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Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region VII, Central Visayas
DIVISION OF BOHOL

ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES

Quarter : 1 Week : 2 Day : 1-4 Activity No. : 1-4

Competency : Uses knowledge of text structure to glean the information he/she needs
Objectives : 1. Identify the types of text structure used in the paragraph
2. Present the important information found in the text
Topic : Text Structure
Materials : Book (English for Academic and Professional Purposes)
References : https://tinyurl.com/ybfev2mk
Copyrights : For Academic Use

CONCEPT NOTES

What is a Text Structure?

Text structure refers to how the information within a written text is organized. It refers to the way an author arranges
information in his writing. It enables authors to organize their thoughts as they write. It also helps the reader in that it provides a
structure in which information can be found and understood while it's being read. This strategy helps you students understand that
a text might present a main idea and details; a cause and then its effects; and/or different views of a topic as well as monitor
comprehension.

Types of Text Structure

Text Structure Definition/Example Signal Words
For example, for instance,
This type of text structure features a detailed description of something to
specifically, in particular, in
give the reader a mental picture.
addition
Description
EXAMPLE: A book may tell all about whales or describe what the
geography is like in a particular region.
This structure presents the causal relationship between a specific event,
idea, or concept and the events, ideas, or concept that follow.
Cause and Effect Consequently, therefore, as
EXAMPLE: Weather patterns could be described that explain why a big a result, thereby, leads to
snowstorm occurred.
This type of text examines the similarities and differences between two or
more people, events, concepts, ideas, etc. However, unlike, like, by
contrast, yet, in comparison,
Comparison/Contrast
EXAMPLE: A book about ancient Greece may explain how the Spartan although, whereas, similar to,
women were different from the Athenian women. different from
This text structure gives readers a chronological of events or a list of steps
in a procedure.
Next, first, last, second,
another, then, additionally
Order/Sequence EXAMPLE: A book about the American revolution might list the events
leading to the war. In another book, steps involved in harvesting blue crabs
might be told.
This type of structure sets up a problem or problems, explains the solution,
and then discusses the effects of the solution.
factor, question, reason,
EXAMPLE: It seems like there has been a surge in teen pregnancies these situation, Issue, problem
Problem-Solution days. Teen pregnancies make it very difficult for young mothers to pursue answer, possibility,
their dreams and meet the demands of an infant. Fortunately, most teen proposition, solution,
pregnancies can be easily prevented by using birth control; however, even remedy, resolution
birth control is not 100% effective. The most effective way to prevent teen
pregnancies is abstinence, which is 100% effective.

ACTIVITY 1. Text Structure Quiz

Directions: Read each passage and identify the text structure used. Choose your answers from the box. Write it on the space
provided.
a. cause and effect b. compare and contrast c. chronological
d. spatial / descriptive e. sequence / process

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1. Ice-cream is a delicious frozen treat that comes in a many different colors and flavors. Two of my favorite flavors are strawberry
and chocolate. Though both of these flavors are delicious, strawberry may contain pieces of fruit while chocolate usually will not.
Even though more chocolate ice-cream is sold across the country annually than strawberry, each flavor tastes great inside of a milk
shake.
Text Structure: __________________________________

2. The ice-cream shop around the corner from my house has the best ice-cream in the city. When you first walk inside, there is a
long chrome counter with matching stools extending to alongside the far wall. Right where the counter stops, the booth seating
begins. There are lots of old-timey knickknacks on the walls and chrome napkin holders on all the tables. My favorite part of the
shop is behind the counter glass, where they keep all of the ice-cream flavors. A rainbow of delicious sugary flavors is kept cool
and delicious behind the counter glass.
Text Structure: __________________________________

3. Freezer burn may have wasted more ice-cream than sidewalks. If you don’t know, freezer burn is when ice crystals form on the
surface of ice-cream. These ice crystals can ruin the texture and flavor of the ice cream. But you can prevent freezer burn. Since
freezer burn is caused when melted ice-cream is refrozen, rather than eating your ice-cream from the container as it melts, scoop
your ice-cream into a bowl and put the container back in the fridge immediately. Doing this ought to help you solve your issues with
freezer burn.
Text Structure:__________________________________

4. No one knows the true origin of ice-cream, but the first published ice-cream recipe appears in “Mrs. Mary Eales's Receipts,” a
cook book that was printed in London in 1718. Sometime around 1832, an African American confectioner named Augustus Jackson
created multiple ice cream recipes and invented a superior technique to manufacture ice cream. Ice cream soda was invented
around 1874, but the real breakthrough may have been at the 1904 World’s Fair in St. Louis, Missouri, when the American ice-
cream cone was unveiled!
Text Structure: __________________________________

5. Making ice-cream is not easy. Cream and sugar have to first be mixed in a frozen container. Ingredients may be added at this
point, if desired. The mixture must be stirred and whipped until the cream and sugar mixture is frozen. Depending on the
equipment, this may take as long as an hour. After the ice-cream is prepared, it must be kept frozen until it is ready to be enjoyed.
Making ice-cream is difficult, but most people would agree that it is worth the trouble.
Text Structure: __________________________________

ACTIVITY 2. Read each paragraph carefully. A graphic organizer is used to show the structure of the text. Fill in the empty boxes
with appropriate information.
Problem and Solution Worksheet
Medical Alert

Overview: Problem and solution is one type of text structure. When a writer is using the problem and solution text structure, he or
she may explain how to address or prepare for a concern.

1. Having a cold is no fun. Coughing makes it

hard to fall asleep. A sore throat is painful.
Try some tea with honey in it. The honey will
soothe your throat. There may be no cure for
the common cold. You can treat the
symptoms though.

3. Nobody wants to be stung by a bee. Bee

stings are itchy and painful. But what if the bee
stings you anyway? One thing that you can do
is put vinegar on it. The acid in the vinegar
may reduce the pain and swelling from the
sting.

Cause and Effect Worksheet

Everything Pink

Overview: Cause and effect is one type of text structure. When a writer is using the cause and effect text structure, he or she is
usually explaining reasons why something happened.

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2. Cotton candy is made from sugar. Its
natural color is white. The color is added.
"Boo Blue" is used to make blue cotton
candy. "Silly Nilly" is added to make pink
cotton candy, which has a vanilla flavor.

Chronological Order Worksheet

Famous Artists

Overview: Chronological order is one type of text structure. When a writer is using chronological order as a text structure, he or
she is putting info in order of time.

1. Rembrandt is a famous artist known for his oil paintings. He was born in 1606. He knew that he wanted to be a painter by 1620,
when he was at college. Rembrandt was ambitious. By 1625 he had opened his own art studio. He would go on to paint many
masterpieces.

Sequence Worksheet
Discovery of the Philippines by the West and Revolution

Overview: Sequence is one type of text structure. When a writer is using sequence, he or she is putting
information in order of steps.

1. The Philippines were claimed in the name of Spain in 1521 by Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese explorer sailing for Spain, who
named the islands after King Philip II of Spain. They were then called Las Filipinas. By the 1830's Spanish culture and thought had
penetrated into Filipino culture to the extent that the Filipino people began thinking about liberation from Spain. The government of
Spain developed Filipino agriculture to the point that it was self-sufficient.

Ferdinand Magellan
claimed the
Philippines in 1521

Compare and Contrast Worksheet

Dinosaurs

Overview: Compare and contrast is one type of text structure. When a writer is using the compare and contrast text structure, he
or she is explaining how two things are the same or different.

1. Dinosaurs can be carnivores or

herbivores. Carnivores have sharp
teeth. Herbivores have round teeth.
Carnivores eat meat. Herbivores
eat plants. Now you can look at a
dinosaur's teeth and you will know
which type it is.

Spatial Order Worksheet (6 points)

Famous Buildings

Overview: Spatial order is one type of text structure. When a writer is using the spatial text structure, he or she is putting
information in order of space. Some examples: left to right, North to South, or floor to ceiling.

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1. The Willis Tower is the tallest building in
Chicago. It is 1,729 feet tall. The base of the
tower is 225 feet wide. At the 50th floor,
building continues as three towers. At the
90th floor, the building becomes one tower.
The last tower goes up for another 20 floors.

ACTIVITY 3. Read the paragraphs below. Determine the text structure used in each paragraph. Identify the main idea of each
paragraph and write it down in the space provided after.
Text Structures:
cause and effect chronological compare and contrast
sequence / process problem and solution spatial /descriptive

1. You may think it’s bad to forget your homework, but what if you forgot who you were? Amnesia is a condition where a person
loses some of their memories, like details about their personal identity, but still may remember how to do things, like play a piano.
One type of Amnesia is called post-traumatic amnesia. Post-traumatic amnesia is usually due to a head injury (like a serious fall or
knock on the head). The degree of memory loss may be related to the force of the injury. A simple whiplash may cause a person
to forget the moments before the accident, but a more severe injury may cause a greater loss. For example, the victim may not
remember who certain people are or may forget details about their own identities.
Text Structure: ______________________________
Main Idea: ___________________________________________________________________________

2. Ansel Bourne was a preacher, carpenter, and most likely an inspiration for the name “Bourne” in the movie and novel series,
“The Bourne Identity.” Up until 1857, Bourne had been a carpenter, until he was called to religion. After 1858, he worked as a
evangelical preacher, until 1887. He set up shop in Norristown, Pennsylvania, as a candy maker using the name A.J. Brown.
Three months later, he woke up not knowing where he was, with no memory of the previous months. The case of Mr. Bourne has
fascinated psychologists, and some film makers, for years.
Text Structure: ______________________________
Main Idea: ___________________________________________________________________________

3. The term “amnesia” refers to complete or partial memory loss. Almost all of us will experience some form of amnesia in our
lives, even if it’s just a simple case of verbal amnesia, like forgetting someone’s name. Fortunately, there are things that you can
do to prevent amnesia. Here is a list of foods that you can eat to improve your memory: almonds, walnuts, bananas, honey,
apples, and black pepper. Though these foods may not reverse post-traumatic amnesia, they should improve your memory in daily
life if you eat them regularly enough.
Text Structure: ______________________________
Main Idea: ___________________________________________________________________________

4. What do “Finding Nemo” and “Robocop” have in common? Not much, except that they both feature characters that suffer
amnesia. Amnesia is a common plot device in movies and TV shows, but how accurate are these depictions? In television and
movies, memory loss caused by a knock to the head (post-traumatic amnesia) is shown as fairly common, when it is actually quite
rare. Unlike in movies and television shows that feature amnesia, most knocks to the head will not produce memory loss. In
reality, memory loss or amnesia is much more likely to occur as the result of a stroke, brain infection, or brain surgery. So while
amnesia causes people or characters to lose memories in both film and reality, characters are usually “fixed” by taking another
knock to the head. In reality, people are not cured so simply.
Text Structure: ______________________________
Main Idea: ___________________________________________________________________________

5. What would you do if you awoke one day and discovered that you could not create new memories? You might remember
everything that occurred in your life up to the point of an injury, but could not form new memories beyond that. This condition is
called “anterograde amnesia,” and it is difficult to treat, but doctors and therapists recommend these steps: first, use technology to
help. A cell phone with a calendar reminder can do much to offset this condition. Second, use helpers. Having people to assist
with daily tasks, like paying bills, will prove quite helpful. Lastly, seek therapy. While there is no cure for anterograde amnesia,
memory training may help the afflicted live a more normal life. Currently, there are no chemical medications or drugs that will
alleviate this condition.
Text Structure: ______________________________
Main Idea: _____________________________________________________ ______________________

ANSWER SHEET
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ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES

Name: ______________________________________
Section: ___________________________________
ACTIVITY 1.

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ACTIVITY 2.

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ACTIVITY 3.

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