reversed effective force can withstand tension of 28,000 N. Find the
Pcos30o N1( y ) – 80( x ) = 0 (REF) maximum upward acceleration for the elevator if the
F N1( 19.965 ) – 80( 6.018 ) = 0 a cables are not to break.
30o Fnet =ma
N1 = 24.114 lb REF = Fnet
N REF Solution:
REF = ma
Fy = 0
Fy’ = 0: N – 350cos30o – Psin30o = 0 REF
N2 – 80 = 0 Note: The force REF is used to stop the body from
N = 0.5P + 303.11 -------- ( 1 ) moving and is directed opposite to the acceleration.
N2 = 80 lb
Fx’ = 0: F + Pcos30o – 350sin30o = 0 T=28000 a=?
Fx = 0 Note: Newton’s Second Law and D’ Alembert’s
F = 175 – 0.866P ---------- ( 2 ) Principle will give the same result if applied to
N1 – F = 0 problems.
F = N F = 24.114 lb
175 – 0.866P = 0.268(0.5P + 303.11 ) EXAMPLE 17: A horizontal force of 4000 N is W = mg
F = N2 applied to a car at rest whose weight is 10,000 N.
175 – 0.866P = 0.134P + 81.23
24.114 = ( 80 ) What will the car’s speed after 8 s? W = 2,200( 9.81 )
P = 93.77 lb
 = 0.30 W = 21,582 N
Solution 1: Using Newton’s Second Law
EXAMPLE 16: A 25-ft ladder rests against a
frictionless wall with the foot of the ladder inclined
53O from the floor. The center of gravity of the W Fy = 0:
NEWTON’S 2nd LAW OF MOTION F  ma  m 
ladder is 10 ft from the foot of the ladder. If the g
ladder weighs 80 lb, find the coefficient of friction Theory: The acceleration of any moving body is 10, 000 T – W – REF = 0
between the foot of the ladder and the floor. 4000  a 28,000 – 21,582 – REF = 0
directly proportional to the net force acting on it and 9.81
is inversely proportional to the mass of the body. REF = 6,418 N
Solution: a  3.924 m/s 2
Note; The direction of acceleration is the same as the REF = ma
direction of the net force. V  V0  at
N1 6,418 = 21,582a
1 80 lb V  0  3.924(8)  31.4 m/s
Fn a = 2.92 m/s2
a
=?
P et
Ff Solution 2: Using D’ Alembert’s Principle EXAMPLE 19: A driver sees a horse on the road and
y
applies the brakes so hard that they lock and the car
10 a skids to a stop in 24 m. The road is level, and the
Fnet = ma Fnet =4,000 N coefficient of kinetic friction between tires and road is
53o Fnet  P  Ff REF 0.7. How fast was the car going when the brakes
F were applied?
2
x N2
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Motion Using Newton’s 2nd law of motion:

W Fnet  ma T r w=10 rps aC = centripetal acceleration or normal acceleration

a
Wsin - N = ma at = tangential acceleration
V FC atotal = total acceleration
REF
W sin30 - 0.25( W cos30) = ( W /9.81)(a) T  Fc
F
a = 2.781 m/s 2 Example: An automobile is accelerating at 5 m/s2 on
V2
T m  but , V  rw a straight road on a hill where the radius of curvature
N=W of the hill is 200 m. What is the magnitude of the
2 r
S  V0 t  1 / 2 at total acceleration when the car’s speed is 30 m/s?
Note: The force needed to stop the car is equal to m(rw )2
8  0  0.5( 2.781) t 2 T  mrw 2  1( 0.5 )(10 )2  50 N
the frictional force, F.
t  2.4 s r V2 30 2
an  =  4.5 m/s 2  normal acceleration
REF  Ff EXAMPLE 22: At what rpm is the ferriswheel r 200
ma  0.7N CENTRIFUGAL FORCE turning when the riders feel weightlessness or zero a t  5 m/s 2  tan gential acceleration
gravity every time each rider is at the topmost part
W
a = 0.7 W Theory: When a body moves in uniform velocity of the wheel 9 m in radius?
Solving for the total acceleration,
g along a curve path of radius r, it has a radial inward
acceleration of magnitude V2/r. Thus to bring the Note: In order for the rider to feel weightless, its
a  0.7 ( 9.81)  6.867 m/s 2
body back to dynamic equilibrium state (D’Alembert’s weight must be equal to the centrifugal force. a  at 2  an2  52  4.52  6.726 m/s2
principle), an inertial force of magnitude m(V2/r)
V2  V02  2aS must be applied in radial outward direction and this W V2
force is called centrifugal force. W  Fc  FC
0  V02  2(6.867)(24) gr
V=rw
m 3600 s 1 km V 2  gr  V  rw
V0  18.155 x x  65.358 kph r
s 1 hr 1000 m mV 2 W
Fc = w2 r 2  g r
V
EXAMPLE 20: A box slides down a plane 8 m long r g r w
FC w
that is inclined at an angle of 30 with the horizontal.
If the box starts from rest and  = 0.25, find the FC = centrifugal force r
time required for it to reach the bottom. V = linear velocity of the rotating body 9.81
m = mass of the rotating body   1.044 rad/s
Solution: Using Newton’s Second Law r = radius of track 9
g = standard gravitational acceleration rad 60 s 1rev
w = 1.044 x x  9.97 rpm
W s min 2  rad
Wcos Note: The force that pulls the body towards the
Wsin center is called centripetal force while the balancing

MOTION
outward force is called centrifugal force.
TOTAL ACCELERATION ON BODIES MOVING IN A
FOOD FOR THE BRAIN: In order to retain the body in CIRCULAR PATH
the circular path (dynamic equilibrium), the V
F=N centrifugal force must be equal to the centripetal aC an atotal
N=Wcos force.
 atotal aC
EXAMPLE 21: A ball of mass 1 kg is attached to an an
Note: Since the body travels down the plane, then inelastic string of length 0.5 m. Find the tension in
the force Wsin must be greater than the frictional the string if the ball is rotated horizontally with a V2
velocity of 10 rps. a total  ac 2  at 2  ac 
force F
r
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Activity # 8

1. A flywheel is 15 cm in diameter accelerates 9. An automobile travels on a perfectly

uniformly from rest to 500 rpm ( revolutions horizontal circular track of radius R. The
per minute ) in 20 seconds. What is the coefficient of friction between tires and the
angular acceleration, in rad/sec2? track is 0.30. If the car’s velocity is 15 m/s,
what is the smallest radius, R, it may travel
2. A turbine started from rest accelerates to without skidding?
180 rpm in 6 minutes at a constant
acceleration. Find the number of revolutions 10. A 40 lb block starts from rest and slide down
will it make within the elapsed time. a plane at an angle of 30o with the horizontal
for which the coefficient of friction is 0.30.
3. A rotating wheel has a radius of 2 ft and 6 How far has it travel after 3 seconds?
inches. A point on the rim of the wheel moves
at 30 ft in 2 seconds. Find the angular velocity
of the wheel and the number of rotations in 5
minutes.

4. A car moving at 70 km/hr has a mass of

1,700 kg. What force is necessary to
decelerate it at a rate of 40 cm/sec2?

5. An elevator weighing 2,000 lb attain an

upward velocity of 16 ft/sec in 4 seconds with
uniform acceleration. What is the tension in
the supporting cables?

6. A pick – up truck is travelling forward at 25

m/s. The bed is loaded with boxes whose
coefficient of friction with the bed is 0.40.
What is the shortest time that the truck can be
brought to a stop so that the boxes will not
shift?

7. A wooden block having a weight of 50 N is

placed at a distance of 1.5 m from the center
of a circular platform rotating at a speed of 2
rad/sec. Determine the minimum coefficient of
friction between the block and the platform so
that the block will not slide.

8. A boy tied an 80 grams stone to a string

which he rotated to form a circular motion with
a diameter of 1 m. Compute for the pull
exerted by the string to the stone if it got loose
at a velocity of 25 m/sec.