PHILIPPINE COLLEGE FOUNDATION

School of Criminology
Hagkol, City of Valencia, Bukidnon, 8709, Tel no. (088-222-2657)

MODULE ON
PREFACE

This module designed for criminology students for them to

familiarize the fundamentals matters with regards to crime, crime theories
factors affecting criminal behavior and basic models relative to victimology.
This module wishes to provide essential ideas and concepts about
criminology course.

1
ABOUT THE AUTHOR

IVY JOY E. KIBOS

Registered Criminologist

Faculty, School of Criminology, Philippine College Foundation

2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
TABLES OF CONTENTS
OVERVIEW
Learning Unit 1……………………………………………………………………… 5
Pretest…………………………………………………………………………………. 6-8
Learning Plan…………………………………………………………………………..9
Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………. 10
Scope and division of the study of Criminology…………………………………….11
Object interest in criminology…………………………………………………………12
Classifications of crimes………………………………………………………………. 12
Classifications of crimes according to the police……………………………………13
The criminal/offender………………………………………………………………….13
Based on mental attitudes…………………………………………………………….14
Based on legal point of view…………………………………………………………..15
Criminology in the Philippines…………………………………………………………15
Scientific studies in the Philippine criminology………………………………………16
References………………………………………………………………………………17
Lesson One- Post Test……………………………………………………………….18-19

3
I.OVERVIEW

INTRODUTION/ RATIONALE
The study of this course is of vital importance to the student
for it provides a bird’s eye view in the process of studying
criminology as a body of knowledge and other and allied subjects.
It treats primarily on the analysis of the causes of crime, in
controlling and preventing crimes and the punishment or treatment
of criminal offenders.

OBJECTIVES:
This module aims to provide students with an introduction to
criminology as a field of inquiry. This module explores the different ways in
which crime is measured and understood. It also looks at the various
disciplinary schools of thought that have contributed to this endeavor, some
of the key contemporary issues in criminological scholarship debate.

LEARNERS: This module is intended for 1st year Bachelor of Science in

Criminology students.

TIME FRAME: One semester, (1month module, once a month online).

PRE-REQUISITE: None

II.LEARNING UNIT 1
4
INTRODUCTION

PRE-TEST
I.MULTIPLE CHOICE

5
Instruction: Write your answer a long a bond paper. Copy the question and answer. Write your
answer as many as you can. Avoid any erasure, make sure that your penmanship should be
readable and under stable, if not it is considered wrong. The submission of assessment is on
august 27, 2021 through google classroom.
1. The sum total of all application of all sciences in crime detection.
a. Criminalistics c. Sociology
b. Investigation d. Biology
2. A civil damage that imposed by the way of example or correction for the public good, in
addition to the moral, temperate, liquidated or compensatory damages.
a. Normal c. Corrective
b. Exemplary d. Temperate
3. Refers to all the things that is left in the crime which are the subject of criminalistics.
a. Criminal thing c. Physical Evidence
b. Scene Evidence d. Evidence
4. Is any person who is a graduate with the Degree of Criminology and who passed the
board examination for criminologist and is registered as such by PRC.
a. Anthropologist c. scientist
b. Criminalist d. criminologist
5. The science deals with the origin, history, physical characteristic, life, process, habits,
etc. of plants and animals.
a. Biology c. Evolution Theory
b. Physics d. History
6. It deals with the study, comparison and identification of weapons alleged to have been
used on the commission of crime.
a. Polygraphy c. Criminology
b. Firearms Identification d. Fingerprint
7. The compensation awarded to a person’s physical suffering, mental anguish, fright,
serious anxiety, besmirched reputation, wounded feelings, moral shock, social
humiliation, and similar injury.
a. Corrective c. Moral
b. Nominal d. Temperate
8. It means juridical capacity and capacity to act.
a. Human personality c. Human rights
b. Civil rights d. Legal personality
9. It is the power to do acts with legal effect, it is acquired and may be lost.
a. Capacity to act. c. Legal Personality
b. Juridical Capacity d. Human Right
10. It is the power to do the acts with legal relations, is inherent in every natural person, and
is loss only though death.
a. Capacity to act c. Legal Personality
b. Juridical Capacity d. Human Right
11. A theory which emphasized that man is essentially a moral creature with an absolutely
freewill to choose between good and evil therefore more stress us placed upon the
criminal himself.
a. Positivist theory c. neo classical theory
b. Classical theory d. Italian theory

6
12. One of the schools of thoughts in criminology which believes that criminal person is sick
one that needs to be hospitalized and rehabilitated.
a. Classical school of thoughts c. Italian school of thoughts
b. Neo classical school of thoughts d. positivist school of thoughts
13. A theory that emphasized that the obligation between man and his government are
analogous to a contract voluntarily entered into by and between contracting parties.
a. Social contract theory c. classical theory
b. Social theory d. neo classical theory
14. The country where the last burning at the stake was made until 1786.
a. Rome c. Philippines
b. Berlin d. Italy
15. A crime which when committed, the offender acquires something as a consequence of
his criminal act.
a. Distinctive c. acquisitive
b. Positive d. occasional
16. Are crimes committed only when given situation a conducive to its commission?
a. Occasional c. Accidental
b. Operational d. Situational
17. Is an act or omission that is punishable by Revised Penal Code.
a. Felony c. crime
b. Offense d. delinquency
18. A statement that there would be no crime if there are no criminal laws and that we could
eliminate all crime merely by abolishing all criminal laws.
a. Decriminalization c. Abolish all laws
b. Logomacy d. all of the above
19. An individual with a strongly self-centered pattern of emotion, fantasy, and thought.
a. Illusion c. hallucination
b. Mental disorder d. insane
20. In criminology, it is the measuring or calculating of probable duration of human life.\
a. Life time c. human life
b. Biometry d. anthropology

II. ESSAY/DISCUSSION
Instruction: Write your answer a long a bond paper. Copy the question and answer. Write your
answer as many as you can. Avoid any erasure, make sure that your penmanship should be

7
readable and under stable, if not it is considered wrong. The submission of assessment is on
august 27, 2021 through google classroom.
1. What is criminology? Why it is called a multidisciplinary science?
2. Is criminology an art or science? Explain.
3. When do we consider a person a criminal?
4. Define crime in its legal definition.
5. Discuss the scope or coverage of criminology as a science.

III. IDENTIFICATION/SIMPLE RECALL

1. A multidisciplinary science that deals with the crimes, criminals, criminal behavior
and the treatment behavior______________________
2. The study of crimes focused on the group of people and society as a whole, based
on the examination of the relationship of demographic and the group variable to
crime. __________________________
3. The study of crimes through the science of behavior and mental processes of
criminals. ___________________________
4. The study of crimes through forensic psychiatry. __________________
5. The scientific analysis of the causes of crime_____________________
6. The study that deals with the punishment and the treatment of criminal offenders.
_______________________
7. Acts or omission punishable by Revised Penal Code. _________________
8. The general term used to refer to offenses, felonies, delinquency and
misdemeanor________________________
9. An act or omission punishable by special laws. ____________________
10. A person who committed a crime and has been convicted by final judgement by
competent court. _____________________

LEARNING PLAN

8
B.1 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson the students will be able to learn the importance,
purposes, nature and scope of criminology as a field of interest, define
criminology, crime, criminal, law, criminal law and other important concepts in
understanding criminology.

B.2 TIME FRAME:1month (September 6-October 6,2020)

B.3 MATERIALS NEEDED: Modules, Handouts, Notebook, Laptop or Smart

Phone

B.4 SUGGESTED ACTIVITIES:

a. Group Discussion
b. Research

INTRODUCTION
What is CRIMINOLOGY?

9
Criminology is a body of knowledge regarding crime as a social phenomenon. This is
the general and more traditional meaning of criminology. However, there are other definition of
criminology suggested by some modernist such as criminology may refer to the study of crimes
and criminals and the attempt of analyzing scientifically their causes and control and the
treatment of criminals.
Nature of Criminology
1. Applied science - application of natural sciences in the study of cause of crime while
chemistry, medicine maybe utilized in crime detection.
2. Social science - Crime is a societal reaction and it exists in society; its study must be part of
social science.
3. Dynamic - Criminology changes as social condition changes
.4. Nationalistic- the study of crime must be in relation to the existing criminal law within the
territory.
According to Sutherland and Cressey, Criminology is the study of crime as a social
phenomenon, or of criminals – the mental traits, habits and discipline. Elliot and Merill further
said it is study of crimes and its treatment. Taft however developed a more simplified definition
of criminology by stating that Criminology is the study of all subject matters necessary in
understanding and preventing crime, punishment and treatment of criminals.
The term Criminology is derived from the Latin word crimen, which means “accusation”
and the Greek word Logia which denote “study of”. Hence, criminology is the scientific study of
nature, extent and control of criminal behavior in both the individual and in society.
The word criminology was coined in 1885 by the Italian law professor Raffaele
Garofalo as “criminologia”. At around the same time, the French anthropologist Paul
Topinard used an analogous French term “criminologie”. It was in the mid-18th century,
criminology arose and became popular as social philosophers gave thought to the concepts of
crime and law. Overtime, several schools of thought have developed which led to the foundation
of criminology as a broad discipline.
Criminology is a multidisciplinary study of crimes (Bartol, 1995). This means that many
disciplines are involved in the collection of knowledge about criminal activity, including
psychology, anthropology, biology, neurology, sociology, psychology, and psychiatry have
dominated the study of crime. It is for this reason that criminology as a broad field can be
subdivided into:
a. Sociological criminology- the study of crime focused on the group of people and
society as whole. It is primarily based on the examination of the relationship of
demographic and group variables of crimes. Variables such as socio-economic
status, interpersonal relationships, age, race, gender and cultural groups of people
are probed in relation to the environmental factors that are most conducive to
criminal action, such as time, time place and circumstances surrounding the crime.
b. Psychological criminology – the science of behavior and mental processes of the
criminal. It is focused on the individual criminal behavior – how it is acquired, evoked,

10
maintained, and modified. Both the environmental and personality influences are
considered, along with the mental processes that mediate the behavior.
c. Psychiatric criminology- the science that deals with the study of crime through
forensic psychiatry, study of criminal behavior in terms of motives and drives that
strongly relies on the individua

Scope and Divisions of the Study of Criminology

Criminology is a broad field of study of crimes and criminals. Its scope is
categorized into the following studies:
The Making of Laws
This pertains to the examination of nature and structure of laws in the society which
could be analyzed scientifically, systematically and exhaustively to learn crime causation and
eventually help fight them.
Those who specialized in this area laws are criminologist with a legal bent and they refer
to their area of study as the criminology of criminal law, or in the case of criminologist with
sociology degrees, the sociology of law. An example would be the conflict criminologist, William
Chambliss, who in 1964 wrote a famous treatise on the law of vagrancy to argue for ruling class
domination theory of crime. Theories in this specialty area are sometimes called theories of
criminalization, not theories of crime. They involved the study of why some acts, but not others,
come to the attention of authorities and why some acts, but not others, come to be formally
penalized by the state as crimes.
The Breaking of Laws
This pertains to the examination of the reasons of crime causation which primarily deals
to answer issues why despite the presence of laws people still commit crimes.
This area is the most interdisciplinary one in criminology, pretty much, anyone with an
interest in studying the criminal mind is welcome, regardless of whether their degree is in
psychology, anthropology, economics, political science, psychology or sociology. It is important
to note that this specialty area is not concerned with fighting crime or catching criminals more
effectively.
It is concerned with the scientific theory and method for uncovering truth. Any insights
gained from studying the criminal mind are supposed to be useful in understanding human
nature and the society we live in. There is some disagreement about this however, with so
-called clinical, applied, and praxis criminology, as well as the field of criminal justice,
advocating better management, investigation, social change, and systems respectively.
Reaction Towards the Breaking of Laws
This pertains to the study of how people, the criminal, and the government reacts towards
the breaking of laws because the reactions necessarily bring light to the to the development of
modern measures to treat criminal offenders at the same time the reaction may be contributory
to criminality.

11
1. An Applied Science- anthropology, psychology and other natural sciences may be
applied in the study of the causes of crime while chemistry, medicine, physics,
mathematics, etc. May be utilized in crime detection.
2. A Social Science – inasmuch as crime, is a societal creation and that is exists in a
society, its study must be considered a part of social science.
3. A Dynamic Discipline- criminology changes as social condition changes. That means the
progress of criminology is concordant with the advancement of other sciences that have
been applied to it.
4. Nationalistic in Nature- the study of crime must always be in relation with the existing
criminal law within territory.

Objects of Interest in Criminology

CRIME defined
In as much the definition of crime is concerned, many fields of study like law, sociology
and psychology have their respective emphasis on what crime is.
Crime may be defined as:
1. An act or omission in violation of a criminal law in its legal point.
2. An anti-social act; an act that is injurious, detrimental or harmful to the norms of society;
they are the unacceptable acts in its social definition.
3. Psychologically, crime is an act, which is considered undesirable due to behavioral
maladjustment of the offender; acts that are caused by maladaptive or abnormal
behaviors.

Crime is also a generic name that refers to offense, felony and delinquency or
misdemeanor.

Offense – is an act or omission that is punishable by special laws (a special law is

statute enacted by congress, penal in character, which is not an amendment to the
Revised Penal Code).

Felony- is an act or omission that is punishable by the Revised Penal Code, the criminal
law in the Philippines.

Delinquency/Misdemeanor- acts that are in violation of simple rules and regulations

usually referring to acts committed by minor offenders.

Classification of Crimes
Crimes are classified in order to focus a better understanding of their existence. Some
criminologist views the following as criminological classes of crimes:

12
1. Acquisitive and Extinctive Crimes- Acquisitive crime is one which when
committed, the offender acquires something as a consequence of his criminal
act. The crime is extinctive when the result of criminal act is destruction.
2. Seasonal and Situational Crimes- Seasonal crimes are those that are
committed only at certain periods of the year while situational crimes are
those that are committed only in a given a situation conducive to its
commission.
3. Episodic and Instant Crimes- Episodic crimes are serial crimes, they are
committed by a series of criminal actions within a lengthy space of time.
Instant crimes are those that are committed the shortest possible time.
4. Static and Continuing Crimes- Static crimes are those that are committed
only in one place. Continuing crime are crimes that are committed in several
places.
5. Rational and Irrational Crimes- Rational crimes are those committed with
intent; the offender is in full possession of his mental faculties/ capabilities
while irrational crimes are committed without intent; offender does not know
the nature of his act.
6. White Collar Crimes and Blue-Collar Crimes- white collar crimes are those
committed by a person of responsibility and of upper socioeconomic class in
the course of their occupational activities. Blue collar crimes are those
committed by ordinary professionals to maintain their livelihood.
7. Upper World and Underworld Crimes- upper world crimes are those
committed by individuals belonging to the upper class of society. Under world
crime are committed by members of the lower or under privilege class of
society.
8. Crimes by Imitation and Crimes of Passion- crimes by imitation are crimes
committed by merely duplicating of what was done by others. Crimes by
Passion are crimes committed because of the fit of great emotions.
9. Service Crimes- refers to crimes committed through rendition of a service to
satisfy desire of another.
Classification of Crimes According to the Police
The Philippine National Police (PNP) classified crimes as an index or non-index crimes
for purposes of the uniform crime reporting system.
1. Index Crimes- are serious in nature and which occur with sufficient frequency and
regularity such as that they can serve as index to the crime situation. They are further
classified into:
a. Crimes against person – murder, homicide, physical injury, rape
b. Crimes against property – robbery and theft
2. Non- index crimes- are mostly violations of special laws and others crimes such as
crimes against morals and order (prostitution vagrancy alarm and scandal assault
resistance to authority. Corruption of public officials, gambling, slander and libel, treat
and coercion, and trespassing), crimes against chastity (abduction, seduction, lascivious
acts), other crimes against property (estafa and falsification, malicious mischief, damage
to property). These crimes are the generated from results of positive police-initiated
operations.

13
The Criminal/Offender
The criminal is the actor in the commission of a criminal act. On the basis of the
definition of crime, a criminal may be defined in three ways:
1. A person who is committed a crime and has been convicted by a court of violation of a
criminal law. (legal definition)
2. A person who violated as a social norm or one who did an anti-social act. (social
definition)
3. A person who violated rules of conduct due to behavioral maladjustment. (psycho-
behavioral definition)
Classes of Criminals
While crimes(acts) are classified into different classifications, criminals (actor) are given
the appropriate classification for purposes of further elaboration and understanding about them.
Based on Etiology
Acute criminals is one who violates a criminal law because of the impulse or fit of
passion. They commit passionate crimes.
Chronic criminals is one who commits crime acted in consonance of deliberated
thinking. He plans the crime ahead of time. They are the targeted offenders
Based on Behavioral System
Ordinary criminals is considered the lowest form of criminal in a criminal career. He doesn’t
stick to crime as a profession but rather pushed to commit crimes due to a great opportunity.
Organized criminals is one who associates himself with other criminals to earn a high degree
of organization enable them to commit crimes easily without being detected by authorities. They
commit organized crimes.
Professional criminals is a person who is engaged in criminal activities with a high
degree of skill. He is usually one who practices crime as a profession to maintain living.
Based on Activities
Professional criminals are those who practices crime as a profession for a living.
Criminal activity is constant in order to earn and skill and develop abilities in their commission.

Accidental criminals are those who commit crimes when the situation is conducive
to its commission.
Habitual criminals are those who continue to commit crime because of
deficiency of intelligence and lack of self-control.
Based on Mental Attitudes
Active criminals are those who commit crimes due to aggressiveness.
Passive inadequate criminals are those who commit crimes because they are
pushed to it by reward or promise.

14
Socialized delinquents are criminals who are normal in behavior but defective
in their socialization process or development.

Legal Classification of Crimes

Under the law, crimes are classified as:

 Crimes against National Security and the Law of Nations -

Example – Treason, Espionage, Piracy
 Crimes against the Fundamental Law of the State.
Example – Arbitrary Detention, Violation of Domicile
 Crimes against Public Order.
Example – Rebellion, Sedition, Coup d’tat
 Crimes against Public Interest.
Example – Forgery, Falsification, Fraud
 Crimes against Public Morals
Example – Gambling and betting, offences against decency and good customs
like scandals, obscenity, vagrancy, and prostitution
 Crimes Committed by Public Officers
Example – Malfeasance and Misfeasance
 Crimes against Person
Example – Murder, Rape, Physical Injuries
 Crimes against Properties
Example – Robbery, Theft
 Crimes against Personal Liberty and Security
Example – Illegal Detention, Kidnapping, Trespass to Dwelling, Threat and
Coercion
 Crimes against Chastity
Example – Concubinage, Adultery, Seduction, Abduction, Acts of Lasciviousness
 Crimes against Civil Status of Persons
Example – Bigamy and Other Illegal Marriages
 Crimes against Honor
Example – Libel, Oral Defamation
 Quasi-offenses or Criminal Negligence
Example – Imprudence and Negligence

Based on Legal Point of View

Habitual delinquent is a person who, within a period of ten years from the date of his
release or last conviction of the crimes of serious or less serious physical injuries, robbery,
estafa, or falsification is found guilty of any the said crimes or third time offender.

15
Recidivist is one who, at a time of his trial for one crime, shall have been previously
convicted by final judgement of another crime embraced in the same title of Revised of the
Penal Code.

Criminology in the Philippines

The Philippine legal system
In the Philippine context, the study of crimes and criminal behavior is very recent.
However, criminology in general can be traced back along with the development of the
Philippine criminal justice code and the legal system. For instance, pre-Spanish codes such as
the Code of Kalantiao and the Maragtas Code have little influence to the present legal system
but set rules on controlling crimes and punishment of criminals in the Philippines prior to the
colonization period.
Scientific Studies in the Philippine Criminology
While Philippine criminology rooted from the experience of violence brought about the
pre Spanish era to the second world war up to the martial law years and to the EDSA revolution,
the earliest known scientific work of a criminologist in the country can be drawn from the studies
conducted by Ignacio Villamor- Criminality in the Philippines, 1903- 1908 which was
published in 1909, originally written in Spanish. Villamor’s work focused on the analysis of the
crime data from 1903 to 1908 which were based on court cases.
Another Villamor’s work was Crime and Moral Education, published in 1924. In this
book, he argued that the most appropriate solution to crime is moral education (Gutierrez,2009).
The earliest known study involving the Filipino criminal was the work of an American
anthropologist Daniel Folkmar in 1903 when he conducted anthropometric measurement
among selected Bilibid inmates in an attempt to classify the racial or ethnic types that can be
found in the Philippines. His work was an influence of Cesare Lombroso’s anthropometric work
The Criminal Man in Europe in 1876.

16
B.6 REFERENCES
a. Fundamentals of Criminology by: Rommel K. Manwong
b. Fundamentals of Criminology by: Jesster P. Eduardo, Carlito R. Panganoron

B.7 NOTES AND SUGGESTED READINGS

a. Review Notes in Criminal Sociology RKM FILES.

17
POST-TEST

ESSAY/ DISCUSSION
Instruction: Write your answer in a long bond paper. Write your answer as many as you
can. Avoid any erasures, make sure that your penmanship should be readable and
under stable, if not it is considered wrong (10pts each). The submission of assessment
is on august 27,2021 through google classroom.

Define the Following terms:

1. Violation
2. Phenomenon
3. Felony
4. Offense
5. Victimless crime
6. Criminal
7. Index crimes
8. Acute criminals
9. Service crimes
10. Victim

ESSAY/DISCUSION
1. What is the legalistic definition of crime?
2. What is the distinction between seasonal and situational crimes?
3. Who is recidivist?
4. Enumerate and define the classifications of crime.
5. Cite an example of non-index crime and index crimes.
TRUE OR FALSE
Instruction: Write your answer in the space provided after the question. Write TRUE or FALSE
in words. Explain your answer, why it is FALSE or TRUE.
1. Criminology is not a science but an art. ___________
2. Criminology is dynamic discipline because it changes as technology advances.
___________

18
3. Criminology is both an applied and a social science. ___________
4. Criminology is a field that deals with the study of crime only. ____________
5. Criminology includes the study of human conduct such as criminal activities and the
causes and influence of one’s criminal behavior. ______________
6. Crime may constitute an intentional act in violation of a criminal law. ________
7. Crime is an anti-social act because it violates social norms. ______________
8. Crime by imitation is also called a crime of passion. __________________
9. An acute criminal is one who plans the commission of a crime and a targeted
offender. ___________
10. The lowest form of criminal in the criminal career is an ordinary criminal. __________
11. The aim of criminal psychology is to explain crime through the study of criminal
behavior. ______________
12. Misdemeanor and delinquencies are crimes. __________
13. Criminal behavior is dependent on the socially accepted norms of conduct.
__________
14. Illegal detention, kidnapping and abduction are crimes against persons in
accordance with law. ________________
15. Those who practice crime as a profession are considered professional criminals.
______________
16. A chronic criminal is one who plans ahead of time the commission of the crime.
____________
17. White-collar crime is an ordinary crime. ___________
18. Episodic crimes are also called serial crimes. ______________
19. Etiology means the scientific study of the causes of events or phenomenon like
crime. _________________
20. One who commits crime due to opportunity is an accidental criminal. _______

19