SOCIO-ANTHROPOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS

PHYSICAL EDUCATION

- as an integral part of the total education process, is a field of endeavor that has its aim on the
improvement of human performance through the medium of physical activities that have been
selected with a view to realizing this outcome. It is a course which utilizes a play or movement
exploration setting for the transmission of physical knowledge and skills to an individual or a group,
the application of these skills, and their results. It also can refer to any intramural or extracurricular
sport or physical activity students take part of through their school system. The purpose of physical
education involves more than training the body, or physical system.

The Olympic Movement

The Olympic Games should be the focal point of a broadly-based social movement, which, through
sports and play, would enhance human development and international understanding. The goal of
the Olympic Movement is to contribute in building a peaceful and better world by educating the
youth.

Aims of the Olympic Movement

1.To promote the development of physical and moral qualities, which are the bases of sports.

2.To educate young people through sports in a spirit of better understanding and friendship, thereby
helping to build a better and more peaceful world.

3.To spread the Olympic Principle throughout the world, thereby creating international goodwill.

4.To bring together the athletes of the world in the quadrennial sports festival, the Olympic Games.

The Symbols of the Olympic Movement

1.The Olympic rings represent the union of five (5) continents and the meeting of athletes from all
over the world. The colors of the Olympic rings are blue, yellow, black, green, and red on a white
background. At least one of these colors is found in every flag of nations.

2.The Olympic Flag, which carries the Olympic symbol (ring), was created by Pierrede Coubertin in
1914. It was first displayed at the Olympic Congress in 1914 and hoisted during the 1920 Olympics in
Antwerp.

3.The torch carries the “Olympic Torch”, which is traditionally lit at the site of the ancient Olympic
Games. This symbolizes the start of the Olympic Games in Greece. The flame will burn for the
duration of the games, depending on the host NOC.

4. The Olympic Medals reflect the excellence and achievement of the Olympic athletes.

5.The Olympic Motto in Latin language is: Citius, Altius, Fortius. In English, the motto means "Faster,
Higher, Stronger". It was the idea of Father Henry Didion, a Dominican teacher and friend of de
Coubertin.

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6.The Olympic Hymn was adopted by the IOC in 1958. It is based on a Cantata by Costis Palamas. Its
music was composed by Spirou Samara in 1896.

HISTORICAL FOUNDATIONS-PHILIPPINES

The Early Filipinos

The philosophy was to spread catholic faith among the indigenous peoples of the Americas who had
been colonized by the Spanish. The activities included "Santa Cruz DeMaio" Native Dances,
Bullfighting, Arnis, Wrestling, Sintak, Siklot, Chongka and piko-piko.

Physical Training

were concerned mainly with self-defense, search for food and shelter and religious ceremony. Thus,
the boys were trained to be fighters, farmers, hunters, fishermen/sailors, miners, shipbuilders and
smiths. Girls were taught cooking, sewing/weaving, stock-raising and other domestic skills.

American Regime

In 1911, an Athletic Handbook was issued by the Bureau of Education which was revised later in
1913. The material served as the guide for all forms of play, calisthenics and athletics in the public
school. Physical Education was also prescribed in the secondary course.

The prescribed order of exercises in the calisthenics class was the following:

Attentive exercise

–to serve attention and interest. Composed of simple arm and leg exercises, marching, easy dance
steps.

Corrective exercises

–to straighten spine, elevate chest and improve carriage of the head. Composed of arm flexions and
head and trunk bending.

General exercises

–to develop strength, skill, speed and endurance. Composed of many movements requiring
simultaneous use of the arms, trunk and legs.

•Respiratory exercise

–to aid gradual return of respiration and circulation to normal. Composed of progressively slower

movement of arms, head, trunk and legs.

The famous philosophers were American Leaders;

William Cameron Forbes and Elwood Stanley Brown.

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Filipino Leaders; Pedro Villanueva, Candido Bartolome, Geronimo Suva, Pedro Ablan, Serafin Aquino
and Regino Ylanan.

School Athletics

Filipinos began to play baseball when American soldiers came to the Philippines during World War II.
By watching them play baseball, Filipinos learned how to play the game and eventually started
playing their own sport.

Some Primitive Dances performed during the early times

Comintang

–was danced to the accompaniment of songs.

Pampangco

–a dance which gave the woman every opportunity to display special grace as she skillfully moved
her hips about to the accompaniment of loud clap Ping.

Pabayo

–rice had to be pounded with pestles in a mortar.

Some Sports and Games

Sipa– meaning to kick

Lambatan– by net

Bilangan– by points

Mudansa– fancy kicking exhibition

Arnis– native fencing, two men each held a wooden bolo or sabe about thirty inches long and two
inches wide and engaged each other in a duel.

Other sports activities designed to teach self–defense where the native forms of wrestling more
popularly called the dumog, Sumping or finger wrestling and sanggol/arm wrestling.

Luksong Tinik– meaning jumping over thorns, the latter hurdle being a bridge improvised by the
fingers of the players.

Lanse– a puzzle made of a flat piece of bamboo thirteen- and one-Half inches long with two cords
tied to it.

Tubigan– a tag game usually played on moonlit nights.

Piko– a form of hopscotch.

Some Famous Physical Educators and Sportsmen in the Philippines

Dr. Jorge C. Bacobo

–initiated the movement to revive Philippine folk dances and songs.

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Francisca R. Aquino

–the mother of Philippine Folk Dance. She is a pioneer researcher in Philippine folk dances, she
worked actively for folk dance revival through the public schools.

Elwood Stanley Brown

–Patron of “All Sports for All” of the YMCA and the International Olympic Committee.

Raymundo Deyro

–Consistent winner in local tennis singles tournament.

Simeon Toribio

–Medalist in high jump, Far Eastern Meet (1927) and the11th Olympic Games (1928).

Felicismo “Mighty Mite” Ampon

–Outstanding exponent of Philippine tennis.

•William Cameron Forbes

–Instrumental in the organization of the local Young Men’s Organization of the local Young Men’s
Christian Association (YMCA) and the Philippine Amateur Athletic Federation (PAAF).

•Anthony Villanueva

–Silver medalist in boxing, featherweight class 1964 Olympics.

Carlos Loyzaga

–Basketball star of the 1950’s.

Pancho Villa

–First Filipino to win a world boxing title by knocking out in 1923.

Gabriel “Flash” Florde

–Acclaimed as the greatest living Filipino boxer today and classified by exports as a “thinking” or
“scientific” fighter.

Dr. Regino Ylanan

–pioneering physical educator

Teofilo Yldefonso

–Star breast stroke swimmer in the 1925 Far Eastern meet and the 1928 Olympic Games.

•Rodolfo Tan Cardoso

– “Chess Player of the Year” for 1956, 1957 and 1958 by the Philippine Sportswriters Association and
the first Asian to have been conferred the title “International Chess Master”.

CIVIC ORGANIZATIONS

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Girl Scouts of the Philippines

-The Girl Scouts of the Philippines are a branch of the Boy Scout movement. Mrs. Josefa Llanes
Escoda was sent to the U.S. and Europe to study girl scouting. She served as the first national
director of the movement in the Philippines.

Boy Scouts of the Philippines

-Boy scout troops were already organized in the Philippines as early as 1910, or barely three years
after Lord Baden-Powell had founded scouting in England. Troops were organized in U.S Army bases
such as Fort McKinley Corregidor, Zamboanga, Cavite and Manila.

Young Women’s Christian Association (YWCA)

-The Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA) was organized in October 1926. It aims to
promote growth in Christian character and service through physical, social, mental, and spiritual
development for young women.

Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA)

-The Young Men's Christian Association (YMCCA) was a great factor in the growth of physical
education in the Philippines. It was formed to promote physical, social and spiritual development of
boys and young men. The YMCAA is an association of Christian men who share the Christian faith
and life.

Sports

-Are institutionalized competitive activities that involve rigorous physical exertion or the use of
relatively complex physical skills by participants motivated by personal enjoyment and external
rewards.

Play

involves impressive activity done for its own sake; it may be spontaneous or guided by informal
norms.

Sports are Connected to Major Spheres of Social Life:

1.Sports and the Family

–sports are closely related to the family.

2.Sports and the Economy

–the economies of most countries, especially wealthy post-industrial countries, have been affected
by the billions of dollars spent every year for game tickets, sports equipment, participation fees,
athletic club membership dues. And bets placed on favorite teams and athletes.

3.Sports and the Media

–television networks and cable stations may now pay billions of dollars for the rights to televise
major games and events

4.Sports and Politics

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–people in many societies link sports to feelings of national pride and a sense of national identity.

Goals of Sports Sociology

1.Factors underlying the creation and the organization of sports.

2.Relationship between sport and other aspects of society such as family, education, and the media.

3.Influence of sport and sport participation on individuals’ beliefs relative to equity, gender, race,
ethnicity, disability, and other societal issues.

4.The social dynamics within the sport setting, i.e., organizational structure, group actions, and
interaction patterns.

5.The influence of cultural, structural, and situational factors on the nature of sport and the sport
experience.

6.The social processes associated with sport, including competition, socialization, conflict, and
change.

Accommodation

-the attempt to imitate and interact physically with the environment.