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Losses & Efficiency of Three Phase Induction Motor: Dr. Saif Thamer Al-Zubaidi

The document discusses the various types of losses that occur in a three phase induction motor, including fixed losses like core losses and friction losses, and variable losses like copper losses that increase with load. It explains how efficiency is highest at the load point where variable and fixed losses are equal, and how power factor improves as load increases. The performance curves are presented showing how efficiency, current, slip, and power factor vary with applied load.

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74 views

Losses & Efficiency of Three Phase Induction Motor: Dr. Saif Thamer Al-Zubaidi

The document discusses the various types of losses that occur in a three phase induction motor, including fixed losses like core losses and friction losses, and variable losses like copper losses that increase with load. It explains how efficiency is highest at the load point where variable and fixed losses are equal, and how power factor improves as load increases. The performance curves are presented showing how efficiency, current, slip, and power factor vary with applied load.

Uploaded by

delvin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 7

Losses & Efficiency of Three Phase


Induction Motor
Electrical AC Machines for Third Class

Dr. Saif Thamer Al-Zubaidi


Electrical Engineering Department,
Faculty of Engineering, Al-Mustansiriyah University
Losses & Efficiency of Three Phase Induction Motor

Losses in Three Phase Induction Motor :


Power losses in 3phase induction motor are that portion of the input power that becomes heat rather
than driving the load .
These losses can be divided into two categories:

1) Fixed Loses:
Fixed losses are assumed to be constant at all conditions of motor loading from no load to full load.
These losses are included:
I. Magnetic core losses (hysteresis and eddy current).
II. Mechanical friction losses (bearing friction, brush friction, and air friction or windage).

2) Variable Losses:
Variable losses are increased as the load (torque) on the motor is increased, and thus the current drawn
by the motor is increased. These losses are included:
I. The power lost in the resistance of the motor windings and are often called copper losses, or I²R
losses, which included the stator and rotor windings copper losses.
II. Stray load losses such as minor variations in fixed losses with load and speed and other small
miscellaneous losses.
Losses & Efficiency of Three Phase Induction Motor

1 Stator copper Losses


The stator copper loss is a function of the current flowing in the stator winding and the stator winding
resistance.
Stator Losses = I2 R1 Where I = Stator Current, R1 = Stator Resistance
The stator losses are a function of the stator winding resistance and directly proportional to square of
stator currents, thus stator losses are inversely proportional to square of efficiency and power factor.
For a given motor, the winding resistance is inversely proportional to the weight of copper conductors
used in the stator winding. Therefore, stator losses could also be reduced by using additional conductor
material in the stator winding.

2 Rotor Losses
Rotor losses consist of copper and iron losses. During normal operation of induction motors, since the slip
is very small, the magnetic reversals in the rotor core are only in the order of one or two per second. The
iron losses caused by this are very small and hence can be neglected , so :
Rotor losses = Copper losses = input power to rotor - output power of rotor
= T W1 – T W2 = T (W1 - W2)
Where: T = Torque, W1 = Angular velocity of RMF, W2 = Angular velocity of rotor
But slip (S) is given by: S = (W1 - W2) / W1 = T (W1 - W2) / T W1 = Rotor losses / input power to rotor
So, Rotor losses = S x input power to rotor
Losses & Efficiency of Three Phase Induction Motor

3 Magnetic Core ( Iron) Losses:


Magnetic core losses consist of the eddy current and hysteresis losses.
Hysteresis loss is increased linearly with an increase in frequency, while the eddy current loss is increased
as the square of the frequency. This can be expressed by the following equation:
Iron Loss = h f + e f2
where ( h ) is the coefficient of the hysteresis loss ,( e ) is the coefficient of the eddy current loss , and ( f )
is the supply frequency .
Iron losses could be reduced by:
1) Increasing the length of magnetic structure and thus decreasing flux density.
2) Using thinner laminations in the magnetic structure.
3) Using silicon grades of electrical steel. In general higher the silicon content (up to 4%), the lesser
shall be the magnetic losses.

4 Friction and Windage (Rotational) Losses:


These are power losses due to friction of the bearings, air friction (windage) caused by the motion of the
moving parts through the surrounding medium. The friction loss is relatively fixed for a given design.
Most of the windage losses are associated with ventilation fans that required for heat dissipation due to
other losses such as windings loss, core loss etc. As these heat producing losses are reduced, it is
possible to reduce the ventilation and thus the windage losses can be reduced.
Losses & Efficiency of Three Phase Induction Motor

5 These are the residual losses in the motor that are difficult to determine by calculation or
measurement. Some of the influencing factors are winding design , ratio of air gap length to rotor slot
openings, air gap flux density etc.
By careful design, some of the elements contributing to stray losses can be minimized. An arbitrary
figure of 0.5% of the input power has been used for stray load losses ,and appears in IEC specifications.

In a very general sense, the average loss distribution for NEMA - Design B Motors is tabulated below:

Motor Component Loss Total Loss %


Stator copper Losses 37%
Rotor copper Losses 18%
Magnetic Core Losses 20%
Friction and Windage Losses 9%
Stray Load Losses 16%
Losses & Efficiency of Three Phase Induction Motor

Power Flow in a Three Phase Induction Motor :


Losses & Efficiency of Three Phase Induction Motor

Motor Efficiency and Power Factor :


Motor efficiency is the ratio of the output of the motor to the electrical input power, usually expressed in
percent of the input power.

Efficiency = Output (Watts) / Input (Watts)


= 746 x HP / (V x I x PF)
= (Input - Losses) / Input
= Output / (Output + losses)
Where, HP is the output horse power, PF is the input power factor
Normally, Large three phase induction motors are more efficient than smaller size motors. Large induction
motor efficiency can be as high as 95% at full load, however 90% is more common.
Efficiency for a lightly load or no-loaded induction motor is poor because most of the current is involved
with maintaining magnetizing flux.
Power factor is the ratio between the KW and the KVA drawn by the motor, where the KW is the motor active
(or real) power and the KVA is the motor apparent(or total) power. Induction motors present a lagging
(inductive) power factor to the power line. The power factor in large fully loaded high speed motors can be
as favourable as 90%. The power factor for small low speed motors can be as low as 50%.
Losses & Efficiency of Three Phase Induction Motor

At starting, the power factor can be in the range of 10% to 25% , rising as the rotor achieves speed. Power
factor (PF) varies considerably with the motor mechanical load. An unloaded motor is analogous to a
transformer with no resistive load on the secondary. Little resistance is reflected from the secondary (rotor)
to the primary (stator). Thus the power line sees a reactive load, as low as 10% PF. As the rotor is loaded an
increasing resistive component is reflected from rotor to stator, increasing the power factor.
A poor power factor due to an inductive load can be improved by generating an amount of reactive power
(normally by using capacitors). These capacitors is used to deliver the required reactive power that the
motor needs to establish the magnetic flux which means no more reactive power is supplied from the
power line to the motor and thus improving the overall power factor. This technique is called power factor
correction (PFC), the circuit layout of connected capacitors is shown in the figures below.
Losses & Efficiency of Three Phase Induction Motor

Performance of Three Phase Induction Motor:


The shown figure is the representative performance curves
for typical three phase Induction Motor. Which illustrates
how efficiency may vary with percent applied load.
Maximum efficiency appears at the load when the variable
losses are equal to the constant losses. The power factor is
increased as applied load increasing. The motor drown
current is rising as the load is increased with 100% from its
rated value at full load. The slip is starting from the value of
unity and ends down with nearly 3% at full load.

Related Questions in Sheet No. 2


Losses & Efficiency of Three Phase Induction Motor

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