oo oo oo

New General
Mathematics 3
An 'O' Level Course
JB Channon A McLeish Smith
HC Head MF Macrae AA Chasakara

;'

LONGMAN
Longman Group UK Limited' Preface to 1993 edition
Longmrn House'
Burnt Mill; Hrrlow, Essex CM 20 2JE, UIC
The New General Mathematics series has been
Assocfuted
rePlesenlal revised to reflect the content and philosophy of
mathematical education in Zimbabwe's second-
@Long*- Gmup UK Limit€d 1985, lgg3,1996 ary schools. Books I ahd2 provide a full course
AII righs reserved; no part of this publication may be
at Junior Certificate Level. Books 3 and 4
rcproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in my contain a substantial course leading to the
form or by any means, electonic, mechanical, photocopying, General Certificate in 'O' Level Mathematics.
recording, or otherwise, withoutlhe prior written permission of
In Books 3 and 4, special emphasis is given
thc Publishcr.
to the development of mathematical skills
which school lsavers need to acquire for their
First published 1985 everyday lives, and for further study and
Second edition 1993
training. To achieve this there are extensive
Seventeenth impresson 20 10
new sections on consumer arithmetic and on
the use ofcalculators.
ISBN 978 0 5820 8964 8
ISBN 0 582 08963 8 (without answers)
In order to develop problem solving skills
and provide opportunities for independent
Set in I 1/12 Baskerville thought, users of Books 3 and 4 will find sections
which include'non-routine problems'. Students
Reprinted under licence from Longman Group Ltd, UK. and their teachers are urged to approach these
Not for sale outside Zimbabwe
with an open mind, and with the aim of finding
Printed by Cleda Communications unexpected joy and self-fulfilment in mathe-
R8723
matics.
The publisher's policy is to use paper The need to consolidate and practice problem
manufactured from sustai na b le foresls. solving skills is maintained through periodic
Acknowledgements revision tests. These can be used to diagnose
I performance in mathematics and provide
a basis for further improvement.
Whilst revising Books 3 and 4, opportunities
were used to make corrections and to update

The Publishers are grateful to Sharp Electronics -. for providing valuable data.
(UK) Ltd for their permission to reproduce grateful to the many readers
the photograph on page 24. who havi ffa^i ful suggestions and who
much encouragement.
M.F. Macrae
1992
Contents
Preliminary chapter Chapter 8
Review ofBooks I and 2 I Indices and togarithms (l) 65
Number and numeration I Laws of indices 65
Algebraic processes 3 Logarithms 68
Geometry and mensuration 5 Antilogarithms 70
Statistics 9 Multiplication and division 7t
Calculation of powers and roots 72
Chapter I
Crneral arithmetic (l) l0 Chaptei 9
Standard form l0 Vectors (I) 76
Reciprocals of numbers t4 Translation vectors 76
Number bases l6 Sum ofvectors 78
Dillerence of vectors 80
Chapter 2
Multiplication by a scalar 82
Solving triangles (l)
Pythagoras' theorem l9 Chapter l0
futhagoras' theorem 20 Equationc and formulrc t5
Using tables 23 Equations 85
Using a calculator 24 Forrndae 89
Applications of Pythagoras 25 Change of subject of formulae 9l
Chapter 3
C'eometricd transformations ( l) Revision exerciscs and tests
Congruencies 2E
28
Chapters l-10 95
Congruency
Translation 29 Non-routine problems (l) l0l
Reflection 30
Rotation 3l
Chapter I I
Combining transformations 32
C'eneral erithmetic (2)
Chapter 4 Fractiona, decimale, pcrcentsgeg 104
Basic proccsses of dgebn u Fractions r04
Use of letters 34 Decimals r05
Simplification 35 Percentages t07
Adding and subtracting Simple interest ll0
algebraic fractions 37
Chapter 12
Common factors 39
Sotving trienglee (t)
Substitution 40
Sine end c.osine l12
Chapter 5 Sine and cosine ll2
Plane ehapes 42 Solving right-angled triangles u8
Polygons 42
Chapter 13
Formal Beometry (Optional section) 4$
Scale drawing (4)
Chapter 6 Solidc, plans, elevations r20
Solving triangles (2) Freehand sketches of solids 120
Taogent of an angle 50 Parallel projection r22
Tangent ofan angle 50 Orthogonal projection r23
Degrees and minutes 54
Chapter 14
Chapter 7 Circle geometry (l) r28
Matrices (l) 59 Arcs and chords 128
Matrices 59 Cyclic quadrilaterals l3l
Chapter l5 Chapter 23
Sets (3) 135 Ceneral arithmetic (3)
Complement of a set I35 Ratio, rzte, proportion 2r2
Sets (General revision) r36 Ratio (Revision) 212
Venn diagrams with more than Rate 2t+
two subsets 138 Proportional division 215
Reasoning l4l Chapter 24
language and sets l4r
Statistics (t) Grephc 217
Chapter 16 Interpretation of statistical
Graphs (l) Algebraic graphr t4 graphs 2t7
Linear functions (Revision) t44 Drawing statistical graphs 221
Quadratic functions 145
Chapter 25
Functional notation 148
Similarity (2) Areas aad volumee
Chapter 17 of similar shaper 225
Indices and logarithms (2) 149 Areas of similar shapes 225
Standard form (Revision) 149 Volumes of similar solids 226
Iogarithms of numbers less than I 149
Chapter 26
Theory of logarithms 154
Probability (f) 229
Chapter l8 Experimental probability 229
Quadntic expreuiono (2) 156 Theoretical probability 233
Factorising quadratic expressions r56 Chapter 27
Qiradratic equations I58 Inequelitiec (2) 2t6
Chapter 19 Inequalities in one variable 236
Geometrical tencformationc (2) 168 Inequalities in two variables 238
Congruencies (Revision) r68 Chapter 28
Enlargement 170
Graphe (2) Travel grrphs 240
Shear t72 Distance-time graphs 244
Stretch 172
Speed-time graphs 2+6
Combined transformations t75
Chapter 29
Chapter 20 Stat(rtio (4) Avenger 252
Irrati,onrl numberc l?8 Mean (Revision) 252
Rational and irrational numbers t78 Average rates 253
Surds 178 Mixtures 254
Trigonometrical ratios o[ 45o, 30o, Median and mode (Revision)
600 182 ?.s
Chapter 30
Coneumer arithmetic (l) 257
Revision exerciscs and tests Personal income 257
Chapters ll-20 r87 Commission (Revision) 258
Non-routine problems (2) r94 Interest (Revision) 258
Money transactions 259
Depreciation and inflation 263
Chapter 2l Data in newspapers 2M
Menguration of phne shapcc 197
Using trigonometry in area 197 Revision crcrcicc! lnd tests
problems Chaptcrs 2l-30 267
Perimeter and area 199
Non-routine problems (3) 274
Paiallelograms and triangles
between the same parallels 200 Mensuntion tables and formulae,
Arcs and sectors o[circles 203 four-figure tables 276
Chapter 22 Index 29r
Simultaneous equations (2) 20E
Simultaneous linear equations 208 Answets 293
Prtlininary chapter

Review of Books t and 2

hfmc bcginning Book 3, rcadns sfuuA be familia.r uith tlu conbnts of Books I ond 2. Tlufollawng ilmmtry
antains llnsc parts of Books I and 2 which appear in tlu GCE'O'Itacl Mathcmatics yllabus.

Number and numeration (d) The numbers 18,24 and 30 all have 3 as a
factor. 3 is a common factor of all the
(a) Numbers are normally written in the numbers. The highest common factor
decimal place value system (Fig. Pl): (HCF) is the largest of the common factors of
a given set of numbers. For example, 2, 3 and
hu nrl irds 6 are the common factors of 18,24 and 30; 6 is
t(n!i the HCF.
untts
The number 48 is a multiple of 4 and a
multiple of 6. 48 is a common multiple of 4
dcclmrl commr
and 6. The lowest common multiple (LCM)
terr ths is the smallest of the common multiples of a
I hurr,lr".lth. given set of numbers. For example, 12 is the
LCM of4 and 6.
I
20.5
lrr',,,u,u,'arr'*
(e) A fraction is the number obtained when
one number (the numerator) is divided by
another number (the denominator). The
Fig. Pl fraetion I means 5 + I (Fig. P2).

The symbols 0; l; 2;3; 4;5; 6; 7; B; 9 are ealled

digttc. ll'
6: I;:lllliit,L
(b) 28 + 7 = 4, 7 is a whole number which
divides exactly into another whole number, 28. Fig. P2
7 is a factor of 28. 28 is a multiple of 7.
Fractions are used to describe parts of
(c) A prime number has only two factors, quantities (Fig. P3).
itself and L I is nol a prime number. 2; 3; 5; 7;
ll; 13; 17; ..., are prime numbers. They
continue without end. The prime factorc of
a number are those factors which are prime.
For example, 2 and 5 are the prime factors of
40. 40 can be written'as a product of prime
factoro; either 2 x 2 x 2 x 5 = 40, or, in
indexform,23 x 5 =,10. Fig. P3 I of thc circlc is shadcd
The fractions 8, +8, |f all represent the same When adding or subtracting decimals, write
amount; they are equivalent fractions. I is the numbers in a column with the decimal
the simplest form of ff, i.e. lI in its lowest corlmas exactly under e4ch other. For example:
terms is 8. Add 2,29,0,084 and 4,1, then subtrail tlu result
To add or subtract fractions, change them from ll,6
to equivalent fractions with a corlmon 2,29
denominator. For example: 0,084 I1,06
5.2 15. 16 15+16 3t, r7\ + 4,3 - 6.674
8'3 :-+ 24' -:24 24 -24 \:
_+- ,D[,1
6,67+ 4,396
l3_I =---:-=-
l3 l0 13-10 3
-=
To multiply decimals, first ignore the
168 16 16 16 16 decimal commas and multiply the given
numbers as if they are whole numbers. Then
To multiply fractions, multiply numerator by place the decimal comma so that the answer
numerator and denominator by denominator. has as many digits after the comma as there
For example: are in the given numbers together. For example:
0,08 x 0,3.
3
t
ri+ = |f t= fi in simplest rorm)
=
3 8x3=24
12x3=f ,3=%i=fft= *=71) There are 3 digits after the decimal comma
in the given numbers, so 0,08 x 0,3 : 0,024.
To divide by a fi.action, multiply by the To divide by decimals, make an equivalent
neciprocal of the fraction. For example: division such that the divisor is a whole number.
For example 5,6 + 0,07:
35+r=f ,3=tH=T=ru s,6 + o,o7 = u?& =
*&ffi = T = ,o
s+3t=3*+=;r#=f++ (h) Numbers may be positive or negative.
Positive and negative numbers are called
dinected numbcrs. Directed numbers can be
=ffi{=l) shown on a number line (Fig. P4).

(f) r% is short a.Ifu. 64% meanr

ffi. fo
change a fraction to an equivalent percentage, -3 -2 0 + +2 +l
multiply the [i'action by 100. For example, I as
a percentage = [ x 100% = #o/o = 62lo/o.
Fig. P4
(g) To change a fraction to a decimal ftac{ion,
divide the numerator by the denominator. For
example: The following examples show how directed
tr = 0.625 0,625 numbers are added, subracted, multiplied and
divided.
sFpoo
48
20
addition sabtraction
l6 =.t-11
(+8) +(+3; (+9)-(+11 = +5
40 = +5
(+8) + (-3) (+9) - (-4) = +lg
(-8)+(+3)= -5 (-e)-(++;=-13
lq (-8)+(-3)=-lt (-9)-(-4)= -5
2
,rultiplication didsion The numbers of elements in X, written n(X),
(+2)x(+7)=114 (+6)+(+3)=.'2 is 3.
(+2)x(-7)=-l+ (+6)+(-3):-2 n(X) :3
(-2)x(+t'1=-1n (-6)+(+3):-2
(-2)x(-7)=*14 (-6)+(-3)=+2 (b) 3l * 2x - 7r is an example of an algebraic
* stand for
An integer is any positive or negative w'hole tetms of the
number. xl.3isthe
rms may be
simplified by com_bining like tems. Thus
31t2 + 2x - 7x = 31t- 5x since 2r andTx are
like terms (i.e. both terms in r).
Algebraic pnocesses (c) 3(5.r - 2) = l lr is an algebraic sentcnce
containing an equals sign; it is an equation in
(a) A set is a collection of objects. The mem- r. x is the unknown of the equation. To solve
bets or elements of a set may be defined in a an equation means to find the value of the
number of ways:
unknown which makes the equation true. We
b2 dtsniption:
can use the balance method to solve simple
6= {first five counting numbers} equations.
b1 listing clc'mmls:
A = {l;2;3;4;b) - 2) = llr
3(5r
in sct- buildcr rctation : clear brackets
A-{r:l(r(5,xeZ} llx-6=llr
The last statement may be read as: A is the subtract I k from both sides
set of values r such that r lies rctween I and 5 l5r-llr-6=llr-lk
indusively, where r is an integer. Note the use 4x-6=0
of curly brackets to contain sets, the use of add 6 to both sides
semi-colons to separate the elements of a set 4x-6*6=0+6
and the use of Z as an abbreviation for the set of 4x=6
integers. dMde both sides by 4
A set can be represented on a Venn diagrarl 4'= q
(Fig. P5). 44
r= ll
In general, when solving equations, (i) first
clear brackets and fractions, (ii) using equal
Fa. P5 additions and/or subEactions, collect unknown
terms on one side of the equals sign and known
Given a universd set, E= {a; b; c; d; cl and, terrns on the other, (iii) where neoessary, divide
X = {a; b; a} and Y = {d c}:
sets or multiply both sides of the equation by the
X is a subrct of I written X C 8. Also same number to find the unknown.
YE8.
The union of X and Y, written X U Y, is the (d) An inequality is an algebraic sentence
set whose elements are members of X or Y or which contains an inequality sign:
both X and Y. ( is less than
XUy={a;b;d;c} ( is Iess than or equal to
The intersection of X and Y, written ) is greater than
X n Y, is the set whose elements are members 2 is greater than or equal to
of both X and Y. Inequalities are solved in much the fame
xny={a} way as equations. However, when both sides
3
of an inequality are multiplied or divided by a For graphs connecting two variables, two
negative number, the inequality sign is reacrsed. axes are drawn at right angles to each other to
For example, grve a cartesian plane. The horizontal r-axis
If -32<12 and the vertical raxis cross at their zero-point,
divide both sides by - 3 and reverse the in- the origin of the plane. Fig. P7 is the graph of
equality the equation! = 2x - 3.
Then a2 -4 To draw a straightJine graph, plot at least
three points which satisfy the given equation.
(e) 2x - 5) = 16 is a linear equation with See the table ofvalues in Fig. P7. Atpoint A in
two variables, x andy. There are many pairs Fig. P7, x = 2 andy = l. The coordinatee of
of values of x andy which aatir$'this equation A are A(2; l). The ordn of the coordinates is
(i.e. make the equation true). For example, if important: the r-coordinate is given first, the
x = 13 andy = 2 or if x = 8 and.t = 0 the equa- y-coordinatc second.
tion will be true. Given two equations, such as
2x ' 52 = 16 and x * 42 - - 5, it is usually
possible to find values of x andy which satlsfy
both eqrations simultaneously (i.e. at the same
time). To solve a pair of simultEneous lincar
equatione, eithei use a $iaphical method or
the method of elimination and substitution.
For example,
2x-57=16 (l)
r142=-5 (2)
multiply (2) by 2
2x t 82 =- l0 (3)
subtract (3) from(l) to eliminate terms in r
-132=26
) =-2
- 2 for y in (2) to find *
substitute
,r+4(-2) =-5
x-8=-5
x=3
The solution is l = 3 and2 - - l,

(0 A Sr.ph of an algebraic sentence is a

picture representing the meaning of the
sentence. Graphs of equations and inequalities
in one variable can be shown on the number Fig. P7
line (Fig. P6).
Straight-line graphs can be drawn to
represent any two connected variables, for
0 I 2 example, cost and quantity, distance and time,
-2 -l 3
temperature and time. StraightJine graphs
r- -l can also be drawn to show conversions betwecn
currencies or between marks and percentages.
-2 -r 0 I 2 3

r>-l (g) Algebraic expressions may be factorised

or expanded in accordance with the basic rules
Fig. P6 of arithmetic. Some examples follow.
+
cxPansron All solids have faces; most solids have edges
3(a-2b)=3a-Gb and vettices (Fig. P9).
(5+8r).r:5x*8x2
(a + b)(c * a
*i o? i,1\*o?
(3x + 2)(r - r)=_ -,
(a-5b)2=a2-l1abt25b2
=rr::!?6r-_11,
frctorication
common Jaclor
51-1012=510-21)
4x - 8* 3bx - 6b = 4(r - 2) + 3b(x - 2)
= (x - 2)(4 + 3b) Fis. P9
dffircncc of two squarcs
a2-b2 =(a* b)(a-b) Formulae for the sutface area
pcrfccl squarc of common solids are given in the table on
x2+2x7 l)'=(r+)' page 278.
a2 _ 16o * 64 = (a _ g), Fig. PlO shows two common methods of
quadralic drawing a cuboid. These methods may be
l+lf,xtt2:(x+12)(x+l) used with any solid.
n2 - 7n - l8 = (r, - g)(n + 2)

(h) The following laws of indices are true {br

all values of a, b and r. rl
x" x xb = xa+b xo + xb,: yd-b

to= I , =v I

C'eometry and mensuration prnllcl projection

(a) Fig. P8 gives ske tches and names of some

Fig. Pl0

In parallel projectione, lines which are

parallel on the solid appear parallel on the
cuboid cube cylinder
drawing. In orthogonrl projectione, the
solid is represented by separate scale drawings
of its plan and elevations.
The net of a solid is the plane shape which
can be folded to make the solid.

(b) Angle is a measure of rotation or

turning.
I revolution = 360 degreec (l rev = 360")
I degree = 60 minutes (lo = 60')
The names of angles change with their size.
Fig. P8 sphcre SeeFig. Pl I overleaf.
5
In Fig. Pl3, a is the angle of elevation of
the top of the flag-pole from the girl and p is
the angle of depression of the girl from the
boy.

aaute angle (ht'Nrtcn Oo arrd l)l)') righr arrgh'(!X)")

(F)
r)
slraight angk'(ltllF)

Fis. P13

rcllex anglas (betu'ecn llIF end lltitP) Dircctions are taken from the pornts of
Fig. Pll the compass (Fig. Pla).
Angles are measured and constructed using
a Pnotractor.
Fig. Pl2 shows some properties of angles
formed when straight lines meet.

(a)
thr rum o[the rnglcr on
ir ntrlight linr,ir ltll)'
nletcr l80o

Fig. P14

A t.figure bcaring is a direction given as

the number of degrees from north measured in
a clockwise direction. See Fig. PlS.
(c)
the sunt ol'thr. lrrgles tr l lxrirrr is lltil)c
alh+.t+/r+r=:llilF

the hcaring
rrl'B fnrm A
is 0.'rllc

(d)
altentntr lrrgk.s lrc rrgull
3=.;,11x1 n-n rnrn'sllrrrdirrg arrqlcs arr, rrprll
d=hatdlr'=Q
Fig. P12 Fis. P15
6
(c) FiS. Pl6 shows the names and properties
dsome common triangles.

scalcne right-arrglc.d ohttrse-anglcd

circtt ntli'rcrrre

Fis. P18

The sum of the angles of an ,r.sidcd

polygon is (z - 2) x 180". In particr-rlar,
the
sum of the angles of a triangle is l80o and the
sum ofthe angles ofa quadrilateral is 360o.
isxu.h.s
A polygoo is a plani shape with three or
FU. Pt6 more straight sides.
all its sides of equal I
fig. Pl7 shows the names and properties of equal size. Fig. Pl9
rxnc oommon quadrilaterals. common regular polygons.

{urrc n,ctlngle
lqilillt

prrellekrgrant rJtonrlxrs

rtguler pentegrrrr nguler hcrrgoo

FtS. PI7

Fg. Pl8 gives the names oflines and regions

in a cirdc. Fig. pl9
(d) A shape is transfonned when its position (f) Formulae for the perimeter and area otr
ordimensions(orboth)change.Theimageof plane shapes are given in the table on page
a shape is the figure that results after a 278.
transformation. If the image has the same The SI systcn of units is given in the tables
dimensions as the origind shape, the on pages 276 and 277.
ransformation is called a oongru€ocy. Fig.
P20 shows the three basic con[ruencies, 1i; (S) The sk_etches in Fig. P22 show the main
tranrlation, (b) reflection, (c) noation. features of the common geometricd con.
stnrctions.
To constrtict angles of 45o and 30o, bisect
angles of90o and 60o respectively.

(r) tnrleticn (b) racaicr

(a) parallel lincr

(ruler arrd rct rquarc)

(b) equilaterel A
rngle ol'61)o
(rukrrnd compurcr)

A
(c) urtho
Fis, P20

An enlrrgemcnt is a transformation in
which the image and original shape are
equianguler and have corresponding sides in
the same ratio. Such shapes are geometrically
rimilrr. Any two triangles are similar if they
are equiangular (Fig. P2l). (c) perpendiculer birector of AB
(rulerrnd <ompuer)
P

(e) right rngle et A

Fig. P2t (rulrrrnd compuro) (l') to copy en engle
(rulcr rnd cornplo)

In Fig, P2l,
ffi =BC=AC
QR PR' Fig. P22
8
Statistics brrchrn

(a) Information in numerical form is called

rElistics. Statistical data may be given in
rul onder (i.e. in order of increasing size)
snch as in the following marks obtained in a
tcst out of 5:
0; l; l; 2;2;2;3;3;5
Data may also be given in a frrequency table
(Iable Pl).

Tde Pl
Ert 0 I 2 3 4 5

frequcocy 2 3 2 0 I

Fie. P%
The ftrequency is the number of times each (b) The average of a set of statistics is a
pkn ofdata occurs. number which is representative of the whole
Statistics can also be presented in graphical set. The three most common averages are the
frm- fig. F23 shows the above data in a mean, the median and the mode. For the 9
FGbFm, a bar chart and a pie chan. numbers given in rank order in paragraph
(a) above,
ptct3rn 0+ I+ I+2+2+2+3+3+5
marlr I mran =
tt
0
I marl
2 marls
3 marks
rtt
t*
= 2*;
themedian is the middle number when the data
4 marhs
is arranged in order ofsize (2);
5 marls * the made is the number with the greatest
frequency (also 2 in this case).

\
\
Chapter I
C,enerat arithmetic (1)

Standard fom Exercise fa (Orat)

Express the following in standard form.
Decimal fractions in standarrd form I 0,005 2 o,o8
Decimal fractions such as 0,@l and 0,m0 001 I 0,000 6 4 0,000 (n4
can be ocprcssed :N powem of 10. For enample, 5 0,000 02 6 0,000 000 9
7 0,3 8 0,003
0,000001 : 10-6 I 0,000 03 l0 0,038
-#r:#= ll 0,006 2 12 0,7t
Any decimal fraction can be expressed in l3 0,000 88 14 0,000 45
standard form. For example, 15 0,000 026 16 0,000 072
l7 0,000 005 5 It 0,011
o,ooa =ffiu =#=8Xlo-3 19 0,000 000
21 0,005 7
91 20 0,m0 000 067
22 0,000 15
0,00003 = rot*:#= 3 x l0-s 23 0,001 5 24 0,015

0,00025=# =#:2,Sxlo-a Example ? \

Express the folhwing nunbers as_dccimal fraetiotts.
The numbem 8 x lO-3, 3 x lO-s and 2,5 x 1ai s x ro--+ (b)-9,4 x l0-+ k) sJ x l0-7
lO-a are all in standard form z{ x l0o, where
,{ is a number between I and I0 and a is a (a) 9x lO-a=mk:0,0009
whole numbor. Notice that for decimal fractions,
(b) 9,4 x lo-a :
a is a negative whole number.
# = 0,00094
(c) 5,3 x l0-7 = = 0,000 000 53
Example I 10O00 000L
Exprcss tlu follouing Jractions in sundard form.
(a) 0,000 07 (r) 0,075 Exercise lb
(c) 0,000 000 022 (d) 0,000 006 3 Express the following as decimal fractions.

: #= l2xl0-+ 28x10-b
7 X l0-5
(a) 0,00002
= ffi 35x10-3
57xlo-r
44xt0-2
63xlo-s
(b) 0,07s:ffi =#:7,5X l0-2 76xto-3 89xlo-5
g2xlo-7
(c) o,ffiooooo22:sfo=#
(d) 0,m0063=-ffi=#
= 6,3 x 10-6
IO
Addlng and subtracting numbers in Numbers in standard form can be added or
standard form subtracted by taking out the power of l0 which
Exernple 3 is a common factor. If necessary, the working
can be checked by changing the given numbers
Find tlu sun of 6,28 x lO3 and9,5 x 104. Giac the
to ordinary form.
sut in standard form.
Eitlur by changing to ordinary form: Exercise lc
6,28 x 103 + 9,5 x 104 : 6280 + 95000 SimpliS the following. Give all answers in
= l0l 280 standard form.
= 1,012I x 100 000 I 3,4 x 103 + 6,2 x 103
:l,0l28xlos 2 5,7 x 108 + 1,8 x 108
or by factorising: 3 4,62 x los + 3,75 x los
6,28x 103+9,5x 104 4 8,7 x 104 - 3,5 x 104
5 4,3 x 102 - 2,9 x 102
6 9,37 x 104 - 6,51 x 104
7 9,9 x los + 6,9 x los
t 4,1 x 106 + 5,9 x 106
:1,0128 x los 9 7,95 x 103 + 3,06 x 103
f,larnFle 4
l0 5,8 x 104 - 5,2 x 104
ll 1,75 x loe - 1,25 x lOs
Fild tlu oaluc of 2,9 106x - 3,8 x lO5. Giac ttu
arlsucr in standard form.
Eitlur by changing to ordinary form:
2,9x 106-3,gx 105

;333 333
- 380 000
:= 2,52 x 106 18 9,17 x 105 + 7,45 x 106
ar by factorising: l96,9xl0-2+5x10-3
2,9X106-3,8X105 20 8,31 x 103 - 9,73 x 102

,,"
Example 5 Uutti.plyin: and dividing nunbers in
Expresi 1,6 x l0-2 - 8,4 x 10-3 as a shtgle standruu torrn
numbcr in standard form.

r'6 x ro-2 - B'4

=iHl*ii Use the laws of indices when simplifring
powers of l0 that are multiplied or divided:
- lQPXlgD:l1a+b
l0'+106 = lV-b
*tt:'"'* E*ample 6
= Sinplifl (6 x 101 x (B x 102).
(6 x lOs) x (8 x 102) =6 x g x loex lG
= 48 x loe+2
:48 X l0tl
4,8 x l0 x l0rr
=
= 4,8 x lol2
ll
Example 7 Problems with large and small numbers
Dioide6 x 103 b78x lO-2. fn science and astronomy, many measurements
(6xlo3)+(8x10-2;:,!}p are given in very small or very large numbers.
For this reason, most scientists prefer to do
: $ , 1sa-(-z) calculations in standard form. Scientists use
standard form so often, it is sometimes called
: 0,75 x los scientific notation.
= 7,5 x l0-l x lOs
Example 9
= 7,5 x 104
A light year is a distancc of 9,456 x l0t2 km.
Express this number to 2 signifuantfuurcs, tlun wih
Examole 8 it out infull
Sinpl;j1(I,4 x lO-5; x (2,4 x ld). 9,456 x 1012 km : 9,5 x l0l2 km to 2 s.f.
(l,4xt0-5; x(2,4x106) working: 9,5 x l0r2 km : 9 500 000 000 000 km
= 1,4 x 2,4 x lO-5 x 106 t+ Example l0
: 3,36 x 10-5+6 x24 The dcis;ty of hydrogen ir 8,89 x l0-5 glcms.
= 3,36 x l0r 56 (a) Finn ilu mars of t ms oJ h2drogm. (b) Argon b
= 33,6 28 approxinately 20 tincs as densc as h2drogen. Find thc
336 dtnsity of argon, giaing the answer in standard form
correct lo 3 s."f.

Exercise ld
Simplify the following. Give all answers in
standard form.

= 88,9 g

Example ll
The diametcrs of tlu earth and moon are 1,28 X .
104 km and 3,5 x
103 km respxtiaety. Find ttu
ratio, diamoler oJ earth: diameter of moon in lhc form
n : I wlurc n is correct to 2 s.f.

diameter of earth 3,65 ...

diameter of moon 3sF2S,o0
105
230
21 0
200
175
25
ratio = 3,7:l
L2
Example 12 I The height of Mount Everest is 8,85 X
Thc pagcs oJa book arc numbcrcdJron I lo 400.
Thc 103 m. The height of Mount Kilimanjaro
thbktuss of ilu book is 24 mm. Calcalate ilu thickwss is 5,89 x I05 m. Write these heights in
oJ lhaf (i,c. 2 paga) oJ the book. Gioe thc answer i,n ordinary form and find the dilforence in
melrcs in standard form, height between the two mountains.
A book with 400 pages contain 200 leaves of
l0 In 1920 the population of the world was
l,8l billion. By 1990 it was 5,32 billion,
PaPer. Find the increase in world population
Thickness of 200 leaves = 24 mm during those 70 years,
Thickness of I leaf 7 frt mm on I I The distance of the moon fi'om the earth
Thickness of I leaf in metres =
ffi * varies between 3,843 x 105 km and
3,563 x 105 km, Find the dilference
=12,n
100 000 '' between these two distances.
t.2 12 Mount Everest is the highes^t point on the
earth's surface: 8,848 x 105 m above sea
:+h
l0 000 "'
= 1,2 x l0-a m level. The lowest point on the earth's
surface is the Mariana Trench: 1,103 x
l0+ m bclow sea level. Find the vertical
distance between the lowest and highest
Exercise le points on the earth's surface.
Give all the answers in standard form unless l3 The wavelength of sodium light is 5 893 A,
told otherwise. where I A = 10-10 m. Give the wav,elength
I An atom of caesium 133 vibrates of sodium light in metres in standard form.
9 192 631 770 times per second. Give this 14 The diameters of the sun and earth are
number in standard form correct to 2 s.f. approximately 1,4 x 106 km and 1,3 x
2 The area of Zimbabwe is 390 750 km2. l0+ km respectively. Express both numbers
Express this area in standard form correct correct to I s.f. and hence find the approxi-
to 3 s.f. mate ratio, diameter of the sun : diameter
3 I hectare (ha) = lOa m2. of the earth.
(a) Find the number of ha in I km2. l5 Atmospheric pressure at the earth's
(b) Use the data of question 2 to find the surface is approximately 1,013 x 105
area of Zimbabwe in hectares in standard newtons/m2. At a height of 6 km, the
form correct to 3 s.f. atmospheric pressure is about l of that at
4 The distance between two points is 2,54 x the surface of the earth, Find the
l0-2 m. Express this distance in km in atmospheric pressure atthis height, Sving
standard form, your answer correct to 2 s.f.
5 A room measures 4 m by 3 m by 2l m. l6 The masses of the earth and the sun are
Calculate its volume in cm3 in standard approximately 6 x l02a kg and 2 x 1030 kg
form. respectively. Express the ratio, mass of
6 The density of air is 1,3 x lO-3 glcm3. earth : mass of sun in the form r : l, where
Calculate the mass of air in the room in * is a number in standard form.
question 5. Give your answer in kg in 17 I barrel of oil has a capacity of 1,65 x
ordinary form. l0-r m3. Find the total volume, in m3, of
7 Express I hour in seconds in standard 6,7 x lO? barrels of oil. Give the volume in
form. standard form correct to 2 s.f.
8 Th-e velocity of light is approximately 3 x l8 A packet ofpaper contains 500 sheets. The
lOD km/s. Use your answer to question 7 thickness of the packet is 56 mm. Calculate
to find the distance travelled by light in the thickness of I sheet of paper. Give your
I hour. answer in metres in standard form.
l3
19 The pages of a book are numbered I to (b) Reciprocal of ZS is
300.
f; = # = 0,04.
(a) How many leaves of paper make (c) Reciprocal of Sl is = =
300 pages? fi $ * = O,r.
(b) If the thickness of the book is 15 mm, (d) =
calculate the thickness of one leaf.
Reciprocat of 0,002 is
A;d!, ry
Give your answer in metres in = 500.
standard form. Reciprocals can also be calculated by long
20 The pages of a dictionary arc numbered division.
from I to 1322, The dictionary is 7 cm
thick (neglecting the covers). Example 14
(a) How manyleavesofpaper make I 322 Calculatc tlu rcciprocal 0J0,58,
numbered pages?
O) Find the thickness of I sheet of paper. Reciprocal of 0,58 is I0,58
= ry
Give your answer in
metnes in
1,724 ...
58

standard form correa to I s.f.

working: 58)Tm-J0ffi
58
420
Reciprocals of numbere 406
140
I The reciprocd of 4 is I = 0,25. Similarly, l16
2q0
the reciprocal of 0,25 ts =
i = *.
# 232
Thus, if the reciprocal of r
is 2, then the
reciprocal of2 is *. Reciprocal of 0,58 is 1,72 to 3 s.f.
2 lf a number is multiplied by a power of 10,
its reciprocal is divided by that power of 10. Exercise lf
Table l.l shows the products of 4 and some I Copy and complete Table 1.2. Give each
powers of l0 and their corresponding reciprocal as a decimal number correct to
reciprocals. 3 s.f.

Table 1.2
Table l.l
number reciprocal
n I
f,
n I
n
n I
ft

0,04 25 I l0 0,1
014 2,5
2 20 012
4 0,25
40 0,025 3 30 0,3
400 0,002 5
4 40 o14

5 50 0r5
Example 13
6 60 0r6
Find thc rcciprocals of tlu following.
(a) 6 (r) 2s
(c) 3l (d) 0,000 2 7 70 017

(a) Reciprocal of6 * * = 0,16 I 80 0r8

9 90 0r9
= 0,167 to 3 s.f.
l4
Table 1.3 [gt^F )."ltl
SUBTBIHCT Dilferences
x 0t23456789 t2 3 4 5 6 7 8 I
lr7 0,5882 5848 58t4 5780 5747 s714 5682 5650 5618 5587 3 7 r0 13 16 20232629
4r0 0,2500 2494 2488 248t 2475 2469 2463 2457 245t 24,*5 11223+455
2 Find the reciprocals of the following. Give (b) li6 = 1,76 x 100.
each answer as a decimal, rounding off to 3
s.f. where necessary.
+
li6 =**100=0,5682+100
t,76'
(a) 2 (b) 0,2 (c) 0,02 = 0,005 682 (to 4 s.f.)
(d) 8 (e) 80 (l)
800 (c) 0,403 = 4,03 + 10.
(s) i (h) rt (i) 6t I - I xro=o,248lxlo
(,) I (k) u (r) 6l 0,403 4,03 ^
(m) ll (n) I (o) +l = 2,481 (to 4 s.f.)
(p) 0,0s (q) 0,625 (') 15 (d) 40,37 = 4,037 x l0
t Usc long division to find the reciprocals of
the following correct to 3 s.f. *+0,37= *4,037 * lO = 0,247 7r + l0
(a) 0,32 (b) 0,+7 (") 8,9 = 0,024 77
(d) 65 (.) 0,018 (0 2e0 rNote how the dillerences werc subtractcd:
2481 - 4=2477
Usc of rtrcipnocal tables Exerciae lg (OraI)
Four-figure reciprocal tables are given on page Use the tables on page 290 to find the recip-
290. Use these to find reciprocals quickly and rocals of the following.
easily, Table 1.3 shows two lines {i.om the I 1,7 24,0 3 5,2
reciprocal table. 4 9,0 56,9 6 3,9
Notice the following:
7 1,75 84,06 g g,l3
I The table gives the reciprocals of numbers l0 7,52 ll 2,49 l2 6,06
from I to 9,999 in intervals of 0,001.
It 15 t4 22 t5 93
16 0,35 l7 0,58 lg 0,71
2 Each reciprocal is given correct to 4 s.f. l9 2,89 20 289 21 0,002 89
3 As the numbers increase, their reciprocais 22 48,3 2E 4,830 24 0,049 3
decrease.
4 The differences in the right-hand
25 7,75 26 0,129 27 3,t6
columns
2E 0,897 29 l,ll 30 0,303
must be subtrachd.
5 The table can be used to find the reciprocal
3l 1,738 32 4,055 33 13,62
:M 5 669 35 0,630 4 36 0,056 27
of an1 4-di$t number. However, the decimal
comma must be placed by inspection. (See
Calculations usitrg neciprocals
Example l5 below.)
Example 16
F.-artrple 15 Find rhe ootu, of
Usc Tablc 1.3 to fmd tlu rcciprocal of (a) 1,76, ft.
(b) 176, (c) 0,403, (A 0,4037
(a) The reciprocal of 1,76 is found across from
lr7 and under 6.
Treat
4
+t"rn"#
4 x 0,1350 (from tables)
I
m=
TE = 0,5682 (to 4 s'f')
= 0,5400 : 0,540 (to 3 s.f.)
I5
division. However, this wourd mean a rong ? fi"trllil[:J:"$til*r13;t
hours.
and tiring catculation. By using reciprocal Calculate its production rate in pencils/
tables,,the work can be done mentally. Notice hour.
that the final answer is correct to only 3 s.f. 8 A boarding school uses an average of30 000
This is accurate enough for most purposes. the average
ffirr:i:ffiT.:iil.r.l;.To
ExamplelT gFindthevalueoffffi=***.
I = II + I
-" "ifJI =F+
Find rhc aatuc off
+,+' .
l0 Findthevalueornir| =#-#.
lll
I
'Use 9,5 +,4
-:-{r- '
tables to find the reciprocals of the RHS: Nunrber bascs
I
;=0,1053+0,2273 For most purposes, numbers are written in the
J bere ten or denary system. The placing of the
1= 0.3326 digits shows their values. For example 2 053
J means 2 thousands, 0 hundreds, 5 tens, t units:
Take the reciprocal of both sides, 2053 =2 x I 000 + 0 x 100+ 5 x l0 + E x I
f = 3,007 =2x los +0 x 102+ 5 x l0r + x I t
= 3,0 to 2 s.f. Remember that 103 is a short way of writing
l0 x l0 X l0 or I 000. The digit 3 in lOs is
The answer in Example l7 is given to the same called the index or lxrwer (Fig. l.l).
degree of accuracy as the number given in the
question. index or powcr
Formulae such as that given in Example 17 ,e{
are often found in science. Use of reciprocal -bere
tables can simplify calculations. l0 to tlu pwr S

Fis. 1.1
Exercise lh
Use reciprocal tables to simplify any calculation. It is possible to expand any denary number
Give all answers correct to 2 s.f. in powers of ten:
I Use tables to find the value of the following. 25:2x10+5xl
(")
* (b)
ofu
(") rzo
/L
=2xl0r+5xl
147=lxl00+4x10+7xl
:lxlo2+4xlor+7xt
(d)
# k)# (0"
2 A car travels 80 km in l,l7 hours. Calculate
3 706 = 3 x 1000 +7 x 100 + 0 x l0+ 6 x I
:3 x to3+7 x lo2+0x lor +6 x I
its average speed. Other number systems are sometimes used.
3 A trader sells 13 oranges for $1. Find the For example, the base frve system is based on
average cost of an orange to the nearest powers of five. In base five, 23 means 2 fives
tenth of a cent. and 3 units.
4 A car uses 12,8 litres of petrol to travel 23n,"=2x5+3xl
100 km. Find the number of km the car = I twenty-five,4 fives, 2 units
l42au,
travels on I litre. = I x 25 + 4 x 5 + 2 x t
5 A circle has a circumference of 40 cm. Use = I x s2 + 4 x 5r + 2 x t
the value 3,14 for n to calculate its radius. 32046u.= 3 x Ss + 2x 52 + 0 x 5t + 4 x I
l6
Frg. 1.2 shows the place values of the digits 3 The base two, or binrry, system has only
in the number l42au", two digits: 0 and l. These may be taken to
represent the off (0) and on (l) states ofan
twenN'fir'es
electrical circuit. As a result, binary numbers
have become part of the language of
comPuters.
unitr
bacc ten numbcm to other
mcrdry
Fa. t.2 42 To convert from base ten to another base,
express the given number i of the new--
Notice that 1425,. is short tor 142 in base base. .o--''-.,
five. Also, just as there are ten digits in the
I
Example 19
base ten system, there are just five digits
(0, l, 2, 3, 4) in the base five system. Corunl37rn lo ban fuc. : ., ,.,

Since 37 is greater than 25, there ni be a

25 in 37.
Errnplc lt 37 +
25 = l, remainder i2
E#d (a) 25 024"Eh1 (r) I 0011*. in powcrs oJ *37 = I twenty-five * 12 units
*h bascs. Consider the 12 units. Since 12 ) 5, there
(e) 25 024"p51 must be some 5's in 12.
=2 x 8++ 5 x 8s+ 0 x 82 + 2 x 8r +4 x I 12+5=2,remainder2
(b) I 00lh^,. 12=2fives*2units
=lx2s+0x22+0x2r+lxl Hence 37 = | twenty-fiyq * 2 fives * 2 units
=txs2'+2x5t+2xi-
Ercrcirc li (Orrl) 37,.n = 122x".

Expand the following in the powers of their Cluck: l22nr. = I x 25 + 2x 5 + 2 x I

bases. =25+10+2=37,"n
12389r"n 2 647.65, The method in Example 19 can be shortened
! l54.1gt'1 4 4 1025,6
35 as follows:
5 I 0llgo 6 22 010j5,".
7 26 523"191'1 t I l00r*o
9 2 102j6,o. l0 71 062.rshr
ll 30 3126," l2 107 824t"n
In theory there is no limit to the choice of 0+l(i.e.0x5s+1x52)
number bases. (There can be as many number
ba.res ac there are numbenl) However, for the
t1
pufpo!6 of this ooune, oramplec will bc chosen Repeated division by 5 gives remainders.
only from bases ten, five and two. There are Reading the remainderc upwards gives 371.n =
rcme realons for this: l22nr. (see the arrows above).
I Counting in base ten is common throughout
the world. To change from base tcn to anothcr bate:
2 lyltcml are hirly common
Base five counting I Divide the base ten number by the new base
in many countrier (c.9. in Chapter I of number.
Book I it war noted that Tonga-cpeaking 2 Continue dividing until 0 (zero) ir reached,
pcople ule B batc five ryrtcm). wrlting down the remainder each time,
t7
3 Start at the last remainder and read upwards 2nd mcthod: By repeated multiplication:
to get the answer. t2 3 4

Example 20
Conacrl 75r.n (a) to basc fuq (b) lo basa two.
(b) 2 run 190+4=194
| 234au. = 1941",'
2 +l
Notice that the method of repeated multipli-
2 +l cation is the reverse of the repeated division
0+3 2 +0 method for conversion fi^om base ten.

75t"n = 3005ro
2 +l
Example 22
2 +0 Conacrt thc following to basc tn. (a) I I l0lt',o,
2 +0 (b) 4326",
+l (") By expanding in powers:
,E.
,.rt6n - I 001 0l lt*o I I l0l,*o
=Ix 24 + lx 23+ lx22+0x 2r +Ix I
Example 20 shows that if a remainder is 0 it
= I x 16+ I x8+ I x4+0x2+ I x I
must be written down,
=16*8+4+0+l=291"n
(b) By repeated multiplication:
Exercire lj 4r 2
Each of the given numbers is in base ten. xsl
Convert the numbers to the bases shown.
I l0+3= 2s I

fuc x5l
I
15 to base 2 20 to basefuc
t I I to base two4 12 to base tuo l15 +2 = 117,.,
5 64 to base fuc6 27 to base two
7 76 to base fwc t 18 to base fuc
When converting to base ten, either expand
9 35 to base luo
l0 3l tobase two the given number in powers of its base and
ll 49 to base two
12 49 to base fioc
evaluate, or use repeated multiplication. The
l8 99 to base fwc
14 56 to base fuc
first of these methods is recommended.
l5 88 to base tuo
16 98 to base laro
17 128 to basey'uc lt
ll5 tobasefac
19 725 to base laro 20 129 to base too Exercisc lk
2f 100 to base.foa 22 733 to base/ua Convert the following to bas€ ten.
2t 256 to base troo 24 543 to base lu,o I 105," 2 I l6u" E 206,"
4 22s," 5 315* 6 43n,"
Convening fron other balea to bsse ten 7 204xu" t l02au. 9 3246,"
l0 I 212n". ll 2 4035u. 12 4 1045,.
Examplc 2l It lllt*o 14 I l0lt*o l5 l00lt*o
Conacrt I 2345r" to buc lcn. 16 I 0l0t*o 17 I I I lotwo lt l0 l00t*o
lst nuthod; By exp_anding the given number: 19 ll0 lootwo 20 l00llt*o 2l l0 lolt*o
I 2t4au.= I x 5s+ 2 x 52+ 3 x 5t +4 x I 22 l0l 0llt*o 23 til 000two 2{ 100 lolt*,
=lXl25+2x25+3x5+4
=125+50+15+4 Further examples of arithmetic in various
= 1941.n number bases are given in Book 4, Chapter 21.
l8
Cl'apter 2

Solving triangles (l) $thagoras' theonem

To rolve a triangle means to find the sizes of square is divided into small squarcs of area
is sides and angles by calculation, I unit2.
In any triangle, the sum of the angles is l8f. (a) Count the number of unit2 in the squarc
Thus if two angles are known, it is easy to on the hypotenuse,
calculate the third angle. (b) Count the number of unit2 in the
In any right-angled triangle, if two of the squares on the other two sideg. Add these
sides are known, it is possible to calculate the together.
length of the third side, Work carefully through (c) What do you notice?
Exercise 2a. t Repeat question 2 with the triangle in Fig.
2.3.
hcrcirc 2a
I The longest side of a right.angled triangle is
called rhe hlpotcnure. The hypotcnuse is
opposite the right angle.

Fig.2.1 4cm

Measure the length of the hypotenuse of the

triangle in Fig. 2.1.

Fig, 2,3

{ (a)
.O.n a large sheetof paper, draw a right.
angled.triangle such thattht sider contaiiing
the right angle are 8 cm and 6 cm.
(b) Measure the hypotenuEe,
l9
(c) Draw squares on the three sides of the
triangle as in Figs 2.2 and 2,3.
(d) Divide the squares into I cm2 small
squares. Count the small squares as in
question 2.
5 Repeat question 4 for a right-angled triangle
such that the sides containing the right
angle are I cm and 15 cm.

Fig.2.5 s ' Y " R

Pfhegoras' theorcm
From the work of Exercise 2a, it can be seen
I area of PQRS = length x breadth
that the sguare on the hypotenuse is equal in =(a*b)(a+b)
expanding brackets, this gives
area to the sum of the squares on the other two
area of PQRS = a2 + 2ab * b2'
sides. In Fig. 2,4, AB2: BC2 + AC2.
2 area of PQRS = area of square WXYZ
A * area of 4 riangles
=c2+4xLob
=c2+2ab
thus, c2 * 2ab = a2 + 2ab * b2
subtract 2ab from both sides
c2 = a2+b2
' Nott: (o + D) (a + b) - a(o+ e) + f(a + D)
-o7+ob+ab+b2
Fig. 2.4 -02+2ob+b2
Expanrlon of braclcrr war covered in Book I of the courrc.

This rule is very famous. It is called Look at triangle PWZ in Fig. 2.5. c is the
Pythogorar' theorem. $thagoras was a
hypotenuse of APWZ and a and D are its other
Greek philosopher who lived about 2 500
years ago. The theorem was proved by two sides, See Fig. 2.6.
$thagoras and his friends at that time. Pa
However, the rule was used in northern Africa
long before then and has been proved b

independently in many other parts of the

world.
Fig. 2.6 7.

There arc many ways of proving $thagoras' For any right-angled triangle with hypotenuse
theorem. The proof which follows is sometimeg
known as the Chinese proof. c and other sides a and D, ct - at + !f
In Fig. 2.5, PQRS is a square of side a * b E:rmplc I
units, W is a point on PQ such that PW = a Giam thc data of Fig. 2,7, calatlate tlv aaluc of c.
units and WQ - D units. Similarly for X, Y
andZ, Liner joining these points give a tquare
of ride c and 4 right-angled triangles (ahaded)
withln the large tquare,
The area of rquare PQRS can be found in
two wayrl Fis. 2.7
20
II-ng Pythagoras' theorem, Example 4
? =V2 + +2" In Fig. 2.10, cdlaiate tlu hngth of AD.
=9*16 A
=25
,=fis=5
The hypotenuse is 5 m l6ng.

r-nple 2
hlahtc tlu langth of tlu third sidc of thc trianglc in
Fa.2.8. Fig. 2.10 B 8 t'nr C l! cnr

AD is in right-angled triangle ABD.

Let AB be v cm.
In AABCiT2 = 172 - 92
Fig.'2.8 lll
r;' cm
=289-64
= 225
Using fothagoras' theorem, Let AD be r cm.
132; o'1+ * In AABD, x2=!2 + (8 + l2)2
169= a2 + 25 = 225 + 20'
Subtract 25 from both sides. = 225 + 400
169 - 25= a2 = 625
a2 = 144 x=@=25
a=1ffi=12 AD=25cm
The length of the third side of the triangle is
l2 cm, In Examples 3 and 4, notice that the sides
labelledT are intcrincdiala sides. We do not have
Exenplc 3 to find their values. When72 has been found,
In Fig,2,9, calcalatc tlu lcngth o/PS. there is no need tofindyf is used in the second
part of the working.

Exercire 2b
I ABC is a triangle in which B = 90o. In each
of the following, draw and label a sketch
then calculate the length of the third side of
the triangle.
Fig.2.9
(a) AB=6m,BO=8m
PS isin right-angled trlangle PRS.
(b) AB=9cm,BC= 12cm
Let PR be l cm.
(e) AB=5rn,BC=12m
In APQRir2 = 92 a 22
(d) AB = 15cm, BC = 8cm
(e) AC = 25m, BC = 24 m
=9*4 (f) AC = 25 cm, BO = 20 cm
=13 (S) AO=l00m,AB=80m
Let PS be r cm. (h) AO = 26 cm, AB = 24 cm
In APRS, 12=12 ar 62 (i) A0 = 4l mm, AB = 40 mm
=13*36 0) AC=29m,BC=2lm
r,19 t Find the value of r in eaeh part of Fig. 2,1 I
,(z\retl overl-eaf, It will be necessary to find a value
PS-7cm for22 before finding *,
2l
The results of Example 5 show that a triangle
with sides of length 33i 56 and 65 units will be
right-angled, whereas one with sides of length
15; 30 and 35 will zot be right-angled. This
method, therefore, can be used as a test for
right-angled triangles.
(b)

Ercrcirc 2c
I Write down four multiples of each of the
following $thagorean triples.
(a) (3; a; 5) (b) (s; 12; 13)
(c) (7;2a;25\ (d) (8; 15; 17)
(c) Find out which of the following are
ftthagorean triples.
(a) (20;21;2e) (b) (15; 22;27),
Fis. 2.ll (c) (28; a5; 53) (d) (ll;60; 6l)
Try to complete the following pattern of

Pythryorcan aiplec
The sides of the triangle in Example I are 3 m,
4 m and 5 m. We call this a 3; 4;5 triangle.
The numben (3; 4; 5) are calld a $tthrgmn //rzt.' notice that the dillerence between the
trlplc. A $thagorean triple is a set of 3 whole last two numbers of each triple is l.
numbers which give thc lengths of the sides of { Try to complete the following pattcrn of
right-angled triangles. (5; l2; l3), (7; 241'25),
(8; 15; l7) are some other oommon $thagorcan
triples. You discovered these and others in
Exercise 2b.
(6; 8; l0) and (30; {O; 50) are multiples of
(3; a; 5). They are also $thagorcan triples.
Ildrl.' notice that the dillerence between the
last two tcrms of each triple is 2.
Exrmple 5 5 Try to extend the patterns of questions 3
Which of llu following is a fothagonan hiplc? and 4 for five more terms.
(a) (33;55;65) (r) (15;30;35)
(a) 332+562-1089+3136
= 4225
652 -
4 225 Evcrydey urc of Pyth.goru' thcorcm
Hence, 332 + 562 = 652
So far the exercires in this chapter have been
(33; 56; 65) is a |thagorean triplc.
arranged so that when a square root of a
(b) 152 + =225 + 9m
302 number was needed, it could be found cxactly.
=1125 However, this does not often happen with
352 - I 225 numbers in everyday situations. More often
Hence 152 + 302 r. 352 we have to find squane! and rquarc rcots,
(15; 30; 35) is nol a $thagorean triple. either lhom tables or by uring a calculator.
22
Using ables When a number is multiplied by increasing
powers of 10, its square is multiplied by
Squares increasing powers of 100.
The table of squares on page 287 can be used
to convert 4-digit numbers to squares of those Exercise 2d
numbers. Use the table of squares on page 287 in this
exercise.
r.-enrple 6
tlv thi tablc oJsquarcs tofmd 4,162.
The digits 4,1 appear in the left-hand column
of the table of sQUares; 6 is the third digit,
Iook for the column headed 6. Find the
number which is across fi'om 4,1 and under 6.
See Fig. 2.12:

E Round off the following to 3 s.f. and then

find the approximate square of each number.
[, ,l hJ (a) 1,733 (b) 2,808 (c) 78,65
(d) 52,14 (e) 96,47 (f) 49,57
(g) 632,6 (h) 805,3 (i) 303,6
Fig. 2.12
Find the values of the followinc.
The number is 1731.
(") 1302 (b) 4lo2 1ci azo2
The decimal comma is placed by inspection.
(d) 5042 (e) 2 7002 (f) 8 3502
Look at the following pattern:
In this case since 4,16 is between 4 and 5 then
4,162 must lie between 16 (42) and 25 (52).
1,5'= 2125= lx2+0,25
Hence 4,162 = 17,31,
2,52= 6,25=2xg +0,25
3,52 = 12125 = 3 x 4 + 0,25
This result is correct to 4 s.f.
Find out if the pattern continues in the
same way.
Exrmple 7
Usc thi tablc of squarcs to find (a) 192, (r) 1902

(a) Square nxrts

= 1,9 x l0
19
192=(l,9xlO)2 Tables of square roots are given on pages 288
= 1,92 x 102 and 289. Notice that there arc two tables.
From the table of squares,
= 3,610-
1,92 Example t
Hence 192 = 3,610 x l0O tlu sqinrc root tables toM k) 6i, @ \ffi.
= 361,0 (a) 5,7 lies between I and 9,999. Use the first
(b) 190 = 1,9 x 100 table (page 288).
1902=(1,9x100)2
= x lo02
1,92 \ff = 2,388
= 3,610 x l0 000 (b) 57 lies between l0 and 99,99. Use the
second table (page 289).
= 36 100
In Example 7, notice that fr = 7,550
=
1.92 3,610
l9z = 361,0 The square root tables give results rounded to
1902 = 36 100 4 s.f. For example 63
= 2,388 to 4 s.f.
23
However, if 2,3882 is worked out, the regult is Exercigc 2c
5,702 5++, rut 5,7. Nevertheless, 4 significant Use the square root tables on pages 288 and
figures are accurate enough for most purposes. 289 in this exercise.
I Find the square roots of the following.
Exrmple 9 (a) s (b) e0 (c) 2,8 (d) 28
Ila sqian mt tabbs tolnd (a) tF875, (D \M (e) 4,7 (t) +7 (g) 5,04 (h) 50,4
(i) 36,2 (i) 3,62 (k) 2s,7 (l) 2,57
(") 875 = 8,75 x 100 2 Find the square roots of the following.
tFaft=VE75xm=@xVTm (a) 7 (b) 70 (c) 700 (d) i 000
(e) 2,e (f) 2s (g) 2e0 (h) 2 e00
= l/6F x lo (i) (k) 3 820 (l) 38 200
From the first table t67s = 2,958 (m)
0) 382
38,2
l0 (n) 100 (o) I 000 (p) l0 000
Hence lffs = 2,958 x lo = 29,58 to (q) 2 (r) a3s (s) I 4s0 (t) 72 100
4 s.[ 3 Find the square roots of the following.
(b) 3827 = 38,27 x 100 (a)9,286 (b) 78,23 (c) 463,8
\ffi = l/56"2- (d)
(g)
8,4s5
59,03
(e) 61,27 (f) 612,7
(h) 5,806 (i) 5 003
= @ x r/Too 0) 500,3 (k) 63 e45 (l) l e82
l66F x to
= 4 Find out if \4-0 is a good approximation for
From the second table1@ = 6,187' lt.
Hence \m = 6,187 x l0 = 61,87 to 5 (a) Use square root tables to find rn if
4 s.f. m=fr,
'Urc thc dllfcrcnccr column to obtdn the corrcction for the (b) Using the value of m found in part (a),
fourth fi9urc. Thc four figurcr under 98,2 rre 6,181. Thc fourth
figurc b 7 rnd e corrtctlon of 6 eppeen undcr thc 7 in the
find the value of m' from the table of
dlfrercncc column. Thc 6 ir rdded to givc 6,187. squares.
(c) What do you notice? Explain.
Notice again that the final rcsults ane not exact.
For example, 61,872 = 3 827,896 9, nol S 827. Uging a calculator
To solve problems
involving $thagoras'
theorcm, you will need
Solrr power ccllr
(if f,trcd)
a calculator which has
memory keys and a
tquarc rq)t k.y, A
scientific calculator
or one like that in Fig.
2.13 will be necessary.
Mcmory hcp Clerr lut entry
(iM . (llerr mcmory
-
RM. Rccrll mcmor7
M- - Trlc ftom Squrrc root lq
M+-Addto

Arlthmcdcd
Number lcyr functlon lcyr
rnd declmd
commr

Equrh tcy

Fig. 2,13,
24
Erample l0 Nolc:
In a ighl-anglcd lrianglc, tlu twoshorlcr s'idcs are I In Examples l0 and ll, the final answers
61,8 cm and 77 ,9 cm respecliueU. Uu a calailator are given to the same degree of accuracy as
b Ind ttu hngth of iu hypoutwv. the given data.
The problem is to find the value 2 Calculators vary. If you have a calculator,
of get to know how it works.61
\M. The following gives a key- 3 In this book, the symbol llilil indicates that
stroke sequence that works on most calculators an answer has been obEined using a
which do not have a!key. calculator,
Kt) Displal Exercigc 2f (Cdculetor cxercirc)

l8 @ 0' Use a calculator to evaluate the following.Give

(clern display) each ansuer corect to 3 significant fEures.
EErgrrIr
mcmorv and
20'==-
mcmory) I In. each of th.e follo_wing, the two shorter
AZI E I I I El'-riiiaii
(Gl,8z rnro
"sides ol a.rigtrt-angled triangle are given;
added tomcmorv) calculate th-e
(77,9r fYPotenuse' - - -
g11,t,6s (u) m, 9,2 m (b) 239 mm, 613 mm
@ (6r,82 + 77,e1) (c)
1,6
9,34 cm, 1,72 cm (d) 45 km, 29 km
yt6l6t -
2 Calculate the third side in the following
I 99
right'angled
(VlBl,82 + 77,9r)) triangles'
(") = 90o' AC = 8'l m'
The hypotenuse is 99,4 cm to I decimal place. #'="i,n'-
(o) so, yz = r7,B cm,

Exemple ll (.)
fflrl ,3,i:
AKLM, K 90o, KM = 55 mm,
Ia APQR, P = 90o, QR = 8,3m and LM = 66 mm
PR 3,8m.CalalatcPQ,
= (d) APQR, R = 90o, PR = 4,3km,
Since APQR is right-angled at P, PQ = 5'2 km

,. 86; Apprications or p5rthasoras

PQ
i$'liF
= \fjf'?- Example 12
Using a =
calculator with@and ! keys:
Fig. 2.1a shows a ladder lcaning againsl a wall. The
ladder is 7,3 m long and tlu Joot of ttu laddn is
l,B m from tlu wall. Find how Jar up lhc wall tlu
Kt) DisplaT laddcr reachcs.
@@ 0

EIEET 58 89

EI trEEET -IYYY

@ 59.Y5

I 1 3190?.t l
PQ:7,4m Fig. 2.14
Draw a sketch of the right-angled triangle Exercise 29
which contains the ladder (Fig. 2.15). In each question, sketch the right-angled
triangle which contains the unknown, Either
use Pythagoras' theorem or make a scale
drawing to solve the triangle. You may use a
calculator.
I A pencil which has been sharpened at each
end just fits along the diagonal of the base of
a box. See Fig. 2.17.

1.8 m
Fig. 2.15

By Pythagoru'lluorcm,
h2 = 7,32 -1,8'
-
= 53,29 3,2+0 (from squares table) Fis. 2.t7
= 50,05
n = rfsops If the box measures l4 cm by I cm, find the
= 7,075 (from square rq)t table) length of the pencil.
The ladder reaches about 7,1 m up the wall, 2 A telegraph pole is supported by a wire as
The problem can also be answered by scale shown in Fig. 2,18.
drawing. Fig. 2.16 is a scale drawing of the
data on a scale I cm to I m.

7.3 m Fi1.2.18

The wire is attached to the pole 6 m above

the ground and to a point on the ground
2,5 m from the foot of the pole. Calculate the
total length of wire needed if an extra 0,8 m
of wire is needed for the attachments.
3 Fig. 2.19 shows a straight pipe which
Fig. 2.16 hddcr and wall
l.B m carries water from a reservoir at R to a tap
Scalc: I cm to I m atT. R

From the drawing, h = 7,1 cm

Height of ladder up the wall - 7,1 X I m
-7,1m
If done on 3- calculator, the outcome is
7.0746025 (8.), which gives [ : 7,1 m to
an appropriat-e degree of accuracy.
26
R and T are 2 km apart horizontally and R The bridge is supported by uprights, u, and
is 500 m above the level of T. Find the length diagonals, d. Find the length of a diagonal
of the pipe. support, if the upright Bupports are 4 m
Find the length of the longest straight line long and the bridge is 20 m long.
which can be drawn on a rectangular chalk- A ladder 7 m long leans against a wall as in
boand which measures 2,2 m by 1,2 m. Fig. 2.21.
A plane flies northwards for 430 km. It then
flies eastwards for 380 km. How far is it
from its starting point? (Neglect its height

Fig, 2.21

Its foot is 2 m liom the wall. Calculate how

Fis. 2.20 far up the wall the ladder reaches.

27
Chaptcr 3

Geometricat transformations (l)

Congruencies

Congruency
Look at the patterns in Fig. 3.l,

Fis. 3,1 (d) print

The patterns in Fig. 3,1 all have something
in common. They are made by taking a baric
rhaF and repeating it to build up the pattern.
Look at the patterns in Fig. 3,2.

(a) brich wall

th)

(b) wall pattcrn

Fig. 3.2

The basic shape which makes each pattern

is a 2 X I rectangle. The patterns appear dif-
ferent because the rectangles have been
(c) doth pattcn arranged in different ways.
28
Exercice ta
You will need graph paper and a ruler for this
exercise.
I Copy patterns (a), (b) and (c) of Fig. 3.2 on
to graph paper. Make each rectangle 2 cm
by I cm. Extend each pattern by drawing
more rectangles until the patterns are about shapc

l0 cm wide by 8 cm long. Fig. 3.4

2 (a) Name the basic shapes which make the
patterns in Fig. 3.3.
The patterns in Exercise 3a were made by
building up images of basic shapes on a plane
surface. In every case, each image has the
same dimensions as the original given shape.
Transformations of this kind are called
congnrencies. Two shapes are congruent if
their corresponding dimensions are identical.
There are three basic congmencies: translations,
re{lections and rotations.

Translation
A translation is a movement in a straight line.
Fig. 3.5 shows the letter p being given trans-
lations of I cm steps across the page.

P.<
Fig. 3.5

Translations may be in any direction (Fig. 3.6).

-it, r--- -l

Fig. 3.3

P
(b) Copy each pattern on to graph paper.
Draw more shapes until each pattern is \
about I cm wide and 6 cm long.
When the position or dimensions (or both) Fis. 3.6
of a shape change, we say that it is trans-
fiomed. The image of a shape is the figure Two or more translations of a basic shape may
which results after transformation (Fig. 3.a). give a pattern which fills the plane (Fig. 3.7).
29
l) l) PP P (c) AABC is translated so that the image
of C is the point (- 3; - 2). Find the
PP PP P images of A and B.
PP PP P

PP l)P P

(a) (b)

Fig. 3.7
l
Exercise tb l
I Which of the patterns in Figs 3.1, 3.2, 3.3
are translation patterns?
2 Copy each pattern in Fig. 3.8. Use trans-
lation to draw at least 6 more basic shapes
on each pattern.

!tl
I
i
a
\"1
tr r 7 --T
L rl

Reflection
A reflection is the image you see when you
look in a mirror. We have already seen in Book I
that a line of symmetry acts like a mirror line.
Fig. 3.10 shows the letter p and its reflection in
a line of symmetry.

Fig. 3.10

Two or more mirror lines will reflect a shape

Fig. 3.8 many times to give a pattern which may fill
the plane (Fig.3.ll).
3 Fig. 3.9 shows AABC drawn on the
cartesian plane. j_rLq_lr_
_r_l_q
(a) State the coordinates of A, B and C. brdlt)ldth
(b) Find the coordinates of the images of A, -{-+-F-l--
B and C if AABC is translated 4 units PrQrPrgrP
to the le[t. Fig.3.tt n-l;Ir,io-l;-
30
Every line of symmetry in Fig. 3.1 I is a 3 In Fig. 3.9 on page 30, state the coordinates
nirror line for the whole pattern. Place a mirror of the vertices A, B and C after rellection in
ilong any of the dotted lines and look into it. (a) the r-axis, (b) theT-axis.
You will see that it continues the pattern.

Exercisc 3c
I Which of the patterns in Figs 3.1, 3.2, 3.3
are rellection patterns? If possible, use a Rotation
mirror to help you to decide.
2 In each of the following, copy the given When a shape turns about a point, we say it
figure on to graph paper. Take dotted lines rccetes. Fig. 3.15 shows four positions of the
to be mirror lines. letter p when it is rctated about the small cross.
(a) Reflect the word HAND (i) across the
page, (ii) down the page (Fig. 3.12). oI=
d
Fig.3.I5

In Fig. 3.15, p has been rotated through 90o

each time. Of course there are many other
angles through which p could be rotated.
(i) The pattern in Fig. 3.15 can be continued
(ii)
by rotating the p about other centres of rotation.
Fig. 3.12 Fig. 3.16 gives one example.

(b) In Fig. 3.13 draw the missing lines of Pd p

a+.tr + cL lv
symmetry. Continue the pattern for at d Pd
least 3 more rows and columns.
Fig. 3.16
=tafsla
Pd P

A B I A A B Rotation is often combined with other

Y B g v Y B movements. Fig. 3.17 is a pattern where the
basic shape has been rotated through 9f about
A B I A A B
its centre then translated horizontally and
vertically.

Fig, 3.13 - - - -
(c) In Fig. 3.14, use the given shape and
- - - - - a
mirror lines to make a rellection pattern. - ra - !a
Fig.3.t7

Exercicc td
I Which of the patterns in Figs 3.1, 3.2, 3.8
are rotation patgerns?
2 Use rotation and translation to continue the
Fig. 3.t4 patterns in Fig. 3.18 overleaf.
3l
The translbrmation may be described as follows:
(a) Translate AABC along the line AD to
position DGH (dotted).
(b) With centre D, rotate ADGH clockwise
through an angle equal to HDF to the
position of ADEF.

Exercise 3e
I Copy the patterns of Fig. 3.20 on to graph
paper. Extend each pattern by repeating
the sequence of basic shapes.
(e) (b)

Fig. 3.t8

In Fig. 3.9 on page 30 state the coordinates

of the vertices A, B and C after a clockwise
rotation about the origin of(a) 90", (b) 180",
(c) 270".
As question 3, with the point (- 2; I ) as the Fig. 3.20
centre of rotation.
2 Fig. 3.21 shows a grid with a shape in the
top left-hand corner.

Combining transforrrations
f,sample I
In Fig. 3.19 ducribe ftora AABC is lransformed to
ADEF. I
Fig. 3.21
E

Make three copies of Fig. 3.21. Make a

pattern on each copy by
(a) translation of the basic shape to adjacent
squares;
(b) rcflection of the basic shape across the
dotted lines;
(c) rotation of 90o of the basic shape about
its centre, followed by translation to
Fig. 3.19 adjacent squares.
32
Each part of Fig. 3.22 contains a pair of
congruent triangles. Sketch each figure,
showing the line of reflection or the cenire of
rotation.

d)

Fig. 3.23 ' u'

,

5 In Fig. 3.9 on page 30, find the coordinates

of the images of A, B'and C if AABC is
(a) first reflected in the r-axis then rotated
Fig. 3.22 anticlockwise through 90o about the
origin;
4 In each part of Fig. 3.23 describe how AABC (b) first rotated through 180'about (l; l)
is transformed to ADEF. then reflected in the2-a:<is.

33
Chapter 4

Basic processes of algebra

Use of letters A boy is 15 years old. How old will he be

in 4 years' time? How old will he be in7
Algebra uses letters of the alphabet to represent years' time?
general numbers. The easiest way of dealing A woman has $20. If she spends $8, how
with letters which represent numbers is to much will she have left? If she spends $a
imagine first that a letter stands for a particular instead, how much will she have left?
number, 6 years ago a man was 20 years old. How
old is he now? p years ago another man
was 23 years old. How old is he now?
Example I A lorry carries 8 t of blocks.
Express p metres in centi.metres,
(a) If it delivers 3 t, what mass of blocks is
If lm=l00cm, left on the lorry?
2m= 100 X 9cm, (b) If it delivers d t, what mass remains
and 3m-l00X3cm, on the lorry?
theny' m: 100 X, p cm What number is (a) 5 times as big as 20,
= 100y' cm (b) 5 times as big as r?
7 How many cents in (a) $3, (b) $e?
In Example I notice that l00p is short for 8 How many hours are there in (a) 120 min,,
100 x p. In the expression 100p, the 100 is (b) m min?
called the coefficient ofp. A sheet ofpaper has an area of300 cm2.
(a) How long is the paper if its breadth is
15 cm?
Example 2 (b) How long is the paper if its breadth is
In a class of p students tlu aouage mark is x and in b cm?
arutiur class oJ n studats tlu aaerage nark is y What l0 Express r Dollars andT cents in cents.
is the average mark for both classcs? ll Express a Dollars and D cents in Dollars.
,: total marks scored t2 The perimeter of a rectangle is 14 m and
average marK
- number of students the length is r m. Express the breadth of
In lst class, total marks scored : p x x : px the rectangle in terms of r.
In 2nd class, total marks scored = n X 1 = n1t l3 The perimeter of a rectangle is 20 m and
For both classes, total marks the length is r m. Find the area of the
scored:px*n2 rectangle in terms of r.
Number of students : p+n t4 A rectangle has one side equal to (2r + 4)
cm and a perimeter of (6.r * 4) cm. What
Averase mark : lx
+ tu is the area of the rectangle in terms of r?
" |tn r5 A car travels dkm at an average speed of
Exercise 4a z km/h. How long does it take?
I A girl has 20 cents. If someone gives her 16 l6 A train moves at an average speed of r
cents, how much will she have? If someone km/tr. How many hours will it take to cover
gives her r cents how much will she have? 340 km?
34
17 A train travels for I hours at a speed of Exercise 4b
a km/h. How far does it go? Simplify the following expressions as far as
lE Two motor cars start together from the possible.
same place and travel in the same direction l9x-2x
along a road. If the faster one has an 22a-9a
average speed of z km/h and the other u ? -3t - 30t
km/h, how far ahead is the hster one after 42y+51-31
f hours? 54x-8r*9r
19 A girl's age is ,x years and her father is 4 692-3<-z
times as old. Find the father's age in7 years' 7 3a-7a-2a
time. 8D+4b-l2b
2O p yearc ago a woman's age was (q + ,) 9 6c - l7c 4 3c .r\r\ ,1, !r,'
times that of her son who was then r years lo2a*5x-3a t iit':"-
old. How old is the woman now? ll -3h - 69 + l0g ,.,
12Bd-3-7d ' :..,
l83a-5a*lla-4a
147x*3x-x-5x
girnFlification 158k-4k+3k-7k
166x-9x*2x*4y
Grouping tems 17 2a-3b+5b-Ba
Expressions such as 2x, x, *x and - 5r are 18 3r * Bl - 5x')
called terms in r. Expressions containing a 192n-9n-5m*4n
number of terms can be simplified by grouping 2O r- 3s-3f-4r* lOs*8,
terms together.
Brackets
Example 3
Sinplify 9a - 5a - Ba * lOa. If any quantity multiplies the terms inside a
bracket, cacr] term inside the bracket must be
Eitlur, by grouping positive and negative terms multiplied by that quantity when the bracket
together. is removed.
9a-5a-Ba*lOa In generalra(x * yl: or * ay
:9a*l0a-5a-Ba anda(r-I):u-aY
: l9a - l3a
:6a Slarnple 5
orrby treating the terms as directed numbers, + z).
9a-5a-Ba*lOa
R.emaae tfu brackctsfrom 4(3x - 5y
:4a-Ba*lOa 4(3x-5y+z)
: -4a * lOa =4x3x-4x52*4xz
:l2x-20y+4a
=6a
Example 4 Example 6
Sinplifl5r - 8r * x * 31.
Rzmoae bratkets and simplify 3 - (o - 5 - 6a).

5x-Bx*x*31 Note: the line over the terms 5 - 6a acts like a

: -3x * x * 31t bracket.
= -2x * 32:3y - 2x 3 -:$- - (a-5 +6a)
(a 5=o7)

In Example 4, notice that 2x and 37 are un- -3-(7a-5)

like terms.31 - 2r cannot be simplified any : $ - 7a * 5
further. :8 - 7a
35
In Example 6, notice that the inner bracket is Alternatively, each term in the first bracket
removedl/fusL Notice also that a negative sign multiplies the terms in the second bracket.
outside a bracket is equivalent to - I outside (a+b)(c+d)
the bracket, i.e. -(5 - 6a) : - l(5 - 6a). =a(c+dl+b(c+d)
=at*d*bc*bd
I.-arnple 7 =ac*bc*ad*bd
Rtmoac brarkets and simplifl In either case, ac * bc * ad * bd is the ex.
3x(2- r) - 5(6 + x-2x2). pansion of (a * b) (c + d).
3r(2 - r) -5(6 + x - 2x2)
=6r-3x2-30-5r*lor2 Example 9
=10.12-3x2*6*-5r-30 Expand tlu follouing, sinplifiing ulurc possiblc.
= 7x2 * .r - 30 (o) (r-x)(r+) (b) (x -5) (r+8)
(c) +
(2a - 2b)(d) (n * 4n)2
3b) (5a
Example t
Si*plrfi (a) 3 x 2a - 5, (b) 3(2a - 5).
(") (, - x) (r * t) = rlr - x) + yQ - x)
=r'-rx*ry-ryt
(a) 3x2a-5=6a-5 (b) (, - s) (r + 8) = x(x
- 5) + 8(r - 5)
(b) 3(2a - 5) = 3 x 2a - 3 x E =x2-bx*8x-4o
=6a-15 =x2+3x-40
(.) (2a + 3b) (5a - 2b)
Erercisc 4c = 5a(2a + 3b) 2b(2a + 3b)
Remove brackets from the following and : l0a2 * l'ab -- 4ab - 6b2
simpli$ where possible. = l0a! * llab - 6b2
I 3(a- 2)
+ 2 -2(3n - n + 4)
b (d) (, * 4n)2: (m * 4n) (n + 4n)
E 2a * 3(a +
3b) a 5Q1 - *) * 6r : m(m + 4n) * 4n(n + 4n)
5L(2u-8) +s 6 3c-&(t2c-sd) : m2 + 4mn I 4mn * l6n2
7 4x3m--2 E 4x (3n-2) = m2 + \mn I l6n2
9 4u-7u-3o l0 5d-mA
tt 2(a - 3b) + 3(a + b) In Example 9(d), the expression (n + 4n)2 is
125m+5(2n-n)-Bn called a perfect squar€. The expansions in
t, 2(h + 5/c) + 5(lz + 2k) parts (D), (c) and (d) of Example 9 were
14 5(2u - 3a * 4r) - 7(, - 2o + 3w) simplified by collecting the like terms together.
l5 4(r - 3s - 3t) - 2(2r - 5s - 4r)
166r-(3-r-Bl Exercise 4d
Expand the following, collecting like terms
t7 2a - (4o - i;1) where possible.
18 2r(3r - l) + 7(x2 + S) r(p+a)(r+s) 2 (6+2) (s+r)
19 6(a2 - 2a - t) - 3a(2a - b) E (o-b)(c-d) 4(2x+l) (3r-l)
20 4x(3x - 2l) + 51(x + 3l) - 7xy 5 (2n + 3) (22 +
5) 6 (4n-s) (22-3)
7 (5x-2)Q+a) 8 (a+5) (3a-2)
9 (r-8) (.t+9) l0 (3i++)(h-2)
Eqnnsion of b,rackets ll (r-5) (r+5) 12 (c+7)(c-7)
13 (31 - 2)2 14 (2x - 5y)2
The expression (a + b) (c * d) means (a + b) 15 (5r - t)
(2x 3t) -
X (c + d). The terms in the first bracket tG (4a - l) (5a - 2)
multiply each term in the second bracket. t7 (5a + 2d) (3a sd) -
(a+b)(c+d) lE (2d + c) (3d + c)
-(a+b)c+(a+b)d 19 (62 + n) (5n n) -
=ot*bc*ad*bd -
20 (2h 7) (4k + 5)
36
l''arnple l0 Exercise 4e
Fittd ilu coelfuint of n in I Either by expanding the brackets or other-
(4n + 3) (" - 5) - (2n - 3)2. wise, write down the coefficient of * in the
Eitlur following.
(4n + 3) (n (a) (*+7)(*+e)
- 5) - (2n - 3)2
(b) (*-3) (*+8)
= n(4t + 3) - 5(4n + 3) - l2n(2n - 3) -
(c) (r + a) (r - t7)
I
s(2n s)l - (d) (2* + 5) (a,r + 7)
= 4n2 - 3n 2on - 15 - (4n2 - 6z -
(e) (3r - l) (5x + 2)
6z+9) (f) (2r - 8) (2r + 8)
= 4n2 - l7n- 15 - (4n2 - l2n + 9)
2 Multiply (3 + a) by (s -
= 4n2 - l7n- 15 - 4o2 + l2n - g
3 Simplify the following.
2a).
=-Sn-24 (al k 3) (o- 4) + (o r) (a + 5)
- -
The coelficient of z is - 5. -
(b) (z + 6) (n 2) (n 3)(z + l)
(c) (2r + 3) (r 2) + 2x(x r)'
- -
Or, by inspection, - -
for (4n + 3) (z - 5), the term in z is found by
adding the products of the inner and outer
pairs of terms:
(42+3)(z-5)

+ 3n + (-20n) = -l7a
Fig. 4.1 l0 Simplifr
(32 + t) (n + 3t) - 3(n - 2t) (n - +t),.
(2n - 3)2 = (2n - 3) (2n - 3). Again, the
term in z is the sum of the products of the
inner and oirter terms of the brackets.

(24-3)(24-3) subtracting algebraic

\.7 #ffifa
- 6n + (-6a) = -l2a
Fis.4.2
Just as in arithmetic, fractions in algebraic
form must have a @mmon denominator before
they can be added or subtracted.
For the whole expression,
terminn=-l7n-(-l2n)
:-l7n*l2n I'--arnple ll
= -5n Sinplify thc following.
Coelficient of z is - 5.
Fig.4.3 shows how to expand brackets directly
k)+++ a)*-*
by multiplying the terms inside the brackets in
pairs.
ot fi+fi <al *,- *
-t5
,,3x 2x 3x*2x
r^,7-T=T=T 5.r

Fis.4.3 0) *-*=#,=*--#=:
37
(c) I'he LCM of 4x and 3x is l2x. l2x is the l2a*39-lOa-15
comm@n denominator. l5
I 2 :- lx3 2x4 _2a + 24
4x'3x 4xx3'lxx4 I5
(b) The LCM of 6a and 2b is 6a6. Make
l2x ' l2x
-3-8 equivalent fractions with denominators of
_3+8 6ab.
12x
ll n-5(2a+l)_4b-3
-'3- -T
- 12x
(d) The LCM of 3a and 5c is 154c. l5ar is the
:-+- x 2, b x 5(2a+ l) _ 3ax (ab - 3)
_6ab
6ab 6ab 6ab
common denominator. l2ab + 5b(2a + t) - 3o$b - 3)
7 6 7x5c 6x3a - 6ab
3a 5c 3a x 5c 5c x.3a _ l2ab + lOab + 5b - l2ab * 9a
l8a 6ab
-35c
-Tbac-M _l0ab*9a*5b
_35c - l8a 6ab
l5ac
This does not simplify further.
This does not simplify further.

x - 2 is a short wav of writins Q - 2) o,

44
*(r - 2). Similart1 L.is
x-) a short way of Exaurple 13
Express each of tlu following as a single frartion in
writing In each case, consider the its simplcst form.
i-r.
terms inside the brackets to be a single term x-2
until the brackets can be properly removed. @) *+L2,-h @#2 x-3
(a) The denominators are (* + 2z) and
(m - 3n). Their LCM is (m * 2n) (m - 3r).
Example 12 Make equivalent fractions with a common
Sinp li,f1 tlu following. denominator of (m + 2n) (n - 3n).
,,4a*13
\o/ --.-- 2a*3
3
/A\ o15(2a+l)_4b-3 m*2n m-3n
\7/----{T 2(n + 2n)
(a) The LCM of 5 and 3 is 15. 15 is the
(n + 2n) (n - 3n) (n + 2n) (n - 3n)
_ 3(m 3n) - 2(n + 2n)
-
common denominator.
4a*13_2a13 (n + 2n) (n - 3n)
s3 _3^-9n-2m-4n
+ 13) 5(2a + (n + 2n) (n - 3n)
:_
-3(4a
3)
m-l3n
5x3 3x5
_3(4a+13)-5(2a+3) (n + 2n) (n - 3n)
-\, l5 This does not simpli$ further.
38
b)*+2-='
(x+2)(r-2)
-r(* -3)-
(x+2)(r-3)
_x2-3x-(x2-4) (d) 3- 6a-5
(x+2)(r-3) 2a-l_4b-g
x2-3x-x2+4 (")
=
(r.+2)(r-3) 5a l0b
4-3x (f)
2x*1.3t-2 -
(x+2)(r-3) x!
a-4 b-g
ExPress
% - 6b ++asasrngle
fraction in its lowest terms.
Exercise 4f Simplify the following.
I Express each of the following as a single
fraction. (a)3+4+
a-o
(b)2- x*21
(")
#r-h (d)#**,
(.)
*-*r$)*-s-l-z
ts) r-6r *-\-#,
,., x-2 x-l
2 Express
1. i- : ^ a single fraction. \h) x + 2- t+g
3 Reduce 1 f"* lo tf x :#, express terms
x2- 5 to a single fraction.
#in
of a.
4 simprify
*. h
5- Simplifr each of the following.
@)T++ Common factors
@ry-H Exarnple 14
k\+-+
(d) *(3r + l) + [(r + 2)
Complete tlu brackct in tlu
8p-2oq:41 ).
stalemmt

4 is theHCF of 8f and2Oq. Divide 8p and2Dq

,rr2(3x-2)+*-s
56
to find the terms inside the bracket.
8p+4=2lallid20q+4=5q
3a-4 2a*19
rrr -E- - 15 8P-20q:4(21 -5q)
In Example 14,4 and (2p - 5q) are the factors
6 Simpli$ the following expression. of 8p - 20q. 4 is the cornmon factor of the
3x * 2 _ r - I _ 5 given terms.
3+r2 Example 15
7 Simplify the following. Factoisc tlu following.
,. 6r* I x-2
\ut T_
(a) 2a3 - 5a2 - a
% (b) liasb+c - 6a2b5?
39
(a) The cpmmon factor is a. Grouping the given terms in this order,
2a3 - sa2 - a = a(2a2 - Sa - l) 3x-2dy*31 -2dx
(b) The HCF of the two terms is3a2b+c.
:3xl3y-2dx-2dl
i =
:3(x+t)-2d(x+2)
l5as bac - 6a2 b5 3a2 bac(Sa - 2bc) :(x*t)(3-2d)
Clgck the results of Example 15 by multipli- Exercise 4h
cauon' Factorise the following by grouping terms in
pairs.
Exercise ag (OraI)
Factorise the following either by completing
l3x*9b*5ax*l\ab
2cc - zcf + de - df
2
the brackets or by finding the highest common
factors of the given terms.
34u*4u*ax*ux
l2m+8n=2( ) 4 mn-- 3*) - \nx * 9x2
23a-156=3( ) 56a2-si+4a-2
3l0r-5=5( 6cd-ce-B+de
4-3h-r2k--3(
)
7 l2cg - 4eh - 6-fe + zJh
5-2x+18=-2(
)
84ab*6bn-2a-3n
65a-Bab:a( )
) 93ax-2a-6bx*4b
7 9xt3C,Z=3x( ) l0ax-a*x-l
8 $cm * l2dn - l6em - 4^( ) llac*ad-bc-bd
12 4a - 7b + 28bx - l6ax
9 3xs - t2x2 - 9x -- 3x( ) l3p!q*Sap*5aq
lO l0a2b2 - l'a2b * 20ab, ='Sab( ) 14 2c2 - 8cm - 3m * l2m2
ll4a-Bb 129x+lU 15x2*2x-5r-10
l8 \ab - 6ac * \ad 14 $Ox - 4ox * \rx 162pr-sq+2qr-ps
15 3m3 -2m2 +m 16 6na -2# +4n2
17 Sab + 4a2b - 6ab2 17)'-51*42-20
18 2abx I Tacx - 3a2x 18 6ac + bd - 3bc - 2ad
19 4aa + 2a3b - l0a2b2 19 2ab - lUcd - 5bc + 4ad
2o 24a2bc2 * 3oa23x - l}a3cx2 206ry-2<-41t*3xa

Example 16
Fadorise l2x2 + 3x - 4x - l. Substitution
The terms l2x2 and,3r have 3r in common. f,larnple 18
The terms - 4x and - I have - I in common. Find tlu aahu of 4(3d - e) - 2f wlun d = 2, e : 4
l2x2+3x-4r-L andf ' 3.
= 3x(4x + l) l(ar + l)
: (4x + l) (3x- - l) Eitlur
4(3d - c) 2f = 4(3 x 2 - 4)
(since the expressions 3x(4x + l) and - - 2 x.3
=4(6-4) -6
- l(4x + l) both have (4r + l) in common). =4x2-G
=8-6
-o
gaarnFle 17 0r
Factorise 3x - 2d1 * 31 - 2dx.
4(3d - e) - 4e - 2f
2f = t2d -
The terms 3r and 3y both have 3 in common.
=12x2-4x4-2x3
The terms 2dx and2dybothhave 2din common,
=24-16-6
=9
40
Exanrple l9 Exercise 4j
Eaaluate (m - o) (u + u) rf* ! 5, n = 3, u = | I Find the value of the following when d: l,
anda=2, b:0 and r: - 3.
(^) * (b) abc
{* - n) (u + a): (s - 3) (l + 2) (c)o-c (d)ab-ac
--2x3=6 (e)a*b*c (f) b-(a+c)
Notice the order of operations in Examples l8 , , c- a
and 19: first evaluate the contents ofbrackets, G) ff $) (o + 2c)b
then do multiplication (or division) before (i) c(a*c) (,) \m
addition or subtraction. 2 Evaluate the following when x = 4,) = -$
andz-- -1.
Exercise 4i (a)x+)+z (b) ,-)*z
lf a = l, b = 2, c = 3, m = 4 andn = 5, find the (").r-U+z) (d) r+)-z
value of the following. (") xtz
lbc 2 bc*n G)t2-2r
3 4n-2b 4 4(n - 2b)
63a*2m (i) r +!z
5 3(a + 2n)
7 2(a*3c)-4n 83(a-b+c) )+z
3
- q2P ifp = 3 urrd
What is the value of P2q
9(a+c)(n-b) l0 (2n - n) (c + 2a)
q: -l?
ll b(3n - n) 12 (n - t) (z + l)
4 Evaluate x2 + 3x * 2 when r = (a) l, (b) 0,
rg b*c ,nmn*b (c) - l, (d) - 2.
=bm cm-a 5 Evaluate P2 - 2l - 3 wheny' = (a) 4, (b) 3,
(c) l, (d) 0, (.) - l, (f) - 2.
15 a+4
b
160!n
b 6 Evaluate 3a2 - 2a * b if a : (a) 2, (b) 0,
l7 * lE m2 - c2m (c) - 2, (d) - 4.
"-*
n'*a 7 Evaluate z3 - <if 4 = (a) 2, (b) l, (c) 0,
ts \/w 20 \A;q+ a
(d) - l, (e) - 2.
E Evaluate otffi, gven that a = 2,
Example 2_0
[--3rc=4.
9 Ifa - -3, b = 2,c = I and /- -4, find
Eaaluatc*ufuna=3, b - -4,c = -5. the values of
(a) 5b - ad, (b) (6a)z - bd2,
2a2 bc 2x(3)2x(-4)x(-5)
2b-c 2x(-4)-(-s) @(=-)'
-= =?Jgxn
i
l0 If r - - J andz :3, calculate the values
../ -g+5 of
_2x9j(20=_120
-3 b) (:+)',
Notice in Example 20 that the denominator,
(2b - c), must be reduced to a single number
(b) 2121 * )' *,
before division is possible. (c) 27x2 + 1212.

+
I.I
J''
Chapter 5

Plane shapes
Polygons
A potygoo is any plane figure with straight
sides. Thus a triangle is a 3-sided polygon and
a quadrilateral is a 4sided polygon. Polygons
are named after the number of sides they have. Fig. 5.2
Table 5. I gives the names of the first 8 polygons.
(a) What is the sum of the angles at O?
Table 5.1 (b) How many angles are at O?
(c) Calculate the size of each angle at O.
triangle 3 sides
(d) What ?

quadrilateral 4 sides (e) Calcu

5 sides
(0 What
Pentagon (g) Calculate the sum of the angles of
hexagon 6 sides pentagon ABCDE.
heptagon 7 sides
4 Fig. 5.3 shows a pattern made from regular
hexagons.
octagon I sides
nonagon 9 sides
decagon l0 sides
A regular polygon has all sides and all angles
Fig. 5.3
equal. Fig. 5.1 shows the first 6 regular
polygons.

aro 5
(r) What is the order of symmetry of
Fig. 5"3 about O?
(b) What is the size of each angle at Q?
(c) Calculate the sum of the angles o'f a
regular hexagon.
In Fig. 5.4, ABCDEFGH is regular octagon.

Fig51000
f,'.-ercise 5a
I How many lines of symmetry has each
polygon in Fig. 5.1?
2 What is the order of rotational symm€try
of each polygon in Fig. 5.1?
3 Fig. 5.2 is a regular pentagon ABCDE. O
is the centre of point symmetry. Fig. 5.4
42
(a) What is the order of symmetry of f0 (a) Write your results in question 9 as a
Fig. 5.4 about O? ratio a: b: c: d.
(b) What is the size of each angle at O? (b) Simplifr the ratio as far as possible.
(c) Show that (c) Hence guess the sum of the angles of
oAB+eBc+o0B=270'. any heptagon.
(d) Hence find the sum of the angles of
ABCDEFGH.
(e) Hence find the size of each angle of a Interior angles of a polygon
regular octagon.
6 Fig. 5.5 shows polygons labelled (a), (b), Look at the quadrilateral (a), the pentagon
(c), (d), (e). (b) and the hexagon (c) in Fig. 5.6.

Fig. 5.6

In each polygon, one vertex is joined to all the

other vertices. This divides the polygons into
triangles. The number of triangles depends on
Fig.5.5 the number of sides of the polygon. Table 5.3
shows the numbers of triangles for the polygons
Nanre each polygon correctly. in Fig. 5.6.
7 (a) Draw any large non-regular pentagon.
Each side should be greater than 5 cm Table 5.3
long.
(b) Use a protractor to measure the angles polygon number of number of
ofyour pentagon. sides triangles
(c) Find the sum of the five angles. quadrilateral 4 2
(d) Compare your result in (c) with your
classmates. What do you notice? Pentagon 5 3
8 Repeat queStion 7 with any large non-
hexagon 6 +
regular hexagon.
9 Using your results in questions 7 and 8, In each case, the number of triangles is 2 less
copy and complete Table 5.2.
than the number of sides. For a polygon with z
sides there will be n - 2 tnangles. The sum of
Table 5.2
the angles of a triangle is 180o. Thus,
the sum of the angles
polygon sum of
of an z-sided polygoo = (z - 2) x fm"
angles
Notice that this formula is true for the polygons
triangle a we know. In a triangle, z = 3.
Sum ofangles: (3 - 2) x 180"
quadrilateral b
=lxl80o=180o
Pentagon c In a quadrilateral, n = 4.
hexagon
Sum ofangles : (+ - 2) x 180"
d :2Xl80o:360o
43
Rxrrnple I vertices of each polygon, This divides
Calailatc tlu siu of cach anglc of a rcgular luptagon. the polygons into triangles.
A regular heptagon has 7 equal sides and 7
equal angles.
Use the formula,
sum ofangles ofpolygon = (n - 2) x 180'.
In a heptagon, n = 7.
Sum ofangles = (7 - 2) x 180" Fig. 5.7
=5xl80o=900o
There are 7 angles. Draw a heptagon (7 sides) and an
Each angle = 8*oe: l28f octagon (8 sides). Divide these into
triangles in the same way as shown in
Example 2 Fig. 5.7.
Tlu sum oJ 7 of tlu arylcs of a tuwrgon it I 000". (b) Copy and complete Table 5.4.
Tlu otbr two anglcs arc eqwl to caeh othn. Calailatt (c) Hence find a formula for the sum of
tlu sizes'oJ tlu othcr tuto anglcs. the angles of an z-sided polygon.
A nonagon has 9 sides and 9 angles.
Use the formula, Table 5.4
sum ofangles ofpolygon = (n - 2) x 180".
Inanonagon,z=9. polyBon nurnbcr nunbcr rum of run of
x of ddcr of uglcr englcr
Sum ofangles = - (9 2) 180"
trirrylcl etO of polygon
=7xI80"=1260o 4x18tr-36ff
Sum of 7 of the angles = I (X)0o quadrilatcral 4 4 3600

Sum of2 other angles = I 260o - I 000" Pcntagon 5 5 360 5 x l8d- 36f
: 260o hexagon
Size ofeach angle - zg}o = l30o hcptagon
(rctagon
Noticethat (z - 2) x = (n - 2) x 2 x 90o
l80o
= (2n - 4) x 90' z-gon i

Hence the sum of the angles of a polygon

with z sides is (2n - 4) frght-angtis.'
2 Calculate the size of each angle of (a) a
Example 3 regular hexagon, (b) a regular decagon.
Tlu sum oJ tlu anghs of a pofgon is 1980". How 3 Fig. 5.8 is a regular pmtalram. A regular
nwn2 sides lw tlu pfigon?
pentagram has a regular pentagon at its
centre. Calculate each angle in the
Let the polygon have z sides. Pentagram.
Use the formula, sum of angles of polygon
= (2n - 4) right angles
then(22-4)x90o=1980o
<i 2n-4=22
<) 2n=26
<) z= 13
The polygon has 13 sides.

Exercise 5b
I (a) In Fig. 5.7, O is any point inside each
polygon. Straight lines join O to the Fig.5.8
4+
Fig. 5.9 shows a pattern made with squares
and regular octagons.

Fig. 5.ll lilf 2x

7 The sum of swen of the angles of a decagon

is I 170'. The other three angles are all
equal to each other. Calculate the sizes of
Fis.5.9 the other three angles.
8 If the angles of a pentagon could be x, 2x,
\xr 4x and 5r, what would be the value of
r? Calculate the size of the largest angle.
Find the sizes of the three angles at point What do you notice? Sketch the pentagon.
A, (a) from knowledge of the sum of the What type of shape is it?
angles at a point, (b) by calculating the I How many sides has a polygon if the sum
sizes of the angles of a regular octagon of its angles is (a) 324O", (b) 2 340'?
using the formula: (n - 2) x 180'. f0 (a) How many sides has a polygon if the
5 The pattern in Fig. 5.10 is made from four sum ofits angles is 3 960o?
regular pentagons. (b) If the polygon is regular, what is the
size ofeach angle?

Exterior angles of a polygon

Fig. 5.12 represents an n-sided polygon with
each side produced.

Fis. 5.10 Fig. 5.12

(a) What kind of quadrilateral is shown The interior angles of the polygon are A, B,
shaded? C, ... and the exterior angles are a, b, c, . ... It
(b) Calculate the sizes of the four angles follows that
of the shaded quadrilateral. (A + a) = l80o (sraight angle)
6 In Fig. 5.1l, first find the value of r, then and (8 * D) = lgg'
find the unknown angles in each polygon. etc.
45
Since there are z sides and n vertices The angles of a pentagon ate 2xo,3xor 4xo,
Qa + a) + (B + b) + ...
: n x l80o Sxor 6xo.
<+ B+...) * (a* b *,..) = nx
(A + l80o (a) Calculate x.
But (/ + B +...) = (o - 2) x l80o (b) Hence calculate the angles of the
Hence, by subtraction, Pentagon.
(a+ b * c*. ..) = n x l80o (n- 2) x 180"
- Calculate r in Fig. 5.13 (a) and (D).
= l80ao -
l80zo + 360"
= 360o
TAe sum of the exterior angles of any
polygon is 360'.

Example 4
Calculau tlu inhrior aryles of a rcgular dzcagon
(10 situs).

A decagon has l0 sides, l0 interior angles and

)r'
l0 exterior angles. (a)
The l0 exterior angles add up to 360o.
Since the polygon is regular the exterior angles xo
are equal.
Fig. 5.13
Each exterior angle = : 36o
1H 5 In Fig.5.l4, AB, BC, CD are three sides of
<t Each interior angle : 180o - 36o = 144" a regular pentagon. Calculate BXC.
Compare the working of Example 4 with your A
calculation for question 2(b) in Exercise 5b.

Example 5
How many sidts lus a regular pol2gon if cach intorior
anglc is 135'?

Each interior angle l35o :

() Each exterior angle = 180'- l35o : 45o
The sum of the exterior angles 360o :
360"
Hence the number ofexterior angles = ffi: 8

The poiygon has 8 sides (since it has 8 exterior

angles). (Optionat

Exercise 5c Some geometrical facts are more important

I Use the method of Example 4 to calculate than others. These basic facts are called
the interior angles of regular polygons with theorems. Theorems form the foundations
(a) 9, (b) 12, (c) 20 sides. upon which formal geometry is built. The
2 Use the method of Example 5 to find the following section shows how the proof of the
number of sides that a regular polygon has theorem that thc sum of the angles of a triangle
if its interior angles are (a) l,[4o, (b) 168o, is l80o leads to the proofofother angle proper-
(c) 156". ties of triangles and polygons.
46
Interior and exterior angles of triangles Theorem
ant polygons s equal to
angles.
Theorem
The sum of the angles of a triangle is 180'. Given: any AABC with BC produced to X.
Toprove:AeX=A+8.

Fig.5.16
B-x
Fig. 5.15 Proof:
With the lettering of Fig. 5.16,
Given: anv AABC. :
aex + AeB lB0' @ex is a straight
Toprove:'A + B * e = 180'.
Constnrction: Produce BC to a point X. A+B+AoB:rsoo ^("fff:), of +)
Draw CP parallel to BA. .'. Aex : A + B 1:-166" -,leay
Proof:
With the lettering of Fig. 5.15, Notice that since the theorem that the sum of
' at : a2 (alternate angles) the angles of a triangle is 180' has already
br: bz Qonaponding angbs) been proved, it can be used in the proofofthe
c * a1* D1: l$go (BCX is a straight above theorem.
angle)
:.c*a2*b2:180o Thcorem
The sum of the interior angles of any
.'.AeB+A+B:180o z-sided convex polygon is (2r - 4) right
.'.A+B+e:l8oo angles.

Notice how the proof of the theorem is set out:

lst: A general statement, in words, of the
theorem.
2nd: The diagran or figure with suitable
lettering.
3rd: A statement of what is given, using the Fig. 5.17
letters of the diagram. (:
4th: A statement of what is to be proved in Given: any convex polygon+ ABCDE ... with
terms of the letters of the diagram. z sides.
Sth: Any constnrctions, where necessary. Toprove: A + B + e + ... = (2n- 4) right
Sometimes constructions are added to the angles.
diagram to make the proof possible. Often Constnrction:Join the vertices A, B, C, ... to
there is no need for construction. any point O inside the polygon.
6th: The proof in the form of a reasoned Prooft
argument which shows that the theorem is By construction there are z triangle{, (Polygon
true for any general case. Where necessary, ABCDE ... has n sidts)
reasons for statements in the proof should be Sum ofangles ofl A = l80o or 2 right angles
given in brackets. The last line of the proof .'. Sum of angles of z As :2z right angles
should be the same as the 'to prove' line. The Sum ofangles at O : 360o or 4 right angles
symbol .'. is short for 'therefore'. (sum of anglcs at a point = 36f)
47
Sum of angles of polygon ABCDE ... Example 6
: Sum of angles of z As -
sum of angles at O ABCDE is a rcgular pmtagon. Tlu sides AB and
DC are prodwcd to meet at X. Slwu tlut LBD)K
...A+B+C{...: (2n- 4) rightangles
has two cqual anglcs.
a Notc: A
A convex polygoo does not contain
any reflex angles. A polygon which contains
reflex angles is called a re-entrant polygon
(rig. s.l8).

Fig. 5.20

With the lettering of Fig. 5.20:

In ABXC,
convex polygon ) : z (regular po$gon, :, equal cxterior angles)

360"
tt:r:-
J"5 (5 ext. angbs add n 3ffi)
re-cnrrant polygon
re-enirant
Fig. 5.18 PorYEon

:.) - z: 72"
Thcorcm x+) *z: l80o (anglesumof L)
The sum of the exterior angles of any :.x:180o-)-z
convex polygon is 4 right angles. = l80o - 72o - 72": 36o
In ABCD,
):a*c (ext.angleofL)
Buta: c (isoscelcs A,)
:-11 : 2a
...a=*)
:1x72"=3G"
In ABDX, a= x = 36o.
.'. ABDX has two equal angles.

Fig. 5.19 Example 7

is produced to D.
Given: any convex polygon ABCDE...N duccd at A. Prooe
with z sides, each side produced to give exterior
angles xr), Z, ....
To prove: x * 1t * z * ... : 4 right angles.
Constnrction: From any point O, draw lines
OP, OQ, OR, OS, ... parallel to the sides of
ABCDE...N in turn.
Proof: With the lettering of Fig. 5.19,
a = x (oPllNA azd oellAB)
Similarly, b = !, 6 = Zt ...
But a * b * c * ... - {right angles
(anghs at a point)
:. x * t * z { ... = 4 right angles Fig. 5.21
48
figure for 6 Find to the nearest degree, the size of the
x angles ofa regular heptagon (7 sides).
7 A regular polygon has angles ofsize 150o.
How many sides has the polygbn?
I ABCDE is a regular pentagon. Find the
angles of AADC.
I Four angles of a pentagon are equal and
the fifth is 60o. Find the equal angles and
show that two sides of the pentagon are
parallel.
B- l0 In AABC, the side BC is produced to D.
Fie. 5.22 If the bisector of AeD is parallel to AB,
prove that two angles of AABC are equal.
Notice in Fig. 5.22 that since CX is the bisector f l in AABC, the bifectors of B and C meet
of A0D, Ae X : DOX = e. at I. Prove that BIC : 90o + lA.
In AXAC, 12 In Fig. 5.23, what is the value of the angle
x*y*<:180o (anglc sum of A) marked z?
.'.Jt:180'-)-z (r) x
At A, a *-l : l80o (anglcs on str. line)
.'.)-180o-a
In AABC,
21-a*b (ext. angle of L)
,.. z: La + *b
Substitute for 1 and 3 in (l)
.r=l80o - (180" - a) - (la + Lb\
:180o-180o*a-La-Lb
:La-tr6=l(a-b) YZ
... A*c : t(A _ Bl. Fig. 5.23

When solving geometrical problems, always 13 In Fig. 5.24, BX is the bisector of ABC
draw a large clear diagram. It is common to and CX is the bisector of AeB. IfA : 68',
let small letters of the alphabet stand for the find the size of B*C.
angles. A
Exercise 5d
I The angles of a triangle are x,2x and 3x.
Find the value of r in degrees.
2 An isosceles triangle is such that each of
the base angles is twice the vertical angle.
Find the angles of the triangle .
3 In a right-angled triangle one of the acute
angles is 20o greater than the other. Find B

the angles of the triangle.

4 The angles of a quadrilateral, taken in
order, are x, 5x, 4x and 2x. Find these Fig. 5.24
angles. Draw a rough sketch of the
quadrilateral. What kind of quadrilateral la (a) Prove that the sum of the angles of
is it? any triangle PQR is two right angles.
5 Find the interior angles of a regular polygon (b) In-APQB, X is a point on QR such
which has (a) 6, (b) 10, (c) 20 sides. that RPX - Q. Prove rhat P*.R : QPR.
+9
Chapter 6

Sotving triangles (2) Tangent of an angle

Tangent of an angle The sides of the triangle are as follows:

AH the hypotenuse,
HK the side opposite to A,
KA the side adjacent to A.
These are abbreviated to hnr, opp, adj respec-
tively, so that
trn A : oP=B

aoJ

Ar#l#YKM
Finding the tangent of an angle by
Fig.6.1 measurement

Fig, 6.1 shows an angle A with arms AX and

In Fig. 6.3, XAY : 41o. Perpendiculars BP,
AY. H and P are any two points on AX. HK
CQ, DR, ES have been drawn so that
and PM meet AY perpendiculafly at K and M.
AP:3cm, AQ = 4cm, AR = 5cm and
Thus As AHK and APM are equiangular and
AS=6cm.
therefore similar.
HK PM
rnus
ffi : IIf
If any number of points are taken on AX
and the perpendiculars drawn, the ratio
length of perpendicular '.
the same for each.
length of base-line
Hence the value of the ."tio depends only
ffi
on the size of A.
. HK.i, called the tailgent
The ratio of the
ffi
angle A. This is usually shortened to tan A.
Fig. 6.2 shows AAHK in various positions.

Fig. 6.3

By measurement, BP = 2,6 cm, CQ : 3,5 cm,

DR = 4,3 cm and ES = 5,2 cm. Use a ruler to
Fig. 6.2 check these rneasurements.
50
HenceH =T=0,r,
cQ_3,5_
fr=f:o'87
IIB
RA5
:4 : o,Bo

ES =---Qr$j
5.2
-SA6
The value of the ratio is roughly the same each
time, i.e. tan 4lo - 0,87.
The working is made easier if the baseJine
(adj) is a convenient length such as l0 cm.
l4 cm

Exercise 6a (Class assignment) Fig.6.5

I Copy Fig. 6.3, making XAY : 30o,
AP : 7 cm, PQ : QR: RS : I cm. Mea- py me-rsr.r.ement, the angle whose tangent is
sure BP, CQ, DR, ES. Hence calculate the t is 23' (approx.).
values of tan 30" by the above method.
2 Use the method of question I with Exercise 6c
XAY : 5lo. Hence find iour values of tan Find by drawing and measurement the angles
o.
5l whose tangents are as follows.

I
lg 2+ 3t
Example 48 5+ 6g
Find tlu ualu of tan 57" fu draning and measurement. 7* E+ 9?
Fig. 6.4 is a scale drawing of the method.
N

Fig.6.4
l0cm R

Draw an angle MON of 57o. On OM, mark off

OR to l0 cm. From R, draw a line per- angle A ran A
-equal
pendicular to OM to meet ON at P. Measure 25" 0,,[663
RP. It is found that RP : 15,4 cm (approx.). 300 0,5:774
PR l5'4 350 0,7002
tan 57o : = 1,54 (approx.) 40"
RO l0=: 0,8391
450 1,0000
Exercise 6b 500 l, l9l8
Find.the tangents of the following angles by 550 l,42gl
drawing and measurement. 600 t,7321
I 42" 2 62' 3 39. 4 71" 5 450 650 2,1M5
6270 777" E14" 933 70" 2,7475

5l
The values in Table 6.1 are given correct to
4 decimal places.

I'x-mple 3
TIp angle of elcoation of tlu top of a building is 25o
fron a point 70 m oua) on lcacl ground. Calailatc
tlu luight of tlu building.
In Fig. 6.6, HK represents the height of the
building, AK is on level ground.
Fig.6.7

2 Find
Fig.

,
Fig. 6.6

ffi = tan 25o'

Let HK be * m. KA = 70 m and, from Table

6.1, tan 25o = 0,4663.

Hence, O,*U,
h= Fis. 6.8
r=0,4663 X 70
= 4,663 x 7
= 32,641 3 Find the value of< in each of the triangles in
Fig.6.9. (b)

However, the answer cannot-be given to this

degree ofaccuracy. The working depends on
a value taken from four-figure tables. The
fourth significant figure is only approximate, so
that when 4,663 is multiplied by 7, the best
that can be obtained is accuracy to 3 significant
figures.
The height of the building is 32,6 m to 3 s.f.
When the angle of elevation of the sun is
45", a student's shadow on level ground is
Exercise 6d 1,6 m long. Find the height of the student.
Use the values in Table 6.1 in this exercise. An aerial mast has a shadow 40 m long on
Give all answers correct to 3 s.f. level ground when the elevation of the sun is
Nok: Angles of elevation are fully explained in 20o. Calculate the height of the mast.
Chapter 16 of Book 2. The angle of elevation of the top of a build-
I Find the value ofr in each of the triangles in ing from a point 80 m away on level ground
Fig. 6.7, is 25o. Calculate the height of the building.
52
C.omplement of an angle 65o is the complement of 25",
i.e. 65o + 25o = 90o. To avoid dividing by the
In Exercise 6d, the.given length was always tangent of an angle, find the complement of
adjacmt to the given angle. The side to be
the angle and use its tangent.
found was always oppositc the given angle.
Suppose, as in Fig. 6.10, the opposite side is
Example 4
given and the adjacent side is to be found. A post is slanding acrticalfi in horizontal ground swh
H
tlnt 80 an of tlu pst is abow gmund. Fit d tlu lrr,glh
of i* shadow wlun the chaation of tlu an ir 40o.
60m
In Fig. 6.12, AB is the post and BC, / cm long,
K is is shadow.

Fi9.6.10

In Fig. 6.10, A = 25o, HK = 60 m and

AK = r m. Then, as before
tan 25o = @
x
Multiply both sides by.r
.r x
tan 25o= 60 Fig. 6.12
Divide both sides by tan 25o
IfO = 40", then A = 90o - 4Oo = 50o
60 BC
AB =
tan JU-
tan 25o

=60
0,,1663
!EO = l.l9l8
This involves tedious calculation. A different d= l,l9l8 x 80
method, involving less demanding calculation, = gb,gM
would be better. = 95,3 to 3 s.f.
The shadow is 95,3 cm long.
Since AAHK is right-angled at K,
H : - 25o: 65o
90o
Exercise 6e
Use the values in Table 6.1 on page 5l in this
H exercise. Give all answers correct to 3 s.l.
Nota: Angle of depression is fully defined in
(i0 rn
Chapter 16 of Book 2.
K I Find the value ofa in each of the triangles in
Fig.6.1l rm Fig. 6.13.

With the data of Fig.6.ll,

#:: ,"r, ut'

r 60 tan 65o
= 60 x 2,1445
= 128,67
8
= 129 to 3 s.f.
Thus AK: 129 m. ta.6.t3
53
Find the value of D in each of the triangles in Example 5
Fig.6.14. Find the aalue of (a) 15' 56' + 8" 23',
(a) (b) 26" 48', - l5o 59',.
(u) l5o 56'
+ 9"23'
24" 19',
method:56' + 23' :79' : lo 19'
Write down 19' and carry lo
(b) 26" +8', A
250 108'
- 15059'-- 150 59'
100 49'
Fis. 6.14
mcthod:59' cannot be subtracted from 481;
3 Find the value of c in each of the triangles in write 26o as 25o and add 60' to 48' giving
25o tr08' in the top line.

With practice it is not necessary to write down

every step when adding or subtracting degrees
and minutes.

Exarnple 6
(o) Clryngc 26,8" to degrecs and minutcs.
4 Calculate the length of the shadow cast on (b) Express 53" 27' as a dccinal number of degrus.
level ground by a radio mast 90 m high :
(r)
I

when the elevation of the sun is 40o.

26,8o 26o + 0,8o
5 From a window 15 m up, the angle of
: 260 + 0,8 x 60'
:26" + 48'
depression ofan object on the ground is 20". :26" 48'
Find the distance ofthe object from the base
of the building. (b) 53'27' :53o * W
6 A point A is 5 km due east of a point B. B is = 530 + 0,450
due north ofa point C and A is on a bearing : 53,45o
025o from C. Calculate the distance
between B and C. Thus
(a) to change degrees to minutes, multiply by
60,
(b) to change minutes to degrees, divide by 60.

Degrees and minutes

Angles are usually measured to the near€st Exercise 6f
degree. However, it is possible to calculate I Change the following to minutes.
with angles which contain fractions of a degree. (^) 2" 3f (c) 5"
(b)
There are 60 minutes in I degree. (These are (d)81" 221' (f) 90o
(e)
different minutes from those used for measuring 2. Change the following to degrees.
time.) (a) 180' (b) 90' (c) 240'
In symbols lo : 60' (d) 20' (e) 600' (f) 4s0'
54
3 Find the value of the following. 3 As angles increase towards 90o, the sizes of
(a) 28'22' + 42" 3l' their tangents increase rapidly.
(b) 36" +2', + l8o 53' 4 The Dffirences column gives increments in
(c) 44" 43' - 2lo lB' intervals of l'. These are added as required.
(d) 65'll' - 58e 32', For example tan 32"32' : 0,6379
(") 18" 44' x 3 (i.e.6371 *8=6379).
(f) 25" 52' + +
4 Convert the following into minutes.
Using a calcul,ator
0,1"; 0,2o; 0,3"; 0,4o; 0,5o; 0,6o; 0,7o; 0,8o; 0,9o
5 Convert the following into decimal parts of If you have a scientific calculator you can use
a degree. it to find tangents of angles. Note that you
(a) 6'(b) 48' (.) 15' must express angles in degrees. To convert
(d) (e) 33'
2l' (f) s7' minutes to degrees, divide by 60,
6 Change the following into degqees and e.g:
minutes. tan32o 32' = tanl2il8o : tan32,533 333 3'
(u) 18,2" (b) 77,7" (c) 45,75"
(d) 67f (e) 28f (f) 32+" Key Displa2
7 Express the following as a decimal number
of degrees. @ o'63tt888!1
(a) 51" $6' (b) 13" 54' tan3?o 32' :0,6379 to 4 d.p.
(c) 32" 15' (d) 80" 39'
E Bxpress the following as a decimal number
of degrees, giving each answer to the
nearest 0,1 ofa degree. E:rercise 69 (Oral or rlrriten)
(a) 47" 47' (b) 8's2' Use the table on page 283 to find the tangents
(c) 38'8' (d) 63" 26', of the following. If you have a cakulator, use
it to check your answers.
Tangent tables I 130 264. 3 35"
456" 574" 6 8go
The tangent tables on page 283 can be used to 7 23,to g 36o 6' g 45,1o
find the tangents of angles from 0" to 90". lo 32L ll 42,5" 12 lgo 30'
Table 6.2 gives three lines taken from the l3 56" 12', 14 63,9o 15 10,3'
tangent table. 16 27,7" 17 49,6" lE $7" 2+'
l9 79,6o 20 79,9" 2l /25,9o
Notice the following: 22 87'6', 23 g7'12', 24 870 lg'
I The table gives the tangent of any angle 25 6g'12', 26 39,4o 27 I l,9o
from 0o to 90o in intervals of 0,lo or 6'. 2E 7l,go 29 g0o 24, 30 55,7"
2 Each tangent is given correct to 4 decimal 3l 95" 36' 32 gl,go 33 3,2"
places. ?4 12,5" 35 42" 42' 36 45" 54',
Table 6.2

0' 6' 12', Ig' 2+', 30' 36', 42', +8', 54',
e 0,00 o, lo 0,2" o,3o 0,4o 0,5o 0,6o 0,7" 0,go 0,go I', 2', 3', 4' 5'
ADD Di{ferences
32 0,6249 6273 6297 6322 6346 6371 6395 6420 6445 6469 48 12 16 20
59 1,6643 6709 6775 6842 6909 6977 7045 7rt3 7t82 725r ll 23 3+ 45 56
7l 2,9042 9208 9375 9544 97t+ 9887 0061 0237 0415 0595 29 58 87 116 t45
55
nxnrnple 7
Usc tablcs lo Ind ilu aryhs wlusc toryails arc
22*
25 0,4992
zrt0,6835 27
26
24+
2,7651
(a) 0,9556; (0) 0,6395; (c) [. 28 0,9408 29 0,9413 30 150
(a) Let the angle be z{, then lan A :0,9556.
In geometry, capital letters are mostly used for
Looking within the table entries, 0,9556 is
naming points and angles; small letters often
opposite 43o and under 0,7o.
stand for the lengths of lines. Single Greek
Thus / = 43,7o
letters are often used for sizes of angles. Some
(b) Let tan B = 0,6395 of the most oommon Greek letters are a (alpha),
The value 6395 appears in the 32o row
under the 0,6o column. F Oeta), 7 (gamma), 6 (delta), 0 (theta) and g
(phi).
Hdnce B : 32,f (or 3f 36')
(c) LettanC =f = 1,ffi7 to4d.P. Exrmpte 8
In the table, tan 59o = 1rffi43 A au rs 6 crn hW ord its ocrtbal angb is 54".
Compare the decimal Ii^actions in italics:
Caladalz tlu rdfur of it basc.
6667-6843=24
In the differences column the value 23 (in In Fig.6.16, the yertical engle is the angle
the 2' column) is closest to24. Add 2' to benueen opposite slant heights VA and VB.
the 59o: C = 5f 2' v
Part (c) can be done on a scientific calculator
as follbws.

KE Displq Connant

EI E E @ @ sr,olaav; degrees

I@EI@E ?.t',,'16oat minutes

:---i---\
In the first line above, the EE @ ----tr
r()
sequence gives the angle which corresponds to
Fi9.6.16
the given tangent. This is shown as @ on
most calculators. Thus, with the lettering of the diagram, the
The second line of working converts the vertical angle is 2c.
decimal part of the answer to minutes. 2a:54"
The final outcome is 59o 2' to the nearest thus c= 27o
minute.
In AAVO, tan a =
f
Exercfue 6h c) '= 3 f"r,1k5 = 3,057
Use the table on page 283 to find the angles
whose tangents are as follows. If you have a
: 3,06 to 3 s.f.
calculator, use it to check your answers. The radius of the base of the cone is 3,06 cm.
I 0,9325 2 0,4452 3 0,5543
4 1,8807 5 2,3559 6 19,08 hxon ple 9
7 1,5697 t 0,8g16 I o,gg47 , An ocrialrs 831 m high. Calilkb tlu angh of choa-
l0 2,1943 ll 0,0524 lt l,7ll3 tion of its top fron a phrt 120 m aoa) m hwl
lt 0,3581 14 3,5816 l5 35,80 groud.
16 0,1022 l7 10,20 lt 13,95
ret 20t tl$ Let the angle of elwation be 0.
56
Calculate the angles marked 0 in the
triangles in Fig. 6.19.
(e)

lil(lm
Fig.6.17
From Fig.6.17,
,".0 = t#
8.35
=-=-
4.t75
t26
= 0,6958 to 4 s.f.
From tables, 0 = 34o 50' to nearest minute.
The angle of elevation is approximately Fig.6.19
340 50'.
3 Calculate the angles marked aandpin the
Exerciee 6i triangles in Fig. 6.20.
Give all calculated lengths correct to 2 signifi-
cant figures. Give all calculated angles correct to
(a)
the nearest minute.
Noh: Angle of elevation is fully defined in
Chapter 16 of Book 2.
I Calculate the lengths marked r in the tri-
angles shown in Fig. 6.18, all lengths being
in metres.

Fig.6.20

4 A cone is 8 crn high and its vertical angle is

62o. Find the diameter of its base.
5 An isosceles triangle has a vertical angle of
I 16o, and its base is 8 cm long. Calculate its
height.
6 Find the angle of elevation of the top of a
fl"g-pol. 31,9 m high, from a point 55 m
away on level ground.
7 The gradient of a road is I (vertically) in 4*
(horizontally). See Fig. 6.21.

Ir
d
Fig.6.18 Fig.6.2l +l
57
Find the angle that the road makes with the
horizontal.
t From a point on level ground 4O m away,
the angle of elevation of the top of a tree is
321o. Calculate the height of the tree.
9 In question 8, if the tree had been 21,6 m Fis. 6.23
high, what would have been the angle of
elevation? He places a stone at P on one bank directly
l0 A rectangle has sides of length 2,2 m and opposite a post Q on the other bank. From P
8 m. Calculate the angle be tween a diagond he walks 2Q0 m along the bank to R. He
and a longer side. finds thatPftq : 231'-. Calculate thewidth
ll A student travels 8 km north and then 5 km ofthe river.
east. What is then her bearing from her IEP
starting point?
12 Find the angle of elevation of the sun when
a tower 93 m high has a shadow 62 m long.
It The roof of a round hut 3,6 m in diameter
rises symmetrically to a vertex. If the roof
slopes at 4tr to the horizontal, calculate the
height of the venex above the top of the ]'
hut's wall. Fig. 6.24
14 In Fig. 6.22 O is the centre of the circle.
Given the data of Fig. 6.24, calculate the
length of AB. (Ilizt: first find FA, then FB,
and subtract.)
r9 A llag-pole is 20 m high. The angle of ele-
vation of its top from a point A on level
ground is 37o. From another point B, in line
with A and the floot of the pole, the angle of
elevation is 5f. Calculate the distance AB.
(filizt: make a diagram like that of Fig 6.2a.)
20 Fig. 6.25 repnesents a footbdl player, P,
kicking at goal AB.

Fig.6.22

Calculate the perpendicular distance of O

from AB.
15 An aenoplane, coming in to land, p:rsses
over a point I km away from its landing
place on level ground. If its angle of
elevation is l5o, calculate the height of the
plane in metres.
16 Fromapoint 100 mfrom thefootofabuild- Fig.6.25
ing, the angle of elevation of the top of the
building is lS42'. Find the height of the IfAB = 7,2m, BM = 4,8 m, PM: 12 m,
building. find the angle 0which the goal subtends at
U Fig. 6.23 shows how a suryeyor finds the P. (Hiat: find the dillerence between APM
width of a river. nPu.;
"nd
58
lV\
i&
Chapter 7 .::l I
j.i.

I ,\,.2u\1
Matrices (l) , :r'Fil"-*
, ',' 1',1 l'r
" --r

Matrices Exercise 7a
I Table 7.2 shows the amounts of breado
It is quite common to store inlormation in lists sugar and milk used by the Moyo and Phiri
and tables. For example, Table 7.1 shows the families in the next week.
amounts of bread, sugar and milk used by the
Moyo and Phiri families in one week.
Table 7.2
Table 7.1
Moyo Phiri
Moyo Phiri family family
family family
bread (loaves) 15 l0
bread (loaves) l6 l5 sugar (kg) 3l +L
sugar (kg) 4 sl milk Oottles) 18 20
milk (bottles) 22 20

(a) Write the numbers in Table 7.2 as a

The numbe rs in Table 7.I can also be written matrix.
as a matrix: (b) Write Mrs Moyo's shopping list as a
lta 15 \ 3Xlcolumnmatrix.
(c) Write Mrs Phiri's shopping list as a
(; ;') IX3rowmatrix.
(d) Writethe numbers o[bottles of milk as
A matrix (plural malices) is simply a set of a row matrix.
numbers or elements arranged in a rectangular 2 State the orders of the following matrices.
pattern. In the matrix above there are 3 rows
and 2 columns; we say that the order of the (^) (l 3-l -? i) ,', (;)

il
matrix is 3 by 2. The order of the matrix gives
its size in terms of rows and columns. The
number of rows is always written first.
The following are other examples of matrices:
(.)
ai ,., (i ?)
(a -'i l) (l) (s; 7;6) (; s) (.) (4;8; l0;-5) (D (
(a) (r) (') (d) ?)
3 Write down examples of
(a) is a 2 x 3 matrix (a) any3xsmatrix,
(6) is a 2 x I colu'r" matrix (b) any2x4 matrix,
(r) isal X3rowmatrix (c) any 4 x 2 matrix,
(d) is a 2 x 2 square matrix of order 2 (d) any + x 4 matrix.
Notice that the elements of a row matrix are 4 Write down any square matrix of order
often separated by semi-colons. (u) l, (b) 2, (c) 3, (d) 4.

59
How many elements are in a matrix of order
(a)2x3, (b) 3x2, (c)4by3, o\ ls -l
(d) nby n, (e) r by r, (f) I x 4? tlandB:ll 3

Given the matrix name the -21 \+ z i)

element in the
slrcwthatA+B:B*4.
lz s o\ ls -l
(a) first row, first column,
(b) second row, third column,
(c) second row, second colurnn,
e+n=(+
? -lJ i
.(i i)

iil
(d) first row, last column.
7/ 9 s l\ =(;
(i:,'t
Given the above matrix, name the row and ,.^=(l i il.(i ii)
column in which the following elements

=(; iil
apPear.
(u)5 (b)-l (c) s (d)r
(.) I (f) 0 (s) t(h) t
8 Two used-car dealers have the following
carsfor sale Mila's Motors has ll Peugeots, 3 HenceA+B:B*A.
Fords and 5 VWs1' Pele's Carshas 8 Peugeots
and 2 VWs only. Show this information in a The method of subtraction follows the same
2 X 3 matrix. pattern as that for addition. For example, if it
is required to find how much more food the
Moyo and Phiri families used during the first
Addition and subtraction week, each number in the second matrix is
taken from the corresponding number in the
The numbers in Tables 7.1 and 7.2 give the first matrix:
following matrices:
lrc 15\ lts lo \

ff;i, and (il;p) k/ro-rs

,z) (,3' ,f)
lt s\
To find the total amounts of food used by the
-ro\
ls
:f 4- st sL- +ll=ll rl
families in the two weeks, add each number in
one matrix to the corresponding number in the
\zz-rs 20-zol \+ ol
other matrix:
lrc 15\ lts lo \ Example 2
l+ 5rl+lst 4Ll Using the matices A and B of Example 1, show that
\zz I \ta 20 I
20 A_B*B_4.
=('Zi'ir t,i'lr) =f'h?S) n-,=(1 ; ?) -(? -l
\zz + rs- + zo-l \+o- +ol
zo- \s t -zl \+ 2 i)
Matrices can be added only if they are of the
same order. The resulting matrix is also of that
order.
=(_i_i_i)
60
,-^=(i
/ t -4
i il(l z\
? i) "
rt
(;). (-

(l;5;8) + (6;
g) - (-:)
-4;, - (l)

Hence A
=(-?
- B* B-
I ')
A. [Hovever, it can be ;)-(;
seenthatA_B=_(B_A)1.
Exercise 7b (-;-s)
Combine the following matrices where possible.
Scatar multiplication
(le).(;-l) I'-rr.ple t
(; i).(i i) v"=(i
3A =A*
3
=(; (; d)
4
=G, r) .(; 6)
3,\
-lo
-\sY ol
In Example 3 the working can be shortened
by multiplying each element of A by 3:

,o =,(r, 6) =(; I; ll6)

(,:, t')
(l i l). (l =

The number multiplying the matrix is called

(i i ?).(i a scElsr. To multiply a matrii by a scalar,
multiply each element of the matrix by the

. (;
'-? scalar.

I'-errrple 4
i) Find x if
l0 (ii)(_i i) '(l t) -,(t l) = (; ,
tl (et:?)-(t:?
il '(i ;) -,(t t) = (;,
6r
/re\
. (;g [)- (a ') = (; :) (50; 60; ,0,(rl,l
e (ig i,)= (; :) =(50x16+60x4+30x22)
= (800 + 240 + 660)
Since the final matrices are equal, orresponding = 11 200)
elements must be equal: t = 7, The Moyos'food costs I 700 cents, or $17,00.
Notice that two matrices are equal if they are
Similarly, the total cost of the Phiris' food
is the following product:
of the same order and their corresponding
elements are equal. /ts\
(50;60; ,r, (;AJ
Exercise 7c
:(50x15+0oxsl+30x20)
r rfA = (;), , : (3 l), = (750 + 330 + 600)
= (l 680)
C=(l;2;8), ,:(3 ,l)
The Phiris' food costs I 680 cents, or $16,80.
The two calculations above can be combined
find as a single matrix product:
(a)3A (b)48 (c) -2C
(d)+D (e)D+38 (f)D-38 /rc ls\
2 Find z if (s0;60; 30)l 4 5l | = (l 700; I 680)
\zz 20/
.(r a) .,(B l) = (e ,B) Notice that each element in the resulting
matrix is made rp by multiplying the elements
3 Find the matrix M which satisfies of the row matrix by the elements of the columns
in turn. It follows that for multiplication to be
(a) 7M = u(-3 i) . (-3 l) possible there must be as many columns in
the first matrix as there are rows in the second

or (l l) ."=(3 3) -" mztrix.

4 Find x andy if Exanrple 5

'(r p-t-U Find ttu pro&rct (2;2; - 4;t, j)

5 Find and, q if I
,Pr ;) - (-; (2;2; -- ,, (_ j)
Multiplication : 2 x (-3) + 2 x 7 + (-4) x (-9)
Row and column matrices + 5 x (-8)
Look at the foods given in Table 7.1 on page =-$+14+36-4O
59. If bread costs 50c per loaf, sugar 60c per -4
kg and milk 30c per bottle, then the row matrix
(50; 60; 30) represents their respective costs. Example 6
The total cost of the Moyos'lircd is the following A lutcl has I singlc rooms and 14 double rooms. Tlu
matrix product: coir pn night of single and doubte rooms are$30 and
62
$50 respectiaely. (Ise a malrix mcthod to show how
much mon4t tlu hotel makcs per night utufl jiltk
(d) (r; r(?)
The row matrix $(30; 50) represents the costs.

*;r""l,,:ffio#l''* (,l) rePresents the

Total income per night when full

to compare the income of the cinema on a

Exercise 7d night when it is full with that when only 305
I Calculate the following products. upstairs and 420 downstairs seats were sold.
(") (2; 3)(3) General matrix multiplication
We have already seen iirat
(b) (a; -r,(-3) lrc rs\
(50; 60; 30)( 4 rl I = (l 700; I 680)
(.) (r;2; r)(3) \22 20 /
If the row matrix is changed to (52; l0; 35),
check that

(d) (2; ,,,,(;) lrc 15\

(52;701 3s)l4 s* I = (l 8s2; I 865)
.-/
\zz 20 /
These two results can be combined as a
(.) (t;2; -rhr) matrix product:
single

(;s eB;g)ff;;,) =(l ;sl

(f) (6; B; - r, ,,/- j) lsss)
\-;/
2 fo.,$e following multiplications,,wlure
possible.

(u) ,,'', -,(ii)

(b) ts; o; +l(r|)

2\
(c) r,' ,' o(i)
i,l,(?
63
o,=(? -l)
(i i) r' -?) : il(;
(sxz+2xo
=\tr2++xo 3x(-t)+zxg\
lx(-ty++xt)
rutlud:
The first element of the first row of the product
is given by:
= (3 ,?)
(s r,(?)=sx6+2xr ,o= (B -rXr
il
=18*2=20 x' l2x2+1-r1x+\
The second element of the first row is given by: -(z*3+(-l)
-\oxa+ 3x l0x2+ 3x+l
(3 r,(-?) =3xo+2x(-r) =(; J)
=Q+(-2)--/ Hence AB # BA.
The first element of the second row is given by:
Exercise 7e
(4 r)(?)=4x6+3xr Find the following matrix products.
=24+3=27
... and so on. (l ;X;)
Notice in Example 7 that a 4 )1 2 matrix
multiplies a 2 x 2 matrix to give a 4 x 2
(l lX; l)
product:
(; lXe l)
(4 x x 2)
---+, (4 x 2)
('t lX- I -r?)
In order for it to be possible to multiply nuo
matrices the first matrix must have the same (-;
number of columns that the second matrix has
of rows. The product will have the same lzg
number of rows as the first matrix and the
same number of columns as the second matrix.
Hence a p x q matrix will multiply a q )< r
k?
matrix to give a p )1 r product: (;
(p xr) -+ (pxrl
(r?i)
l'-rmple t
-il
(-ll)
oo=(? 1),*r=(3
sluu tlut AB * BA.
l0 (l?)
64
C.hapter E lvvlN >1-lu_:::
Indices and logarithms (l) )

kws of indioes (d) 5-2= I = I

(Law 4)
Thc following laws of indices are true for all
52 25
Cluc*:
mn-iero values of a, b and r. E-2-.0-z-50
I fxxo-xa+b 52
(Law 2)
2 x. + rb -ra -b
3 .ro =l _l (Law 3)
52
{ r-'-1ro
.=.r1,

(e) 23x(l)-'=Sxi (Law 4/

f-mple I
4W fu) 102 x 103 ft) 22n? + 2ns (c) tf =8X6:,[$
rl g-z e) 23 x (l)-' (, r x fx r-'5' (f) r x ro X r-5= rl+o+(-5) (Law l)
e) ld x 103 - 102+3 = lOs (Law l) :t-t- l
M: or
7
rd x r03 = _(!o x^10) (ro x t0 x
I
=l0xl0xt0xl0xl0
r0) rx rox r-5 = rr x, (Laws3and4)
=ld "i
(b)22n7+2n3=?->.o7-3 (Law 2)
_l
= llza /
Chcch:

T2n? + 2n3 =22 x n x n x nx n x n x n x n

2XnXnXn
=llxnXnXnXn
= ll X za
= llza
(c) lS = I (Law 3)
Cluck:
tgP=
!91-"(since a- a=0)
l9o
= 19" (Law 2) l7 (3r)-
ult 9a-5 x 4c6
19 5r2 x 4xo x
= I (num. and denom. are equal) 20 15 x 101
2x-
+ (3 x l0-2)
65
the following in Example 3:
power outside the bracket raises
Examole 2
everything inside the bracket to that power.
sinptijl k) @2)' (b) U\2 k) kT 2 A negative number raised to an odd power
h\ (x2\3 = x2 x x2 x x2 is negative. A negative number raised to an
- -2+2+2 - -2xg even power is positive.
--6 Exercise tc
(b) (f4)2 = )4 x )4
= )4'2
--_/-.8
(.) (e3)' x z'x zs x z3
_
=::lzs
_15
16 (- o'o')n 17 (snns)s lt (- 4u2a)3
19 (- o2*)n 20 - 3(tu')n 2t
(- ,')'
Notice that in each part of Example 2, the _T
final index in the result is the product of the
given indices, e.g. (r')' : x2 * 3 : x6. zz*r n+#
In general, (r")[ = 1!xb = xd.
24 - u2)3
frx?a
Exercise 8b (Oral) Fractional indices, rt and rI
Simolifo the followins.
r io'i, z e\n G i, short for the square root ofr.
(t')' tfrxG -*
ft+\-
(102)',
: x?
Let16
then,rrxx?:6xfi=xr
x2? : xl
B-arnFle 3 Therefore 2p: I
Sinp lifl tlu fo llowing. and l:L
(a) (- 3d3)2 (a) - 3(d\2 Thus fi = xL
(r) (- 4gt)' (d) (a3b)4 Similarly, {Zi i. short for the cube root of .r.
(u) (- 3d3)2 = e Ids) x ( 3d3) For exampl., VE = 2 since 2 x 2 x2 = 8 and
V-27 : -gsince-3 x -3 x - 3: -
2-
--!,x-3xd3xd3 27.
: *gf
(b) -g\s)2= -!xd3xd3
%r%xili=* q-

= -3f Let Yx = xq
(") (- +g')'= (- +su) x (:4g,) x (- 4es) then, r? x = xl
xc x xQ

-- -64xgt" x3q = xl
-64rts Therefore 3q = |
Or, more quickly:
(- = (- 4)3 x ,sxa - - 64rts
4g')3 and q =l
(d) (a3r)4 - (a36r1+ = o3x+ Y 6txa Thus % : *l
= 4t264 xl = t/i and.rl = %.
66
IngeneralrJ.:{x. 3 A number raised to a negative power is
Alsoxl = r2xl : (rz;l = y? equivalent to the reciprocal of the number
raised to a positive power of the same
. o. rl = rl'2 = 1x112 = (ilh2 numerical value.
For example, (l)-2 : f.
= ($)2
In general,x2.: *iF or 1t6;".
Example 5
The laws of indices are summarised in
Table 8.1.
simpttfy (a) (2t),t, (b)(t)-t, (r) ,l
2tr
Table E.l (a) Change mixed numbers to fractions.
I xoXxb =xo*b (2+)'l =
_
(l)': (VI)3 : (tr)3 = ++
2 xo=xb =xo-b +39
3 xo =l (b) Reduce the given fraction to its lowest
terms.
*, x-d =- I (.5)-r: (rt)-l: (?)l = !T: +t : +Zl
x"
5
6
(x')b -rab
,i =Y;
(c) ,rffi=ffi
E^_2,-z

:@oT*
7 *i = {V o, (tfi)'
= V36 x (a-21t x O4)l
:*6xa-txb2
Examole 4
Sinphjy (o) et (r) 8r (r) s-, (a) + x +-, ' 6b2
a
(,) (*f) - I
(") 9l : V0'= * 3
Exercise 8d
(b) Br:{8=2 Simplify the following.
(c) B-r=*=pul, =)--t | 2a x 3a2 2 2a x (3a)2 3 (2a)2 x 3a
44t s 27t o izsl
(d) 4x +-l-- 4r+(-l) =41 :l/-+=t2 7W t8r g2-2
lo 3-3 tl 9l 12 9-l
(tq)'= t3 (25a2)l t4 2a- | l5 (2a\-l
(e) (+f)-t = = (tl)r = (i8)3 4r 17 2-2 x 23 te (22j2
dt 16
19 ro-2 20 \G 2t 3a-2
=+T
Notice the following in Example 4:.
I The square root of a positive number may
be positive or negative.
V0 : +3. *3 means * 3 or - 3.
2 +6 means the 4th root of n, i.e. the
number which multiplied ty itself 4 times
gives z. For example VI6 : t2 since
2x2 x 2 x
x-2=16.
2:
16and 2x - -2x -2 43 +-i 44 (t)-t
' 45 +
3-2
67
462x2-3
4t go-l y 3l-r
47 ffs
49 64-t
(b) 2a-l : -14
DMde both sides by 2
5o fffi bl 2l x gx-r
a-l = -7
52 0,125-1 5! 1ry1-l z
u {ttu l- --l
51 4asb x 3ab-2 56 4asb x $ab\-2 -a'
57 \@rTr
59 (2r)l
5r ?5a2b-2'
x (2*3)l 60
w
($)-t
al
fi=-l
=-l
Square both sides
t-rmplc 6 a =lt
fuuite tlufollowing cxprcssions with positiae indica (c) 8' = 32
on!. Express 8 and 32 as powers of2
(23)' = 2t
(o) pq-2 (t) '&\-' o3r o5
\ )
o 1 --Z
Equate the powers of 2
@) pq-2 = lo
q' 3r =5
r =[= li
Note that the index - 2 refers to q only.

tf
@ (2f)-' = * Excrcise
Solve the following equations.

Excrcirc tc lrl=2 2xL=3 3i-r=2

Rewrite the following orpressions using positive 4a-2=9 52xs--54 6r-l=5
7 n-l =9 t 2r-3= -16 g 5r= 4Ox-L
l0 5' = 25 ll 9' = 27 12 4'-r = 64

Iogarithns
Table t.2
Numbcr Powerof l0
I 000 103
Solu tlu following cquatiots. 100 102
(a) xt = 4 (b)- Zi-t = - 14 (c) 8' = 32 10 101
(a) Eittur: xl = 4 I 100

%=+ l0 to the power 3.

Take the cube of both sides s: 'the logarithm,
({6)'=43= +x+x+ or, in abbreviated
r =64 form, 'log1o 1000 = 3'. In this case, the
logarithm of a nurhber is the power to which l0
Or: I =4 is raised to give that number. Thus 'logarithm'
(rl;s = 4s is another word for 'power'.
Iogarithms can be ih bases other than 10.
rl'3 = 6i4 For example, since 32 = 25, then log2 32 = 5,
x =64 i.e. in base 2, the logarithm of 32 is 5. Chapter
68
17 shows how to simplify expressions In the logarithm of any number there are two
gontaining logarithms in bases other than 10. parts, an integer (whole number) before the
Logarithms used in calculations are decimal oomma and a fraction after the comma
normally expressed in base 10. Log I 000 = 3 (Fig. 8.1).
is taken to mean log16 I 000 = 3. Theri is no
need to write down the base (Table 8.3). .3.568 2"
inufir dccihalfraction
Table 8.t
Fig. 8.1'

Look at the integers and the fractions of the

results in Example 8. The logarithms of 3,7;37
and 3 700 all have the same decimal fraction.
Since log I . = 0 and log l0 = l, the Notice that in each case the integer is I less
logarithm of any number between I and l0 than the number,of'digits to the left of the
must lie between 0 and l. Logarithms of decimal comma in the given number. For
numbers are found with thehelp of tables. See example, there are I digits before the decimal
page 279 near the back of this book. Logarithm comma in 37 000 000, therefore the integer
tables were first published about 350 years ago part of log 37 000 000 is 7.
by Henry Briggs following original work by Log 37 000 000 : 7,5682.
John Napier. Table 8.4 shows a typical line
from a set of 4-figure logarithm tables. Example 9
Uv Tablc 8.4 to M tlu logarithms of (a) 37,4,
Example t (b) 3,74$.
Usc Tablc 8.4 ta M tlu logarithms of (a) 3,7
(b) 37 (c) 3 700.
(a) First, write down the integer.
Log 37 14 = l, 'something'
(a) 3,7lies betr,veen I and 10, therefore log 3,7 To find the fractional part, go along the row
lies between 0 and l. beginning with 37 and stop at the column with
log 3r7 = 0, 'something' 4 at the top. This gives the figures 5729.
In Table 8.4, the figures 5682 Log37,4 = 1,5729
immediately after 37. ^ppeat
(b) Fimt, write down the integer.
log 3,7 = 0,5682 Log3r74$ = 0, 'something'
(b) 37 = 3,7 x l0 To find the fractional part, find the figures
: x l0l along from 37 and under 4 as before (5i29).
100,ffi2
Now find the number in the 'differences'
= 100,5682+l
column headed 6. This number is 7. Add 7 to
- 161,5682
5729.5729*7=5736
Hence, log 37 = 1,5682 Log 3,746 = 0,5736
(c) 3 700 =3,7 x I 000 (Note: when using tables, always make sure
= 100'5682 X 103 that the number taken from the differences
= 100'5682+3 column is in the same row as the rest of the
= 103'5682 figures.)
Hence, log 3 700 = 3,5682

Table 8.4
dilferences
x 0 l2t 456 7 t I t23 +56 78 9
37 5682 5694 5705 57t7 5729 5740 5752 5763 57?5 5786 t23 567 89 r0

69
Exercise 89 7 Write down the logarithms of the following.
I Use the logarithm tables on page 279 to (a) 5,136; 5 136; 51,36; 513 600
check whether the following are correct or (b) 8,403; 840,3; 8 403 000; 84 030
incorrect.
(u) log 7,7 : 0,8865 8 Write down the logarithms of the following.
(a) 75,t2 (b) 4 r37 (c) 208,5
(b) log 2,2 : 0,3424 (d) 294 100 (e) 82 460 000 (f) 65 160
(c) log 2,0 = 0,3010 (g) 12,05 (h) 3s7,3 (i) 40,02
(d) log9 =0,9542 (,) 100,6 (k) 2 70e (l) 1,903
(e) log 5,6 = 0,7404
(f) log 1,4 = 0,1461 9 Each of the following is the logarithm of a
(S) log 6,45 : 0,8(X)6 number. Use tables to find each number.
(h) log 4,M = 0,6439 (a) 0,9345 (b) 0,4624 (c) 0,7709
(i) log 8,03 = 0,9047 (d) 0,2480 (e) 0,9@9 (f) 0,6010
(,) log 9,57 = 0,9809 f0 (a) Copy and complete Table 8.5 for
(k) log 5,02 = 0,7160 values of r in lOs from I to 100. Round off
l) log 3,09 = 0,4900 the logarithms to 2 decimal places.
m) log 3,141:9.,+972
n) log 7,153 : 0,8545 Table 8.5
o) log 3,704 = 0,5687
p) log 2,603 : 0,4200 x l l0 20 30
q) log 9,989 : 0,9995 100

r) log 8,008 = 0,9035 l.argx 0,00 1,00 1,30 l,4g 2,0

Write down the integer parts of the
(b) Draw the graph of log r against r using
logarithms of the following numbers.
(a) 6,5 (b) 24,12 (") 10,65 the values in your table. Use scales of I cm
to l0 units on the r-axis and I cm to 0,1
(d) 560 (e) s 600 (f) 56 unit on the log r axis.
(g) 15 000 (h) 418 000 (i) 6,008 (c) Read off the logarithms of 15, 47, 73,
(t) 6 000 000 (k) 374 (l) e4,5 9,91.
Use Table 8.4 to express the following as (d) Use your graph to find the numbers
powers of 10. whose logarithms are 0,5; l,l; 1,75; 1,33;
(a) 3,75 0,86.
(b) 37,5 (e) Use log tables to check your answenr
(c) 375 to (c) and (d).
(d) 3 iso
(e) 37 s00
Use logarithm tables to express the
following as powers of 10.
(a) 9,13 Antilogarithms
(b) e r3o
(c) 913 To find a number whose logarithm is given,
(d) e 130 000 it is possible to use log tables in reverse,
However, it is more convenient to use tables of
Write down the logarithms of the following.
(a) 4,58; 458; 458 000; 45,8 antilogarithms. See page 280.
(b) 7,06; 70 600 000; 70,6; 7 060 When finding an antilog, look up the
pat onltin antilog tables. Then use
fractional
Express the following as powers of 10. the integer to place the decimal comma
(a) 7,241 (b) 7,248 (c) 7,246 (d) 7,243 correctly in the final number.

70
f,armple l0 Multiplication and division
tJse antitog tables to fmd (o) 192'7547, (b) the
number whose logarithms is 5,3914. The basic principles of calculation using
(a) loz'ts+t is the number whose logarithm is
logarithms depend on the laws of indices.
Read Examples ll and 12 carefully.
2,7547.
The fractional part of 2,7547 is ,7547.
If you have a calculator, you may disregdrd
,7547 in the antilog tables gives 5684. the methods used in the remainder of this
The integer part of 2,7547 is 2. This shows chapter. However, you should work through
that there are three digits before the decimal
comma.
the examples and exercises using your
calculator. In some cases, a scimtifu calatlator
Hence, 192'754t : 568,4.
may be necessary. The use of the scientific
(b) The fractional part of 5,3914 is ,3914. calculator is explained in Book 4. In the
,3914in the antilog tables gives 2462. examples, B-figure calculator outcomes are
The integer 5 shows that there are 6 digits given as a check.
before the decimal comma.
Hence the number whose logarithm is 5,3914
is 246 200.
Example ll
Exercise 8h
Eualuate 34,83 x 5,427.
I Write down the values of the following. 34,83 x 5,427
(a) 190,6382, 103,6382, 162,6382, 195,6382 : 101,s420 x 100'73{6 (from log tables)
(b) lgoBstz, lOr,ntrr, 1ga'es17, 167's517 : 101,s420 + 0,7346 (x" X yF: ra +'b1
2 Write down the numbers whose logarithms - 102,2766
are 0,7 142; 1,7 142; 6,7 142; 3,7 142. : 189,1 l6t (from antilog tables)
3 Use antilog tables to find the numbers (: 18e.02241[:Il )
whose logarithms are: Rough check: 34,83 x 5,427 = 35 X 5
(a) 2,1814 (b) 4,2105 (") 1,5638 : 175
(d) 6,2983 (e) 3,4485 (f) s,0813
(g) l,l09l (h) 2,0088 Note: Always make a rough check. The result
4 (a) Copy and complete Table 8.6 for ofa rough check is not usually very close to the
values of r in intervals of 0,1 from 0 to l. correct answer. However, it is close enough to
Round offthe values of 10' to 1 d.p. show any serious errors and it will always point
out whether or not the decimal point is in the
Table 8.6 correct place. A rough check will also help to
reduce calculator keystroke errors.
x 0 0,1 0,2 0,3 I

l0' 1,3 1,6 2,0 l0

Slarnple 12
(b) Use the values in your table to draw Work out 4 562 + 98,76.
the graph of l0' against r. Use scales of
I cm to 0,1 unit on the x axis and I cm to 4 562 + 99,76
I unit on the l0'axis. : 103'65e2 : 1gt,so+6 (from log tables)
(c) Use your graph to read off the : 103,6s92- 1,9946 (x" + xb : x" - b)
antilogarithms of 0,15; 0,36 and 0,87. : l0t'6646
(d) Also use the graph to read off the : 46,19 r-r (from antilog tables)
logarithms of 5, 8 and g. (= 46.192791 l::::l)
(e) Compare the graph with that of Rough cluck:4 562='98 ,76 - 4 600 + 100
question l0 in Exercise Bg (Table 8.5). _45
7t
Exercise Ei
Use tables or a calculator to work out the
following. Make a rough check in every case.
I 2,+13 x 3,092 2 9,475 + 6,13
3 3,802 x 2,09 4 8,735 + 3,909 Setdng out logarithm work
5 3,338 x 2,074 6 98,15 x 7,264
7 45,31 + 8,742 t 45,34 x 16,21 Calculations using logarithms depend on the
9 92,48 l0 26,52 x 9,184
176,3 + laws of indices. Since all logarithms are based
ll 8,992
16,83 + 12 912,+ + 53,55 on powers of 10, there is no need to write out
l3 l8,l 60,27
x 14 527,2 + 94,35 the base l0 every time. It is preferable to write
15 43,14 8,932
x 16 43,14 + 8,932 the given numbers and their logarithms in
17 286,3 17,08
+ lE 34,07 x 1,007 tables. This method is shown below, where
l9 705,6 x 85,04 20 45,80 + 6,392 Examples ll, 12, 13 and 14 are re-worked in
tabular form.
Calculation of 1rcwers and roots
Examplc 11
Examole 13
Eaaluaic 5g,753.
Eoaltutt 34,83 x 5,+27.

53,753 = (l0l'730+;e (from log tables)

x
- 131,7304
3
((xo)b = xo*o)
: l0s'1912
ant,6g tabres)
. ,; ',fi 13?.r,6r(rrom 34,83x5,427=189,1
Rrughclwck:
53,75r == 50r : 125 000 Examplc 12
Eaaluatc4562+98,76.
Example 14
t6.
Eoalutc
t6tr=(350)l , (%=x+)
= (102,s44r)l lfrom log tables)
= tg2'5441+3 4 562 + 98,76 = '16,19
- 1so'e+ao g'rt:::.=,i'.tili;;1 Erumblc 13
= 7,047 mJflo* antilog tables) Eaalku 59,753.
(= 7.0472ee2[Er
fuugh cluck using lhe answt:
7,047 = 7
7e = 343 53,753 = 155 300
and 343 == 350, the given number.
Exercice tj
Use tables or a calculator to calculate the
following. of No Log
I 5,0372 2 61,032 t 2,9383 v350
4 12,94s D 3,5725 6 252,82
7 7,2143 t 2,539s I ,- 5,6324 7,u7 I
a-
0,8{80

l0 19,183 ll t@t l2y26,21 V35o = 7,047

72
E*ernple l5 Example 17
Calailatt 42,87 x 23,82 x 1,127.
_,. 17,83 x 246,9
Eoaluauffi
D_. _t..
Mctlnd: First make a table of su{ficient size to
include the given numbers. Enter the numbers
and the integer parts of their logarithms in the
Find a single logarithm representing the
numerator and a single logarithm representing
table.
the denominator. Subtract log-denominator
from log-numerator.
log
42,87 I,
23,82 l,
1,127 0,

Use tables to find the fractional part of each

logarithm. Since the given numbers are
multiplied, add the three logarithms. Use
antilog tables to find the answer.

ffi= 5,2s8 (= s.2s865,

BI
Rough,**,H:19 = u
42,87 x 23,82 x 1,127 : I 150 Example 18
(= l15o.s5l2m x
40 x 25 x I = I 000 b,
) (36,I2)3 750,9
Rough cluck: Eaaluate
(l13,2)
No Log
Example 16 36,123 1,5577 x3=4,6731
7$,9 2,8756
Eoaluab, [-l.o- Numerator 7,5487 7,51.87
V 3,t2'
Work out 218 + 3,12 before taking the cube l 13,22 2,0539x2=4,1078
root. \M 1,9661 +2-0,9831
Denominator s,pe00 5,0!|09
Log
286,9 2,4578
218
3.12 (36,12)3 x 750,9
(iH)r = 286,9 (= 287.t1879 B )
(113,2)2 x lM

Rtugh cluck:
40x40x40x750 :300
l20xl20xl0
(: 4.t1s76778 ) Exercisc 8k
Calculate the following. Check the answers
wherever possible.
I 6,26 x 23,83 2 l+,28 x 8+3,7
3 675,2 + 35,81 4 I 200 + 85,25
=W :4 (43 = 64) 5 409 x 6,932 6 63,75 + 8,946
73
7 5,932 x 8,164 x 18,51 lA
8 8,4 x l9r7 x 51,5 28,61 x 74,23
45
I 86,23 x 4 058 l0 39'86 x
- 913,6 -105,2
685,3
355,9 x 2,547
315,6 x 95,47
ll 3,9252 12 5,1033 l3 2,8954 46
456,2 x 31,88
14 v2t0,4 15 v83,64 16 v31,64 943
47
11,64 x 7,189
17 2,962 x 8,542 35,2
48
7,165 x 3,92

x
20 @ ^o
07,2)2
's---a:
4,93

2r 2,s73s 22 +nEj v6 750 000

r7-----------Tl
2' 85,73 + 39,63 ,, tl(sa,sz x z,ga+12
"" V\a,oez x 0,285/
25 3,863 x 8,63 26 (11,62 + 3,95)2
36,84 x 2,95 x 19,6
27 28 8,3x22,4 Accuracy of togarithm tables
18,52
The results obtained when calculating with
29 v19,63 x 12,28 x 74
4-figure tables are accurate only to the first
so t6,-8'5s5 three figures. The 4th digit is not likely to be
L- accurate and is used for rounding off a result
3l v83,67 to three significant figures. Three-figure
g2 1,O84to accurac), is sufficient for most practical
33 \6m7 x 1,663 Purposes.

84 3,953 x 62,5 Example 19

,t# Calcalate, to three signifuant figures, the area oJ a

Jlat circular waslur 6,84 cm in diameter with a hole
2,96 cm in diamcter. Take log n to be 0,4971.
36 5,8362 x 1,2833 Outer radius : 6,a84
cm : 3,42 cm
37 \@ 2

Inner radius : 2fU cm : 1,48 cm

,'(#H)' 2

,n'w Area =
=
= n(9,42
=rx
- n1,482 cm2
13,422

+
- 1,482) cm2
1t(3,422

4,9x
1,48) (3,42 -
1,94cm2'
1,48) cm2

40 \/M,6 x 3,876 : 29,86 cm2 working:

4l (36,92 + 8,15)3
42 29,3 x v3,87
: 30 cm2
7+
Notice in Example 19 that the logarithm 6 A rectangle of area 209,8 cm2 is 10,4 cm
working is set at the side of the main answer to long. Calculate its width.
the question. In this way, it does not get mixed 7 Calculate the length of the side of a square
up with the method used to solve the problem. of area-508,5 cmf.
Notice also how factorisation (common factor 8 Calculate the length of the edge of a cube
and difference of two squares) simplifies the of volume 129,7 cm3.
working. I Calculate the volume of a rylinder of
diameter 5,93 cm and length l0 cm.
l0 A room contains 156,1 m3 of air. If the
Exercise 8l room is of length 8,31 m and breadth
Use tables or a calculator to give the answers 5,72 m, calculate its height.
to the following correct to 3 significant figures. ll Calculate the ar?a in hectares of a
Use the value 0,4971 for log r where necessary. rectangular field 126 m long and 97 m
I Calculate the area of a rectangle 3,85 m wide. (l ha = l0 000 m2).
long and 2,37 m wide. 12 If the arcaof a square field is 3,95 hectares,
2 Calculate the area of a square of side calculate the length of a side of the field in
2,83 cm. metres.
3 Calculate the volume of a cube of edge 13 Calculate the area of a circular washer of
8,24 cm. diameter 3,42 cm if the hole in the centre
4 Calculate the area of a circular disc is I cm in diameter.
5,86 cm in diameter. 14 Calculate the length of a solid rylinder of
5 Calculate the mass, in kg, of a rectangular diameter 7,3 cm and volume 435 cm3.
sheet of metal 15,7 cm long and 12,9 cm 15 Calculate the capacity in litres of a cylinder
wide,-if its mass is 38,1 g per cm2. 23,6 cm in diameter and 37,8 cm deep.

75
Chapter 9

Vectors (l)

Transtation vectons 4 units upwards. These movements can be

combined as a single column matrix or column
In Chapter 3 a translation was described as a vector:
movement in a certain direction, without /"\
turning. For example, in Fig. 9.1 AABC is
Cft. = lll
\+/
translated to APQR.
In general any translation of the cartesian
plane can be written as a column *.., (;)
wher-e x represents a movement parallel to the
x-axis andT represents a movement parallel to
the y-axis. Movements to the right and
movements upwards are positive. Movements
to the left and movements downwards are
negative.

Exemple I
In Figl g.2 ltu liru scgmcnts rcprcscttt tcctors Aa,
cB, ..., il.

Fig. 9.1

In Fig. 9.1 point A moves to point P. This

movement can be written as A-F. A? is a
trrndltion vector. A vector is any quantiry
which has direction as well as size" In Fig. 9.1
the translation vectors EQ and C-il, have the
same size and direction as A?.
J

Hence AP = BQ: CR
Any one of these vectorc describes the trans-
lation that takes AABC to the position shown
by APQR.
In Figr9.l the dotted lines show that the
vector CR is equivalent to a movement of
3 units to the right followed by a movement of Fig.9.2
76
I In Fig. 9.4 the line segmenc represent
Wite tfusc occbrs r" r*n-,(;) vectoru A:b, db, ..., RL. Write these

\rt4
vectors in the Ib-, f .

t
a

nrrnple 2 \ I
A sqwre OABC lus caordinabs O(0;0), A(3;.0), I
B(3; 3), C(0; 3). It is translarcd $r accbr OF r, \
sqtnn PQRS. Find tlu coordhules of P, Q, R dil 0 I

s /dr = (_;) I
t
Fig. 9.3 shows the translation from squarc
I

OABC to square PQRS.

Fig.9.4

2 IrAt = (-;) , what is Bl[r

t Draw line segmcnts to rcprescnt the

following vectors.
(a) A-b = (i) (b) 6 = (-3)
(") rl = (-l) cT = (:;) ra)
{ Draw line scgments to rcpnment the
following vectort.

Fis. 9.3 (") KL = (3) (b) iiil = (!)

The coordinates of PQRS are (c) Mn=(-l) (d) rlk=(:3)
- -
P(2; 4), Q(s; 4), R(5; -
l) and S(2; - l).
5 (a) Draw line segmenr to repnesent the
following vecton.
Erercire 9r
Use graph paper when answering questions
3-10. Use a scale of I cm to I unit throughout.
et = (-l), fr = (_B), ca = (:;)
77
(b) Hence give the vector AD in the form Sum of vectors

0 I
(c) What is Dtrt
(a) Draw the following vectors.

tt = (, e-il: (-l) I
I
,
(b) What is the vector P-l.t I
(c) What is the vector nFl
7 AOAB has coordinates O(0; 0), A(4;2),
B(2; 5).
( ,
Find the coordinates of the images of O, A
and B when the triangle is translated by
vector Fig. 9.5

(,) (3) , (b) oa, r.r (- i) , In Fig. 9.5 it is clear that a translatio" AA
followed by a translation Bt is equivalent to
AJ
(d) AB, (e) BA. the single translation AC. We write this as the
The coordinates of the vertices of rectangle vector sum:
+++
ABCD are A(l; 2), B(l; 5), C(2; 5) and AB+BC:AC
D(2;2). or, writing the vector sum with the small letters
Find the coordinates of the images ofA, B, given in Fig. 9.5,
C, D when the rectangle is translated by
vector a*b:c
r"r (- i) , G) (?) , (c) At By counting units in Fig. 9.5,

A cartesian plane is translated so that (4; 5) ":(?),0:(i),":(l)

is the image of thq point (3; 1). By matrix addition,
(a) What is the vector of translation?
(b) What are the coordinates of the image
of the origin?
a*b:(?).(l)
(c) What are the coordinates of the point
whose image is (- 1; 2)?
:(?ir):(;)
10 A quadrilateral has vertices P(l; 4), Q(5; 7), :G
R(9;4), S(5; l).
n" = and b =
(a) What kind of quadrilateral is PQRS?
(b) Find the coordinates of the images of
In generar
0i) k)
P, Q, R, S after translation of PQRS
through
then a*b:(;l) .0;)
(') (- ?) , ,,,, :( r, * rr\
(, i) , (iii) Pr -\Y' +Y)
78
\ I
t

I
lq +t ,
P
t
, ?

/ (,.

Fig.9.6 't B't$'tYv

.. ,..i
Fig. 9.7
Notu: There are many ways of writing vectors.
The vector in Fig. 9.6 can be written,
(r) ,j"S capital letters: rhis shows that p + q +' = (3),'
AB or AB or AB or A_B,
(b) using small letters: Exercise 9b
+
aoraoraora When using graph paper, take a scale of I cm
(c) using . columi-matri*: to I unit.
I In each part of Fig. 9.8, find p * q, giving
At:":l,'\
\ql the results in the.'* (f)

e) (b
Example 3 /
P \
rrP =(;) ,r = (-l) , ": (- P / \
q
(o) p+q,(r) p*r,(c) 9*r,(d) p+9*r,
slnwing tlu occtor sum in "),*
part (d) on a diagram. \
\ \
(") p+q :(l).(-l)=(-l) c) (

\
(b)p+r :(;) .(_l) =(i) D

\ I
(c) q+r =(-l).(-l) = (-l)

: . . Fig.9.8
" (;) (-l) (-l)
(d) p + q +
2 If vectors p, g, r, s are as given in Fig. 9.9,
=(3) express each of the following as a single

In Fig. 9.7, the broken line represents the vector in the .*, (;)
vectorp+q*r.
Diffenence of vectors
t+
Magnitude of a vector
L
rn Fig. e.ro, AB = (i) and cD = (-l)
\
,\ t The magnitude, or size, of AB is the length of
the line segment AB. This is often written as
lml
0 , lln; =: \ER (Pythagoras)
5 units
Similarly,
Fig.9.9
lcol --\ffi
=5 units
(") p+q (b)p*q*r
(c) q+r (d)q+r*s
(e) r+s (f) p+q*r*s
3 (a) Draw vectors PQ and QR such that

Pe : (- l) and eR : (-;) t

(b) Find PR (i) by drawing, (ii) by matrix /

addition.
a
4 rrp= (?),, = (-3),' = (-l), /
,=(i),0'o t I

A vector b is such that

(l) .o=(-l) ,"0'. Fig. 9.10

The cartesian plane is translated through Hence different vectors may have the same
magnitude.
(- ?) . It is then transrated * (: i) /\
(a) What single translation is this equivalent
In general, n" = (;)
to?
(b) What are the coordinates of the final
then lal = \m
image of the point (- 2; 7)? where lal is the magnitude of a. Notice that the
(c) The final image of a point P is at magnitude of a vector is always given as a
(- 2;0).What are the coordinates of P? positive number of units.
80
Subtraction

-b rl

(
,
Fig. 9.12

In Fig. 9.12 the broken line represents

Fig.9.il vector P. the

,=(-3)
(")lpl --\@il
= VBBEIB
= @ units
In generat, if a =
0) , *., -a = (_;) Exercise gc
Example 4
, magnitudes of the foflowins
*:,l.fe
IfP: CI tr)fmdp (o) b catcatarian,
(b) b draung. e) Hnce fmd tlu magnitudc
oJp.
(a) Using matrix arithmetic:

i.e. to subtract a vector

is equivalent to adding
a vector of the sarne size in the oppositE
direction. r rrAT = (,,. (-|) , n"a h1l.
8l
4 Find vector p such that

(-;) * P: (-;)
5 Find vector{ such that
(- l) - d : (- l) Hence nnd l(1.
6 Express each of the following as a single
vector.

(d(?)_(t)
ro, (_ s) - (-;)
,., (-l) - (_ l)
Fig. 9.13
(d) (_;) - (_
t) In Fig. 9.13,

eB:Ed:-=(?)
Also eB=a?+nt+cts
8 rrp = (_;) =(?).(?).(i)
and q = (- l) 0,,
(a) p-q, p+q, (")q-p,
(b) = (g) = ,(?)
, (a) lp + ql, (.) lp - ql.
e rrp = (f) ,, = (-l) ,, = (-r,

" = (-B),
o"o

eB = (-;)
and Fi. = (- l) =, (-;)
lo Draw op = (-;) and oe : (!) Hence p7 : leb.

82
In general, if a vector a is multiplied by a Comparing the triangles,
scalar,t, the result is a new vector,ta which is I APQR is an enlargement of AABC.T
in the same direction as a but which is t times 2 Each side of APQR is twice as long as the
as big. corresponding side of AABC.
3 APQR is four times the area of AABC.
E-arnole 5
a APQR appears to be rotated with nespecr
_t+++-++ to AABC.
Vcctors OA, OB, OC, OP, OQ, OR arc ntch ilut I See Chapter 19 for a full explanation of
oa: (?) ,* = (;) , od - (l) "*
enlargement.

dF : - 2oa, o& : - 2ol, 5-fi. : - 2&

Take O ds origin and draw tlu ucctors on a carlcsian
plau. Compara APQR with AABC. Exercisc 9d
In questions 8 and 9 use a scale of I cm to
The coordinates of A, B, C are (2; l), (2;4), I unit.
(3; l) respectively. Use Fig. 9.15 when answering questions I to 7.
+
OP:-2OA: -,(?) : (- t)
sim,arry dO: (,1) and dft. : (_ !)
The coordinates of P, Q, R are (-4; -2),
(- +; - B), (- 6; - 2) respecrively.
Fig. 9.14 shows the vectors and As ABC and
PQR.

/
t
f.- n
u -t o r
P Fig. 9.15
I
,
I Express each of the following as a column
vector.
I
(a) 3oa, (b) sEt (c) 6cf,
E (d) 2ffi (e) aAT (0 4Fi
(s) gft (h) 3Eb
2 Express each of the following as a column
vector.
Fig.9.14 (") 1tr6 (b) ut (") tBi (d) *o-i
83
Express each of the following as a column (e) l(2Bc - 3oE) (f) Bc - UoE
vector.
1
k) - 2(3ED BG) + (h) 6ED 2BC
- -
(a) - 2AG (b) - sBC - OC,
Vectors OA, OB, - are
- OP, OQ, OR
such that
(") -tet (d) - $e
Calculate the following.
(a) 2oA + BA - + 2DO
(b) sED
d, or = (l) ,". = (-l) , "z = (-i)
IJ
(c) 3OF - 2AB (d) 4EG - ED and dl = 3oli, dD = gdB, olh, = 3&.
Cdculate the following. Take O as origin and draw the vectors on a
(a) lor + IAG (b) tAB + lBo cartesian plane.
(") lrc - UED (d) loP - lcA Compare APQR with AABC.
Calculate the following. Given the same vectors Oa, 6-1, & as in
(a) l(oA + Ec) (b) l(oA + aG + GE) question 8, find, by drawing, the positions
(c) 2(Ec - EG) (d) l(ac - Gc)
Calculate the following. of K, L, M such that O? = - 2d, O-L =
(a) 3(2oA + GE) (b) 6()A + 3GE - 2dl, ofM = - 2ot. Compare AKLM
(c) s(oE - 3EC) (d) sOE - lsBc with AABC.

84
\
I
Chapter l0
,i-t \
Equations and formulae r Li,

Equations Exercis€ l(h (Revision)

Solve the following equations.
Sotving lircar equations (revision) l4x=3x*5 27m=B*5m
An equation is a statement that two algebraic 32a:9-a 4*d:3
expressions are equal in value. For example, 55y+6:21 62a-3:6
4 - 4x: $ - l2r is a linear equation with an 7 4+3x=17 E 15:4a*3
rrnknown r. This equation is only true when x 93:3m-4 105:*6
has a particular numerical value. To solve an ll fr1 = g 126x*5:13*4x
equation means to find thd real number value 132a*4:16-3a14?.x:lB
of the unknown which makes the equation 15 t17: 9 t67b-9-5+3'
true. 17 2 - 5/: 20 - 8, lt lld:28
19 22=7 *2Lx 20 Ba - 19= 5*3a
21 3+U-24=14-3)
22 2k:3t * 4 - 5k
Exemple I 238-h=5-4h+3
4 - 4x
Solac :9 - l2r. 242a*20:5a*6
4-4x:9-l2x 258+4d-7=4-d
Add l2.r to both sides of the equation. 262c=20-3c-9
4-4x*l2r:$- l2x*l2x 272x+19-5x:x-5
4*8r=9 2E 12-3a-3:9-5a
Subtract 4 from both sides of the equation. 29rfih-41=tL+lb
4*8r-{-9-4 30a-l0l=l0l-ia
8x=5
Divide both sides of the equation by 8.
8t=I \uations with brackets (Revision)
88 [f an equation contains brackets, remove the
x= I brackets before collecting terms.
t is the solution or root of the equation.
Example 2
Cluck:Whens=8,
LHS=4-4X8:4-2L:lL Sohc 3(4c - 7) - 4(4c - l) : 0.

RHS:9 - 12 X 8: g - 7L: ll: LHS 3(4c - 7) - a$c - l) = 0

Remove brackets.
The equation in Example I was solved by the l2c-21-l6c*4=0
balance method. Compare the equation with Collect like terms.
a pair of scales. If the expressions on opposite -4c - 17 : 0
sides of the equals sign 'balance', they will Add 17 to both sides.
continue to do so if the same amounts are added - 4c: 17
to or subtracted from both sides. They will Divide both sides by - 4.
also balance if both sides are multiplied or c = -Y
divided by the same amounts. c: -41
85
Check: When c= -4, Subtract 8r from both sides.
LHS = 3(-17 - 7) - 4(-r7 - t) x-20=0
= 3(- 24) - 4(- l8) Add 20 to bot sides.
=72+72=0:RHS x=20
Cluck:Whenx=20,
Exercise lOb (Revision) LHS=Ix20-li:15-l3=13
Solve the following equations. RHS=tx20=l3l=LHS
l4a-(3-a)=17
28b-(3b++1 =11 Example 4
t 3- (3n-7)=49 Soloe tlu cquation+
48n-(52+13)=/
5 l2t + (l - 7t):31 The LCM of 6 and 9 is 18. Multiply every
60=5-(2t-17) term by 18, remembering that the dividing
79-(5-7i=t3*4! line of the given fraction acts like a bracket on
Ed=12-(lr+4d) the numerators,
92-3(a+5) =-t0
lOSx-2(r*3)=9 l8(3*_+ 2) _ t9(2!- t) : lB X 0
ll 3(5c - l) = 4(3c + 2) 69
12 5(3n + 4) = 3(an + 7) 3(3r+2)-2(2x -7):0
l3 2(2x - 5) : 3(* - 6)
145(a+2)-3(3a-5)=t
15 7(5n - 4) - 10(32 - 2) : 0 Clear brackets.
164(3r-l)=\lx-3@-a) 9x*6-4x*14:0
17 5(a +2)+3(a-5)=19 5r*20=0
rt 3(6+7)+ 2(l-51)=42 5x= -20
192:5(5e-2)-9(32-2) x= -4
2O3x-[3(l+r)-2x)=3 Check: When x= -4,
lo 1 .)
-
LHS=LAtl- -8-7
6
:- -r0 -15
Equations with fractions (Revision) 69
Always clear fractions before beginning to = -8 * t = 0: RHS
solve an equation. To clear fractions, multiply
Example 5
each term in the equation by the LCM of the
denominators of the fraction.
Solac tlu eqwtion 3(6, - l) = f(3x + 2) - 2.

Express the given equation as follows.

Example 3
2(6x-l)_3(3r+2) _n
Sobe tlu cqtntion tx - ll : lx. --T- + --
Express the given equation as follows.
3* The LCM of 5 and 4 is 20. Multiply every
-2 =2,
433 term by 20.
The denominators are 4,3 and 3. Their LCM
is 12. Multiply every term by 12. ry -20x39x+2) - 20 x 2
12x3x_12x5_12x2x <r4x 2(6x- l) = 5 x 3(3r + 2) - 40
433 e 8(6r - l) = l5(3* + 2) - 40
3x3x-4x5=4x2x Clear brackets.
9r-20=8.r 48x - 8: 45.r + 30 - 40
86
Collect terms.
48x-45x:30-40+8
<) 3x: -2
<) *= -l
Check: When x: -3,
LHS : g(-4 - l) : -2
RHS = *(-2 + 2) - 2
: Q - | - - 2 = LHS
rsf+r*,+#=lo#
Notice in each example that euerlt term is
multiplied by the LCM of the denominators, 2o 7(x + 4) - 2[x - 3(5 + r)] = f(r - 6)
whether the term is a fractiori or not. AIso notice
that the solution can be checked by substituting
Equations from word problems
the value of the unknown into the original
equation. Example 6
A man walles for 2 hours at a certain speed. Hc thcn
Exercise lOc Ecles at3 tinus tlat spadfor 4 hours. He goes 77 km
altogether. Find tlu speed at whirh tu walks.
Solve the following equations.
-x x I Since we are to find walking speed, let this be
' ,: i*, o kmlh.
From the lst sentence,
2La+l*:*a distance walked : u x 2 km : 2ukm
, T * r :45+ z From the second sentence,
cycling speed : 3a km/h
distance cycled: 3a X 4 km : l2a km
From the 3rd sentence,
total distance = 77 km
Hence 2a * l2a = 77
<) lht: 77
() a=*I=t:51
The man walks at 5l km/h.
Check:
Distancein2hat5lkm/h : ll km
Distance in 4 h at 16l km/h : 66 km
Total distance =
n 1r#-nr, , =, 77 km

Example 7
Aquilina is ll yars oldrr than Zodwa. In 5lcars'
tiru, Aquilina uill bc twice as old as hdwa. Find
lluir presmt ages.
- | _3 - r _ L
2x
ll 324
Let Zodwa's age be r years.
t2 4n*l -"---d--
,r_2n*5 Aquilina's age is (x + ll) years (from the
3 lst seftence)
l3 t$a-5)-t(gr-4):* In 5 years' time, Aquilina's age
:(r*ll)+5years
t4 t(U-s)=*(U-7)+*s
r5 [(3r-l)-8+=$(lx-5) Zodwa's age = (r * 5) years
87
Hence, from the second sentence, Exercisc lOd
(r+ll) +5=2(x+5) I r represents a certain number. When that
<) r*16:2x*10 number is multiplied by 3 the result is the
e 6=.r same as that of adding 34 to the number.
<t x:6 Find r.
Zodwa is 6 years old and Aquilina is 17 years 2 A rectangle is 3 times as long as it is wide.
old. If its perimeter is 56 cm, find the width of
the rectangle.
Check: In 5 years' time, 3 Thabo and Nomsa share 147 cents between
Zodwa'sage:6+5: llYr them so that Thabo gets 19 cents more than
Aquilina's age: l7 + 5 = 22yr:2 \,Zodwa's Nomsa. Calculate the amount of money
age. each gets.
4 A woman is 3 times as old as her daughter.
6 years ago the sum of their ages was 36.
Example E Find the age of the daughter.
A tradir bryts n oranges at tlu rate of 5 orangcs for
5 A man walked for 2 hours at 6 km/h. He
50 cmts. 8 of tfu oranges are bad so slu sells the rest then cycled for a certain time at 16 km/h.
at tlu rab of 4 orangesfor 50 cmts and mtkcs a lrofit If he travelled 36 km altogether, for how
of $2,30. Find n. many hours did he cycle?
If5 oranges cost 50 cents 6 A sum of $1,24 is made up of S-cent coins
I orange,costs ? : l0 cents and l-cent coins. There are 6 times as
.'. z oranges cost lOn cents many 5-cent coins as there are l-cent coins.
8 oranges are bad, Find the number of 5-cent coins.
.'. number of oranges sold =z- 8 7 Rufaro has 30 cents and Tom has $1,86. If
Rufaro saves 5c a day and Tom spends 7c
a day, after how many days will they have
equal amounts?
Divide 59 mf into two Parts so that one
part is 7 mf less than 5 times the other
Profit = Selling Price - Cost Price part.
In cents, The result of taking 3 from r and multi-
plying the answer by 4 is the same as
230=ry- lore taking 3 from 5 times x.
(a) Express this statement as an algebraic
Multiply each term by 2.
equation.
460=25(n-B)-20n (b) Hence find the value of .r.
460: 25n - 200 - 20n l0 The sum of 6 and one third of z is one
660 = 5z
more than twice z.
z:#=132 (a) Express this statement in algebraic
Cluck: terms.
C.P. of 132 oranges : t2 x 50c : 1320c (b) Hence find the value of z.
S.P. of 124 oranges : + x 50c = 1550c tl A boy is l0 years old and his father is 37
Profit: 1550c - 1320c = 230c = $2,30 years old. In how many years' time will
the father be twice as old as his son?
Where necessary, choose a letter to represent 12 One farmer has 119 goats and another has
the unknown quantity. Express the data of the 73. After they each sell the same number
question in terms of the letter. Form an equation of goats, one is left with 3 times as many
and solve the equation. Check that the solution goats as the other. How many goats did
agrees with the data of the question. each sell?
B8
13 A motorist travels regularly between two
towns. She usually takes 5 hours when
travelling
if she inc
km/h thC
her usual speed.
14 A water tank contains 5 times as much as
another water tank. When 20 litres of
water are poured from the first tank into
the second, the first contains 3 times as
much as the second. How much water did
each
(a) A = Lbh
15 A tra 2c each. She Whenb =3,2andh=5
finds en. She sells A:Lxg,2xb
=116x5
=$
The area is 8 cm2.
',, '.
(b) Working in km, 600 m =.0,6 km. "
algebraic equation. (b) Hence find the When b=4andi=0,6,
value ofr. A=LX4x0,6 I
i.?I-
?$'\1
17 One stick is 9 cm longer than another. 3 of =2X0,6 ,.l

the longer stick is equal to I of the shorter :19tr- l ,j

stick. Find the length of the longer stick. The area is 1,2 km2.
18 A man rycles to a village at lS km/h and
returns at 12 km/l,.If he takes 6l hours for Example l0
the double journey, how far does he ride Tfu sum of tlu squares of the jrst n inbgers gioen
is
altogether? b2
19 A total of m matches are needed to fill 30
matchboxes with the same number of
g"=z(z*l).(22*l)
6
matches in each box.
(a) How many matches are in each box? Catytytc.(al Szo, (D) tlu sum of tly squarcs fron 2l
(b) If 3 fewer matches are put into each lo 4O irclusioc.
box, there are enough hr 32 boxes. What (a) Szo means the
value of So when n = 20.
is the value of m?
20 A train travels a certain journey and is Szo _ 20(20 + l)(2 x ?0 +
supposed to amive at midday. When its
average speed is 40 km/h, it arrives at
_20x2lx4l
I p.-. When its average speed is 48 km/h 6
itarrives at I I a.m. What is the length of
the journey? =l0X7x4l
= 2870
Formulae (b) the sum of squares from 2l to rtO
= sum of squares Ii.om I to 40
Substitution in fonnulae - sum of squares fiom I to 20
A fomula is an equation in which letters =Slo-Szo
represent quantities. For example, the area, .r{,
of a triangle of base length I ind height i is
o -40(40+l)(2x40+l)
6

89
I :!1

40x4Ix8t w Exercise l(h

6 x4t I lf 1 : 2x2 - 5x - 3, find the value of7
:20x41x27=540X41 540
21 60
when r= (a) - l, (b) 0, (c) l, (d) 2, (e) 3.
: 22 140 22 r40
2 The formula A = P(, . ,*t) gives the
S+o - Szo = 22 l4O - 2870 = 19270

The next example shows how a formula can be total money, A, that a principal, P, amounts
used to find the value of a quantity which is to in Z years at Rolo simple interest per
not the subject of the formula. annum. Find the amount that a principal
of $750 becomes if invested for 5 years at
Example ll 6i% simple interest per annum.
:
Thc formula F
T * 32 shous thc relationship 3 The formula d: 112 + 12 * [2) gives the
length dof the longest diagonal in a cuboid
between temperature in dtgrees Fahrenluit (fl and
degrees Cclsius (Q. Find (a) F ulun C : 4fr, of length /, breadth 6 and height h. (d, l, b
' (b) C wlun F : 100, (c) the hmperature when
and hare in the same units.) Find the length
of the diagonal of a cuboid which is 6 cm
F=C. long, 2 cm wide and 3 cm high.
r=f+n Find the value of 2n when zr : 3i,
(a) When C: 40, /: 98 atd g = 32.
The formula A : rr(r * s) gives the surface
r:f+az area, A, of a cone of base radius r cm and
slant height r cm. Find the surface area of
:9x8+32=72*32:104 a cone ofbase radius 6 cm and slant height
The temperature is 104 'F. 22 cm, using the value ? for n.
(b) When tr': 100, 4n3-3n2+6 evaluate
6 Given that So : ,
loo:f*sz 7
Szo - Sto.
Given that c = 2fir, (a) find c when 7r :
Solve this equation for C. 3,142 and r = 50, (b) find r when c = 286
Multiply each term by 5. and n: 3*.
500: 9C + 160 In a certain country, the cost, c cents, of
340: 9C sending a telegram of 12 words or over is
C=#=37* given by the formula c = 3(w - 2) where ar
The temperature is 37fr'C. is the number of words in the telegram.
(c) WhenF=C, (a) Find the cost ofsending a telegram of
35 words.
c=f+sz (b) If it costs $1,41 to send a telegram,
how many words does it contain?
Multiply each term by 5. The formula b : f * Wis used to work
5C=9C + 160
out the electricity bill, 6 Dollars, for a month
-4C = t60
in which I'l kilowatt-hours of electricity
are used. (a) Find the bill for a month in
c = lsq -- -+o
-+ which 705 kilowatt-hours are used. (b) Find
F=C=-{) the number of kilowatt-hours used by a
The temperature is - 40 oF (or - 40 "C). consumer who receives a bill for $13,06.
90
Take r otrtside a bracket.
l0 The formula d - S rrlf *t"* the approxi- ab-b=r(I*a)
mate distance, d km, of the horizon which Divide both sides by (l + a).
can be seen from a point i m above ground ab-b :i

level.
l*a
(a) Find the approximate distance of the . a:->-J b(?-tl
horizon from the top of a building 72 m l*a
high.
(b) From the top of a tower, a person can Barnple 14
see for about 35 km. How high is the person Make i tlu subjcct of tluformuta b = L\rG4.
above ground level?
6: 51ff_ S
Clear fractions.
2b={T7
Change of subject of formulae Souare both sides.
(it)'=a2-x2
4b2:a2-x2
Rearrange to give the term in.r on one side of
the eouation.
x2': a2 - 4b2
Take the square root of both sides.
,c - \frr- 4F
The general method of Examples 12, 13 and
14 is to treat the formula as an equation and
the new subject as the unknown of the equation.
There are many dillerent formulae and it is
not possible to give general rules for changing
their subject. However, the following points
should be remembered:
I Begin by clearing fiactions, brackets and
root signs.
2 Rearrange the formula so that all the terms
which contain the new subject are on one
side of the equals sign and the rest on the
other. Do not try to place the subject on the
left-hand side if it comes more naturally on
the right (see Example l3).
3 If more than one term contains the subject,
take it outside a bracket.
A=-
b*x 4 Divide both sides by the bracket, then
b-x simplify as far as possible.
Clear fractions. Multiply both sides by (D - r). Exercise lOf
a(b-x)=b*x Make x the subject of the following equations.
Clear brackets.
ab - u= b * x
lr*a=b 2a-x=b 3u=b
Collect terms in .r on one side of the equation.
ab-b=x*ax 4axlbx=cbax*b=xG ;=
a
x
b

9l
79+b=c
t 8
f+t=' gi*i=, Clear brackets.
uut-uw=al-w-3o
Collect terms in l.
t09+L=t
,cx lla(x*b)=6 uot-ol=uto-w-3o
Take I outside a bracket.
12ar=b(c*x) Ita(b-x)=cx t(uo-o)=uw-w-3o
,n***=o l5 x(a-b)=b(c-x) o ,_uw-w-3o
u0-l)
t6 a =,
b-x t7 a=ffi Example 16
ru pdiod ota comfomd pndulum is gion by
r8 G=a t9 €r=a 20216=a
r = zo ExPrcss k in hrms of r, h and g,
ti 23afi=b {ff.
2t ,lr: o 22
{:a taking d as 10.

24 G=b {i: b zG x2: a4 T:2ttrtry

27 x2=a 28l.F_+a=b sz *=as(E+p\
, -t..
29 G+a=b ,grffi=t g[ \ )
72 h2+k2
3l yffi=sa szsr-r=* Q--=-
4lf gh

lEal i=b E4a6-t=b afg!,.= h2 +F

4t'
85 (ax - b)(bx * a) = (bx2 + ala
4 =rb
t6 a-x b <) 12=fg!-nz
0+x 97-9-- 0-x a+x 44r'

18 a(a2 - *) = b(b2 - x) € ft-

r
39 tc+a a
- x-D =t- Using the value l0 for l,
no
i*#=, r=,{wq
Erercire l0g
In each question a formula is given. A letter is
printed in heavy type after it. Make the letter
the subject of the formula. If more than one
Example l5 letter is grven, maLe each letter the subject in
If u = | -# u, cxprcss t in tcrms of tlu otlur
turn.
I c=2ttr t
lcttcrs,
2P=aW*b W
u= .30
I - at-u !P=ry N,D
Clear fi.actions.
o(ot-w)=l(ot-w)-3o 4 A=r*ffi T,.P

92
5f=u2+2as $u Exercisc lOh
I The simple interest, U, ot a sum of money,
6s=f;lo+tl nrl $P after T years at R% is given by the
7 .l = 2rr(r + h) h tormula, =
. PRT
JbI-
g 1=-bfl. b (a) Make I the subject of the formula.
a-0 (b) Find Tif I:51,P= 340and R=21.
9 S)4rr2 I 2 (a) Make r the subject of the formula

ro v=ror(r-t) r !+l:t.
a0
tr L=ffi) w (b) Hence, if a = 4, b =
evaluate x.
| andl - -2,
3 The volume of a square-based pyramid is
vLE=#, n
given by V =
a2h
where I is the height of
T,
ts r=y-sns K the pyramid and a is the length of one of
the base edges.
(a) Make a the subject of the formula.
14D=,[+ h
(b) Find o when V = 162 and h = 24.
4 The volume V of a cone of height i and
l5 r=U+,
r
r base radius r is lnr2 h.
(a) Obtain a formula for r in terms of Z, n
169-L=c tl and i.
pq (b) Calculate the base radius of a cone of
t7 H=W t,
height 14 cm and volume 9lf cm3 using
the value T fot tr.
The length of the hypotenuse, h,in a right-
rsrr=,{#r angled triangle is given by the formula
h = {a2 * D2 where a and b are the lengths
of the other two sides of the triangle.
lg f = Zorm (a) Make a the subject of this formula,
(b) Hence find a if i = 34 and D = 16.
20 A-Ln(a2-u2) (a) Make d the subject of the formula
2! r=*, s,=f,lZa+(z-l)dl.
(b)Hence find d if S32 = 56 and a = 25'
22s=
Ar-t (Nou: Ss2 is the value of So when n = 32.)
The energy E possessed by an object of
mass n kg travelling at a heigl: t m with
Pbh
2E T= hra
{oz a velocity u m/s is given by E =ry * mgh
joules.
24H=fi@-rr) t (a) Express u in terms of the other letters,
(b) If
the energy of a 20 kg mass at a
height of l5 m is 4 900 joules and g = 9,8,
how fast is the mass moving?
93
8 The formula y = lnr2(2r + h) gives the where s =
volume V of a solid consisting of a cone ol
height h and base radius / attached to a (a) Change the subject of the formula to L.
hemisphere of the same radius. (b) Find the length of the wire if d = LG
(a) Change the subject of the formula to i. and s = 0,6.
(b) Hence calculate the height of the cone, l0 The formula T =
LL2
if the solid has a volume of 55 cm3 and the ff(, - $D) gives the
common radius is 2* cm. (Use the value approximat. rnurr,'I tonnes, of a ship
2l for n.) i
d metres long and metres wide.
9 If a wire Z metres long is stretched trshtly (a) Make / the subject of the formula.
between two points at the same level (b) Calculate the length of a 4 500 tonne
dmetres apart, the sag in the middle of the ship if it is 20 m wide, giving your answer
wire is s metres, to the nearest 5 m.

94
Revision exercises and tests

Chapters 1-10
Revision exercise I 8 Simpli$ the following.
I Express the following numbers in standard (a) (2x)3 x 2xa (b) (5r)2 + 14
form.
(a) 3 500 000 (b) 5 700 (c) 28 (.) (256)o,s ,.' (#)-
(d) 0,47 (e) 0,085 (0 0,000 003
2A rectangle measures I cm by 15 cm. 9 (a) On a piece of graph paper, draw line
Make a sketch and use futhagoras'theorem segments to represent the following vectors:
to calculate the length of one of its
diagonals.
3 Copy patterns (a) and (b) of Fig. Rl on to
graph paper.

(b) Hence give vector AD as a column

matrix.
l0 Evaluate the following when x : - 3,
):4andz- -2.
(")2t*x-52 (b)2x2-41
(c) xs - 227 (d)
" '1l
_t*z
Revision test I
I Express 0,000 263 in standard form.
A-2,63x 10-6 B 2,63 x l0-5
c 2,63 x l0-4 D 2,63 x 104
Fig. Rl E 2,63 x los
2 Which of the following are Pythagorean
Extend each pattern by repeating the triples?
sequence of basic shapes. I (3;4;5), II (5; 12; l3), III (S; 13; 17)
4 A lorry travels at a speed of 50 km/h. How A I only B I and II only
many hours will it take to cover C II only D II and III only
(a) 200 km, (b) z km? E III only
5 How many sides has a regular pentagon if 3 l5o 44' to the nearest 0,lo is
each interior angle is lTlo? A 15,30 B 15,40
6 Find the tangent of 60' by construction c 15,6o D 15,7o
and measurement. Check your result from E 15,8o
tables- 4 One factor of 6ax - l\q * 3r
7 Simplify the following matrices. - 57 is
3x - 5y. The other factor is
A2a*l
'"'(-ii_i).(_i?i) Q2a
El-2a
B2a-l
D6ax - l0al
Fig. R2 overleaf shows trapezium PQRS
(B -l)_(; i).(_l rl)
(b) drawn within cartesian'axes. Use it to answer
questions 5,61 7 and B.

95
(b) Hence calculateT in Fig. R3.
l0 Solve the following equations.

t"li+tr=;
3x*7 3x-l
510
Revision exercise 2

-I
o'qoE
-l'll :
0,1 x "'l0+
x
A lo' where A is a
number between I and l0 and a is an
integer. Find the values of A and n.
2 In Fig. R4 calculate XY.

Fig, M Fig. R4 y z
5 In Fig. R2, PQRS is reflected first in the 35 cnr

.r-axis. Its image is then reflected in the 3 Fig. R5 shows APQR drawn on the
y-axis. What are the coordinates of the cartesian plane.
final image of Q?
A (2; -3) B (3;
D (-3; -2) E (- 2; -3)
-2) c (-2;3)
6 PQRS is translated so that the image of S
is the point (- 3; - l). (a) Write down the
column matrix which represents the
translation. (b) Find the images of P, Q
and R.
7 Find the coordinates of the image of point
R if PQRS is given an anti-clockwise
rotation of 90" about (u) the origin,
(b) point P, (c) point (a; -5).
8 Find the coordinates of the final image of

I (a) Find the sum ol' the angles of a

Fig. R5

Find the coordinates of the images of P, Q

and R
(a) if the triangle is translated 5 units
Fig, N downwards,
96
(b) after reflection in the r-axis, 4 How many sides
"l +tg! i, iil.y-*ir,
(c) after reflection of has a porygon if the sum
-4!0R
(d) afterarotati6n of 2ti5,rii_.io-.r,*ir. of its angles is 1620o?
abour the origin, A'i B 9 C II
D 16 E Z0

(r+sy1r'1'fi'18'r(r-rr "
(a)
-' \
\ / 7*
t-(bl@-6)t:r?-;li
each ansle of a regular -Y
fti:l':.1'-ffisize.of Fig- R6
t
the tansent orx is
ii,^ti?"i"1#aiff:.;*3fi;. ,'illii,*u siven bv
calculate AB .o....i to d.p.
wise

,ll^(3-l)/ .,rr:(t;
Z
^ Xy
^y_ nff c'#
sa-zd. \ " l),ono
'/ nYZ n yZ
E Use either logarithms or a calcul, " X7. o
to W
cornpute eacliof th_e following. 6 The vellex, V, of a triangle is t position
answers correct to 3 s.f. ---e your
e Girt'ot (s; s).Ir.'oiJ"-gi. rr'i.",iri"red 3 units to
(a) 60s x 4,85 (b)
# :*,f-,r:Tr,'#i,;":;i1 l[ljq["i!3:
(c) 1a,2st1s @) +/6,2s7 filff5""ljT,f'"'imase of v.
'
';ffi.i;(fl;::;;1;?' '(-?;)
.(: B) =,(1 t
[:i ffi:lt:'Ji,;il.:la'iq -
pl 8 simprirv the rolowing

to Mar. d the stibject or the roflowing. @)

?:Y)' io, ,r'*,' *
(a) v=*td2h (b)r: eGivenvecrorsoA=(l),or=(l)
l+ "ro
Revision test 2 oE = /l)o" th".".,.J"n plane:
t wiinl't- ulirg tabres or a calcurator,
calculate 82,5'* .*p..ffi r.l_t,)', the vector oc such that oc =
-0,025,
answer in standard form. I o tn. 2OE.

4 s,s x rb-:'-- ! s,3 x

o s,s x i0
r0-2 ,o fi.Hlxl,fi$.'l"x'#r#.;t*flf,?i
-(-r)
3 i,i x 13;
z pqiii is ,".."eangre with sides
Il q.t;* .Fahrenheit to degrees
4 cm' If its ai/got'itt
u,-ii, Jr,*ru,. 8i'lllJ?
cm and il:#g;;:,
otlor,r.-
"'o* iuj itA. ^F the subject of the formura.
(.j H.n,efind.Fwhen cis (i) g5, (ii)
fr',t':J*
D 4,0 cm E S,o.-
c
- cm
3.5 v'r
v'v -s.
Revision exercise 3
t" the expar sion or r c""".lt
' [n: ;jifl$i,3t, 1u1 213,." to (i) base five,
fi ; J6' B :2 c + , G)
:tj,,,, . ,o (i) base ,en,
f;i,k;:
2 In Fig. R7, AP is perpendicular to BC. Revision test 3
AB = l3cm, BP = 5cm, AC : l5cm. I If 4126,,,. : 1r7,"r,, what digit does the *
Calculate the lengths of (a) AP, (b) BC. stand for?
A
AO BI C2 D3 E4
2 The angles of a pentagon are xo, 2xo,
(x * 30)', (r - l0)'and (x * 4O)". x :
A30 B50 C60 D80 El08
3 Simplifr 33 x 6-3 x 25.
AO BI C2 D4 E12
4 rf p: l-x - y, then, in terms ofl and.1,
tc=
-
B
5cm P
!i-) B p2 +t c {F +t
Fig. R7 ^Dp'-)' E Q-i'
3 Factorise
(a\ x3+x2+x*l (- e) (- ?) as a singre
fJi:::'
tui z- b3-2b2+b;'
(") r'*lx-qx-pq
4 Find the value orn ir| : fi * fr. cil,. ^(-l)B
your answer correct to 2 s.f. , (-l) E
5 The sum of 3 of the angles of a nonagon (9
sides) is 462". The other 6 angles are all rrau: (!
equal to each other. Calculate the size of
each ofthe other angles. Hence n.r) u2.
6 When the angle of elevation of the sun is In Fig. RB, APQR is right-angled at Q
64o, a boy's shadow on level ground is 80 cm andQR:5cm.
long. Calculate the height of the boy to the P

nearest 5 cm.
7 Use tables to calculate the following correct

(.) {aof;OF
Giventhata:u*ft, Fig.RB a#n)cm
(a) Find a if u : lO,f : 6 and t : 2,5;
(b) Find uif o = 20,-f : l0 and l: 1,5; (a) If the area oi Arq* is 3o cm2, find
the length of PQ.
(c) find tif u : 0, il : l0 and/- -1... (b) Hence find the length of PR.
A quadrilateral has vertices A(- l; - 1),
B(l; 3), C(3; 4), D(l; 0). 8 Simplify the following. Express the answers
(a) Express AB and DC as column vectors. in standard form.
(b) Hence find the lengths of AB and DC.
(c) What kind of quadrilateral is ABCD?
r0 ,., : (i 3)."; N: (_?
-?),
9 Simplifr the following.
find the value of the following.
(a) M+N
(c) MN
(b) M-N
(d) NM @)+- x-5
98
b)ry*\re
l0 In AABC, B = 90i A = 23" and BC =
6 cm. (a) Calculate C. (b) Hence or other-
wise calculate AB, correct to 2 decimal
places.

Fig. R10
Revision exercise 4
I Simpliff the following, grving the answers Use calculation and tangent tables to find
in standard form. .r and s in Fig. RlO.
7 A woman had a son when she was x years
old. When the son was -/ years old, the
woman was p times as old as her son.
Express r in terms of p and,1.
2 Which of the following are Pythagorean 8 Use logarithms to find the value of nrl,
triples? where r : 3,27, I : 7 r3land log tt : 0,4971.
(a) (10;2a;26) (b) (t2;2e;3I) C are such that
(") (la; as; 50) (d) (t6; 30;34)
3 Solve the following equations. (- l)' oc : (- l)
(a) 5r-6(2-x)=32 origin and draw the
(b) 1+-+t-'/+3 vectors on a cartesian plane.
x -t=
2x-l I (b) Express AB, BC and GA as column
(ci 5 5 vectors.
(c) Draw the positions of A', B', C' such
,.,3x-7 5r- I = *
-_3- -l- that OA' : - OA, OB' = - OB, OC' =
\o/
-oc.
4 Expand the following. (d) Describe the transformation that
(a) (3 r)(3 + 3r)
- would change AABC into AA'B'C'
(b) (r - ))(U + r) l0 Express each of the following as a single
(") (7e + e)(8e - e)
(d) (22 - s)(6 - 5r)
5 (a) Find the sum of the angles of a hexagon.
-3)

r"r (? i -?)(i i)

Revigion tcst 4
Fig. N I Express 221., in base two.
At0l0 BlltO cr0ll0
(b) Hence find the value of r in Fig. R9. D n0r0 E l0l 0ll
99
2 How many minutes in * hours and 1 8 The following numbers are in standard
minutes? form. Changc them to ordinary form.
Ax*y B60r+y Cr+602 (a) 9 x 102 (b) 3,6 x 105
,#*, Ex+h (c) 6,1 x 107
(e) 6 x l0-I
(d) g x to-+
(f) 3,4 x t0-3
3 The exterior angle of a regular decagon
(ten sides) is

4
A 100 B lgo c
Calculate the value of
200 D 300 E
(fit)-l x
360
(r)1.
' il,="J,);j. :,(;tuill,"", ;,,(il
Aifr Bl ct Drt Ef vector.
(a) r+b (b) a-b
5 Evaluate - 5l - 6 whenT = -1.
9)' (e) b-c (d) c-r
A-88-4C4 D8 E16 (e) e-c-b (f) r+3b-2c
6 Use tables to find the value of the following,
(a) 4,82 (b) 482 (c) 4802
(d) V6 (e) rfso (r) VBTffi
7 Find by drawing and measurement, the
angle whooc tangenlil l.

100
Non-routine problems (1)
There are three sets of non-routirre problems Fit the three pieces together to make a
in this book: here, on page 194 and on page shape which has bilateral symmetry. Two
274. The problems are included to encourage examples are shown in Fig. Q2.
you to think independently, to deve!op skills in
problem solving and to demonstrate some of
the enjoyable and recreational fcatu:es of
mathematics. Some of the problems are in the
forr r of puzzles; others aslt you to investigate a
given situation.
There is no 'right way' to approach these
problems, You may havc to consider unusual
(non-routine) approaches. For example, the
method of trial and error is oflten a good first
strategy. Many of the investigations are open
ended. Therefore, not only is it sometimes Fis,Q]
difficult to know where to start, it is also dilficult
to know when to stop! (a) How many symmetrical shapes can
Investigations can often be approached you make from the three pieces?
systematically. If a problem seems too complex, (b) Think of gome other activities with
try a simpler example of the same kind. Find a these pieces.
helpful way of recording your results; this t Nine nailr are arranged 5 cm apart to
often meanr completing lism or tables. You make a pin board ar rhown in Fig. Qt (a).
may then discover a pattern which might An elastic band is put round some of the
suggest a rule, A few of the following problems pins ar shown in Fig. Qg (b).
give tables to get you started,
You will not normally need any materials
other than paper and pencil. However, for
many of the problems, a supply of cm squared
paper will be very useful. Also, some problems
ask you to cut shapes fi.om cardboard or paper.
The problems arc not pl'esented in order of
difficulty, Look at a fcw, then choose one
which looks interesting to you, Then choose
another, and another, ...
(b)
I From some cardboard, cut out threc pieces
as shown in Fig. Ql.
Fis.W
What is the area enclosed by the band?
A number is 'interesting' if the sum of its
digits divides the number without remain-
der, e.g. 247 is 'interesting' because
2 + + t 7 = 13 and 247 is divisible by 13.
Investigate'interesting' numbers.
The rectangle in Fig. Qa is made up of
Fie,A squares.
l0t
Fis.W
into two pieccs only, but you can nol cut the
Ix 4 strip.
(b) Investigate for other cases where
you are given an n x n square and a
Fig. Qa
I x (z - 2) rectangle to make a (n - l) x
(n + 2) rectangle.
9 Place the numbers I to 9 in the circles in
The length of the sides of each square is a
Fig. Q6 so that each side adds up to the
whole number of centimetres. The two
same total.
smallest squares have sides of length 3 cm.
(a) Find the lengths of the sides of the
other squares and the area of the rectangle.
(b) Is it possible to find another way of
arranging the squares to form a different
rectangle?
5 Find the smallest number which leaves a
remainder of I when divided by 5, a
remainder of 5 when divided by 6 and a
remainder of 3 when divided by 7. Find a
rule which will give all the higher numbers
with this property.
6 A cube of edge 2 cm is placed inside a
sphere, so that its eight corners lie on the
Fis.
surface of the sphere. Find the radius of
the sphere.
7 Here is a number pattern: l0 Fig. Q7 shows some 2 X 2 squares which
have been shaded in diIlerent ways using
9- l:8 up to three colours (black, white and grey).
98- 12:86
987-123:864
(a) Continue this pattern until you reach
98765432t - 123456789 :
(b) Can you see anything special about Fis-W
the final number?
Fig. Q5 shows a6 x 6 square and a I X 4
In how many different ways can a 2 X 2
rectangle.
square be shaded in this way by three
colours?
(a) Your task is to make a 5 x 8 rectangle Investigate for other squares and other
from these pieces. You can cut the square numbers of colours.
102
ll Fig. Q8 shows how matchsticks can be Investigate for tables of other sizcs. Given
arranged to make chains of squares. a table of a certain size, isit possible to
predict (a) the number of bounces the ball

I_tr_l_ll_l.t_l will make, (b) the distance it travels on the

table, (c) the pocket which it finishes in?
It may help if you record your results in a
Fig. Q8 table such as Table Q2.
Table Q2
Copy and complete Table Ql.
Table Ql table number of dist^nce Gnal
size bounces pocket
number of squares number of matches
3x4 5 t2\/, BRH
I 4 2x3
2 7 3x3
3 t0 4x3
4 lxl
n etc.

f2 (a) Find a 2-digit number in base five 14 The divisors of 12 (not counting 12 itself)
such that when the order of its digits are are 1,2, 3, 4, 6. The sum of these divisors
reversed, the number is doubled. is I * 2 + 3 + 4 + 6 : 16. Similarly, the
(b) Does such a 2-digit number exist in sum ofthe divisors of 16 is I + 2 + 4 * I :
base ten? 15. These nuhrbers can be shown as a
13 Fig. Q9 shows an unusual snooker table chain:
which measures 4 units by 3 units. It has
[email protected]
(a) Continue the chain as far as you can.
(b) Investigate chains starting with other
numbers, e.g. start with 10, 18, 20, 26,
___ I ___ \
t.t 37, 28 or 24.
15 Ms M asked four students A, B, C, D to
tell her their marks in a test. The students
told Ms M that they wanted to give lur a
test. They would each tell her two marks,
one true and one false in either possible
order:
A said,'B scored 16. C scored ll.'
Fig. Qe B said, 'D got 12. C got 16.'
C said, 'A's mark was 16. D's mark was
four pockets, one at each corner. A ball is 21.'
projected across the table from the bottom Before D could speak, Ms M said, 'I've
left-hand corner at 45o to the side. It just remembered that you all got dilferent
bounces offthe sides, always at 45o, until it marks and one of you got 21. Now I
finishes in the bottom right-hand corner know your marks!'
(BRH) as shown. What were the marks?
103
Chapter I I

C,eneral arithmetic (2)

Fractions, decimals, percentages
Fractions Example I
Exercise I la (Oral revision) Which.fraclion is the .grealer, *, or *?
I Find the number of cents in the following. '['he cclmmon denominator of fr and fs is 65
(a) I of $t (b) I of $l (i.e. 5 x I3).
(c) I of $l (d) t or$l ?:? x ts
(e) l of $2 (f) $ ot $2 5 5 x 13 =20
65
2 t'ind the number of minutes in the following.
(a) t hour (b) I hour 5 5x5
(c) :t hour (d) | hour 13 13 x 5 =2!
-:- 65
(e) t o[ 2 hours (f) fr of 2 hours Since *$ > tB, I is tlre grcatcr {iaction.
3 Find the number ofseconds ir4he following.
(a) | min (b) * min Example 2
(c) I min (d) rt min Sinpti!2 (ll + l8) + s*.
(.) t o[ 2 min (f) f, of 2 min
4 Find the number of grammes in the
following.
(rn+r*) +5*:(,#.1) .-f
(a) rt ks (b) I ks
(c) I ks (d) rlrrt ks =(as * Q1\ , _t
(.) r88r of 2 ks(r) I of 2 ks \+o'+o/"+:
5 Find I ot$3 in cents.
_129,9:3x13_B
6 Find * of 3 km in metres. - +i .', x'0- ^ 43
7 Find I of 2L hours in minutes.
_3
_E
E Find I of 6 cm in millimetres,
9 Find I ot2,l kg in grammes, Example 5
l0 Find fi of 4,5 m in millimetres. I ol a class of 40
ll In each of the following, express the first iludents studl history and .tlud1 |
geograpfut. Eacry ttudenl sludies al least one of these
quantity as a lraction of the second, Give
wbjecls. (a) How manl sludents study bolh tubjecl.r?
the fraction in its lowest terms.
(b) What Jraclion ol lhc class sludics hisktryt but not
(r) 15 s, I min (b) 50 s, I min
(") l0 min, ll h (d) 25 cm, 3 m geagraphl?

(.) 40c, $1 (1") 500 g, 2 kg (a) Numbe r of students

(S) 5 days, 5 weeks (h) 800 m, 3 km studying history : *x 40 : 24
12 Calculate the value of the following. Number of students
(") I of$a (b) I ot3 h studyinggeography: I x 40:30
(.) fiof5kg (d) lof3m T'otal number of students studying history
(") I of 4 min (f) N of 4,8 cm and geograPhY
(s) i ot $2,70 (h) I of 2 h 24 min = 24 +30 : 54
(i) | of 6,3 km (i) fi of l,B m Since there are only 40 students in tlre
(k) I of 5,4 cm (l) tt of 5,6 g class, number studying both subject.s
(m) | of 3 weeks (o) fi of $3,+t =54- 40: 14

104
(b) Of the 24 students studying historl, 14 t2
also study geography.
Number studying history only = 24 ' 14
=10
Fraction studying history only = *8 = I l3 Kudzai can hoe a garden in 5 hours and
0r: Farai can hoe it in 4 houts. What fraction
Since I of the class study geography, I of of the garden can each of them hoe in
the class study history but not geography. I hour? If they work together, what fraction
Exercise llb of the garden will they hoe in I hour? How
t Simplify the following. long will it take them to hoe the whole
(a) tt+8 (b) t-l garden working together?
(c) 4l - tl (d) 3+ + li 14 How many pieces of striug each 8l cm long
(e) l-i+l (f) el+sl-61 can be cut from a string 421 cm long?
15 (a) What is the product of l[ and 3l?
(s) $xl (h) *l + *l
(b) What must be added to the product of
(i) l* + 2* lt x lrt
(k) 21 x 3t + 4l 0)
(l) lt + l* x 3l lI and 3l to make a total of 8l?
16 Divide 2Ot[ by 6l and add the result to the
2 Find the fraction which is the greater, fr or product of ll and 3t.
rL.
3 Determine which is the greatest of $, f, {$. l7 l of the girls in a 3rd form play netball and
4 Simpliff the following. I play volleyball. Every girl plays at least
one of these games. If 27 girls'play both
(a) (2* 1 3ffi) + 6l
games, how many girls are there in the 3rd
(b) (7tr - l*) - (41 + 4t)
(") U+2txl-l form?
l8 In an election there were 3 candidates. N of
,,' 2++31
(o/ the electors voted for the winner, The
,*= l* runner-up received I of the remaining
(e) 6*-21+lt votes.
\',, l-*
,r"
*+*
(a) What fraction of the electors voted for
the third candidate? (b) If the winner
5 Express 0,575 as a fraction in its lowest received 3 021 votes more than the runner-
terms. up, how many electors voted?
6 A student has B0c. She spends l6c. What 19 A man made a will in which he left t of his
fraction of her original money does she money to his wife and I of the remainder to
have left? - his eldest child. The rest was to be shared
7 A flag-polb 6,3 m long is drivgn 1,4 m into equally among his four younger children.
the ground. What fraction of the pole is If each of the younger children received
above the ground? $540, what was the wife's share?
t There are 572 students in a mixed school. 20 During one year in a sdrool, I of the students
rt of them are boys. How many girls are had measles, I had chicken-pox and I had
there? neither. What fraction of the school had
I How much less than 6 is the sum of 2l and both measles and chicken-pox?
2t?
l0 A notebook has 128 pages and 88 ofthem
Decimals
have been used, What fraction of the note-
book remains? Exercise f lc (Oral nevieion)
I I After spending t of her money on sweets I Evaluate the following.
and * on cosmetics, a woman was left with (a) 3,42 x I00 (b) 0,725 x I 000
$6,50. How much money did she have (c) 22,55 x I 000 (d) 0,041 x 100
originally? (e) 9,84 + l0 (f) 9,84 + 100
r05
(g) + I 000 (h) 7 905 + 100
38,6 Example 5
(il 2,7 x tO4 (j) 35,8 + 103 simptifl%&
(k) 650 + 102 (l) 0,0005 x 103
2 Express the following as decimal fractions.
20,3 x 0,88 x 0,ll (after equal divi-
2,9
(a) L I (.) I
2,21 -
(b) (d) *
(e) * (f) fo (s) zh (h) €+ 0,04 sion bY 7 and 8)
3 Evaluate the following. _ 2,9 x ll (multiplying num.
(a) 0,9x3 (b) 6x0,4 4 and denom. by 100)
(c) 8x0,2 (d) 0,5x5
(e) 0,7 x 0,4 (f) 0,3 x 0,8 31.9

G) 0,1 x 0,5 (h) 0,2 x 0,3 4

(i) 0,6 x 0,08 (j) 0,07 x 0,09
- 7,975
4 Evaluate the following.
(a) 3,5+7 (b) 3,5 + 0,7
(c) 2,4 0,8
+ (d) 2,4+8
(e) 0,036+9 (f) 3,6 + 0,09 Example 6
Conaert $352 lnto Francs if f,l - $1,65 and
[l : ll,l0 Francs.
From the given exchange rates,
$1,65 : ll,l0 Francs (: fl)
By unitary method,
When adding or subtracting decimals, always
place the numbers so that decimal commas are $t : lH Francs
under each other, units are under units, and so
on. $352 :1J,# Francs

_ lllq x 352
Francs
165
E-arnple 4 : 2 368 Francs
Sinplify. tlu follouing conect to 3 decimal places.
ll,416 + 0,,+63 4 + 25,400 33 - 32,37891
addition: I1,416
Exercise lld
+ 0,4s3 4
+ 25,400 33
I Add the following and give your answers
correct to 3 significant figures. (Do not
37,279 73
round off until addition has been done.)
subtraction: 37,279 73 (a) 18,058; 0,302; 7,82; 0,004
- 32,378 9l (b) 13,66; 4,3I8; 0,7; 26,85; 5,2
4,900 82 (c) 0,213; 0,008 7; 7,32;0,614 39
11,416 + 0,463 4
: -
+ 25,400 33 32,37891 (d) 0,065; 0,304 4;0,735 6; 0,997
4,900 82 (e) 30,043; 0,74; 12,375; 0,823; 6,005
: 4,901 to 3 d.p. 2 Simplifr the following correct to 2 decimal
places.
Notice, in Example 4, that rounding offis done (a) 0,678 + 0,742I - 0,820 5
after addition and subtraction. (b) 7,382 - 0,795 3 + 0,058 9
When dividing by decimals, simplifr where (c) 2,683 - 6,808 + 5,316
possible by making equal divisions and multi- (d) 0,71 + 98,438 - (8,263 + t,737)
plications of the numerator and denominator. (e) 9,205 - 3,142 - 3,25 - 1,094
106
3 Simplifr the following. Percentages
(b)
Exercise f fe (Oral revision)
I Express the following percentages (i) as
(d) fractions in their lowest form, (ii) as
decimals.
(a) 25% (b) 50% (") 75o/o
1.1

/f\
su x 0,051
(d) 20"/" (e) l0o/o (f) 30"/"
(g) e0% (h) 5% (i) TYo
(j) ss% (k) 33t% (l) 66?Yo
\r'' 13.2o,rg8 2 Express the following fractions and
., 0.97+0.56
\s@ffi decimals as percentages.
(.) I (b) 0,25 (") ,t
(d) 0,4 (e) * (f) 0,01
t"' o,g7-+ 2,49
t2
,hl-
2.76
(s) * (h) 0,e5 (i) t6
(j) 0,73 (k) I (l) 0,32s
(i) 0,64 x (1,184 2 - 0,809 2) 3 Express the first quantity as a percentage
(j) 1,103 + 0,42 x 2,85 ofthe second.
4 Without using tables, divide 0,689 85 by (a) $1, $2 (b) 20c, $l
3,15. (c) 3km,5km (d) 270" 360"
Evaluatb 0,047 x 70 correct to I decimal (e) 30",90" (f) 12,5 cm, 50 cm
place. (g) 300 m, I km (h) 1,2 litres, 3 litres
B3*
Writero+fi+ loo as a
(i) 60c, $2 (j) $1, $l,so
15555 4 Calculate the following.
decimal number. (a) l0% of$l (b) 25% of$l
7 Given that 4,928 x 37,5 = 184,8, evaluate (c) a0% of $2 (d) 60% of $1,50
49,28 x 0,375. (e) 80% of I kg (f) t2L% of 60 mf
8 How many notebooks at $0,95 each can a (g) 5% of$8 (h) 70% of 2 m
trader buy for $17,10? If she sells them at (i) 33*% of 2tc (j) 66*'/' of $24
$1,25 each, find her total profit. 5 In a box of 200 mangoes M are,bad. What
A man walks at the rate of 88 paces to the percentage is bad?
minute. If the average length of his pace is 6 In a test a student obtained 30 marks out
0,875 m, find the time he takes to walk of a possible ,*0. What percentage was this?
2,31 km. 7 A woman gets a l0% pay rise. Ifher present
10 Posts at the side of a road arc 3,75 m apart wage is fi5 per week, calculate her new
and extend for three-quarters of a kilometre. weekly wage.
How many posts are there? 8 A man pays 15% of his taxable income as
ll A quantity of identical plastic blocks tax. If his taxable income is $3 000, how
weighs 10,98 kg. If each block weighs much tax does he pay?
54,9 g, how many blocks are there? I A man buys a car costing $g S00. He pays
12 Divide the sum of 3,19 and 2,39 by 3,6. a 20o/o deposit. How much is the deposit?
l3 By how much is the product of 0,2 and l0 A trader reduces all her prices by l0%.
15,4 lessthan l0? What will be the price of a pair of shoes
t4 In a school, 0,6 of the total number of originally malked at $$1?
children have had chicken-pox, while 162
children have not had chicken-pox. What When finding percentage increase or decrease,
is the enrolment of the school? the percentage is calculated on the.original
l5 Which is greater, (0,2)3 or (0,3)2?-How amount. First o<press the increase (or decrease)
much greater? as a fraction of the original amount, then
t07
convert the fraction to a percentage by multi Example 9
plying it by I00. Decrcase 9360 bt 15%.
Either:
ts% of$360=
Example 7
Tlu pricc of a carpet is giacn as $450 or $210 down
ffi of$s60
and tlu balawc in twclac monthl2 pa.yment^s of$24,75. _ x 56C
Whal pcrcentage morc will bc paid i,f thc carpct is
- "-loo
^15 -

bought on hire purchase?

Hire purchase price = $210 + 12 x $24,75

=ry=$54
= $210 + $297 Resuired amount - $s+
= $507 ffi33
Extra cost ofhire purchasp 0r,' =
= $507 - $450 Required amount
= $57
Extra cost as fraction of original cost ;"i:x'
= I00
=$17 _57
$450 450
Extra cost as' *" ^17 x 36
$-2
"*l'n-H'j ;;il' = $306

_ 19 x l00o/
150 - 'o Exanple l0
186 ds llu rcsult of inmcasing a nurnbcr b2 20To.
= l2l%o Find thc numbn.
There are a number of ways of finding the By unitary method
result of increasing or decreasing a given 120% sf the number = 186
quantity by a given percentage. Example 8
shows some of these methods. l%o ofthe number = ]g
120

Example E
loo% of rhe number =
iffi x loo
Incrcasc 180 mf by 40Yo.
lst ncthod (unitary method):
=lqgx!
6
100% of the quantity = I80 md
lo/" of the quantity = ffi m4 =31 x5
140% of the quantity = +88 140 x mt = 155
The number is 155.
= 252 m0
2nd mclhod:
Unless instructed otherwise, profit and loss
mf = ffi of 180 mf =
40o/o of 180 12 m( are always calculated as a percentage of the
Required quantity:
cost pricc,
133 :tr.72m(
3rd mctlnd:
Required quantity *, Examplc ll
A mat is bought Jor $14,00 and sold at a profit of
] $*tLflr,r, 35Yo. Calatlalc lhc sclling pricc.
108
Selling price = l35Yo of cost price Exercise llf
I By what fraction should a quantity be
: ffi
135
of $14,00 multiplied to (a) increase it, (b) decrease it,
by: 20Yo, 50"/", 37 Yo, 60/o, 130/o?
(Do not simplifi the fractions: i.e. leave
each fraction with a dencminator of 100.)
= $27 x 0,1 2 Find the selling price of an article which is
= $lg,g0 bought for
(a) $t,Zs and sold at a profit of 24o/o,
Example 12 (b) 75c and sold at a profit of l2%o,
82 sclling an ittmfu $6 900 a dcaler makcs a profit (c) $A,SO and sold at a profit of 4$o/o,
of l5lo. How mwh did tlu iten cost? (d) $340 and sold at a loss of 60/o,
By unitary method, (e) $9,20 and sold at a loss of 7Lo/o-
ll5% ofcost price = $6 900 3 Find the gain or loss per cent when an
article is bought for
lo/o ofcost price = t il5 =9=00 (a) 30c and sold for 42c,
(b) $i,60 and sold for $6,65,
(c) $g,SO and sold for fi,34,
l@7o of cost price = ffi#g (d) $tO,+O and sold for $19,27,
(e) $l8a and sold for $101,20.
=ffi#lq Find the cost price of an article which is
sold for
= $300 x 20 (a) $ZZ at a profit of l0%,
= $6000 (b) $5,85 at a profit of 3Uo/o,
The item $O OOO. (c) $9,4O at a profit of l7["/o,
"ort (d) $15,i5 at a loss of 16%,
Errrnple l3 (e) $3lg,0O at a loss of 6"/".
A biqclc is sold for $567 at a loss of l2Yo. 5 What percentage of 4 is 5?
Calathtt tlu cost pritc. 6 When a farm of 325 ha is increased by
Since 100 - l2L = 87L, 167o, what is its new area?
selling price = 87lo/o of cost price. 7 A woman's income increases from $6 020
87lo/o of cost price = $567 to $6 923. Calculate the increascper cent.
t A boy spends 32Yo of his money and has
100% ofcost price= $567 , 34c left. How much had he at first?
H I By selling a radio for $84,00, a dealer
gained l2olo. How much money did she
=$567><ffi gain?
l0 In an examination a girl gets 425 marks
:ffii,;+ ll
out of 625. Calculate her percentage.
In an examination a student s@res 78 out
= $648 of a maximum 90 marks. Express this
or:
result as a percentage, correct to three
l2lo/o = |
significant figures.
I ofcost price = $567 12 A spring which was 35 cm long is stretched
I ofcost price : $567 x N
so that its length is increased by 160lo.
= $648 Calculate its new length.
Notice that in all of the above examples the It A storekeeper decided to give a l0o/o
working out and simplification is left as late as discount on all purchases during the
possible. Christmas season. How much would a
t09
customer pay for an item that originally will cost $20 for each of the next four years,
cost $240? and then $35 for each of the following three
t4 A tailor gives a discount of 2Lo/" for cash years. At the end of these eight years he
payments. Calculate the reduced price of a expects to receive a trade-in value of$20 for
suit marked $81,60. the set when he buys a new one. Calculate
l5 A car dealer gained $600 on a sale. Ifthis (i) the installation charge, (ii) the total
was equivalent to an 8"/" profit, what was estimated repair cost, (iii) the estimated
the cost price of the car? net cost ofthe set over the eight years (that
t6 By selling an article for $35,00, a dealer is, the total he expects to pay less the
lost 30%. For how much should she have trade-in value).
sold it to gain 30%? The cost to rent the same set is $8,40 per
t7 A trader made a loss of l0% on a bicycle month during the first year but 7L"/"
he sold for $810. If he had sold it for $864 discount is allowed if the year's rental is ,

what would have been his percentage loss paid in advance. Calculate the rental for
or gain? this year if it is paid in advance. [Camb]
l8 A factory increases its annual production
of radios from 4 325 to 4 67l. Simple interest
(a) Calculate the increase per cent.
(b) Calculate the number of radios it When money is borrowed, the price paid for
would have had to produce for an increase using the money is called interest. Similarly, a
of 12"/o. person who saves money receives payments of
l9 By selling an article for $2t,75 a woman interest proportional to the money he saves.
makes a profit of 16%. The money borrowed (or saved) is called
(a) Calculate how much the article cost. the principal. The interest is usually a
(b) For how much should she have sold it percentage of the principal for each year the
to make a profit of 2B"h? money is borrowed. For example, if someone
20 In April, Shupikai bought a bag of corn for borrows $tOO at 12"/o p.a., the interest is $12
$2+,00. When she wanted to buy more in each year. p.a. is short forlcr annutn and means
June she found that she could only buy I of 'yearly'.In I year the interest is $12, in 2 years
a bag for $24,00. What was the percentage the interest is $24, and so on. When interest is
increase in price from April to June? paid in regular intervals like this, it is called
2r A man earning $5 625 per annum is simple interest.
awarded a pay rise of 8%. Calculate his Any one of simple interest, I principal, P,
new annual salary. [Camb] percentage rate p.a., rt, or time in years, Z,
22 Express 1,26 metres as a percentage of 4,5 may be calculated by substitution in the
metres. [Camb] formula:
23 The total cost of a car service consists of a ,-PRT
basic price plus a tax of 157o. Given that
the total cost is $690, calculate the basic
'- 160-

price of the service. [Camb] Example 14

24 ln a batch of 150 articles 67o were defective. Calculate tlu simple intcrest az $450 which is
Calculate the number which were not
defective.
borrowed for li )tort at 8o/o p.a.
[Camb]
25 A man is deciding whether to buy or rent a - PRT
1: where P: $450, ft: B, T: lL
new radio set. The model he wants costs ffi
$,100 and the dealer charges an additional
3*% of this cost to install it. During the first /: $*+3-t: $%_.t2: $s4
year no charge will be made for repairs.
After this the man estimates that repairs The simple interest is $54.
ll0
Example 15 (b) $360 will earn $81 in 3 years,
At what rate per cent per annutn is simple interest paid (c) $tOZ will earn $43,20 in 4 years,
uthen $5 680,00 jelds an inlerest of $170,40 in 6 (d) $485,40 will amount to $631,02 in
months? 6 years,
From the data of the question, (.) $aZZ,0g will amount to $652,19 in
P = $5 680,1: $170,40, T = L l0 years.
Note that I must be expressed in years. For how long must I leave $400 in a bank
to earn an interest of $48, the rate being
Using the formula,, :'#, 3o/o p.a. simple interest?
Calculate the principal which earns $750,75
gl7o,4o =* @#A& simple interest in I I years at 7o/o p.a.
Calculate the simple interest on $146 from
6 March 1992 to 19 May 1992 (inclusive)
Make .R the subject of the formula. at 7o/o p.a. (Use the calendar given in the
^
U:-:-= 100x 170.4 t7 040 | 704 426 Tables on page 277 to find'the number of
5680x+ 2840 284 7l days in March and April.)
-:- A woman invests $50,00 at 5oh simple
-6 interest for 4 years. How much was her
The rate is 6% p.a. investment worth by the end of this period?
If simple interest on loans is increased
from 5% to Sli% per annum, what would
Exercise l lg be the increase in interest charged on a
I Calculate the simple interest on the loan of $l 200 for a period of 4 months?
following. r0 Calculate which gives the greater interest
(a) $ZSO for B years at 60/o p.a., and by how much: $400 invested for l0
(b) $28,20 for 7 years at Soh p.a., yearp at B"/" p.a. simple interest, or $400
(c) $74,40 for 2 yr 7 mo at l07o p.a., invested for 9 years * 9o/o p.a. simple
(d) $108 for B months at 97o p.a., interest.
(e) $221,40 for I yr 4 mo at Bi% p.a. 1l A person invests $840 for 3 years and
2 Calculate the principal that will earn receives $63 simple interest.At what rate
interest of per cent per annum was the money
(a) $Bl in 12 years at 7*o/o p.a., invested?
(b) $297,50 in 7 years at 5o/o p.a., 12 A bank charges $28 simple interest on a
(c) $63,12 in l0 years at 5*o/" p.a., sum of money which is borrowed for four
(d) $162,89 in 4 yr 4 mo at 4"h p.a., months. Given that the rate of interest is
(e) $130,32 in 9 years at l2i"/" p.a. 15% per annum, calculate the sum of
3 Find the time in which money. [Camb]
(u) $ZSO will earn $52,50 at 6"/o p.a., 13 If $3 900 is borrowed at ll"h p.a. simile
(b) $Z1O,ZS will earn $121,10 at 7oh p.a., interest, what total payment will settle the
(c) $294,25 will earn $l 17,70 at Bo/o p.a., debt after two weeks?
(d) $159,60 will amount* to $191,52 at t4 A woman wants to buy a refrigerator
5"/o p.a., costing $642. Ifshe has it now and pays for
(e) $tSO will amount* to $277,50 at it by instalments for a year, the price is
9to/o p.a. increased by 15%. However, if she saves a
(*The amount is the sum of the principal certain sum now at 7o/o per annum simple
and the interest.) interest, it will amount to $642 in I year.
4 Calculate the rate per cent p.a. at which Calculate how much money she saves by
(a) $2a5 will earn $117,80 in B years, waiting a year for the refrigerator.

ill
Chapter 12

Solving triangles (3) Sine and cosine

Sine and cosine Fig. 12.2 shows AAHK in various positions.

The sides of the triangle are as follows:
AH, the hypotenuse,
^
KH, the side opposite to A,
/.K, the side adjacent to A.
These are abbreviated to hyp, opp, adj
respectively, so that
oPP adj
sin A = cos A = hvp
hvp

Fig. 12.1 Example I

Find, b2 drpwing and measurcmcnt, appmximatc
In Fig. 12.1, As HAK, PAM, XAY are similar. oalucs for sin 25o, cos 25o, siz 48o, cos 48o, sin 70",
70o.
lhus,
KH MP YX cos

1g'= AF.: IT On graph pap€r, draw a quadrant of a circle of

radius l0 units.
The value of this ratio depends onlv on the
A. The ratio is called tire siDe of A fnis
size of
is usually shortened to sin A.
Similarly,
AK= AM: AY.is a ratio whose
AH: ffi Ai
size depends only on th^e size of A. This ratio is
called ihe cosiac of A, usually shortened to
cos A.

OPP

Fig. 12.3

Nob: ln Fig. 12.3, to save space, a scale of I cm

to 2 units has been used. In practice, it is better
Fig. 12.2 to use a scale of I cm to I unit.
ll2
,t- I
Draw BAX = 25o. Construct P on AX so '
that BPA = 90o. Then, in AAPB,
1i-.
r:i t 20 ll
Draw an arc of radius l0 cm and Per-"
sin25o=H =#=0,42 pendicular radii OX and OY as be,fore.
Mark offOB = 6 crn'afiong OX. Construct
cos25o=#=fr=0'9 BA perpendicular to O$ to cut the arc
at A. Fig. 12.5 is a scale drawing of the
Similarly, in AACQ, CAq = 48o and construction.

sin48o=ffi =#=0,7+
Fig. 12.5
cos48o=ffi=:f =0,67
o 6cm B
In AADR, DAR = 700 and

In Fig. 12.5, cos AOB = * = 0,OO

sinToo=H=1#=o,rn l0
By measurement, AOB = 53'.
cosToo=#=1# =0,s4
Exerciee l2a
Example 2
I Find by drawing and measurement, as in
Find by drawing (a) thc anglc whosc sinc is 0,56,
Example l, approximate values for
(b')'tlu anglc ulwsc cositu is 0,60.
(a) sin 20o, cos 20o, (b) sin 40o, cos 40o,
(c) sin 65o, cos 65o.
2 Find by drawing and measurement, as in
(a) 0,56 =
if
It is necessary to constrlrct a right-angled
Example 2, approximate sizes of angles A, B,
C, D, E, F where
triangle with a hypotenuse of l0 units and (a) sin 6 = L, (b) cds 3 = 8,
a side of 5,6 units. Draw an arc of a circle (c) sin C = t, (d) cos D = 0,95,
centre O and radius l0 cm. Draw per- (e) sin E = 0,26, (f) cos F = 0,34.
pendicular radii OX and OY. Draw a line
parallel to OX and 5,6 cm from OX to cut Use of sine and oosine
the arc at A. Draw AB perpendicular to
Sines and cosines ofangles are used to find the
ox. lengths of unknown sides in triangles. Table
Fig. 12.4 is a scale drawing of the
12.l gives the sines and cosines of some chosen
construction.
angles.
Table l2.l
angle A sin A cos A
300 0,5000 0,8660
Fig. 12.4 5'6 cm
350 0,5736 0,8192
o 400 0,6428 0,7660
In Fig. 12.4,
+50 0,7081 0,7071
0,6429
sinAOB=H=lf=0,s6 500
550
0,7660
0,8192 0,5736
60" 0,8660 0,5000
By measurement, AOB = 34'.
ll3
aa1
The values in . Table l2.l are given to4 The village is 6,13 km north of O.
significant figures. Notice that if the unknown side is opposite the
given angle, use the sine of the angle; if the
Example 3 unknown side is adjacent to the given angle, use
Calculate the ualue of x in Fig. the cosine of the angle.

Exercise l2b
Use the values in Table 12.l in this exercise.
Give all answers correct to 3 s.f,
I Find the value of x in each of the triangles in
Fig. 12.8.
Fig. 12.6

In Fig. 12.6, the hypotenuse is given and r is

opposite the given angle. Use the slzz of the given
angle.

:
srn 55-
JT

,
<) x:20 X sin 55o cm
: 20 x 0,8192 cm
: 16,384 cm
: 16,4 cm to 3 s.f.
Example 4
A uillage as 8 km on a bearing of 040' from a point
O. Calculate hou far the uillage is north d O. (.)
Fig. 12.7 shows the position of the village, V, Fig. 12.8
in relation to O.
N 2 Find the value of7 in each of the triangles in
Fig. 12.9.

(.)

Fig. 12.7
O
It is required to find the length of OP. OP is
adjarmt to the known angle. Use the cosiru of 4Oo.

cos 40o :+
6, OP:gXcos40okm
:8 x 0,7660 km
:6,128 km
: 6,13 km to 3 s.f. Fig. 12.9

ll4
Find the value of < in each of the triangles in 7 cos 74" 8 sin 16' sin 38o
Fig. 12.10. l0 cos 52o ll sin 2l' 12 cos 69o
l3 sin 43,5o 14 sin 60,8' f5 sin 14,2o
(a) (b) r6 cos 19,6o17 cos 80,8o 18 cos 33,3o
r9 sin 45o 12' 20 sin 25" 54' 2l sin 8lo 24'
22 cos 30o 30'23 cos 9" 48' 24 cos 56o 6'
25 cos 54,7o 26 sin 35,3' 27 sih 28,6o
28 cos 61,4o 29 cos 66'24'30 sin 23o 36'

Example 5
Use tables to find the angle (a) uhose szne is +,
(b)uhose cosine is 0,4475.

(a) Let the angle be A, then sin A : ?.

Fis. 12.10
Express ? as a decimal correct to 4 d.p.
4 = 0,28571 ... = 0,2857 to 4 d.p.
4 A ladder, 5 m long, leans against a wall so
sin A = 0,2857
that it
makes an angle of 60" with the
Looking within the sine table entries,
horizontal ground. Calculile how far up the
0,2857 is opposite 16o and under 0,6".
wall the ladder reaches.
Thus A : 16,6o to the nearest 0, lo.
5 A village.is l0 km on a bearing 050' from a
point O. Calculate how far the village is (b) LetcosB = 0,4475.
north of O. In the table, cos 63o 24' :0,4478
6 A diagonal of a square is 20 cm long. How Comparing the decimal fractions:
long is each side? 4478-4475=3
7 The vertical angle of a cone is 70o and its Thus 3 needs to be subtracted from 4478
slant height is I I cm. Calculate the height to give the required 4475. In the cosine
of the cone. table, when differences are subtracted the
E A rhombus of side l0 cm has obtuse angles corresponding minutes are adfud. In the
of I l0o. Sketch the rhombus, showing its differences column the value 3 can be
diagonals and as many angles as possible. found in the l' column. Thus, add l' to
Hence calculate the lengthp of the diagonals the 63" 24' to give:
of the rhombus. B : 63o 25'
Notes:

Using sine and cosine tables I In the sine table, the differences are added
as usual.
Four-figure sine and cosine tables are given on 2 In the cosine table, because cosines ofacute
pages 281 and 282. These are used in much angles decrease as the angles increase, the
the same way as tangent tables. differences are subtracted.
Notice the following:
I In the sine table, as angles increase from 0o Exercise l2d (Oral or written)
to 90o, their sines increase from 0 to l. Use tables to find the angles whose (a) sines,
2 In the cosine table, as angles increasc from (b) cosines are as follows.
0o to 90o, their cosines dccrease from I to 0. I 0,5978 2 0,7986 3 0,3584
4 0,60t9 5 0,5299 6 0,4067
Exercise l2c (OraI or written) 7 0,8339 E 0,1685 I 0,5165
Use the tables on pages 281 and 282 to find the l0 0,5990 ll 0,7302 12 0,0732
value of the following. l3 0,4949 14 0,5555 15 0,2000
I sin 56o 2 sin 80o 3 sin 5o 163 fiiE r8+
4 cos 41o 5 cos 78o 6 cos l2o t9 0,22t2 20 0,5673 21 0,6309
Il5
Example 6 B-ample t
A wirc 12 m long gocs from tlu top of a 6-mete A car iraocb 120 m along a straight road ihich is
polc lo a fuinl on a ocrtiml wall l0 m aboac tlu inclhud at 8o ta tlu hoizontal. Calculau tlu acrtical
groud. Wlwt is tlu angle bctwcm tlu wirc and tlu distatuc thmugh whieh tlu car riscs.
wall? (Assumc tlut tlu wirc is strctclud tight.)
Fig. 12.13 is a sketch of the road.
Fig. 12.ll represents the data of the question.
0 is the required angle.

Fis. 12.13

In Fig. 12.13, i is the vertical distance.

sinSo =h
Fig. l2.ll (+ h= 120 X sin 8o m
= 120 x 0,1392 m
Adding the construction line shown dotted in = 16,704 m
Fig. 12.l l, = 16,7 to 3 s.f.
cos0=t=l=0,3333
0: 70o 28'

Example 7 Exercisc l2e

Calailau tlu lcngth of ttu bPotenwc of tlu tniangh Give all calculated lengths correct to 2 signifi-
in Fig. 12.12. cant figures. Give all calculated angles correct
to the nearest 0,1o.
I Calculate the lengths a, b, c, d, cr.f, g, h in
Fig. 12.14, all lengths being in cm. - -

Fig. 12.12

In Fig. 12.12,
,in 43'=
i
€ixsin43o=8
e t= 8 cm= 8
sin 43o 0,6820 "-

From reciprocal tables,Onk = 1,466.

Hence, [=8x1,466cm
= 11,728 cm
= 1,1,7 cm to 3 s.f. Fig. 12.14

l16
2 Calculate the angles a, 9,1,5 in Fig' 12'15'

l5 cm
Fig. 12.17

5 Calculate the angles d,9,'1,6 in Fig' 12'18'

l20mm

Fig. 12.15

3 Calcutate the length of the hypotenuse in

each of the triangles in Fig. 12.16, all lengths
being in cm. 7cm 12m

(a)
Fig. 12.18

6A fromaPoint
on Pofavertical
po nd is inclined
at ate the height
of the pole.
? A point P is 'lO km from Q on I bearing
06i'. Calculate the distance that P is
f Q, (b) east of Q.
E s a side view of a table which is
by legs inclined at 0 to the
Fie. 12.t6 horizontal.

4 Make suitable construction lines, then

calculate the lengths BC, XY and PQ in
Fig. 12.17.

Fig. 12.19

If the table is 76 cm high and each leg is

80 cm long, calculate the value of 0.
9 The roof of a hut is made from sheets of
corrugated iron of length 2 m inclin-ed at
l8'to the horizontal. (See Fig. 12.20.)
ll7
Calculatc the distance of the aeroplane
lrom the observer.
f3 Fig. 12.24 shows some workers using a
board to slide loads flrom a platform on to

Fig. 12.20

Calculate the width of the hut.

l0 A stone rolls 300 m down a slope. As it falls,
it drops 120 m vertically.
Calculate the angle of the slope (o in Fig. 12.24
Fig. 12.21 ).

The platform is 1,5 m higher than the lorry.

120 m
It is found that the best position for the
board is when it is inclined at 20o to the
o horizontal. Calculate the length of thc
Fis. 12.21 board.
14 A S-metre plank rests on a wall 2 m high,
ll A stone is suspended from a point P by a so that 1,5 m of the plank projects beyond
piece of string 50 cm long. It swings back the wall.
and forward. p

I
I
I

lr
I
I
I
I
Fig. 12.25
Fig. 12.22 tr
(a) What angle does the plank make with
Calculate the angle the string makes with the wall? (b) How high is the end of the
the vertical when the stone is 35 cm plank above the ground?
vertically below P. 15 The arms of a pair olcompasses are l0 cm
t2 An aeroplane is flying at a height of 200 m. long and the angle between them is 35o.
Its angle of elevation to an observer on the Calculate the radius of the circle that the
ground is 23o. r - compasses will draw.

tiangles
2fi) m

Sines, cosines and tangents of angles are known

<{r4 as trigonometrical ratios. Trigonometry
Fig. 12.23 means the measurement of lengths and angles.
ll8
Right-angled triangles can be solved by using 4 In Fig. 12.29, find the size of QRS.
futhagoras' theorem and the trigonometrical a
ratibs. D
4cm
R

Fig. 12.29

5 A girl walks 8@ m on a bearing of 129'.

b Calculate how far (a) east, (b) south she is
from her starting point.
Fig. 12.%
6 An equilateral triangle has three sides of
In Fig. 12.26, AABC is any triangle right- Iength 2 m. Calculate the height of the
angled at C.
triangle (a) using $thagoras' theorem,
(b) using a trigonometrical ratio.
lc2:a2+b2 7 In Fig. 12.30, (a) find HL, (b) hence find
LNH,
2sinA=9..inB=4
c' c L

3.orA=4, .o.B:f
lOm H 4m
4,rrnA:l.tanB=4
b' a
Fig. 12.30

Exercise l2f 8 A regular p€ntagon is drawn so that its

vertices lie on the circumference of a circle
I From Fig) 12.27, write down the trigono- of radius 4,5 cm. Find the length of a side
metrical ratios'of (a) sin 0, (b) cos d,
(c) tan 0 in as many ways as possible in qf th9 pentagon to the nearest mm.
terms of a, b, c, d and e. 9 A rhombus of side 5 cm hai acute angles of
84'. Find the lengths of the diagonals of
the rhombus.
l0 A rectangular table has sides 2 m and
1,2 m. It is pushed into the corner of a
r<x)n} so that one of the long sides makes
Fig. 12.27 20o with a wall. Fig. 12.31 shows a plan of
the corner.
2 Find, to the nearest cm, the length of the
shadow of a l-metre vertical stick when
the elevation of the sun is 33o.
3 In Fig. 12.28, calculate a and p. Hence
find the size of ABC.

Fig. 12.31

Find the distance of the corner B from

Fig. 12.28 each wall.
u9
Chapter 13

Scale drawrn g (4) Solids, plans, elevations

Freehand sketches of solids 3 Fig. 13,3 shows four steps in drawing
(Revision) square-based pyramid.

Exercise l3a (Revision)

Do not use a ruler in this exercise, All drawings
should be freehand.
I Fig. l3.l shows four steps
cuboid.
in drawing a
ZI

I draw a parallelogram

2 find thccentrcofthe
parellclogram

I draw two parallel 2 join a pair o1'corresgrnding

rectangles cornerS

t
I
3 marh a point vertically
abot'e the centre
-+----i.
3 join the othcr corncrs
in the samc way
{ go overtht drawing,
making hidden lines broken
''#:[r:;:'#f,ii*-.
Fig. 13.3
Fig. 13.1

Use the method of Fig, l3.l to draw some Use the method of Fig. 13.3 to draw some
cuboids. Practise until you can draw a square-based pyramids. Practise until you
good freehand cuboid, can draw a good pyramid.
2 Make freehand copies of the cuboids 4 Make some copies of Fig. 13,4.
shown in Fig. 13.2.
(a) (b)

\
\

Fig. 13.4
Fig. 13.5 shows four steps in sketching a
cylinder.

I 2 I draw an ellipsc inside a rhombus

sketch a cuh>id such that 2 mark the mid-points ol'the 2 draw a vcrtical line 3 completc thc trrne
top and hottom edgcs passing through the
its top and bottom lhces
centre ol'thc ellipse
are rhombuses

Fig. Ii.7

Use the method of Fig. 13.7 to draw some

cones. Practise until you can draw cones
without drawing the starting rhombus.
E Make freehand copies of the solids in
Fig. 13.8.

3 dnrw ellipscs to touch + complctc the cylinder

the mid-pointsol'the as shown
top and bottom cdgcs

Fig. 13.5

Use the method of Fig. 13.5 to draw some Fig. 13.8

cylinders. Practise until you can draw
rylinders without drawing the surrounding I Fig. 13.9 shows a method of sketching a
cuboids. triangular prism.
6 Make freehand copies of the cylinders in
Fig. 13.6.

I draw a pairol'cqual triangles so that their

corresponding sidcs are parallel to cach other

(a) /
Fig. 13,6 ---<\
7 Fig. 13.7 shows three steps in drawing a
cone. Fig. 13.9 2 join corresponding vertices

t2t
Use the method of Fig. 13.9 to sketch some Each face of a cuboid is in the shape of a
triangular prisms. rectangle. However, in Fig. l3.l l, only the front
l0 Make freehand copies of the solids in and back faces, DCGH and ABFE, are drawn
Fig. 13.10. as full size rectangles. The other faces are
(a) (b)
drawn as parallelograms. This helps to nrake
the drawing look as if it has depth.
In Fig. l3.ll, all ofthe 3 cm edges, such as
EH, are shortened to about 3 of their true length.
They are also drawn at 45" to the vertical edges.

I ol'true lcngth

Fig. 13.12
Notice that all lines which are parallel on
the cuboid are also parallel on the drawing.
Vertical lines on the cuboid,are also vertical in
Fig. 13.10 the drawing. Such drawings are called parallel
projections. (In technical drawing, they a.e
Exercise l3a shows some of the difficulties of also called oblique projections.)
drawing solids on plain paper. This is because Fig. 13.13 shows a parallel projection of a
solids have 3 dimensions, length, breadth square based pyramid. o
and height, whereas drawing paper has only 2
dimensions, length and breadth. The remainder
of this chapter discusses two ways of making
accurate drawings of solids:
I Parallel projection, where attempts are
made to draw the whole solid. :l
2 Orthogonal projection, where the solid is
split up and its parts are drawn separately.
,l\ I

1._
I
t-
Parallel projection Pt.
Fig. 13.13 n
Fig. 13.11 shows a cuboid 4cm long,3cm
wide and 2 cm high. In this figure, only OP, CD and AB are
drawn to scale; all the other lines have been
shortened.
Fig. 13.14 shows a di{ferent parallel projection
of the 4 cm by 3 cm by 2 cm cuboid. in this

--------{r' \
projection, all horizontal and vertical edges
app€ar correctly to scale; lines representing
Fig. 13.11 horizontal edges meet vertical lines at 60o.
1,22
2 Draw a cube of edge 3 cm in full-size parallel
projection.
3 Draw a cube of edge 4 cm in full-size
isometric projection.
4 Draw a full-size parallel projection of a
cuboid 5 cm long,4 cm wide and 3 cm high.
5 Draw the cuboid of question 4 in isometric
projection.
6 A building is in the shape of a cuboid l0 m
long,4 m wide and 6 m high. Use a scale of
I cm to 2 m to draw an isometric projection
of the building.
7 Draw a full-size parallel projection of a
pyramid 8 cm high on a square base of side
5 cm.
E A triangular prism is 8 cm long and has a
cross-section in the shape of an equilateral
triangle of side 4 cm. Draw the prism full
size in parallel projection such that (a) a
Fis. 13.15
rectangular face is horizontal, (b) a triangular
flace is horizontal.
For quick and accurate drawings, use a 45o
set square when drawing parallel projections.
Parallel projections give a good idea of the
Use. a 60o/30" set square when drawing shape of the solids they represent. However,
isometric projections. Always make a freehand since many lengths and angles are changed,
sketch before makins an accurate drawing. only a few useful measurements can be taken
from them. In practice, engineers use a di(ferent
Exercise l3b kind of projection to represent solids.
I Fig. 13.16 shows some common objects
drawn in parallel projection.
(a) State what each object is.
(b) Which of the objects have been drawn
in isometric projection? Orthogonal pnojection
(a) (b)
Fig. 13.17 is an isometric projection of a
matchbox.

Fig. 13.17

This picture of the matchbox can be broken

down into three main parts:
(a) the plan: the shape of the matchbox when
looking at it from a point vertically above
Fig, 13.16 it;
r23
(b) the fnont elevation: the shape of the
matchbox when looking at it directly in
Si&Ea/.
front;
(c) the side elevation: the shape of the
matchbox from the side.
Fig. 13.18 shows the directions of view for
the plan, front elevation and side elevation of
the matchbox.

Fig. 13.19

Fig. 13.20 shows the isometric and orthogonal

projections of a simple building.
toctrlcffojccdorr
P
I

t
I

Imagine that the matchbox is placed parallel

to three planes as shown. Each plane is
perpendicular to the other two.
The plan is the shape seen from arrow P. It
is shown on the plane below the matchbox.
The fronl clcaatioa is the shape seen from orrbo3oo.lPlqilcdo
arrow F. It is shown on the plane behind the
matchbox.
The side clnalion is the shape seen from S. It
is shown on the plane on the other side of the
matchbox.
The plan and elevations can be seen properly
by cutting the planes along OY and flattening
them out. This is shown in Fig. 13.19.
Fig. 13.19 is called the orthogonal pnojection
of the matchbox. An orthogonal projection of a
solid contains its plan and one or more
elevations. Each is shown.separately and each
is drawn accurately to scale. Fis. t3.20
t24
Notice the following about the orthogonal
projection:
(a) A ground llne, XOY, is drawn. The
elevations normally stand on the ground
line,
(b) There are thin lines connecting the plan
and elevations. These are construction
lines. They are used to transfcr mcasure-
ments from one part of the drawing to
another.
(c) Each part of the drawing is drawn
accurately to scale.
In practice, begin by drawing whichever
view is the easiest to construct. Obtain the
other views fi.om the first drawing using
measurements where necessary. In Fig. 13.20
the order of working might be as follows:
I Construct a ground line XOY.
2 Draw the fi.ont elevation accurately to scale.
3 Construct the plan. Draw thin vertical lines
through the corners of the front elevation.
Use these to get the width and the central Fig. 13.22

line of the plan. The length, 15 m, is found

by measurement, using the same scale as
before.
4 Construct the side elevation on line XOY.
Draw horizontal lines liom the liont elevation
and arcs, centre O, fi.om the plan. Use these
lines and arcs to draw the side elevation.
5 Label each view and state the scale.
Draw the plan and elevations.
Example I The order of working was as follows:
Conslntct tlu plan and Jronl and sidc clantions oJ a
coru of luight 4 cm and basc diamctcr 3 cm. Hcrcc
I Base line XOY.
2 Plan: a circle of radius 1,5 cm. Note the point
fud thc slant lvight oJ tlu cow, at the centrc to represent the vertex of the
First, make a sketch of the cone. cone.
3 Front elevation: isosceles triangle of height
4 cm.
4 Side elevation: same as front elevation.

By measurement, slant height = 4,3 cm.

Exerclsc ltc
I Name the solids given by the plans and
Fig. 13.21 front elevations in Fig. 13.23 overleaf.
l2s
3 Draw the plan and the front and side
elevations of the cylinders sketched in
Fig. 13.25. All dimensions are in cm.

Plan
E
(a)

EOX
(d) (e) (f)

Fig. 13.25

4 Draw the plan and the front and side

elevations of the solids sketched in
Fig. 13.26. All dimensions are in cm.

13.23 (s)
Fig. (h) (i)

2 Draw the plan and the front and side

elevations of the cuboids sketched in
Fig. 13.24. All dimensions are in cm.

(d)

s7 ,i
\ F
\ F
Fis. 13.24 Fis. 13.26
126
Draw the plan and front and side elevations l0 Fig. 13.27 shows some building designs
of a sphere of radius 3 cm. made from simple shapes. All dimensions
A coin is in the shape of a cylindrical disc, are in metres. Choose a suitable scale and
30 mm in diameter and 2 mm thick. Make draw the plan and front and end elevations
a sketch of the coin showing its measure- of each building.
ments. Use a scale o[ I cm represents
4 mm and draw the plan and front elevation
of the coin.
A cuboid is 7,5 cm long, 5 cm wide and
3,5 cm high. Sketch the cuboid showing its
measurements. Draw the plan and front
and side elevations
(a) with the 7,5 cm side parallel to the
ground line (XY), (b) with the 5 cm side
parallel to the ground line.
A triangular prism is such that every edge
is 6 cm long. Its front elevation is an I

equilateral triangle. Sketch the prism

showing its measurements. Draw its plan a--l--
and side elevation.
A cone is 6 cm high and rests on its base of
diameter 4 cm.
Sketch the cone showing its measurements.
Draw the plan and front elevation of the
cone. Hence measure the slant height and {
vertical angle of the cone. Fig. 13.27

-;.',b
'.t

t27
Chapter 14

Circle geometry (l)

Arcg and chords AB or by the minor arc AB. lPB, eQB,

ch-ord
ARB are all engler ln the ramc major
A chord of a circle is a straight line joining oegncnt APQRB.
any two points on its circumfcrence. A
diameter is a chord which Passes through the
centre of the circle. A chord which is not a
diameter divides the circumference into two
arcc of diflerent sizes, a major arc and a
minor arc (Fig. 14,l).

Fig. 14,4

Similarly, in Fig. 14.4, A*.B and AtB are

angles subtended by the chord AB or by the
major arc AB in the minor segment AXYB.

Tboran
The angle which rn arc of a circle sub0ends
at the centrc is twice that which it subtende
il tny point on the isrnrining part of the
Fig. 14.l Fig. 14.2
circumfcncnce.

The chord also divides the circle into two

segmenta of different sizes, a mqjor regment
and a minor segment (Fig. la.2).

Fig. 14.3

In Fig. 14.3, P, Q and R are points on the

circumference of a circle. APB, AQB, ARB are
angles subtcndcd at the circumference by the Fig. //4.5

128
th centre O.

and produce it to any

*,n t}i,i,Bfir of Fis, 14.1,

i, *1= t2 (ban'anglcsof A)
isos.
eQQ = )q * *2 (cxr. angtc of
"' - AAop)
_
.'. eOQ =.2x2 0, = iil
= ai6Br
ilTf",ni8a
In Fis. t+.s(u) ^
+ nOq
,.0* e6nJ = AOQ
=2xz+az
= 2(x2 * y)
=2xAPB
In Fig. Ia.S(c) AOB=IOq-aoe
=Az-2xz
= 2Uz
=2xAPB
- xz)

In every case,
= 2 x ApB
^468
Example I
In Fig. 14.0, O is thc^cmtrc of
xWz = 33",fmd xOz
circlc WI(UZ. IJ
" ^'
"*ak{;:
Fig. 14.7

2 In Fig. 14.8, R R and S are points

on a circle
centre O. If pOR
= 150o, calculate pSR.

Fig. 14.6

XOz=2x33"(angtc x
= 66o anglc a
reflex XOZ = 36oo
- 66o- r\
294" =
XtZ=Lof294"(anglc at cmtrc
147"
= =2x
inglc ar circanfcrmc) Fig. 14.8 Fig. 14,9
Exercirc l4a
I
d: ga[ i il:,TixT;h:
Find the tettered.anglel
the centre of each .[AJ- in Fig.
- 'o' rr'
14.7. (O is
" ' i=#i*i-fi
pRe?
size of

r29
Find the lettered angles in Fig. 14.10. A Given: P and Q are any points on the major
construction is needed in part (d). (O is arc of circle APQB.
the centre of each circle.) To prove: aPg t AQB.
Construction: Join A and B to O, the centre
of the circle.
Proof:
With the lettering of Fig. 14.12,
AOB : 2,rr @ngle at centrc : 2 X anglc at

AOB: 2rz
i. x1: x2
... ApB : A0B
Since P and Q are an) points on the major arc,
81" all angles in the major segment are equal to
each other. The theorem is also true for angles
()
a
in the minor segment (Fig. la.l3).

Fig. 14.10

5 In Fig. l4.ll, L, ![, N are points on a

circle, centre O. NMO = a and NLO : D.
Find the obtuse MOL in terms of a and b. a=b=c=d=... I=-/=i=..
N Fig. 14.13
Theorem
The angle in a semicircle is a right angle.

Fig. 14.11

Theoran
Angles in the same segment of a circle are Fi.g. 14.14
equal.
Given: AB is a diameter of a circle, centre O.
X is any point on the circumference of the
circle.
To prove: A*B : g0'
Proof: AOB = 2AtB (angle at ccntrc : 2X
angle at circumfcreuc)
but A68 = lg00 (straight angle)
.'.2A*B: lSdo
Fig. 14.12 .'. AtB : 9oo
130
Example 2
In Fig. 14.15, PQ is a diameter of^circle PMQN,
centrc O. If PQM = 63",Jfzd QNM.

Fig. 14.15

In AQPM, PIi{Q = 90o (angle in semicircle)

.'. QPM = lB0" - 90o - 63" (angle sunof A)
o?o
- zt
-
.'. QItM : 27" (in same segmenr as QPM) Fig. 14.16 C

,
Cyclic quadrilaterals :
Exercise l4b
Find the lettered angles in each of the following. The vertices of a cyclic quadrilateral lie on
Where a point O is given it is the centre of the the circumlerence of a circle. In Fig- .l+.17,
circle. ABCD and PQRS are cyclic quadril.aterals.

Fig. 14.18
l3l
Opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilatcral lie Example 3
in opposite segments of a circle (Fig. la.l8). In Fig, 14,21, CE is a diamctn of circlc ABCDE.
Thcoram
If ABc = t27o,fnd AAE.
The opposite anglee of a cyclic qudrilateral B
are supplementary.
or

Angles in opposite EegmentE

supplementary.

Fig. 14.21

ADC: 180" - 127 (opp. angles of Ecl. quad.)

: 53o
Fig. 14.19 :
EDC 90o (angh in semicirclc)
...EDA=9oo-53o
Given: a cyclic quadrilateral ABCD. :37o
To prove:'BAD^+ BCD : lSoo (Note: the .'.ACE : z7o (in samc segmcnt as UDA)
sum of supplementary angles is 180o.)
Constnrction:Join B and D to the centre O of
circle ABCD. Banrnple 4
Proof: In Fig. 14.22,P, Q, R, S are points on a circh ccntrc
With the lettering of Fig. 14.19, O. QP is produccd to X. If XPS = 77o and
BOD : 2/ (anglc al centrc : 2 x PSo : 6go,fnd PQo.
reflex BoD = 2r 'G:hi,':#rmfcrcncc)
* 2) : 360" (anglcs at a Point)
".2x l= l80o
.'. BAD "'x*
+ BCD: lSoo
It follows from the previous theorem that
the exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral
is equal to the interior opposite angle.

Fis. 14.22

qRS = 77' (= cxt. anglc of cycl. quad.)

.'.QOS=2x77o (anglc at cmtrc = 2 X
anglc at circumfcrcue)
Fig. 14.20 = l54o
QPS = l80o - 77" (straight anglc)
In Fig. 14.20, = l03o
\*) = l80o (opp. anglcs of EcL quad.) In quad. PQOS,
xz*) = l80o (straight anglc) PQO = 360o - l54o - l03o - 68o
(= 180" -l) (anglc sum oJ quad.)
.. BAI I [1to ... PQo = 35o

t32
Excrclrc l4c

Fig. 14,24

3 In Fig. 14.25, AB is a diameter of semicircle

Fis. 14.23 ABCD. If ABD = 16o, calculate BOD.
(Hint: Join CA.)
2 Find the marked angle in each of the
following. Where a point O is given it is the
centre of the circle. (Hint: make a careful
copy of each figure and write in the angles
as they are found. Some constructions
may be necessary.)

Fig. 14.26

In Fig. 14.26, A, B, Q, D are points on a

circle such that ABC = 102". CD is
produced to E so that AED = 47o.
Calculate EAD.
In Fig. 14.27, ABCD is a ryclic quadri-
lateral such that AB llDC. If ACD = 35o
and DBC = 72o, calculate the sizes of the
angles of the trapezium.

Fig. 14.27 Fis. 14.28

133
6 In Fig. 14.28, fpR = 80o and SRT : 20' In Fig. 14.31 calculate the value ofr grving
What size is PXR? a reason for each step in your answer.
7 In Fig. 14.29, O is the centre of circle
MLY. If OIY : 50o and OMy : l5o A
calculate UOI-.

Fig. 14.31
Fig. 14.29 tu
l0 In Fig. 14.32 P, g R, S are points on a
8 In Fig. 14.30, PQRS I circle such that PQS : PRQ. (a) Prove
su-ch that QPR : I f that PS - PQ. (b) Hence, if SQ is a
PSR: 78o, calculat diameter of the circle and QR iq produced
What kind of triangle is APQS? to Z, determine SQP and SRZ, giving
P reasons.

Fig. r4.30 Fis. 14.3.1

t34
Chapter 15

Sets (3)

Complement of a set
In Fig. 15. l, A is a subset ofthe universal set E,
i.e.A C E.

Fig. 15.2

In Fig. 15.2, the,region with horizontal shading

represents R. The region with vertical shading
represents F' The region which is cross-shaded
represents R n F', the set of all red cars which
do not have lour doors.

Fig. 15.1 Exercise l5a

I Given 8 = U;2;3;4;6;B), write down the
The complement of A is the set which contains complements of the following se ts.
all those elements of % which are nol members (u) {l;2;3} (b) {a; 6; B}
of A. A' is short for the complement of A. [n (.) {2; +\ (d) {l; 3;6; Bi
Fig. I5.1, the shaded region represents A', (.) t6) (f) {l; 2; 3; a;6}
G)@ (h) E
Example I (i) {l;2; 3; B}
If 8: {l; 2;3;4;5}, A: {l; 3} ,o73 = {3;4\ 0) {l; 2; 3; B}
fnd (a) A', (b) B', (t) (A n B)', (/) (A U B)'. 2 rc %: {a;b; {a;c;e} and B:
(^) A': {2; a; s} {D; c}, list t of the following
sets.
(b) B': {l; 2; s} (a) A' (b) B' (c) A' U B
(.) AOB: {3} (d) AUB'(e) A'11 B (f) AnB'
(AnB;',: {l;2; a; s} (g) A'UA (h) B'nB (i) (AUB)'
(d) AUB= {l; 3; a}
(AuB;',: {2; s} 0) A' U B' (k) (A n B)',(l) A', n B',
3 Compare the answers to parts (i) and (l) of
question 2. What do you notice?
Example 2
8 is thc sel of all cars, R is the sel of all red cars and 4 Compare the answers to parts fi) and (k)
of question 2. What do you notice?
F k the sel oJ all cars wilh Jour doors. Show on a
5 rc Z: {l;2; 3;4;5;. ..; l0}, A: {l;2;5;7},
Venn diagram lhe sel oJ all red cars which do not haae
doors.
B: {l;3;6; 7}, write down the sets A', B',
four (A n B)' and (A U B)'.
F : {cars with four doors} 6 Using the sets of question 5, show that
p' : {cars which do nol have four doors} A' U B' : (An B)' andA' n B' : (AU B)'.
R n F' : {red cars which do not have four 7 Use Venn diagrams to illustrate the results
doors) of question 6.
135
8 If E = {days of the week}, 5 = {words Example 4
which contain the letter.r) and N - {wonds Gion thal x is an inlcgn, litt llu manbus of
which contain six letters) (r: r ) -4) n {r:.r < l}.
(a) list the members of the sets S, N, S', N';
(b) list the members of the set (i) (S U N)', If * is an integer, then
(ii) (s n N)'; {x: x) - 4I = {- 3; - 2; - l;0; l; 2; 3; ...}
and
(c) hence, without further working, list
the members of the sets (i) S' n N', {r: * ( l} =
.. -4; -3; -2; - l; 0; l}
{.
Hence {r:x) -4} n {r:r< l}
(ii) s' u N'.
9 Use a Venn diagram to show that ifA C B ={-3;_2;-l; 0; t}
then B' C A' , and vice versa.
In Example 4, {x: r } - 4} and {r: r ( l} are
f0 If I = {all teachers}, 1[ = {mathematics examples of sets written in set builder
teachers) and W = {teachers who are
notation. The expression {r: r > -4} O
{r: r ( l}
women), show on a Venn diagram the set
of all mathematics teachers who are men.
can be shortened to {r: - 4 <x € l,
r is an integer), i.e. 'the set of values r, such
that r is greater than - 4 and less than or equal
to 1, where .r is an integer'. The expression
- 4 <r S I is a range of valuec ofr.
Example 5 l

Sets (C'eneral revision) A uruE of l00familics showcd tlut 32 had a TV sct

and 5l lnd a gas cookcr, IJ4O lud ruitlur, hou many
Example t lad both?
A= {animals), H = {animals with honsl, Let 8 : {all families in the survey},
y,,1
= {wild animals}. Slnu on a Venn diagram the 1' = {families with TV sets}, 6 = {families
sct oJ wild animals that do not haoc horns.
with gas cookers). It is required to find
11 : {animals with horns} n(T O G). In Fig. 15.2, r = n(T n G).
= {animals which do not have horns}
11'
W n H' = {wild animals which do not have
horns)

Fig. 15.4

Since n(T) = 32, n(T n G') = 32 - x.

Similarly n(G O T') = 5l - r
and n(T' O G') = 40.
Fig. 15.3 The totals for the regions must add up to the
number of families in the universal set, n(8):
In Fig. 15.3, the region with horizontal r+(32-r)
shading represents W. The region with veltical
+(51 -r) *40= 100
shading represents H'. The region which is 123-*=100
cross-shaded represents W l'l H', the set of x=23
wild animals which do not have horns. 23 families had both a TV set and a gas cooker.
136
Table l5,l contains the symbols and language E If8 = {c;h;i;c;h;c;n},P= {n;iic;c}and
of sets. Q = {n; a; r} list the elements of the
following:
Table l5.l (a) PnQ (b) PUQ
(c) (P u Q)' (d) (P n Q)'
Synbolr Mcrnlng (e) P'nQ (0 PUQ'
p-{a;b;c} 4 If I = {integers}, list ttrc members of the
e = {l; 2; 3; ...}
6={r:risanatural
number)
B= {(r;f):y = ra * c} of set-builder
g=(r:dcx<b\ notation: sets A
(h) {r:-81<r<-ll}
and C give 5 Ifg = {r: I (*( l0,risaninteger},A =
values of r; set B { r r r is a perfect square} and B =-{ r: * is a
is a set of points factor of20),
(r;i (a) find n(A'), (b) find n(A U B)',
Qor{ the empty set (c) list the members of the set B',
} (d) list the members of the set A fl B'.
I or otl the universal set
6 If 8 = {l; 2; 3;4;5;.. .; 20} listthemembers
e of the following sets.
(") x: x is asquare number, r€ E )
ACB (b) x:xl2> 15, xe8\
(") r: .r is a factor of40, r C I )
AEB (d) {(*;f ) i) = 3x _* l, r €-8,y e8}
AfB (e) {(x;l) i) = 2xz - l, xC8,y et}
+,s,D (f) {(r;r) :y> 17 * x,x€8,ye 8l
78= {countries of Africa}, \J = {countries
AUB which lie wholly or partly north of the
ANB equator), 5 = {countries which lie wholly
or partly south of the equator).
n(A) If n(8) = 47, n(N) = 32 and n(S) = 21,
through how many countries of Africa
A' does the equator pass? [What is n(N n S)?]
t In a choir of 38 students, 22 arc girls. l7 of
the students are at least 160 cm tall. If 14
of the girls are less than 160 cm, how
many of the boys are also less than 160 cm?
Excrcirc l5b 9 In a class, 2r students are less than
I If E = {.f;g;c;t;oir;i;s;c},P= {r; a;t;i;ol 15 years old, r students are over 13 years
and Q = {s; a; l} write down the memberi old and 17 students are 14years old. Show
of the following sets. this information on a Venn diagram. If
(a) P' (b) Q' there are 37 students in thc class, find r.
(c) (P n Q)' (d)
(P u Q)' l0 In the-Venn diagram of Fig, 15,5 overleafi,
2 Use the sets of question I to demonstrate E = {people in a village}, ; = {cattle
that P' U Q' = (P n Q)'and P' fl Q' = owners), y = {car owners}. The letters
(P U Q) '. Illustrate these resulrs by suitable 11 $ r, s repre.eent the numbers of people in
shading on a Venn diagram. the eubsets shown,
137
Fig. 15.5

If n(E) : 259, n(X) :43 and n(Y) : 32, Fig. 15.7

(a) express q in terms of r;
(b) express r in terms of r; In the Venn diagram of Fig. 15.7, 2 = {all
(c) state the greatest possible value of r; students),F={footballplayers},
(d) find the smallest possible value ofp; 3 : {basketball players}, y : {volleyball
(e) findp,qandrifs:6. players).
The 6 who play football only are represented
by the region of F which does not lie within B
Venn diagfams with more than or V; see Fig. 15.7. Similarly, the given values
two subsets 9, 5 and 2 are written in the appropriate regions
in Fig. 15.7.
Venn diagrams can be drawn to represent any (a) Those who play all three games are
number of sets, though they become very represented by the dotted region. This
complicated if the number is large. Fig. 15.6 is region lies in F, B and V, i.e. the set
a Venn diagram for three subsets of a universal FNBNV.
From the first sentence of the question,
n(B) : 19

Also, from Fig. 15.7,

n(B) :9*5*2*a
Hence, 19:9t5*2*a
() a:3
3 students play all three games.
(b) Those who play football and volleyball
Fig. 15.6 only are represented by the region with
horizontal shading. This regi,on lies within
Diagrams such as Fig. 15.6 can be used to F and V but not within B, i.e. the set
simplify problems which at first sight appear FNVNB'.
to be difficult. From the first sentence of the question,

Example 6 n(F) : 19
In a group of sl,udmts, 18 play football, 19 plal Also, from Fig. 15.7,
baslutball and 16 pla2 aollqball. 6 play football onl2,
9 plal baskctball on[t,5 plalfootball and basketball
n(F):6+5*a*b
only and 2 plry basketball and aolle2ball onfil How
:6*5+3+D(sincea:3)
manlt play @) all three games, (b) football and
HencelE:6+5+3+b
aolleyball only, Q) aolleyball only? @) If 8 play no
<, b:4
games at all, how many students are there altogether? 4 students play football and volleyball only.
138
(c) The region with vertical shading represents Similarly, since n(P n E) : 2 and n(E O M)
those playing volleyball only, i.e. the set = 4, 2 - r and 4 - x are written in the
vn(FuB)',. appropriate regions of Fig. 15.8,
Since n(M) = 6, the number taking maths
Hence16=2*a*b*c
= 2 + 3 + 4 + c (since a :
only is
3, b = 4) 6-(3-*) -x-(4-x)
() c=7
=$-3*r-x-4*x
7 students play volleyball onlY. =x-l
(d) The total number of students Similarly, the number taldng philosophy only
=6+5+9+2+a*b*c*8 is r
and the number taking economics only is
=6*5+9+2+3+4+7+8 r* l. Thevalues x - l,xandx * I arewritten
-Ql in the appropriate regions of Fig. 15.8.
As there are l0 students, n(M U P U E1 : 16,
Example 7 Hence (r- l) + (3- x)+x + (4- x)* x
In a group of l0 uniaersitl students,6 arc taking
+(2-r) +(r*l) :19
mntlumatics, 5 philosophy and 7 cconombs. 3 talu e .r*9=10
matlu and philosophy, 2 phi.lonplry and caonomics,
and 4 cconomics and matlu. Each stuhnt is laking at
<) x =l
lcast onc of these subjects. How man2 of thc students I student takes all three subjects.
arc taking all thrce subjccts?
: Exercise l5c
Let M {students taking mathematics},
P: {students taking philosophy},
f, :
{students taking economics}.
Note that since each student is ta.king at least
one ofthe subjects, M U P U E = %. Fig. 15.8
is the appropriate Venn diagram. The centre
section represents M n P fl E, showing r (a)

students taking all three subjects.

Fig. 15.9

(a) On a copy of Fig. 15.9(a) shade set P'.

(b) On a copy of Fig. 15.9(b) shade set
P'NQ.
(c) On a copy of Fig. 15.9(c) shade set
(P',nQ) uR.
Fig. 15.8 2 For each of the following make a freehand
copy of Fig. 15.6 on page. 138 and shade
Altogether, 3 students take maths and the given set.
philosophy, i.e. n(M n T) = 3. Hence (3 - ,) (a) PUQUR (b) PnQnR
btudents take maths and philosophy only. (") (PuQ) nR (d) (PnQ) uR
3 - x is written in the appropriate region of (") Pu(QnR) (f) PnQ'nR
Fig. 15.8. k) P'u(QnR) (h) Q',n(PuR)
139
(i) (PuQ) n(RuQ',) 6 In the Venn diagram of Fig, 15.13,
0) (PnR) u(QnR',) numbers of elements are as shown.
t (a) Make a fieehand copy of the Venn
diagram in Fig. 15.10.

Fig. 15.13
Fis. 15.10
If n(E) = 9r, find
(b) Fill in the members of the sets given (a) , (b) n(A)
that (c) n(A u B) (d) n(C')
A= {p;q;r;s} B = {q; r;s;t;u}, (e) n(A n B') (f) n(A U C)'
C = {/; riui)}. 7 All the pupils in a class of 35 play at least
(c) Hence or otherwise list the members of one of the games volleyball, netball, hockey.
(i) (AUB) nC,(ii) (AnB) uc. l0 play volleyball only, 5 play netball only
4 The numbers of elements of each region of and 3 play hockey only. If 2 play all three
the Venn diagram of Fig. l5.ll are as games and equal numbers play 2 games,
I

shown. If n(E) = 200 find (a)

'

x, how many altogether play volleyball?

(b) n(P u
R), (c) n(P u a U R), I 20oh of the people in a village own a dog,
(d) n(Q n R). 30% own goats and 40o/o own cattle,5o/o
own both a dog and goats, 4o/o own both a
dog and cattle and 3olo own both goats and
catile. If l% own all three, what pircentage I

of the village own none of thc three?

I 150 students were asked what they were
doing last night benreen 8 pm and 9 pm.
50 said they watched TV only; 60 said
Fig. 15.11 they listened to the radio only; 5 said they
read a book only. 20 watched TV and
5 The numbers of elements in each region of listened to the radio; 15 watched TV and
the Venn diagram of Fig. 15.12 are as read a book; l0 listened to the radio and
shown. read a book. r students did all three and r
students did none of these things.
Illustrate the information on a clearly
labelled Venn diagram. Find r and hence
find the total number who read a book at
some time between 8 pm and 9 p-.
Fig. 15.12 l0 In a school, the students can speak at least
one of the languages Ndebele, Shona or
If n(E) = 36, find Tonga.
(a) , (b) n(Q) Form 3A contains 38 students of which
(c) n(P u R) (d) n(P n R) 2 can speak all three languages, ,1 speak
(e) n(R' n Q') (f) n(P'u Q) Ndebele and Shona only, I speaks Shona
r40
and Tonga only and no student speaks Example 9
Ndebele and Tonga only. There are x Sonu girb are clcacr. Somc girls wcar glasses, Can it
students who speak Ndebele only, 5r who bc dcducedfrom lhcsc statcnmts lhat nmc cleaer girls
speak Shona only and x - 4 who speak wcar glasscs?
Tonga only.
Illustrate this information on a clearly Lett = {all girls}, g = {clever girls}, G =
labelled Venn diagram, showing the {girls wearing glasses}. Fig. 15.15 shows that
number in each separate region. Find r there are four ways of arranging C and G
within E.
and hence find the total number of Shona
speakers.

Reasoning
Iogic and scts
The simplest and most @mmon form of logical
argument is when a conclusion can be deduced
Ii^om two statements or pnemicee.

Example 8
What' can bc deduced from thc following prcmises?
(c)
oo (d)

(l) Marybasprintu. Fig. 15.15

(2) All sprintts arc hcalthy.
Each part of Fig. 15.15 correctly illustrates the
The conclusion is that Mary is healthy. premises of the question. Part (d) shows that
The data in the example can be represented there is not necessarily an intersection of C
in symbols and on a Venn diagram. If with G. Therefore it cannot be deduced that
m = Mary, S = {sprinters}, 11 = {healthy some clever girls wear glasses.
people), g = {all people}, then
premise(l):zCS Ianguage and sets
premise(2): SCH
conclusion: n€H Words such as tnot', tall', 'some','either.. . or'
Itcan be seen how the conclusion follows if the
can be represented on Venn diagrams. Read
premises are arranged in a chain linked by the
the following examples carefully.
common term, S:
z€S;SE Hlz€H 'nott! complement
pemisc: Cattle ownen ane not poor.
The main conclusion is found by excluding the ' 8 {all people}, C = (catde owners}, P =
middle term. = p'
Fig. 15.14 is a Venn diagram showing the {poorpeople}, = {peop whoarenotpoor}
relationship between the premises.

Fis. 15.16

cEP'(,PCC',
Fis. 15.14 cowlwion: Poor people are not cattle owners.
l4l
'all': subset conclusions:

All houses have doors.

prcmisc:
(l) Students who don't do economics do
geography. (2) Students who don't do
2 = {all things}, H = {houses}, geography do economics. (3) Some students
P : {things with doors} may do both. (That is E n G * @; this will
normally be the case unless there is some special
reason for the two subsets to be disjoint.)

Example l0
Giacn8 = {all quadilatcrals}, P = {all parallclo-
grams\, R : {rcclangles}, S : {squarcs} usc a
Fig. 15.17 ntitublc Vatn diagram ln wilr tlu jollowing stalawnls
in scl notation: (a) lhcrc are somc parallclograms
HCD<)D'tr'H=@ which are not rectanglcs; (b) quadilalcrals which arc
nol parallelograms or nol reclangles arc among lhosc
conclusion: There is no house which does not
which are nol squarcs.
have a door.

'some': intemection
premise: Some snakes are friendly.
g : {allanimals}, S = {snakes},
P : {friendly animals}

Fig. 15.20

Fig. 15.20 is a Venn diagram showing the

relationship between P, R and S.
Fig. 15.18
(a) Pt'R'+@
SUF+@,SAF'*A (b) P' U R' C S', or since P' C. R', it would be
correct to write R' C S'.
corclusion: Some snakes are not friendly.
Exercise l5d
'either ... or': union I If L : {all living beings}, H - {human
beings), 4 : {Africans}, it follows that
prmtisc: Students in 38 either do economics or
H g L and A C H. What other conclusion
geography.
can be drawn?
Z: {students in 3B}, E : {students of 2 What can be deduced from the following
economics), G = {students of geography}
premises?
(l) All squares are rectangles.
(2) All rectangles are parallelograms.
3 If g : {all cars}, 14 = {modern cars},
5 = {cars with seat belts}, H : {cars with
hazard lights), express the following
Fig. 15.t9 premises in set language.
(l) All modern cars have seat belts.
EUG:8QE,EG (2) All cars with hazard lights are modern.
EG'E E Hence draw a conclusion from the premises.
t+2
If all pilots are courageous, all astronauts play football) and W : {prrpils who do
are pilots and all people who have landed woodwork), what conclusion can be
on the moon are astronauts, does it follow drawn from the following statements: all
that everyone who has landed on the moon boys play football; no girl does woodwork?
is courageous? Illustrate your answer on a 9 Draw a lenn diagram to illustrate the
Venn diagram. premise that some isosceles triangles are
What, if anything, can be deduced from right-angled. What conclusions follow
the following statements: all houses have from your diagram?
windows; all shops have windows; all l0 (a) Use a Venn diagram to show that if
restaurants are shops? CCG,thenClrG'=@.
Draw one or more Venn diagrams which (b) What conclusions can be drawn from
illustrate the statements, (l) all bicycles the statement that there are no farmers
have two wheels, (2) all bicycles have who own cattle and who do not own goats?
handlebars. Can it be deduced that all ll (a) Show that if F C H then F' U H : %.
two-wheeled vehicles have handlebars? (b) Hence draw a conclusion from the
6 : {all people}, Y : {young people}, premise that everybody either does not
S : {successful people} and H = {happy like food or is happy.
people). 12 (a) Draw a Venn diagram showing the
(a) Which symbols represent the following relationship between the following sets:
sets?
E : {people}, W: {women},
(i) {old people} (ii) {unsuccessful people} : {mothers}, G :
14 {grandmothers}.
(iii) {young huppy people}
(iv) {unsuccessful old people} (b) Write the following statements in set
(b) If S' C H' and H' E Y' write in words notation:
the conclusion from the two statements. (i) There are some people who are
IJse a Venn diagram to show that if A E B mothers but who are not grandmothers.
then B' C A' and vice versa. (ii) People who are not women or who are
Hence solve this problem: lf 8 : {pupils in not mothers are among those who are not
a school), B : {boys}, F : {pupils who grandmothers.

t43
Chapter 16

Graphs (1) Algebraic graphs

r inear functions (Revision) Fig. l6.l is the graph of the equation) = 3 - 2x.
Example I (a) From the graph,T = 5,8 when x = -1,4.
Draw a graph of 2 = J - 2xfor oalues of xfrom (b) Since ) : 3 - 2x, to solve the equation
- : 2 ta * 4, Use thc graph (a) to fud 1 utlun 3 - 2x - - 4, means to find the value of x when
x - 1,4 (b) to solae tfu equalion 3 - 2x - * {. ) - - 4. From the graph, x = 3,5,
Calculate the values of7 which correspond to
the whole number values of x,
In the equation ) : 3 - 2x,/ is a function
Whenr = -2,) = 3 - 2(-2) : 3 * 4 = *7 of x, i,e, the value of7 depends on the value of
and so on. Table l6,l gives the values of7 for
x.3 - 2r is the function olx. The line in
values of .r from - 2 to,f 4.
Fig. l6.l is the graph of the equation
2 -- 3 * 2x, or, the graph of the function
Table 16.l 3 - 2x. A linear function of r is one which
contains terms in r of power I only. The graph
t _.) *l 0 +l +2 +3 +4 of a linear function is always a straight line.
+7 +5 +3 +l -l When plotting the paph of a linear function,
v -3 -5 two points are sufficient to determine the line.
However, in practiee it is advisable to plot ltraa
points, If the three points lie in a straight line
it is likely that the working is correct.

Exercise l6a
I Table 16.2 gives corresponding values of x
and2 for the equation) = 3x - 2,

I
, -'l - 2, i
Table 16.2 x -l 2 5

I
t -5 4 l3

(a) Choose suitable scales and draw the

graphof)=3x-2.
(b) Find the value of7 when r = 3,5,
(c) Find the value of r when7 = 5,5,
(d) Write down the coordinates of the points
where the line cuts the axes.
(a) Given that 2 = g - 3x, copy and
complete Table 16,3,

:a -". Table 16.3 r -3 0 +3

Fig. 16.1 v
144
(b) Hence draw the graph of the function Table 16.5
5 - 3r for values of ,r from - 3 to + 3.
(c) Use the graph to solve the equation x -4 -3 -2 -l 0 I 2
5-3*=1. *2 l6 4 I I 4
3 (a) Draw the graphs of 2 = x,) -- x * 2,
9
t2x -8 -6 -4 -2 0 ,2 +
0

) =5- r for values ofr from 0 to + 5 withia

-3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3
tht samc arcs,

4
(b) What do you notice about the 3 lines?
(a) Make two copies of Table 16.4.
I 5 0 -3 -+ -3 0 5

Fig. 16:2 is the graph of 1 = x2 + 2x - 3.

Table lti.4 x -4 0 +2
I
(b) Complete the tables for2 = I - 2r and
) =x *7 and draw the graphs of theso
equations within the same axes.
(c) Use the graphs to solve the equations
simultaneously.
5 Solve the following pairs of simultaneous
equations graphically.
(a))=3x (b) 3x-1=12
)-x+l 4x*2y=l
(Hint: In (b), first make2 the subject of each
equation,)

Quadratic functiong
A quedndc funcd inr
in which 2 is the For
example, Sd - 5r don Fig, 16.2
ofr.
From the graph,
(a) l= 2,25whenr= 1,5
Exanplc 2
(b) r = 3,25 or 1,25 when_2 = I
Draw llu graph of I -
= x2 + 2x 3 for ualtus of (c) - 4 is the minimum value of ,r2 + 2x -
x from -4
to *
2. Usc tu graph to fud (a) thc (d) r = I when2 has its lowest value,
3
oalw of 2 what x = 1,5, (b) tlu aal-ucs of x wlun -
) = l, (c) tlu minimum oaluc of x' + 2x 3, - Notice that the graph of a quadratic function
(d) tlu oalw of x wtuny is lcwt,
is a curved line. The shape of the curve is called
Table 16.5 is the necessary table of values. a panbola. It takes a lot of practice to be able
Values of 2 arc obtained by adding the values to draw a smooth curre. When drawing a
of x',2x and - 3. parabolait is usually helpful to position your
t+5
hand inside the curve, drawing from left to right (o) What is tlu maximum aalue of 2 - 3x - 2x2?
as in Fig. 16.3. In many cases this will mean (b) For uhnt aalue of x is 2 greahst?
turning the graph paper round. (t) Find tlu aalues of x when ) : - J.
(d) For uhat range of aalues of x is 7 positiae?
(a) See construction (a) on Fig. 16.4. The
highest point on the curve corresponds to
): 3,1 (approximately). Sincey : 2 - 3 t - 2 *',
the greatest value of 2 - 3x -2x2 is 3,1
(approximately).
(b) See constructio" (b) on Fig. 16.4. 7 is
greatestwhenx =0,75.
(c) See construction (c) on Fig. 16.4, when
)- -7,x: -3or+1,5.
(d) 7 is positive for all parts of the curve above
the r-axis.7 is positive when x ) -2 and
r( 0,5.
More neatly, 7 is positive for the range
-2 < r ( 0,5.
Some of the answers in Example 3 are only
approximate. The graphs in this chapter are
drawn to a small scale to save sp4ce. A bigger
Example 3 scale will give more accurate results.
Fig. 16.4 is thc graph of tlufunction2 - 3x - 2x2 Notice that the parabola in Fig. 16.4 is
upside-down with respect to that of Fig. 16.2.
When the coefficient of 12 is positive, the
parabola is U-shaped.
When the coefficient of .r2 is negative, the
parabola is O-shaped.

Exercise l6b
I In Fig. 16.2,
(a) find the value of7 when x : - 2,5,
(b) find the values of .t wheny : g,
(c) find the range of values of r for which
7 is negative?
2 In Fig. 16.4, (a) find the valuq of7 when
x = 2,8, (b) find the values of .t when
)- - 3, (c) find the values of x when1 : l.
3 Fig. 16.5 is the graph of
-Y=x'-5r*8.
(a) What is the minimum value of
x2-sx+B?
(b) For what value of r isy least?
(c) Find the value of7 when x : 4,5.
(d) Find the values of r whenT : 4,6.
,1,i.
1-i '',r -l---
.,
+ .r l. L I + i
l.-r +--F - ; i 1 l''-: 1

,L
l
ii;i; i'ii'"j
i 1-r'- ' . r .,
-".i I
l t.
l
(b) For what value of
maximum?
r is 3x - x2 a
T (c) Find the values of x whenT : - g.
-1-
.t- i.+
i+
i+ (d) For what range of values of x is 3x - x2
)- ilf-i- I,I 1 .| .'. l
.l - i...J positive?
i-r i1: 5 Table 16.6 is a table of values for
t-l ir
) :,c2 * 3x - I from x : -4 to x : l.
I

-1.. i l -;l
+',!:li
1--1, '1- -: l '' !'
r , i i-i I ., , Table 16.6
ii '- -t'I
-1.....+ i.....
':,lil:
j! il ,i:
}. :'l : ]
_J
i1 I
-t-
-t
i-;.1
1f
It1"-l:lit
r it.l
.r.,.,.1...i x -4 -2 -l 0 I
It t til .1.
' L-r II rI - ''
r '''
1 t
:
i'.",' v 3 _I -3 -3 -l 3
''I .i:.i
_r iiir
--t 1 :iii
'I
i
(a) Use a scale of 2 cm to I unit on both
."{
1
+
l
'I
,t iri
. tl.
axes to draw the graph of): x2 + 3x - L
Use the graph to find (b) the minimum
'-j-
il
:
,,1

value of7, (c) the value of7 when x : - 3,5,

I
j-. -t-
:f. I .l- I l
i-i Tr 7:;;:,
ii.":t; (d) the values of r whenT : $.
ll iL i'r
,,'L
l. ",,,1
-tI t1
.t..
rl
l1
1 ',..]
't-,' l -l 11
l
r 1 r I-i -
i ; | ...1 I
ti
t
Table 16.7 is a table ofvalues forl: x - x2
,,-1.:
1t.
il
I
l I
I
,,1,!
-l!
l;.,.i
tilr:'
r 1.
fromr--ltox:3.
,I il I
1 t_
fi
1"r ii
: Il.,
iii i r

Table 16.7
,l

Fig.
J

16.5
I
I
I
l il;" i"1 i- x -2 -l 0 2 3

I -6 -2 0 0 -2 -6
4 Fig. 16.6 is the graph of the function
): 3r - x2. Choose a suitable scale and draw the graph
ofy = x - 12. Use the graph to (a) sta-te the
range of values of r for whichy is positive,
(b) find the value of .r for which x - x2 isa
maximum, (c) find the maximum value o!,
(d) find the value of2 when x = 2,2, (e) find
the values of x when y = -5.
7 (a) Given thaty: r{ - 2x - l,copy and
complete Table 16.8.
Table 16.8
x -2 -l 0 I 2 3 +
o
4 I 0 I 4
-2x _o1
4 2 0 -4
-l -l -l -l -l -l -1 -t
I -7 2 -2
(b) Use a scale of 2 cm to I unit on both
axes to draw the graph of1: x2 - 2x - l.
Use your graph to find (c) the value of7
when x : 1,3, (d) the values of r when
! = 6, (e) the minimum value of7.
t47
| ' - 'r-r'l
t (a) Giventhat) = 4 + 3x - x2, copy and function of r. Its-vafue dgRends on the value
complete Tabll tO.g. oJ*. The- symbol/(r) is short for furction of x.
/(2) would be the same function with 2 written
Table 16.g for r. Likewise l) is the same function
"f(-
with - I substituted for r.
E -l 0 I 2 3 4
Examole 4
4
fEr -3
4 4 4
3
4 4
9
4
tJJQi = 5rs - 3x2 * x- a,fudf(2) ail
-t -l -l -9 /(- r).
f(x\=5r3-3x2+x-4
"-f\zi=5x23-3x
! 0 5 +
22+2-+
(b) draw =40- 12+2-4=26
l) =5 x (-l)s - 3 x (- l)2 + (- l) - 4
the Your "f(- =-$-3-l'4=-13
Sra s ofr
for )find E:ample 5
the value ofy when x
values of x when ) =
=- 0,6, (e) find the
3, (f) find the Ir.t@=#r,f*a
maximum value of;ll
9 Using a scale of 2 cm to I unit on both axes, (a) (0), (b)
"f
(2), (a)"f(- 3), (d) lU + 2),
"f
draw-the graph ofl = 12 for values of r
Iiorir - 3 to + 3. Read off the values of2 (") ,f(o) = 3(;2) = -!
when r = (a) 1,5, (b) '0,7, (c) 2,3,
(d) - 1,3, Find the values of r when
I = (e) 5, (f) 8, (g) 1,9, (h) 0,8.
(b) /(2) =#*=#=o
f0 (a) Draw the graph of the function x' - 3x
fromr = - I tor = + 4 (b) Compareyour
(c) .r(-r) = T=t +? = + - -tt
graph with that of Fig. 16.6. What is the
(d) * 2) =
3(r+2-2)
main dillcrence between the two graphs? "f(* (x+2)2+3(*+2)+2
(c) For what range ofvalues of r is x' - 3* 3x
necative? (d) What is the minimum value E-

of'xz - gi?'
xa*7x*12
ll (a) Draw the graph of y = xz - 2x from E
x = -2to x = + 4. (b) Compart the graph I
with that of question 7. What is the main
difference between the two graphs?
(c) What is the minimum value of 7?
(d) Find the values of r when2 =./.
tf ia) Draw the graph of I = 5-* 4i - .r2 2
from r = - I to, = *5. Use your graph
to find (b) the value ofy when r = 1,7,
(c) the values of r when ) = 4, (d) the
rangc of values of r for whichy > 7. t
Functional notation 4
Any algebraic expression which involves the
variable r (and no other variable) is called a
l+8
Chapter l7

hrdices and logarithms (2)

Standard forzr (Revision) Exercise l7a (Oral revieion)

Express the following in standard form.
Table I7.l shows that fractions such as one I 32,4 2 0,471
tenth, one hundredth, ... can be expressed as 3 3 472 000 4 0,000 613 I
negative powers of 10. 5 +576 6 5l i20
7 0,043 8t 8 0,000 000 23r
Table l7.l I 623 000 000 l0 0,003 471
I I 8,04 12 5r0
numbcr powcr of l0 l3 6 500 14 2+,t2
I 000 ios l5 0,027 9 16 0,000 193
t00 102 l7 0,102 It l2 800
l0 tol l9 0,007 43 20 500,8
I 100
0,1 l0- I
0,01 l0-2
LogarithmE of numbers less tlnn I
0,001 lo-s
In Chapter I it was shown that the base l0
A number in the form r{ x l0n, where r{ is a logarithm of a number is the power to which
number between I and l0 and z is a positive or l0 is raised to give that number. Tables were
negative integer, is said to be in rtendard used to find the logarithms of numbers. For
fom. For example 3,753 x 102 and 8,5 x l0-3 example,
are numbers in standard form.
37=3,7x10
Examplc I = 100'5682 X l0l
following in slandard form.
Exprcss tlu
= 100'5682+l
@l %a Q) +23t (c) 0,23 (d) 0,031
= lQl15682
log37 = 1,5682
(a) =
234 2,34 x 100
The logarithms of numbers less than I are
= 2,34 x 102
(b) 4231 = 4,231 x 1000
found by using negative powers of 10. For
example,
= +,231 x 103
(c) 0,23 = 2,3 x 0,1 0,037=3,7x0,01
= 2,3 x l0-' = tQ0'5682 X l0-2
= 100,5682+(-2)
(d) 0,031 = 3,1 X 0,01^ = l0-2+0's682
= 3,1 x l0-' log 0,037 - -l + 0,5682
149
I-npractice, the logarithm of 0,037 is written Example 2
as 2,5682 and_said as 'bar 2 point 5682'. Eualuate
Notice that 2,5682 is zol the same as - 2,5682: (a) 0,768 5 x 0,034 15, (r) 0,768 5 + 341,5.
2,5682 means -2+ 0,5682, (a) 0,768 5 x 0,034 15
- 2,5682 means - 2 + (- 0,5682). = (7,695 x l0-r; x 13,+t5 x l0-2)
= (l0o'88s7 x l0-') , 116n'rr34 x l0-2)
_The logarithm 2,5682 has a negative integer tables)
(2) and positive fraction (0,5682). The integer
- x ,0,ltllfl-L3g
160,88s7+0.5334
part of a logarithm can be found by expressing _ lgr,4rsr X l0-3
the given number in standard form. For _ lgo,arer x l0r x l0-:r
example,
log 0,041 32 : l9g (4,132 x l0-2)
= 2,625 x lol+(-3)
(from antilog tables)
the integer is 2 : 2,625x l0-2
log 0,00087 : log (8,7 x l0-4)
= o.ozozs (= 0.0262++z lEl t
Rough check:0,8 x 0,03 : 0,024-
the integer is 4

Exercise l7b (b) 0,7685+341,5

I Write down the integer parts of the : (7,685 x l0-r; + 13,+t5 x 102)
logarithms of the following. : (lQo,88sz x l0-') * (19{)':r:t:t4 X 102)
(a) 0,064 (b) 0,000 68
- 190,88s7-0,s334 X 1gt-
t)-{z)
(c) 0,75 (d) 0,00s 9
= 100'3523 X l0-3
(e) 0,000 8 (f) 0,000 02 :2,251 x l0-:r : 0.002 251 r-r
(g) 0,001 5 (h) 0,802 (= 0.002250366lid
(i) 0,000 0o4 (j) 0,01l )

(k) 0,000 047 (l) 0,000 009 Rough check: 0,8 + 300 : 0,008 + 3 - 0,002 7

2 Use tables to write down the logarithms of

the numbers in question l.
3 Write down the logarithms of the following.
The method used in Example 2 is lengthy. It
(a) (b) 0,051 92 may lead to errors in horizontal addition and
5,192
(c) 0,519 2 (d) 0,000 5r9 2
subtraction. It is more useful to set the work
(e) 0,038 62 (f) 0,000 197 out in table form as in Chapter 8:
(g) 0,650 4 (h) 0,000 000 32
(i) 0,8 u) 0,000 025 14
(a) No Log

(k) 0,800 4 (l) 0,008 4 0,768 5 I,8857

4 Use antilog tables to write down the 341,5 2,5334

numbers whose logarithms are as follows.

(a) 0,3645 (b) 3,3645 (c) I,SO+S
(d) 5,3645 (e) 2,+S9t (f) 4,8939
(g) I,7892 (h) 3,s739 (i) 4,0612 When setting the work out in tables, notice the
(j) T,7323 (k) 5,8226 (t) 2,5008 following:
I The fractional parts of the logarithms are
positive. These are added and subtracted in
the usual way.
Multiplication and division
2 The integral parts of the logarithms may be
When calculations involve numbers Iess than positive or negative. These must be added
l, the laws of indices can be used as beforc. and subtracted as directed numbers.
As in Chapter 8, the following calculations The examples in Table 17.2 opposite show
may be computed on a calculator. 8-figure how to simplify logarithms with'bar' notation.
calculator outcomes are given as a check. Read each example carefully.
150
Table 17.2 3rB 314 3,5
simplify working result -u -u -u
(u) 3,2 3+0,2
10 4,8 ll 2,5 t2 4,6

+pl +5+0,4
3_,2

,A
+9J -t& +Lq
l3 2,6 t4 3,2 l5 2,0

(b) 3,7
B+0,6
3+0,7
8,6
5_,7
-tf -9p -a
+ +5+0,8 lq t6 2,6 t7 3,4 l8 313
5,8
8+1,5 --
lr5
+u +gp -qp
(") 2,9 2+0,9 2,9
+ii +5+0,6 qq
3+1,5 4,5
(d) 3,5 3+0,5 3,5
-u - (5 + 0,1)
2+0,4
IJ
2,4
(.) 3,4 2+1,4 314 0,082 4x 6,51 = 0,5_3! 4 (= 0.530424
- gr9 - (6 + 0,9) -ry Cluck:0,08 x 7 = 0,56
L B ).

4+0,5 4,5
(f) 5,7 5+0,7 Example4
-u _U 517
Eualrute 6,802 + 0,094.
- (2 + 0,3)
3+0,4 314

(s) 2,8 2+0,8 2,8

- grf - (5 + 0,1) - 9,1_
4+0,7 4r7
6,802 + 0,094 = (= lL3_6-1702
(h) +9=78 rB
72,36 ).
5,3 6+1,3 13
-a - (2 + 0,7)
4+0,6
-a 4,6
Check:7 + 0,09 = 700

69012.
Notice in Example 4. 9'99 =
'0,094 9,4
Notice example (h). In this case 0,7 cannot Bar notation could have been avoided by
be subtracted from 0,3. I is added to 0,3, multiplying the numerator and denominator
making it 1,3. To keep the value of the lqgarithm by 100.
the same, I is subtracted from 5, making it 6.
ExampleS
Eaafuate 57,9 x 0,002 8 x 0,6.
Exercise l7c
Simplify the following, expressing the answers
in'bar' notation where necessary,
2,6 1,5 2,9
+9J +u +lJ 57,9 x 0,002 : 0,097 29 r-r
8 x 0,6
5,4 5,4 5r7 (: 0.097272l::il
- L-L -tf -a Cluck: 60 x 0,003 X 0,6 = 0,18 x C6- :
)
0,108
l5l
Examole 7
Eaatuaie (a) (0,085)3, (a) {O0607.
(a) 0.085= 8.5 x l0-2
fo.ogste=(8.5x10-2)3
'
= (1fo,szs+ y (g-z;s (from log
tables)
= tQo,e29x3 x l0(-2)xs
= tQ2'7882 X 10-6
= 1Q0,7882 X 102 X 10-6
= 6,141 x l0-4 (from antilog
tables)
%fiffi = 2,8se (= 2.8e8er3u
EI I
r=3:333,1f1i,@r
chcct$ff=#=3,2 (b) 0,0007=7xlO-4
{@=(7x lo-a1t
Exercfue l7d = i190'8+51 x l0-4)t
Evaluate the following, You may use a cal- = igo,845t+4 ,a 19{:4)+4
culator if you wish. Use rough calculation to = lO0'2113 Y 19-l
check each result. = 1,627 x l0-r
I 3,925 x 0,031 75
2 0,764 2 X 0,350 7 r= 3:l3il'76. Et)
E 0,6735 x 0,928 4 0,0935 X 8,672
E 0,9426 x 0,1938 6 0,0672 x 0,09853 (robtained by pressing the M key twice).
7 0,5692 + 0,0943 t
29,57 + 119,8 As before, it is advisable to set out logarithm
I 9,43 + 56,92 l0 5,673 + 98,42 work in table form:
ll +
0,52 0,092 35 12 0,766 ! + 9,325 (r)
l3 8,686 0,507
x 2 14 0,838 4 + 0,900 6
0,085
l5 3,925 0,031 7l
+ 1o,o8l1r !,9294 x t
16 0,296 x 0,0082X5,437 0,000 6l{ I

t7 It (b) No [og
0.000 7 I,B{51
l9 20 vromn I,B45l + i

or 2,647 x 0,009 2l In (a), each part of the logarithm is multiplied

-' 0,057 38 separately:
22 0,264 x 0,008 35 x 10,4 inlcgcr:2xS =f,
23 0,348 x 0,0886 x 3,94
,nff fraction:0,9294
adding: 2,929+
x 3= 2,7882
x 3= 4,7882
In (b), each part of the logarithm is divided
separately:
Powers and noots of numberg less tlun I inhgcr:4+4 =l
A scientific calculator may be advantageous lraction:0,8451 + 4= 0,2113
when finding roots of numbers. ddding: 4,8451 + 4= 1,2113
152
Table 17.3 gives examples of multiplication Example l0
and division of logarithms with bar notation. Eaaluaic (5,375 x l0-o;s
Table 17.3 Log
(5,375 x t0-6)s 6,230+ x g
simptify working rcsult
1,553 x 10-16
(a) 2,7 x 4:4(2 + 0,7)
= g+2,9
= 6-+0,8=6,8
,t- *
(b) 6,9 3= 3)6 + 0,9
2+0,3=2,3
(c) 4,7 * 3:3)4 + 0.7 Notice, in Example 10, that since the given
= 3)9 + 2,7 number is in standard form, the result is also
= 2+0,9=2,9 given in standard form.
Notice in example (c) that 4 canngt be divided
exactly by 3. Replace 1[ with 6 * 2. The Example ll
negative part of the logarithm is divisible by 3.
, - 6.-2Il
Exercise l7e
L;ualuLlc
,lffi
Simpli$ the following, expressing the answers
in bar notation.
14,3x2 2 5,6+3 3i,9x3
46,8+2 5 5,8x3 65,8+3
7 2,5+ 5 E 2,6x4 93,2+4
l0 3,9+4 ll 5,5+5 127,2+4
Examole t
Eaaluaic 0,610 43.
= 0,480 7 (= 0.480725e
El )
No I LoS
\'[ryf
2+2,7
0,6104s I i,z8sexs
Cluck: sto = # = 0,025
0,2274 l-1,SSOA also (0,48071s = (0,5)5 = 0,03
0,610 43 = 0,227 + (= 0.2274278
El )
Chcck:0,63 = 0,216 Exercisc l7f
Evaluate the following using either tables or
Exanrple,9 an appropriate calculator. Use rough cal-
Eoaluatc V0,361 2. culations, where possible, to check the results.
No I LoS I 72
0,692 2 0,493 +3
3 0,542 52
i,slzt * g
4 0,215+ 5 0,672 53
6 0,294 54
a-
= (3 + 2,s572) + g
7 8 V0,038 g7
I
l l"= o1t^?? (=
Chcck: 0,7s = 0,343
0.7121682
EI ) ll ln-
v0,065 6g
l3
Notice, in Example 9, it is easier to check the
cube of the answer, 0,7, than to guess the cube
l5 16 0,846 22
root of the given number, 0,361 2. r7 It 0,ggg 7r0
r53
19 (0,657 x 0,83)4 20 Q,624 + 0,098 35)2 l0 lo96 4 ll log25 0,2 12 log^,7
13 logrooo l0 14 loga t fS bg,i0,25
2t (g,47 + 8,74)3 22 </-,116% 16 lo9166 0,001 17 logn # 18 lo[s"0,0625
2g Yo2es zu 24 (8,462 x o,o86 77)5 19 log1,2 1,72820 lo96,2 25
The three basic laws of indices can now be
25@ given in their equivalent logarithmic form.
26 ,tW
-" 27
h
'
t.4871- | Laws of indices
1/ 9,562 1,4973 +I lxoxxb=xo*b
x to-3)6 2x"+*b-*a-b
28 (4,29t x 105)a 29 (3,t72 3 (*")b = xob
30 V6rSrrlo= Laws of logarithms
f tog(MN) = log M t log N

Th*ry of logarithms 2 rog("t) = bs M - rog N

In Chapter B it was shown that the statements 3 log(Mfl -- .p log M
100 : 102 and log 100 : 2 are two ways of
writing the same thing. The second statement Example 13
Proae that log (M1V) : log M * log N.
is written in full as logro 100 : 2, i.e. 'the
logarithm to the base I0 of 100 is 2'. Let log, M : a and log, N: b, where r is any
Logarithms can be in bases other than 10. base.
For example, since B : 23,log2 I = 3. The Then M: xo and N = xb
logarithm to the base 2 of B is 3. MN=xoxxb
ln general, - ^.a*b
if N:a,rt'henlogN: x.
The logarithm to a given base of a number is log, (MN) : a * D : log, M * log, N
the power towhich thebase mustbe raised to Hence log (Mnfi = log M * log N is true for
make the number. any base.
Example 12 Exanple 14
Eaaluate (a) log2 32, (b) logs 27, (e) log5 0,04. Gioan thal log 2 : 0,30103 andlog3 : 0,47712,
calculate, without using any tablcs. (a) log 5,
(u) Let N = log2 32 (D) log 6, (c) log 0,9.
then 2N = 32 = 25
hence N= 5 (a) log 5 : log 4}
(b) Let x : logs 27 :logl0-log2
then 9': 27 = | - 0,30103
i.e. (32)': 3s : 0,69897
g2'= 33 (b) log 6 : log (2 x 3)
2x: 3
hence
=log2*log3
and .r = ll : 0,30103 + 0,477 12
(") Let r = log5 0,04 = 0,77815
then5'=0,04:#:5-2
hence r= -2 (c) log 0,9 = log *
=log9-logl0
Exercise l7g -log32-l
Evaluate the following logarithms. =2log3-l
I log2 4 2 logls I 000 3 log5 25 :2x0,47712-l
4 log3 Bl 5 logy2 l,t4 6 lo96 216 = 0,95424 - |
7 logT t a loga 64 9 loga B : 0,04566
r54
Example 15 7 Simplify the following.
Simplify the follouing as far as possible (a) log 8 - log 4 (b) log B + log 4
(a) log 8 * log 5 (b) 2 - log 4 (c) log 9 + log 3
(d) Stos 32 (c) log 8 * log 4 (d)
' l9&9:+sl
log 4 - log2
(a) rog B * rog, , r) E Express the following equations in index
[E [80
form.
= 100
(b) 2 - log4 = log - log4 (a) logx:b
= log# (b) log x l log1: I
: log 25 (c) logr* l:0
(c) loge+log3:iH:H (d) log x * 2log7: 3
(e) log x - logy = log Z
2log3 9 If log r - log (2x - l): l, find r.
log 3 l0 Use the method of Example 13 to prove
-2 (a) rog (X) = bg M- rog N,
(d) 3 log 32 : log 321
= log d&72 = log 2 (b) log (Me) : p log M.
:log4
Exercise l7h
Assume that all the logarithms are to base 10. Exercise l7i (General practice)
I Given that log 2 = 0,3010, log 3 - 0,4771. Evaluate the following, using tables or a
and log 7 : 0,8451, evaluate the following. calculator. Give each answer correct to 3 s.f.
(a) log 5 (b) log 8 (c) log 49 I x 23,82 x
42,87 1,27
(d) log la (e) log 35 (f) log a2
2 Given that log 2 : 0,30101, evaluate log 16 t 7,143 x 821,5
n
- o,oor 4-
without using tables.
3 Express the following as logarithms of 3 5,02+3 4 14fi,71
single numbers.
(a) log 3 * log 4 (b) log 15 - log 3
E Ydr@x tW o V0.-psoza
(c) 3 log 5 (d) | log 25 z fi,000T62 8 {GB4JF
(e) log 8l - log 3 (f) I * log 3 e t(l6f4f- lo 0,076 34r
(s) I
-log5 (h) 2log3* log6
(i) 2-2tog5 (j) *logto tt ffi+i tz (0,267 x 0,e34)g
4 Evaluate, without any tables,
3 log 2 * log 20 - log 1,6
5 Solve the following for r.
(a) loglsx=3 (b) lo916x:-2
,,(tffil ,n%ffiro
6 Simplifr the following without using tables.
,u3ffir66,28"#
13.872 x 2.95
lg 4 009

155
Chapter 18

Quadradc expressions (2)

Factorising quadratic expnessions Example 2

Factoise x2 + 8x - 20.
Example I (Revision)
By the alternative method:
Factoisc a2 - l7a * *2. lsl step: Find the product of the first and last
lst step: a2 - l7a + 42: (a )(a ) terms.
2nd slcp: Find two numbers such that their )i x (- 20) = -20x2
product is *42 and their sum is - 17. Since
the middle term is negative, consider negative 2nd stcp: Find two terms such that thelr
factors only. product is - 20x2 and their sum is * 8x.

factors oJ + 42 sum af factors faclors af - 2Ox2 sum oJfactors

(a) -42 and - | -43 a) -20x and *x - l9r
(b) -2tand-2 -23 b) *20xand-r * l9.r
(.) -14and-3 -t7 c) - l0r and * 2x - 8.r
(d) -7 and -6 - 13 d) * lOx and - 2.t *Br
Of these, only (c) gives the required result.
e) -5rand *4r -x
Hence a2 _ l7a * 42 = (a _ la)(a - 3)
f) *5xand-4r *x
Cluck: (a - ru)@ - 3) = a2 - l4a - 3a * 42 Of these only (d) gives the required result.
=a2-l7a*42 3rd stcp: Replace * 8x with lOx * 2; in the -
given expression.
allenaliac metlwd:
Factorise by grouping.
lsl slcp: Find the product of the first and last
x2 + Bx - 2o:12 + lox - 2x - 2o
tefms:
a2 x (++2) = *42a2
= r(x + l0) - 2(r + l0)
2nd stcb: Find two terms such that their = (r * l0)(r - 2)
producl is *42a2 and their sum is - l7a (the
middle term). Exerciee l8a (Revision)
Jactors of + 42a2 sum ottaclars
Factorise the following.
(u) - 42a and - a - 43a
(b) - 2la and - 2a - 23a lx2+9r*14 2l'-l2r+35
(") - l4a and - 3a - 17a Ez2-3<+2 4a2+9x-22
(d) -7aand-Ga -l3a 5d2-3d-40 6h2+3h-4{
Of these, only - t (- 3a) = - l7a.
l*a 7n2-l8n*32 E12+9s*20
3rd slep: Replace - 17 a with - l4a - 3a in the g t2+ llt-26 l0 12- llr+ lB
given expression. ll a2 t l4a t 45 12 a2 - 8c - 33
Factorise by grouping, l3 12 - x- 42 L4 x2+ l3.r - 48
a2 -l?a * 42: a2 - l4a -3a * 42 15.r2*x-6 rO f -t-12
: a(a - l4) - 3(, - 14) 17 x2 - 27x * 5a lt x2 * 39r * 38
: (a - ta)(a - 3) 1912-25 20a2-t4a*49
156
More difficult quadratic expressions Esample 4
In the quadratic expressions of Exercise l8a, FactoriieT - 22x * 3x2.
the coefficient of x2, a2 , . . ., etc., was always l. lst step: 7 x (+3x2) :2112
However, there are many quadratic expressrons 2nd step: Find two terms such that their sum is
which are not so simple. For example, -22x and their product is * 2112. Since the
2a2 + 7a - 15, where the coelficient of a2 ii 2, middle term is negative, consider negative
and 2a2 * 7ab - l5b2 which contains more factors only.
than one letter. Factors ofsuch expressions are
found by trial and error as before. Read the
t 2lx2
factors of sum of factors

following examples carefully. These use the - -

2lx and ,t - 22r(stop)
3rd step: Replace - 22x with - 2lx - r in the
alternative method, shown in Examples I and
glven exPresslon.
2, leading to factorisation by grouping. This
Factorise by g-rouping.
method is recommended when factorising
more dilEcult quadratic expressions.
7-22x*3x2-J-2lx-x* 3x2
7(l
: (l -- 3x)(7-- x) -
= 3x) .r(l 3x)
Example 3
Factorise 2a2 + 7a - 15.
Example 5
lst step: Find the product of the first and last Factoisc 8x2 - l4x - 9.
terms.
2a2 x (- 15) : -30a2 lst stcp: Bx2 x (- 9) : - 72x2
2nd step: Find two terms such that their product 2nd step:
is - 30a2 and their sum is * 7 a (the-middle - 72x2
factors of sum of Jactors
term). -72xand*x -7lx
-36x and *2x -34x
factors of - 3Oa2 sum of factors
- l8x and * 4.t - l4r(stop)
(a) -30a and * a - 29a 3rd step:
(b) + 30a and - a * 29a 8x2 - l4x - 9 = 8r2 - l8x * 4x - 9
(c) - l\a and * 2a - l3a = 2x(4x - 9) + l(4x - 9)
(d) + l5a and - 2a * l3a = (4x - 9)(2x + l)
(.) - lla and * 3a -7a
(f) * lOa and - 3a *7a Notice, in Example 5, that the middle term is
(S) - 6a and * 5a -a negative. It was necessary to consider only
(h) * 6a and - 5a *a iirose factors in which the negative term was
Of these, only (f) gives the required result. greater numerically than the positive term.
Srd step: Replace * 7 a in the given expression Example 6
with * l0a -3a.
Factorise by grouping.
Faltoise 6a2 + l5a * 9.
2a2 + 7a - 15: 2a2 * lOa - 3a - 15 3 is a common factor. First take out the
=2a(a+5)-3(a+5) common factor.
-- (a + 5)(2a - 3) 6a2 + l5a * 9 : 3(2a2 + 5a + 3)
In Example 3, all B possibilities were written 2a2 x (+ 3; : 6oz
down. In practice there is no need to do this. Jactors of * 6a2 sum of factors
The method can be shortened as follows: *6aand*a *7a
I Notice in the second step that the sum of the * 3a and * 2a * 5a (stoo)
two terms is positive. It is necessary to consider 6a2 + l'a*9=3(2a2 + 5a+ 3)' "
only those factors in which the positive term is =3(2a2*3a*2a+3)
greater numerically than the negative term. -- 3la(2a + 3) + l(2a + 3)l
2 Stop when the required result is reached. = 3(2a + 3)(a + l)
t57
Example 7 7t 8b2 - r8D + I 72 8c2-2lc-9
Factorisc 738d2-22d+9 74 8e2-49e*75
(a) 2a2 7ab* t5b2, - 75 8f2 - 50f + 75 76 t2a2b2rllab-S
(b) 2a2b2 7ab *t5. - 77 t2n2 - 4mn - 5n2
Notice that these two examples have the same
78 t2t2 - ltt + 2
coefficients as the expression in Example 3.
79 l2x2y2 - llxy - l
80 24p{ + pq -i3,t2
(a) 2a2 * 7ab - l5b2: (a t 5b)(2a - 3b)
(b) 2a2b2 * 7ab - 15: (ab + 5)(2ab - 3)
Use multiplication to check the solutions to
Example 7.
Quadratic equations
Exercise l8b
Factorise the following. If the product of two numbers is 0, then one of
la2+8a*15 2b2-7b+lo the numbers (or possibly both of them) must
3 c2+4c-21 4d2-5d-t4 be 0. For example,
5e2+2e-B 6w2+5.rp*6 3X0=0,0x5:0and0x0:0
7 x2+5x-G E)'-57+6 Ingeneral,ifaXb:0,
gz2-sz-G lo2d2+3d+l theneithera=0
ll 2e2-3e* I 12 2.f'-f-l orb:0
l3 a2*7a*lO 14 a2*7ab + I0r2
l5 a2b2 * 7ab * l0 16 x2 - 2r) - l5)' Example 8
t7 * tom - 24 t8 n2 - to; - 24-
m2 Solae tlu (x
equation 2)(r + 7) : 0.
19 u2-tou*24 2o a2-lta*24
2l m2 * 4m - 21 22 nt2 * 4mn - 2ln2 If(x-2)(x+7):0
23 m2n2 * 4mn - 21 24 3a2 - 4a * | then either x - 2:0 or x * 7 :0
253b2+b-2 26,2x2+5x-3 <) x:2 or -7
27 2f -51 - 3 28 222-52*3
29t+3m*2m2 3015-2n-n2 Example 9
3l I - 2u - 8u2 32 u2 * 2ua - 8a2 Solue tfu equation a(a * 3) :
33 a2 * Sab - 36b2 34 a2 * 9ab - z6b2 0.
35 a2 * t6ab - 36b2 36 2b2 - rcb + n lfa(,'*3) :g
37 c2-4c-77 3E7t-qd-d2 theneirhera=0ora*3:0
39 3e2* 3a - 18 40 3f2 + 2f - | '3 a:0or-3
4l a2*4ab+3b2 42 l+4x*3x2
4?2g2-5g+2 42h2+sh+3 Example l0
45 3h2 + hk + 2k2 46 t2x2 - t3x - t4
7 Solue the equation - 5)2 : g.
(m
47 a2 * 25a - l5o 48 b2 + 25b + l5o lf(n-5)2=0
49 3c2- llc*6 50 3d2 +7d-6 then (z - 5)(* - 5) : 0
5l 5e2 - 9e - 2 52 t-f2 + l0/+ 3 €) m-5:0twice
53 35 - t2a * a2 54 35 - 2b - b2 <t m: 5 twice.
55 35 *36c*c2 56 35 +3od-5d2
57 3a2 * Sab + 2b2 58 3m2 * Smn - 2n2 Example ll
59 3u2 * 7ua * 2a2 60 622 - 7n - 3 Solue the equation d(d - 4)(d + 6)2 : 0.
61 7u2*22a*3 62 4y2- t2r* 5
6g 2h2 - rbh-27 u zr2 - rci+27 If d(d - 4)(d + 6)2 : 0, then any one ofthe
65 x21t2 - x1t - 30 66 2u2a2 * uo - 6 four factors of the LHS may be 0,
67 5 - 7a - 6a2 68 l0a2 - 4tb - 45 i.e. d : 0 or d - 4 - 0 or d* 6 : 0 twice.
69 log2 - 43q + 45 70 Baz - tti + g Q d:0, 4, or - 6 twice.
t58
The solutions of the equations in Examples 8, 3
9, 10, I I are called the roots of the equations. 4
Notice that Examples l0 and I I contain 5
repeated roots. The meaning of these will be 6
explainel on page 164. 7
8
Exercise l8c I
Solve the following equations.
l0
| (o.- 3)(a + 5) = 0 ll
12
2(b-2)(b-l)=0 l3
3 (r+2)(x+ 6)=0 t4
4 tU - 5) = 0
5 (n-3)'(^- 4):0 r5
6 (n- 5)(z+3)2=0 l6
7u(u+5)(u*l) =6 t7
8 (a-7)(u+ 5)(u-3):0 r8
9 x2(x +3):0 l0 v2(l-4)':0 l9
20
ll 5(a+2)(a -4)=0
12 4bb * 6)2:0 A quadratic equation is one in which 2 is
B SdrU - i) :0 14 m21m + 3)2 = o the highest power of the letter (or letters) in the
f5 (6 - n)(4 * z) = g equation, For example, mz - 5m - 14 = 0 is a
fO (5 + z)(3 - u) :0 quadratic equation. In this example, the LHS
17 u(u - 2)(o + 2) -- 0 of the equation can be factorised:
18 r2(x + 5)(x - 5) : 0 (m+2)(m-7):0.
19 12(3 *y) :0 The equation is now like many of those in
20a(2-o)20*a) :g Exercises l8c and l8d.

Example 13
Example 12
4)' + 52 - 2l =Q.
Solae the equation (3a + 2)(2a - 7) : 0.
Solue lhe equation

If (3a + 2)(2a - 7) = 0, then

4J'+5y-21=O
either3a*2=0 or 2a-7:0 <) U+3)(4y-7):s
<) 3a:'2 ot 2a: 7 <) eitherT*3:0 .or 4y-7=0
<t a:-t o. a=l <) ): -3 or 4)=7
i.e. a: _t or 3l
<) ):-3 or )=z
Check: By substitution:
i.e. )--3 orlt
Check: By substitution:
If a: -2,(3a+2)(2a-7)
: (_2 + 2)(_ l* _ 7) lf 1= -3,4)2 + 52 - 2l
:36-15-21:0
x (-8t)
=0 :0 :
lf1 12, 4)'+ 51t - 2l
lfa:Z*,(3a+2)(2a-7) :4xlx1+5xz-2t
: (l0l + 2)(7 - 7)
=l2LX0:0 =Af,+T-2t:0
Example 14
Exercise l8d Solae thc equation a2 - 3a = 0.
Solve the following equations. Check the results a2-3a:o
by substitution. aa(a-3):0
| (d- 5)(3/-2)=0 <) eithera:0ora-3=0
2 (2m-r)(n *4) :g i.e. a:0 or 3
159
Example 15 18 12+87+16=o
Solae tfu equation m2 : 16. lg z2-42:0
2O z2-4=O
Rearrange the equation. 2l h2 - lsh * 54: o
lfmz = 16 22k2-15lr-54=o
thenm2 - 16:0 2t 2m2 - 5m:0
Factorising (difference of two squares): 242m2-5m*3=0
@-\(n*4):6 252n2-5n-3=0
m-4=0 or m*4:0
either 263n2*n=O
i.e.m=*4 or m=-4 27a2*a=90
i.e. m: *4 b2-b=72
28
Example 16
293x2*4x*l=0
Solae the equation2x2:3x * 309r2:6t-l
5.
3l l6t2+8&*l=0
Rearrange the equation to give a quadratic t22c2*5c*3:0
expression on the LHS and 0 (zero) on the 333d2-5d-2=0
RHS. 34 4c2-20ei2s:0
2x2=3x*5 35 9f2 + l2i+ 4: o
<) 2x2-3r-5:0 ?64a2-lla:3
e(2x-5)(r*l) =g 37 b2*7b=44
g8 7m2:3m
either 2x-5=0 or .r*l=0
<) 2x:5 or 'r:-l 39 522 * 2n:0
<) x=t or x:-l 40 2p2 - llp * 5 = o
i.e.r:2lor_ I 41 5q2 + llq * 2 = 0
42 2522 :9
Nttice, in Examples 15 and 16, that where 43 6f:1 * I
necessary the given equation should be M6h2+13/u-5:o
rearranged to give a quadratic expression on 45 l6P:49
the left-hand side and zero on the other side. 464r2-49:0
47 8s2 * l4.r: 15
Exercise l8e 4E 6x2 = 7x * 20
Solve the following quadratic equations. 49 127'+)- 35:o
I a2-3a*2=o 50 632 :49 * l8z2
2 b2+ 5D*6=o
8 c2-c-2:0 Equations with non rational rroots
4d2+2d-3=o
5 e2 - 7e * lo = o lf m2 = 16, then m : !.4. (See Example 15.)
6m2-4m:O Hence, - : 16
if (r 3)2
7 n2+ 5z:o thenx-3=*4
8p'+7p+12:o and*:3*4
9 q'+2q-8:o :7or-1(3*4=7
l0x2-2x*l=0 3- 4- - l)
lll2-51+4:0
12 a2 -9a:0 Example l7
l? b2 -9=0 Solae the equation (x * 3)2 = 7.
14 c2 :25
15u2-Bu-9=0 If(r+3)2:7
16a2*2a-35:o thenx*3: t\/1
l7 x2 -6r*9:0 t(: -3!\/7
160
Since f is a non-rational number, the roots The coelficient of d is - 5. Half of - 5 is - [.
of the equation (r + 3)2 :
7 are non-rational. (-t)2 = *T
The roots may be found approximately by
writing + \/7 as *2,65. d: - 5d * T is a perfect sqraip. i -'- ' '' '. \
dz - 5d t'* = (d - il2 :'
Exercise ltf = (d _ 202
Solve the following equations. If an equation I r ilt;t ^,Pl
has non-rational roots, leave the answer in the
Example 20 i

Add a brm ta n2 * lln n malu tlu exp_1g1s_rpa q pcrfoct

square. Express tlu rcsult as llu sguarc ofa brackcled
cxprcssion,

The coefficient of z is * ll.

Halfof +ll= Lxt: *.(l)2:*.
1fu must be added.
n2+lln*r%= (n+*)2
Examples 19 and 20 may be checked by
squaring out the bracket in the final result.

Exercise l8g
Gompleting the squarc In the following, add a term making the given
expression into a perfect square. Write the
Example lt result as the square ofa bracketed expression.
lfihat nt*rt bc adfud to x2 + 6x to malu tlu cxprcssinn
a perfcct squarc? la2+8a 2b2+lob 3c2-4c
4d2-6d 5x2+sx 6y2-zy
Suppose x2 + 6r * * is a-perfect square and 7 z2 - 7z 8m2+2m 9-n2-n-
that it is eoual to (.r * a)2. l0u2-Lu llo2+fu 12h2+lh
i.e. Let x2 i 6r + i = (x'+ a1z tE k2 - llr 14g'-4g2 lia2+la
thenx2 4 6.r * k= x2 I 2ax * a2 t6 b2-tb ll c2-lhc 18m2-Bm
By comparing coelficients of r, 19 m2 - \mn 20 a2 - 6ad 2l 12 t loxy
2a= 6 22 m2 * 3mn 2gu2-l$z 24a2-la
a=3
By comparing the constant terms,
k= a2 Example 2l
,t=32=9 Solac tlu cquation x2 - 8x * 3: 0.
Therefore 9 must be added to the expression.
Cluck: x2 + 6x * 9 = (.t + 3)2 The LHS does not factorise, so the equation
is rearranged making the LHS a perfect square.
In practice, the quantity to be added is the
squtrc of half of the coefficient of r (or x'-8x*3=0.
whatever letter is involved). In Example 18, Subtract 3 from both sides.
the coefficient of r is 6, half of 6 is 3 ahd the x2-Bx:-1.
square of 3 is 9. Hence 9 must be added.
Add 16 to both sides.
x2-Bx*16=-3+16
Example 19 <) (x-4)2=13
What mtut be added tu d2 - 5d to makc it into a C) x-4:+Vl-3
pcrfcct squarc? Factoisc llu rcsult. <, x=4 + \/l5
l6l
Exanple 22 8 c2-4c-2:0
Solae tlu cquation a2 + 3a - 2 = 0. 4d2+2d-2=O
The LHS does not factorise. 5n2+4n*4=0
a2+ 3a - 2 : 0 6p'-loy'+15=o
<+ a2+3a:2. 7 q'+l0q+22=0
Add to both sides the square of f. I t2- 6r+g=o
a2+3a+$)2=2*1 9m2+Gm*7=0
l0y2-3y*l=0
:- 8+9 ll'rz-52+6=0
12 h2+5h+ 4=0
a(a+t)2=* l8k2-5r+2=O
<) a*$=t\/+ 14g'*5g*2=0
15x2-8r-l=0
_-\n7
--n- 16a2-a-l=0
17b2 + b - 3 = 0
18)'+tl-30:0
<, a=-ttg 2
19m2-7m*ll=0
20 x2*3x-2=O
_ -3 + \n7 2lx2-l0r*25=0
2 22a2*9u*19=0
23n2-l2n*l=0
If the LHS of the equation factorises, use the 24u2-l4u-3=0
method of factorisation rather than completing
the square. For example,
xz-7x * l0:0
<i (.r-5)(r-2) :o
<t x=5or2
rathcr than
x2-7x * lo=o
<) x2-7x=-10
Q x2-7x*(t)2=ffi Graphical solution of qpadratic
equauons
4
Exampl e23
<) (*-tr)2=* Solac tlu cquation x2 - 2x - !: 0 graphicalt2.
e x-L=+t
c) x=t!l
=\orl
=5or2

Exercise l8h
Solve the following equations. Factorise where.
possible. Otherwise, solve by completing the x -2-r 0 l 2 3 4 5
square, leaving the answers
Examples 2l and 22.
in the form of t 4 I 0 I 4 I 16 2s
+ 2 0-2-4-6-8-10
-2x
la2+4a-21 =O -3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3 - 3
2b2-b-12=o l-zr-g 5 0 -3 -4 -3 0 5 12
162
Fig. 18.l is the graph ofthe functionx2 - 2x - 3. Table 18.2

-3 -2 -r 0 I 2 3

3i 27t2303t227
*x -3 -2 -l 0 t 2 3
-7 -7 -7 -7 -7 -7 -7
v t7 3 -5 -7 -3 7 23

Fig. 18.1

We know that1 = x2 - 2x - 3, so the solutions

of x2- 2x --3: 0 are the values of .r where
) : 0. The place at whichy : 0 is the x-axis. i '' i ''_'
In Fig 18.1, the curye cuts the r-axis at points
L

A and B.
'.'lt i :ri
AtA,x=3
AtB,l=-l .',..':..
Hence x2 - 2x - ! - 0 when x = 3or - L ,; : l j i... r. t r,
Chcck: By factorisation:
x2 2x 3 = o
- -
(x-3)(x*l):9 From the graph,2: 0 when
r=3or-l x-lr4
orx=-lr7
For the equation given in Example 23, the Hence the approximate roots of the equation
method of factorisation is much easier than the
are 1,4 and - 1,7,
graphical method. However, when the
expression cannot be factorised, the graphical
The accurary of the results depends on the
method can be used to give approximate roots
scale used to draw the graph. With the scale in
as in Example 24.
Fig. 18.2, results are correct to one decimal
place only. In practice a larger scale should be
used, such as 2 cm to one unit on the r-axis
and 2 cm to 2 units on theT-axis.
f,larnple 24
Find the roots of the equationSx2 +x- 7: O. Example 25
Draru a graph to fud the roots oJ tlu. cqwtion
3x2 +x- 7 does not factorise.
4x'-20x*25=0.
Lety - + x 7 and construct a table
3x2 - of
values (Table 18.2). Letlt = 4x2 - 2Ox * 25 and construct a table
Fig. 18.2 is the graph of 1=
3x2 + x 7. - of values (Table 18.3).
163
Table lE.3 In Fig. 18.4(b), the n^/o points are coincident,
i.e. the points are so close together that the
r 0 I 2 3 + 5 curve touches the r-axis at one point. This
corresponds to an equation which has one
4i 04163664 100
repeated root.
- 20x 0 -20 -40 - 60 -80 - 100
In Fig. l8.a(c) the curve does not cut
+25 25 25 25 25 25 25
the r-axis. The roots of an equation which
I 25 9 I I 9 25 gives a curve in such a position are said
to be imaginary. For example, in Fig. 16.5
Fig.l8.3 is the graph of 7 - 4xa - 20x + 25. o! page 147, the roots of the equation
xz - 5x * 8 = 0 are imaginary since the
grap.h of ) :
.t-axls.
l' - 5r * I does not cut the

Exercise l8i
I Use Fig. 16.2 on page 145 to write down
the roots of thi equation x2 + 2x - 3 = 0.
Check the result by factorisation.
Use Fig. 16.4 on page 146 to write down
the roots of the equation 2- -
3x 2tc2 = 0.
Use factorisation to check the result.
Use Fig. 16.6 on page 147 to write- down
the roots of the equation 3x - xz = 0.
Check the result by factorisation.
Each curve in Fig. 18.5 corresponds to a
quadratic equation. Find the roots of these
equations where possible.

The curve does not cat the r-axis. It appears to

touch the r-axis where x = 2,5.
This result can be checked by.factorisation:
4x2-2oxt25=o
(2r-5)(2r-5):0
i.e. (2r - 5)2 = 0
€) x : 21(twice)
When the curve touches the r-axis, the roots
are said to be coincidenL
The curve of a quadratic function is usually
in one of three positions with respect to the

\-/vy
r-axis (Fig, l8.a).

Fig. 18.4 (ar (bl (c)

In Fig. l8.a(a) the curve cuts the .r-axis at

two clear points. These two points give the
roots of the related equation. Fis.18.5
164
5 Table 18.4 is a table ofvalues for (a) Draw the graph of the fi.inction
) = x2 * x -8 from tc = -4 to x= *3. + 2x - 2ftom x : -4 to x = *2.
x2
(b) Hence find the approximate roots of
Table 18.4 the equation x2 + 2x - 2 = 0.
l0 (a) Draw the graph of the function
r -4-3-2 -l 0 I 2 3 ll * 8,r - 2x2from l - -lto x = *6.
(b) Hence find the approximate roots of
v 4 -2 -6 -8 -8 -6 -2 4
the equation2x2 - 8r - ll = 0.
Use Table 18.4 to solve the equation
x2 + x - g = 0 graphically. The fdnnula for solving quadratic
6 Table 18.5 is a table of values for equations
3tc2 + l0.r * 6:0from t(= -4tox= * l. The general form of a quadratic equation
Table 18.5 is a.xZ * bx * c = 0. The roots of this are
found by completing the square.
x -4 -3 -2 -l 0 r

v t4 3 -2 -l 6 l9 ax2+bx*c:O
Use Table 18.5 to solve the equation <) r'+b-tc*!=O
aa
3x2+lox*6:0.
7 (a) Given thaty = x2 + 3x - 2, copy and
complete Table 18.6. <+ r'+!r=
aa -!
Table lE.6 €) *2 + Ir. (*)' = - :. (*)'
-5 -4 -3 -2 -t 0 I
i 2
--e+L
t 251694 a 4a'
*3r -15 -12 -9 -6
-4, -2 -2 -2 -2 <) (,*a\'-b2-4ac
Zal
\ 4a2
v 8 2-2-4
e x+fi=t Y
P-*
t-
4a2
(b) Hence draw- a graph to find the roots
of the equation rz + 3x - 2:0.
8 (a) Given that2 : 4x2 - l2x * 9, copy
and complete Table 18.7.
Table 18.7

x -l 0 r 2 3 4 x-
2a
4t 4 16 64
- l2x t2 -24 - 48
+9 9 99 Baernple 2G
I
Find, concct to 2 decimal placcs, tlu roots of the
equationSx2 - 5x - 7 :0.
v 25 25

(b) Hence draw a graph and find the Comparing 3x2 7 : 0 with
- 5x -g,b
- l2x * 9:0.
roots of the equation4x2 ax2 + bx * c:O:a= - -5, c: -7.
165
:-(-s) t@ Let the smaller number be r.
Then the larger number is r * 5.
2x3 Their product is r(r + 5).
5+1ft5a94 Hence x(x + 5) = 266
6 x2+5x-266=o
Q-W)(x+19) =6
=st\/t00
6
x:14or-19
The other number is 14 * 5 or - 19 + 5
_5+ 10,44
i.e. 19 or - 14.
6 The two numbers are 14 and 19, or - 19 and
15.44 - 5.44 - t4.
-- bb
vr-
Check: 14 x 19 = 266and - 19 x - l4= 266

:2,57 or - 0,91

Exercise lEj Example 2E

Use the formula to solve the following A man is 4 times older than his son. Slears ago thc
product of tfuir agu was 175. Find their present ages.
equations. Give the roots correct to 2 decimal
places where necessary. Use factorisation to Let the son's age be r years.
check the results of the first ten. Then the father's age is 4x yearc.
I x2 + 5r * 6 = 0 5 years ago, the son's age was (r - 5) years
2 x2-sx*4=0 and the father's age was (4r - 5) years.
E x2-4x-5=0 The product of their ages was ( r - 5) (a r - 5) .
42x2*5r*3=0 Hence (r - 5)(+x - 5) = 175
53x2-4xtl=0 4x2-25xt2s=l7s
63x2-5r-2:0 4x2-2Sx-150=0
7 5x2-3x-2=0 (4x+15)(r-10) :g
E4x2t7x-2=O ,r = l0 or -rf,
9612*l3x*6=0 However, -f is not sensible for an age (ages
l0 3x2 - l3x - l0 = 0 cannot be negative). Therefore the son is l0
llx2*3r*l=0 years old and the father is 40 years old.
12 x2-2x- 4=0 :
132x2*7x-3=0 Chcch: (40 - 5)(10 - 5) 35 x5= 175
143x2-5x-3=0 Notice in Example 28 that one of the roots
155x2-6r-3=0 does not give a sensible answer. Disregard any
165,r2*8r-2=0 root which is not sensible in terms of the given
17 3x2t7x* 3=0 question.
l8 3r2 - l2x * l0 = 0
193r2-8r*2=O
205x2*3r-3=0
Exercise l8k
Word problems leading to In each problem, form a quadratic equation
quadratic equations and then solve it, Note: in this exercise all the
quadratic equations can be solved by
Bxample 27 factorisation.
Find two numbers whose dffircnce is 5 and whose l. Find two numbers which differ by 4, and
product ri 266. whose product is 45.
166
The width of a classroom is 4 metres less lt A rectangular piece of cardboard
than the length. Its area is 45 m2. Find the measures 17 cm by 14 cm. Strips of equal
dimensions of the classroom. width are cut off one side and one end.
Two numbers have a difference of 3. The The area of the remaining piece is 108 cm2.
sum of their squares is 89. Find the Find the width of the strips removed.
numbers. 12 A man is 37 years old and his son's age is
Two square rooms have a total floor area 8. How many years ago was the product of
of 89 m2. One room is 3 m longer each their ages 96?
way than the other. Find the dimensions of r3 A certain number is subtracted from l8
the two rooms. and from 13. The product of the two
A girl is 6 years younger than her oldest numbers obtained is 66. Find the Iirst
brother. The product of their ages is 135. number.
Find their ages. l4 Find two consecutive numbers whose
The ages of two sisters are I I and I years. product is 156.
In how many years' time will the product l5 Find two consecutive even numbers whose
of their ages be 208? product is 224.
Find the number which when added to its r6 Find two consecutive odd numbers whose
square makes 90. product is 195.
Twice the, square of a certain whole t7 The square of a certain number is 22 less
number added to 3 times the number than l3 times the original number. Find
makes 90. Find the number. the number.
The area of a rectangle is 60 cm2. The l8 A woman is 3 times as old as her daughter.
length is I I cm more than the width. Find B years ago the product of their ages was
the width. I12. Find their present ages.
r0 A rectangular plot measures 12 m by 5 m. l9 Twice a certain whole number subtracted
A path of constant width runs along one from 3 times the square of the number
side and one end. If the total area of the leaves 133. Find the number.
plot and the path is 120 m2, find the width 20 The base of a triangle is 3 cm longer than
of the path. (HinL' Make a sketch and let its corresponding height. If the area is
the width of the path be r m.) 44 cm?, find the length of its base.

167
Chapter 19

C'eometrical transformations (2)

Congruencies (Revision) (a) Translation is movement in a sraight line

without turning. If C is translated to the pr
A transformation is the name given to a (7; - 3), then points A and B must be translated
change in position or dimensions (or both) of a by the same amount in the same direction
shape. The image of a shape is the figure which shown in Fig. 19.2.
results after a transformation. If the image has
the same dimensions as the original shape, the 1,
*-
transformation is called a congruency (see
Chapter 3), There ate three basic congruencies:
translations, refl ections and rotations.

Example I

Fig. 19.2

From Fig. 19.2, the images of A and B

(5; - 3) and (5; - 4) respectively.
(b) In Fig. 19.3, m is the lineT = - r.

*d

Fig. t9.t

Use Fig. l9.l

lo ansu)u tlu following.
(a) A ABC k trarclakd so that thc imagc of C is Fig. 19.3
thc point (7; -
3). Find tlu imagu of A and B.
L
(b) Construct tlu reJlcclion oJ ABC in thc linc The image of A is found by drawing a perp
)=x, dicular from A to m and producing it by
(c) Dcscibe conplete$ tlu singlc transformation tlwl equal Iength on the other side of nr. Simila
maps L, ABC onto L PQR. for B and C.
168
c) Comparing the given triangles ABC and
PQR, A PQR appears to have been rotated
with respect to AABC. This suggests that the
transformation is a rotation. Fig. 19.4 shows
how to find the centre of rotation and hence its
angle.

ii
^l
B
(a) In Fig. 19.5, M(Q) is the reflection of Q in
lineT:2,M(Q) has coordinates (l;3), (2; 5),
Fig. 19.4 (4;4), (3; 3).
(b) S(Q) is fully inverted (upside down) with
join a pair of corresponding points such as A respect to Q. This suggests a rotation of lB0'.
Corresponding points are joined in order to
and P. Construct the perpendicular bisector of
Iocate the centre olrotation. S is a rotation of
AP, Repeat for another pair of corresponding
joints such as C and R. The perpendicular l80o about the point (- 2; - l).
K(2;6) which is the centre of Notice that if Q is transformed to S(Q) by S,
pisectors meet at
rotation. Q is said to be mapped onto S(Q) by S.
The single transformation is a clockwise
rotation of 90o about the point (2; 6).
Exercise l9a
Use graph paper to answer the questions in
The letters T, M, R are often used to represent this exercise.
translations, reflections and rotations
respectively. For example:
T(A) is the image of pointA after translation
T, M(5; - 2) is the image of point (5; - 2)
after a reflection M, R(ABC) is the image of
AABC after rotation R.

Example 2
Qis a quadilaleral with aertices at (l; l), (2; - l),
'4; 0), (3; l).
a) M rs a reJlcclion in tlu line ) : 2. Find the
coordinates oJ the aertices oJ quadrilateral M(Q).
b) S is a lransformation which maps Q onlo
quadrilateral S(Q) nitrt at (- 5; - 3),
uertices
-7; - 3), (- 8; - 2), (- 6; - l). Drcra S(Q)
and descibe S fulj.
Fig. 19.5 shows how parts (a) and (b) may be
answered by drawing a suitable diagram. Fig. t9.6
169
In Fig. 19.6, describe completely the single
transformation which maps
(a) AABC onto APQR,
(b) AABC onto AKLM,
(.) AKLM onto APQR.
Make a copy of Fig. 19.7 and draw the image
of ABCD under
(a) a clockwise rotation of 90o about the
origin,
(b) a reflection in the liney : -r.

.r
-1-

1
_t

Fig. 19.8

(b) A2B2C2D2 is the image of ABCD under

an anticlockwise rotation. Write down
(i) the angle of rdation, (ii) the coordinates
of the centre of rotation.
Fig. 19.7 (c) A3B3C3D3 (not shown in Fig. 19.8) is
the image of ABCD under a translation. If
3 (a) Using a scale of I cm to represent 83 has coordinates (B; l), what are the
I unit on each axis, draw x andT axes for coordinates of C3?
-4 < x ( l0 and -4 <1< 12. Draw a (d) A4B4C4Da (not shown in Fig. 19.8) is
triangle with vertices (- l; l), (- l; l0), the image of ABCD under reflection in line
F a;7) and label it F. z. Write down (i) the equation of m, (ii) the
(b) A transformation R maps triangle F coordinates of Da.
onto the triangle R(F) which has vertices 5 M is a reflection in the line r : 2 and R is a
(0; - 2), (9; - 2) and (6; l). Draw the clockwise rotation of 90o about the origin. A
triangle R(F) and fully describe the trans- is the point (l;2), B is (4;6) and C is (7; l).
formation R. (a) Find the coordinates of (i) M(A),
(.) M is a reflection in the lineT : r. Find, (ii) R(B).
by drawing, the coordinates of the vertices (b) Find the coordinates of the point D if
of the triangle M(F). M(D) : 6.
4 Quadrilaterals ABCD, A1B1C1D;,
A2B2C2D2 and line m are as shown in
Fig. 19.8. Enla{gemsnt
(a) A1B1C1D1 is the image of ABCD under
a reflection. Write down the equation o[ the Enlargement is a transformation in which a
mirror line. shape is magnified (made larger) or diminished
170
(made,smaller). Fig. 19.9 shows some enlarge- 6 Comparing A3B3C3D3 with ABCD, the
ments of a quadrilateral ABCD. scale factor is - ll. A negative scale factor
indicates that the image is on the other side
of the centre of enlargement from the original
shape.
7 In an enlargement of the plane, every point
is transformed except the centre of enlarge-
ment. The centre of enlargement remains
invariant or untransformed.

Example 3
Tianglc P(l; 6), Q(5; a), R(3; 2) is mappcd onto
trianghP'(-2; - 6), Q'(- 4; - 5), R'(- 3; - 4)
b2 an mlargcmcnt E. By drawing lfu tiangles on
graph papcr fud (a) tfu coordinaks of llu ccnlrc of
enlargcment, (b) tlu scale faclor oJ E.

Fig. 19.10 shows As PQR and P'Q'R'.

Note the following:

I ABCD, A1B1C1D1, A2B2C2D2, A3B3C3D3
are similar to each other, i.e. corresponding
angles are equal and corresponding sides
are in the same ratio.
2 O is the centre of enlargement.
3 Comparing ABCD with AsB1C1D1,

oAr_oBr:ocr_oDr_c
OA OB OC OD
Any one of the above ratios gives the scale
factor of the enlargement. In this case the
scale factor is 2 and the enlargement is bigger
than the original shape. Fig. 19.10

ArBr : BrCr : CrDr

_ DrAr _.
: q (a) The lines PP' and QQ' intersect at C, the
AB BC CD = DA centre of enlargement.
C has coordinates (- l; - 2).
The ratio of the lengths of corresponding
sides is also equal to the scale factor. (b)
\-' Scale ------- cR'
= l-: -2 -- I
Comparing A2B2C2D2 with ABCD, the ----- factor cR 4 2
scale factor is i and the enlargement is
-:
Notice that CR' is negative with respect to the
smaller than the original shape. direction of CR.
r7r
Shear 5 OABC, OATBTC and OA2B2C have equal
areas since they are all parallelograms of
Fig. l9.ll shows a way of transforming the equal height on the same base. Area is an
shape of a book by pushing its top surface. invariant property of any shape that is
sheared.

Example 4
Find lhe coordinates of the image of triangle
A(- l; l), B(3; 2), C(1; -2) after a shear (a) ol
faclor I wilh lhc x-axis inaaiant, (b) of faclor - 2
Fig. t9.11 wilh lhe yaxis inrarianl.

This kind of transformation is called a shear.

Fig. 19.13 shows AABC and (a) its image
Fig. 19.12 shows two shears of a unit square AArBtCr after a shear ol factor I with the
x-axis invariant, and (b) its image AA2B2C2
OABC.
with the 7-axis invariant. In each case the
arrows show the movement ol the -shear.

Fig 1,9.12

Note the following:

I One line is fixed, or invariant. All other
points move parallel to the invariant line. In (a)
Fig. I9.12 the x-axis is invariant but any other
line could have been chosen. Fig. 19.13
2 The points on both sides of the invariant line
move by an amount proportional to their (a) The image of AABC is A1(0; l), B1(5; 3),
distances,from the line .
C,(-l; -2).
3 Comparing OA1B1C with OABC, (b) The image of AABC is A2(- I; 3),
shear factor : Bz(3;- 4), Cr(l; - a).
distance of that point from the invariant line
Suetch
_AA,n.BB,:2
AO BC In Fig. l9.la(a) an animal has been drawn on
In this case the shear f,actor is 2. a rubber sheet, such as a piece of a car inner
4 Comparing OA2B2C2 with OABC, tube.

: AA,Or ------l
BB, :
Sneaf lactof
AO
--: BC
- l*
The shear factor is negative since the shear
is in the negative direction of the x-axis.
t72
Fig. 19.14

Parts (b) and (c) of Fig. 19.14 show what

happens if the rubber sheet is stretched one
way or another. This kind of transformation is Fig. 19.16

called a stretch. Fig. 19.15 shows two stretches

of a unit square OABC. Example 5
i
Ris arlnmbuswilhacrticcs al (l;4), (2; l), (3;4)
and (2;7). S ri a strctch ofJaclor 3 in llu x-dircction
with lhe yaxis inoaiant. (a) Find the coordinahs of
S(R). (r) What kind of quadilatcral ir S(R)2
I Fig. 19.17 shows R and S(R).
-+

square is stretched in a direction perpendi-

cular to that line.
2 In Fig. 19.15(a),
Stretch f;rctor =
distance of image of point from fixed line
Fis. 19.17
distance of original point from the fixed line
:ABtorOCr-2 (a) A stretch factor of 3 in the r-direction has
the effect of multiplying each.r-coordinate of R
This transformatiot?s oSJ-", stretch of by 3, S(R) has coordinates (3; 4), (6; l), (9;a)
factor 2 in the direction "of the r-axis with the and (6; 7).
y-axis invariant. (b) S(R) is a square.
3 In Fig. 19.I5(b), the transformation is a
one-way stretch of factor - ll in the direction Exercice l9b
of the.2.axis with the x-axis invariant. Questions l-4 arc suitable for class discussion.
It is possible to combine two one-way stretches Unless told otherwise, use graph paper to
to give a two.wey strctch. answer the remaining questions.
Fig. 19,16 strows the effect on a unit square of I Fig. 19.18 contains some enlargements of a
a two-way stretch of factors 2 and - ll in the triangle T and a rectangle R. In every case
x andI directions respectively. the origin is the centre of enlargement.
t73
Describe each shear fully, giving the shear
factor, the direction and the equation of
the invariant line.
Each part of Fig. 19.20 contains a unit
square and its image after a one-way
stretch. Each image has been shaded.

Fig. 19.18

State the scale factors of E1, Ez, Es, Ea and Fig'

E5. ,
2 Each part of Fig. 19.19 contains a uni'[ Describe each stretch fully, giving the
square and its image under a shear. Each stretch factor, its direction and the equation
image has been shaded.
of the invariant line.
Each part of Fig. 19.21 contains a unit
r1
--1 square and its image after a two-way
rl--1 stretch. Each image has been shaded.
Describe each ransformation fully.

Fig" 19.19 Fig. t9.21

174
rr)tra,G-''-
i - r-
A quadrilateral has vertices P(3; 4), Q(l; 5),
R(- l; 4), S(l; 3). It is enlarged to a quad-
rilateral with vertices (0; l), (4; - l), (8; l),
(a; 3). iii^;i
(a) Choee a suitable scale and draw FQR.S
and its enlargement.
(b) What kind of quadrilateral is PQRS?
(c) If (0; l) is the image of P, state the
scale hctor and the coordinates of the
centre of enldrgement. Fig. 19.23
(d) On the other hand, if (8; l) is the
image of P, state the scale factor and the (a) Find the coordinates of image
position of the centre of enlargement. A,B'C,D'.
E is an enlargement of factor ll with the (b) What kind of quadrilateral is
origin as centre. H is a shear of hctor ll in A'B,C,D'?
the x-direction with the .r-axis invariant. 9 Parallelogram ABCD in Fig. 19.24isgiven
A is the point (- 2; 6) and B is (a; 2). a shear H of factor 2 in the r-direction with
Find the coordinates of the x-axis invariant.
(a) E(A), (b) E(B),
(c) H(A), (d) H(B),
and hence state the length of H(AB).
For each part of this question, trace the
letter K and points P1 and P2 onto a sheet
of plain paper.
OP:

oP

t'riltlii,
Fig. 19.24

(a) Find the coordinates of H(ABCD).

(b) What kind of shape is H(ABCD)?
qig.
l0 Parallellogram ABCD of Fig. 19.24 is given
19.22 a one-way stretch S of factor 2 in the
r-direction with the2-axis invariant.
Draw the image of K after (a) Find the coordinates of S(ABCD).
(a) a shear which maps P onto P1 with (b) What kind of shape is S(ABCD)?
OX invariant,
(b) a one-way stretch which maps P onto
P1 with OY invariant,
(c) a shear which maps P onto P2 with Combincd transformations
OY invariant, Example 6
(d) a one-way stretch which maps P onto H is a sluar offarlor 2 in llu x-dircction uilh tlu linc
P2 with OX invariant. ) : 0 iwaianl. M is a refuctian in ilu tbul = - l.
8 Rectangle ABCD in Fig. 19.23 is given a T is a tiangh with acrliccs at (O;2), (l;0) and
shear of factor I in the.r-direction with the (2; l). Find tlu anticcs oJtlufmal inagc of Tif it is
x-axis invariant. first sluared by H and lhcn transformcd fu M.
175
The lineT : 0 is the x-axis. Fig. 19.25 shows
T, its image H(T) after shearing by H and its
final image MH(T), where MH(T) is the
reflection of H(T) in the line r : - l.

Fig. 19.25

From Fig. 19.25, the final image of T has its Fig. 19.27
vertices at (- 6; 2), (- 3; 0) and (- 6; l).
I Triangle T is first rotated anticlockwise
In Example 6 notice that MH(T) means that through 90" about the origin, then sheared
transformation H is done bcfore transformation by factor I in the y-direction with the
M. 7-axis invariant. Find the coordinates of
MH(T) : MIH(T)I the vertices of T's final image.
The order in which the transformations are 2 U(T) represents a translation of triangle T
done is usually important. In general MH t such that the image of its obtuse-angled
HM. For example, with the data of Example 6, vertex is the point (0; 2). E is an enlarge-
Fig. 19.26 shows that the outcome HM(T) is ment of scale factor l|, centre the origin.
diflerent from that of MH(T). Find the coordinates of the vertices of the
triangle given by EU(T).
Quadrilateral Q is rotated through l80o
about the point (0; 2). The result is then
enlarged by scale factor - 2 with the origin
as centre. Find the coordinates of the
vertices of the final image of Q.
S is a one-way stretch of factor ll in the
x-direction with x : 0 invariant. M is a
reflection in the line .r = l. Find the
coordinates of the vertices of (a) MS(Q),
(b) sM(Q).
Fig. 19.26 T is a translation which would transform
the origin to the point (3; l). R is a clock-
wise rotation of 90o about the origin. A is
the point (-4; l), B is (3; - l) and C is
Exercise l9c (5; - 2). Find the coordinates of
Use graph paper to answer the questions in this (a) r(A), (b) R(B),
exercise. (c) RT(A), (d) TR(B),
Questions l, 2, 3, 4 all refer to Fig. 19.27. (e) the point D, if RT(D) : C.
176
6M is a reflection in the line r = 7. H is a
shear of factor 2 in the r-direction with the
lineT = 0 invariant. If P is the point (3; 2),
find the coordinates of the following.
(a) M(P) (b) H(P) (c) HM(P)
(d) MH(P) (e) MM(P) (f) HH(P)
7 AABC has vertices A(2; l), 8(6; 4),
C(5; 6). APQR has vertices P(- 7; l),
Q(- 3; 2), R(- a: - +).
Given that AABC can be mapped onto
APQR by a rotation of f, about A followed
by a re{lection in a line m, find (a) 0,
(b) the equation of m.
8 In Fig. 19.28, the triangle A can be mapped Fig., 19.28
onto the triangle B by a reflection in the
7-axis followed by a reflection in a second (c) B can be mapped onto C by a reflection
line, in the2-axis followed by an enlargement.
(a) Find the equation of the second mirror State the centre of this cnlargement.
line. l0 The cartesian plane is first sheared by a
(b) Describe fully a single transformation factor - 2 in the x-direction with the.r-axis
that will map A onto B, invariant and then reflected in the line
9 In Fig. 19.28, triangle C is the image of ) - - x. P is the point (a; b) and Q is its
riangle A under a transformation given image after the combined transformation
by ME(A) where E is an enlargement with described above.
the centre as origin and M is a reflection. (a) Express the coordinates of Q in terms
(a) State the scale factor of E. ofa and 0.
(b) State the equation of the corresponding (b) Hence find the coordinates of P if Q is
Iine of reflection. the point (- 5; 8).

t77
Chapter 20

Irrational nrurrbers
Rational and irrational numbers (e) 2i (f) sl (s) +l (h) 0,81s
Numbers such as 8; Al; h 0,211; Vff; 0,3 can
(i) \ffi (j) Vl7 (k) rfro
be expressed as exact fractions or ratios: (l) \/Im (-) ? (n) 3,142
q.9.1. 2n .7.t (o) t (p) \n (q) \R
l'2',5'I 000'4'3'
Such numbers are called rational numbers.
Numbers which cannot be written as exact
(r) \@ (s) 4,9' (t) ;!
fractions are called irrational numbcrs. \f (") 0,6 (r) (w) o,i
0,2
is _an example of an irrational number.
Y7 = 2,645 751 . .., the decimals extending (*) 0,83 (y) \E (z) \R
without end and without recurring.
r is another example of an irrational number. 2 Express the ollowing recurring decimals as
rational numbers.
fr = 3,141 592 . . ., again extending forever (") 8,9. (b) 6,6 (.) a,?.
without repetition. The fraction 7 is often (d) 3,i9 (e) 3,28 (f) l,6l
used for the value of n. However, f is a
rational number and is only an approximate
value ofr.
All recurring decimals are rational numbers.
Read the following example carefully.
Sunds
Example.l Many square roots are irrational:
Express 3,17 as a ralional numbcr.
fi = 592... andVIE : 5,291 502 ....
1,792
Let n : 3,i7 Irrational numbers of this kind are called
i.e. n : 3, l? 17 17 .. .. .. (l) surds.
Multiply both sides by 100
l(X)n = 317,17 17 17 .. .. (2)
Subtract (l) from (2), Exercise 20b (Discussion)
992: (317,17 17 ,..) - (3,1717 ...) By putting m : 9 and z = 4, find which of the
992 = 314 following pairs of expressions are equal.
"993t4
n:- t{ia,!i*6 2\fr+i,tfr+tG
^lmVm
5V-- 4\Fn,\/,-\6
Thus 3,i? : a rational number. 'frrVo
#,
An irrational number extends forever and is
5 2tfr, tF2n 6 3vi, \M
non-recurring.
Exercise 20b demonstrates the fact that
Exercise 20a
I ffi=lfrxtG and I^ \6
Which of the following are rational and V; -..-.
{n
which are irrational?
(") s (b) l (") \re (d) 0,e Use the above facts when simplifying surds.
178
a.tr7
,o0

Baample 2
Simptifl(dfrxt@,
t I ;:,Pi 29'11
Sinptill @) !45, (b) \m,, @
@.
@ \fO x sv6o x tffi,14.11V5),.
@)!+s=Vex5={6xV5=3{i @) {fr x 160 = \ffix-rfiTT
(b) Vi6t : tffii,: VE'I x t/I = e{2, : 3fi x stfz: l5V6-
(.) \/fi = {r2 x 6= 16 (b) \re x sV60-x t/+s
Exercise 20c =@x3\El5xtffi5
Simplify the following by making the number =2fix3x2\frxs\6
under the square root sign as small as possible.
t \80 z\m s\m =301ffi5
36tffiT3
4 \F5 i \n. o tE+ =
=36x15=540
7 \re5 I \/i4 g \foo
(c) 2tf5 x 2fi = 4 x 5 = 20
l0 vEa rr Vggtz Vt50 Qfi)'=
[i.e. (2V5)2 = 22 x (\6)' = 4 x5 = 20]
13 VOE A tTzsa ts x@
It is sometimes possible to pair off surds to
give a simpler result.
Example 3
Express thc folloying as tlu square root of a single
Example 5
numbcr. (a) 2!5 (b) 7V3

@) zfi: ...4x 6: \/m: fr Sinplif2 thc following.

(o) {i, x VB x rA x {n
x t4s x t/fr,
(b) 7\/-g = tfr x t/5 : {49 xT : {W (b) 15 x Vo.
Notice that Example 3 is the reverse process of (") 12 x Vs x 16 x lnx
t/+s x 160
Example 2. = Y2 x 3 x 5 x 12 x 45 x 50
Exercise 20d : VT60iIJ6 x 22s
Express each of the following as the square root :l0x6xl5
of a single number. : 900
t 2\/5 2 3\/' 3 2\/2 4 3\E (b) VSxVo:V3x6:Vl8
5 5\n 6 3v5' 7 2\/7 E 4V6- : \/ixZ:3{i
I 6\6 r0 5V5 lr l0v5 t2 3\/ro o, {i x r/6- : t/-g x t/g x 2
t3 2\/rr t4 3\fr r5 s\/T : 15 x t/5 x t/2 = 3t/2
Exercise 20e
Simplify the following.
Multiplication of surds t \/5 x Vto 2 \4-xt./2
g \/, x Vo- x t/5 4 \/n x rA
When two or more surds are to be multiplied
together, they should first be simplified if
5 \/r2 x V5 6 $\fi)2
possible. Then whole numbers should be taken 7 $h)' 8 Vi5 x t/T2
with whole numbers, and surds with surds. 9\m,x.y'n lo (v5)s
t79
tt Q\/7)2 Example 7
n \nO x s\n x \f2o Sinplify

,)# a)# k,l+

thc following.
tr\frxtfrxtffi
t4 e\fr)s
tsV6xVdxVTdxtM
b)#=,1+=6=3
Division of curdr
G)
$ = lir=@orfiortVio
If a liaction has a surd in the denominator, it is
usually best to rationrlfuc the dcnominator.
To rationalise the denominator means to make
(c)
#=#=+=ffi=+
the denominator into a rational number, Exercisc 20f
usually a whole number. This is done by Simplify the following by rationalising the
multiplying the numerator and denominator denominators.
of the fi^action by a sird which makes the
denominator rational. ILv2 2L
v2 -v5
l0 4
V8
Example 6
Rttionalisc ilu dcnominators of thc following.
o 2l -15
D- E t,
v6 v3 Vs Vz
@)# @+, (,) + e3L rc2fi u-9- n fi
t-
/\ 6 6..tfg oxVB 6\fr
la)-_=-X-=-#=-
v7 v6 vr8 Yso
'-' \/i tfr' tfg tfr x tfr g :.8lfr 14 i-L ID: 30

=2fi vl0 \/75 \/72

/L\ 7 7 7 7\n
"vl8 - 3v2- 3v2-\n_
tv,-
--
v2 3x2 ..-
ExanoleL-
8
3\ffi - 5\m + 4\6.
Sinplij2
- 7\n sV50 -s\m,+4\fr
_xz,-sVI6-xr+4\N2,
,\ 5
6

5xVB = \J
=3l
ic, -t; =3x 5\n-5x+\E+4x2\n
t6: 15ffi = ts{i, - zo\n + g\n
Notice in parts (a) and (b) of Example 6,
= 3!i,
multiplication of the given fractions UV 4 Example 9
\n
equivalent to multiplication by l. simbtify
stZ x ztO
""d#is ' "- \/45 x t/21
Hence the value of the given fraction is not
changed. 5t/7x2\B_ st/Txz\fr
The fact th^t#= also be used to
,l-:can 5x2 2\R
:..,.-:-
simpliS fractions which contain surds. 3V5 3
180
Exercise 20g Example l0
Simplifr the following. Withoui using tablcs, eaaluatc fi$@ + \aO).
t \fiI +\E fiOf,s+ + \46)
2 3\/2 - VI5 =Vlxt@+\/T x Vo=
t \ffi - 4\/7 =\/W+\/m
4\fr+g\m-s\fr = 16136' + {4
5 \/00 - \fr4 - \/li
6 2\fr - s\m + +\ffi
=0,6+2=2,6
7 2\fibo - V06 - 2\m Notice that when evaluating expressions of
t 2\64 + t/t4 - \m this kind, it is usual to take the positive square
e s\m - 5V63 + 4\m root only.

.^
tra- VTB x
tEo x tfr4
Exercise 20h
VB x V30
I Given that{1, = 1,414 and VB = 1,732,
a. li x rA x V59 evaluate the following correct to 3 s.f, with-
tfrxtfr out the use of tables or calculator.

rz.'4+l-+
v3 y27
(")
+ (b)
+ (c)
2
v2
a+
182\/2-++-'\nv6 (d)
+ (.)
# (f) 6
-v3
1412= 2 If V5 = 7x23-l
v2+ v6 - 2,236, evaluate
correct to 2 d.p.
154=
vl8 + v2 3 Evaluate \ffirOlsx 6 correct to 2 d.p.,
given that {i,
= 1,414.
4 \@ = 1,107, \M = 3,5 and
VT00 = 10. Evaluarc \m.
Evaluation of expressions with surds 5 Without using tables, evaluate the following.
When evaluating a fraction containing a surd,
lal
\/g
it is advisable to rationalise its denominator. v50 - v2
For example:
(b) (Vre + Vil)(V-le - VTil
2 _3,464-t tr.a (c) (sVtJ - V-ro)VO7
\/5--r--r'rvz..' (d) - (\&- frs;,
The last step involves division by 1,732. This
requires the use of tables or a calculator. How-
ever, it is much simpler to rationalise the n
denominator of the fraction: The problem of finding the value of n has
2 _2\/5 _2x t,7gz_9,4$q _
1,154 ...
occupied mathematicians through the ages.
\frT3 The most famous attempt to find n was by
Archimedes, around 250 sc. His method was
Notice that all the steps can be done mentally. as follows.
l8l
In Fig. 20.1, squares are drawn inside and (b) Measure the diameter, d, of each object.
outside a circle of radius r. (An easy way is to place the object on a ruler;
A- then take readings at opposite ends of a

i\
t:,
diameter.)
(c) Use a piece of string or a strip-of paper to
measure the circumference, C, of each object.
(d) Make a table of values of d and, C.
(e) Draw a graph of d (on the horizontal axis)
against C (on the vertical axis). Your graph
should look like the sketch in Fig. 20.3.
Fig.20.1

Area of circle = fr2

In Fig. 20.1, the area of the circle is about
halfway between the area of the inner square
and that ofthe outer square.
Area of inner square = 4 x AAOB
=+xlr2=2r2
Area of outer square = 8 x AAOB
=8xlr2=4r2
Thus the area of the circle lies between 2r2
and,4r2. Thus the value of zr lies between 2 and Fig. 20.3
4, probably around 3.
(f) Construct a suitable triangle as in Fig. 20.3.
Measure the height of the triangle, C, and the
base of the triangle, d. Hence find the value of

f .o...", to 2 d.p.
(Notc: C = 2nr: nd;hence t = jt
Trigonometrical ratios of 45",
Fig. 20.2 3oo,60o
Tan, sin and cos of 45"
Archimedes worked in this way, using
A
regular polygons with more and more sides.
In Fig. 20.2 it can be seen that the greater
the number of sides of the polygons, the closer
their area is to that of the circle. Using
polygons of 96 sides, Archimedes showed that
the value of r was between 3lt and 31. Both of
these values are correct to 2 decimal places.
Fig. 20.4 B

Exercise 20i In Fig. 20.4, AABC is right-angled at B and

An experiment to find the value of n. AB=BC=lunit.
(a) Collect some tins and bottles of various AC2 = 12 + 12 (Pythagoras'tluorn)
diameters. -o
182
+ AC = \E units In Fig. with
20.6, ABC is an equilateral triangle
SinceAB:BC,A= 0 Qsoscdes L) in length. AD is an altitude.
sides of 2 units
But A * e : 90o (sum of anglcs of L) BD:DC=lunit (AD brserts BC)
HenceA=e :45o In AABD,
AB2 = AD2 - BD2 (P2thagoras'tluoran)
ton45o=i=, 22=AI)2+12
I AD2=22_12_e_l=3
sin 45o =
v2
+ AP = \6 units
Since B = 60o (cquikural A)
cog 45o =
I
v2 tanO0o=+=\6
Any triangle with angles of 45o, 45o, 90o has
sides whose lengths are in the ratio I : I : fr.

-vcnlN
J
sin 60o =
+
lal
5
1h) "os
60" =
i
Since BAD = 30o (sum of anglcs 0/ AABD)
LP
Fig. 20.5
tan 3oo =
+
For example, in Fig. 20.5(a)JK ,io 30":
Therefore KL : 5 cm andJL :
= 5 cm
5\Ecm. I
In Fig. 20.5(b), MN = 7 cm. cos tOo =+
cos45o=ry =
+ Any triangle with angles of 30o, 60o, 90" has
sides whose lengths are in the ratio I : {5 :2.
Mp = L_.^
v2 (a) (c)

7 x
similarly NP = ficm 3 r'm

S
Hencg MP and NP are found by dividing MN U
by tf2. Fig. 20.7

For example, in Fig. 20.7,

Tan, sin and coo of 60'and 30" (a) If QS = 3 cm,
then QR = 6 cm and RS : 3V5 cm
A (b) If TV = I cm,
ihen UV = 4 cm and RS = 4V5 em
(c) tan =
30"
#,
.lxz
-'v35
-:-
c) XZ=4"-
v8
183
Example 12
sin 3oo =X = i In Fig.20.9, if PX = 24m,fudPQ.

=2xa*..=#.,
Notice thatXZ:ZY:XY
5.10
= ffi: J:tE
Fig, 20,9
=5:5V3:10 l.- 24 m

=l:fit2 Eithcr: Using the ratios of the sides of the Asr

-{
In APXY with angles of 45o,45o,90o,
Example ll if PX = 24m, then XY = 24m
In Fig. 20.8, f BC = 4 cm, ind AD. In AQXY with angles of 30o, 60o, 90o
A if XY = 24 m, then
-v3=
QX +^
pO = 24m - 4^
v3

Fig. 20.8 B
=z+(r-+),"
the trigonometrical ratios of 45o and
Either: using the ratios of the sides of the As: 3;,,'"n*
In AABC with angles 30o, 60o, 90o,
In APXY, tan 45o = Ig
PX
if BC = 4 cm, then AC = 4VB cm,
In AACD with angles of 45o, 45o, 90o, + r=s 24
if AC = 4fr cm, then AD = +{3 cm X \4 (t XY=24m
-- 4V6'cm
0r: Using trigonometrical ratios of 60'and 45o: In AQXY, tan 60o: 4
Qx
4
In AABC, tan 60o --
BC ) \fr,:
Qx
+ V5: 49
4 € QX:4
--4-

: 4!3 cm \/g
<t AC

In AACD, sin 4S": 49

AD Hence PQ = z+(r -
+) - (as before)

) | 4\/5
\/, AD Example 13
In Fig. 20.10, if AB : 6 cm, calcalate x and y
AD = atfi x fr,r* (Lealc thc answers in surd form with rational
: 4\6 cm denomirutars,)

184
AB is the distance between the boats.
AB: HB - HA
In ATHB,
Fig. 20.10
ran 3oo =
#
In AABC,
tur, 30'=
f;
.
-\180
J:
\fr HB
Axl
) -:- <+ HB = 80\6 m
' 6-v5 In ATHA,
tzn 45o =
<, *: 6=r^* =- 6\6 --- #
v3'm Tr-
:2fr cm
)
f80 ,=m
In ABCD, <) HA:80m
sin 45o : { Hence AB : 80V5 - g0 m
)
l : 80(\6 - l) rn
..-:- zt4
v2t Notice the importance of drawing a sketch.
c) )= 2\/5 x t/i,cm Exercise 20k
= 214-cm Draw a sketch in each question. Leave the
answers in surd form with rational denomina_
Exercise 20j tors.
In each part ofFig. 20.1 I on page 186, calculate I From the top of a tower, the anrle of
the lengths marked * and f. eU dimensions depression of a car is 30o. If the toier is
are in cm. Give answers in surd form with 20 m high, how far is the car from the foot
rational denominators. of the tower?

Example 14

First, draw a sketch. I.n_fig. 20.12 HT repre-

s€nts the tower; A and B aie the positions
of
the boats.

l8s
)

+v5 |

+-r+

Two huts and a radio mast are on level of elevation of the top of the flag-post is
ground such that one hut is due east ofthe 60o from A and 45o from B. If A is 20 m
mast and the other is due west of it. From from the foot of the flag-post, find AB.
the top of the mast the angles of depression l0 The top of a building 24 m high is observed
ofthe huts are 60o and 45o respectively. If from the top and from the bottom of a tree
the mast is 150 m high, find the distance (which is vertical). The angles of elevation
between the huts. are found to be 45o and 60o respectively.
A and B are two points on level ground, By a suitable calculation find the height of
both due south of a flag-post. The angle the tree.
r86
Revision exercises and tests

Chapters I l-20
cr
.*1.E ro'll_^
| , .'..- ):.:*
td
l3
\
-.--'-'--
Revision exercisc 5 5 (a) Prepare a table for the graph of
I Simplifr the following. (Do not use tables or ) = x2 *3.r - 4 for values ofr from - 6 to
a calculator.) +3.
(b) Use a scale of I cm to I unit on both
(a) u+stxri+# G)-2ry axes and draw the graph.
(c) 135!o. of $2,20 (d) 0,48 + 0,001 6 (c) Use the graph to
2 A long straight road makes an angle of (i) find the least value of2;
l7o with the horizontal. Two posts are (ii) find the values of r wheny = l;
I km apart on the road. Cdculate in metres (iii) state the range of values of r for
(a) the horizontal distance, (b) the dif- whichT is negative.
ference in height, between the posts. 6 Fig. Rl3 shows quadrilateral Q and its
3 Iri Fig. Rll, O is the centre of the circle. images A and B.
Find the value of r.

Fis. RIl
4 The number of elements in each region of
the Venn diagram of Fig. Rl2 are as
shown.

+ I

Fis. Rt3

Describe completely the single trans-

formation which maps Q onto (a) A, (b) B.
Fig. Rl2 7 Write the following numbers in standard
form.
If n(8) = 43, find (a) s 000 (b) 0,038
(a) r, (b) (c) n(R'), (d) n(P',). (c) 75,48 (d) 0,000 025
"(Q),
r87
8 Expand (u) (lr + 3) (3r + 2) (a) All large towns have wide streets.
(b) (2t + 3u) (2t - 3u) (b) All towns with traffic lights are large.
9 Express each of the following as the square (c) Harare has tra(fic lights.
root of a single number. Hence draw a conclusion from the given
b) 2fi (b) sV5 (c) 3Vtr (d) toVT statements.
Find x if
l0 A cuboid is 8 cm long,4 cm wide and 5 cm
high. Ske tch the cuboid showing its (a) (, - 3)2: l$, (b) (, - 2)2: ll,
measurements. Draw the plan and front (c) (r * 5)2: 6.
and side elevations of the cuboid. (Use square-root tables where necessary.)
Without using tables, evaluate the
Revision test 5 following.
I Express 40 cm as a percentage of I m.
lal
tFts
A 5% B 8% C l0% D 20o/" E 32"/" \/+s - \tr
2 In Fig. Rl4, O is the centre of the circle
and ABC : 140o. Find7.
(b) (V7 + V3) t!1 - {5t
(") Vo"z tV-so - V5l
l0 Given- Fig. Rl3, find the coordinates of the
vertices of quadrilateral Q after (a) an anti-
clockwise rotation of 90o about the point
(2; l), (b) a reflection in the lineT : a.

Revision exercise 6
I By selling an article for $31,51, a trader
makes a profit of l5%.
Fig. Rt4 (a) Calculate the cost price of the article.
(b) Calculate the selling price if the trader
A 200 B 70" C 80" D 2400 E 29tr wishes to make a profit of 35%".
2 By drawing and measurement, find
3 Express 0,007I in standard lbrm. approximately (a) the value of sin 37o,
A 7,8 x l0-3 B 7,8 x l0-2 (b) the angle whose cosine is t.
c 7,8'x l0r D 7,8 x 102 3 In Fig. Rl5, AB is a diameter of the circle.
E 7,8 x 103 Calculate the sizes of the following angles.
(2x + 3) is a factor of 612 *r- 12. The (a) ABP (b) ABz (c) nlz
other factor is (d) B9z (e) aBv (ri YzB
A(*+6) B(2r-3) C(3x+a)
D (3x-a) E (4r-e)
The quadrilateral Q in Fig. Rl3 is reflected
in the line r : 0. Which one of the following
is zot an image of one of its vertices?
A (- l; 3) B (- l;6) C (-2; 3)
D (-2;a) E (-3;a)
A village P is 20 km from a town Q on a
bearing of 032". Calculate the distance
that P is (a) north, (b) east of Q.
If 8 = {all towns}, L = {large towns},
W : {towns with wide streets},
1 : {towns with traffic lights}, express
the following statements in set language. Fig. RI5
r88
For each of the following, make a copy of rotation of 90o clockwise about the origin.
Fig. Rl6 and shade the given set. Find the vertices of the following triangles.
(a) H(F) (b) R(r)
(c) RH(r) (d) HR(F)
A pendulum consists of a mass hanging at
the end of a string l8 cm long. Find the
vertical height through which the mass
rises and falls as the pendulum swings
through 30o on each side of the vertical.
(Use the value 1,7 for ff3.)
l0 Fig. Rl7 is a sketch of a solid made from a
cube and a cone. Ifedge ofcube = height
of cone = 5 cm, draw a full size plan and
Fig. Rl6 front elevation (F) of the solid.

(a) XU(YnZ')
(b) (xuY)nz'
(c) (x n Y nZ)'n (x"u Y)
(d) (x u Y') n (Y u z')
5 Copy and complete Table Rl for the graph
ofy=3xz-5r*6.
Table Rl
Fig. RI7
r _o -l 0 I 2 3

I 28 6 8 Revision tcst 6
I I of the people in a village have been
Draw the graph ofy = 3x2 - 5x * 6, using inoculated against measles. If 50 people
Table Rl. have been inoculated, the number of people
(a) Find the value of r for whichT is least. in the village is
(b) Find the value of2 when r = - 1,6. Al0 Bl50 c2s0 D300 E500
Use logarithm tables to calculate the
following. Round answers to 3 s.f. Fig. Rl8 is a Venn diagram showing the
elements P, (l , r, J, ..., g arranged within sets
(") 163 x 0,002 07 A, B, C,8. Use Fig. Rl8 to answer questions 2
(b) (0,538)2 and 3.
2,655
(c) 2- + 0,000 39
0,770 8
(d) vo,08o 05
Factorise the following.
(^) o2 *7a*6
(b) 2r3 -
22b2 + 56'
(") + 3le * l0
l5c2
(d) 8d2 + 37d - ts
A triangle F has vertices at (l; 0), (l; 2)
and (3; 4). H is a shear of factor - 2 in the
r-direction with the r-axis invariant. R is a Fig. Rl|
r89
2 What is n(A U B)'? l0 W, X, Y and Z are points on the
A2 B3 C,+ D7 E8 circumference of a circle such that WZ is a
3 Which one of the following gives the diamerer, XWY : 36" and YWZ = 29".
members of the set A' n B n C? Calculate ({ XtZ, (b) wXY.
A@ B{.} C{t;u)
D {yzl E {w;x} Revision exercise 7
In Fig. Rlg, Q = X(P). Describe the I Bricks have a mass of 1,75 kg each. How
transformation X completely. manv bricks are there in 5* tonnes?
2 In AABC, A : 38", B : 90o and
AC:9cm.
Calculate (^) 0, (b) AB, (c) BC.
3 In Fis. R20, AB is a diameter and
,areD : zz'.

Fis. R19
A
Fig. M0
A stretch, factor 2, 7-direction, 7 : 0
invariant Find (a) ABD, (b) BAD.
B stretch, factor l, -.2-direction, 7 : 0 4 100 people in a survey drink at least one of
invariant the lbllowing every day: tea, co(fee, water.
C translation, I unit in7-direction Two people drink coffee only, 17 people
D shear, lactor 2, y-direction, x : 0 drink tea and colfee and 23 people drink
invariant co(Iee and water. If 7l people do not drink
E shear, factor I, 7-direction, x = 0 coffee, how many drink all three?
invariant 5 Use Fig. 16.4 on page 146 to state the
5 The first digit of the square root of 79 is range of values ofx for which 2 - 3x - 2x2
A2 84 C7 DB E9 is decreasing.
6 By drawing and measuring, find 6 Simplify I log Bl, expressing the answer in
approximately (a) the value of cos 44o, terms of log 3.
(b) the size of the angle whose sine is l. ? Solve the following equations.
7 Solve the following quadratic equations. (u) ,'-5r-14=0
(^) 12-4x=5 (b)2a2*lla*5:0
(b)12-l0r*16:0 (c) 612-5t-4=0
(c) 3r2*l4x*B=o (d) ,2+tx-l:0
(d)2x2-llx-21=o E Rationalise the denominators of the
8 On page 145, Fig. 16.2 is a graph ofy: *: following.
* 2x - 3. Use the graph to find the range
9
of values of x for whichy < 0.
Use logarithm tables or a calculator to find
(a) (0,650 2)n, (b) VlO,OsO 2) correct to
(") 3
--:
t/z
3\/2
(b)

(d)
f
l8
3 s.f.
(")
t/g ',\,m
-
190
9 (a) In Fig. R2l, AArBrCr and AA2B2C2 3 The antilog of 2,3869 is
are enlargements of AABC. Describe the A 0,002 437 B 0,024 37
enlargements fully. c 0,243 7 D 2,437
E 24,37
Find the roots of the equation
x2 + l2x - 28 : 0. The greater of the two
roots is
A-14 B-2 C2 D7 E14
A diagonal of a rectangle is 4 cm long and
makes an angle of 60' with one side. The
length, in cm, of the longest side of the
rectangle is
A 2\/2 B 2\/t c 4
D 4\n E +\n
(a) In a test a student scored 5l marks
out of 80. Express this result as a percent-
age to the nearest whole per cent.
(b) In an examination, I of the candidates
failed. It is known that 240 candidates
passed. How many candidates took the
examination?
F'ig. Mt In Fig. R23, obtain an equation in x.
(b) If
triangle ABC is given a shear of Hence find the value of r.
flactor 3 in the x-direction with the line
):0 invariant, state the coordinates of its
image A'B'C'.
l0 The front elevation of a triangular prism is
an equilateral triangle of side 5 cm. If the
prism is 7 cm long, draw its plan and side
elevation. (Make a sketch first.)

Revision test 7
I In Fig. R22, sin P :
Ap_ B9p s!q/ DL y!
q p
q
Fig. M3

A 192-page geography book contains

F'ig. M2 writing, pictures and maps. 40 pages have
writing only, 5 pages have pictures only
2 In Fig. R22, which of the following and l2 pages have maps only. n pages have
statements is (are) true? pictures and maps only, 3n pages have
IsinP=.orR IIcosP= sin R. writing and maps only and 5n pages have
III tan P = tan R writing and pictures only.
A none of them B Iand II only If I8 pages contain all three, find z and
C II and III only D Iand III only hence find the total number of pages in the
E all of them book which have maps on them.
r9t
Giverr rhat log 2:0.301 03 and log 3: Factorise the following.
0,477 12, find the value of thc following (^) 12-3x- 4 (b) 6t'+ ll2+3
witlrout using tables. (c) 3a2- ua * 8 (il 2d2 + 7d- 15
(a) log 1,5 (b) log 50 (c) log 36 Describe fully the single transformatioo
l0 Triangle ABC in Fig. R2l on page l9l is which maps quadrilateral K onto
given a one-way strctch of factor - 2 in thc quadrilateral K' in Fig. R24.
7-direction with the line-2 = 0 invariant.
State the coordinates of its image Au B'C'.

R,evision cxcrcitc t
I (a) What percentage of 8 is 12?
(b) The original cost of a ball pen is 23c.
By the time the pen reaches the shop its
price has increased by 200%. What is the
price in the shop?
t The diagonals of a rectangle are l0 cm
long and intersect at an angle of 120".
Make a sketch of the rectangle. Hence use
trigonometry to calculate the length and
breadth of the rectangle.
t L, M, N, P are points on the circumference Fis. M4
of a circle. centre O. LN and PM intersect
ar x. NLM = 350 and L*P = 980. 9 In Fig. R25, ABD = AtC = 9ff and
Calculate (a) LfiP, (b) LOP. AB = l0 cm.
4 lf 1= {r: I € r < 20, r is an intcger},
P = (r: x is a lactor of 36] and Q = {x: x is
an odd number),
(at list the members of set P,
(b) list the membcrs of set Q',
(c1 find n(P'), (d) find n(P U Q).
5 Table R2 gives corresponding values of x
and,v for the relation ) = 2x2 - 5r - 6.

Trble Ri
Fis, M5
t -2 -l 0 I 2 3 +
(a) Calculate BC, AC, CD, CE and CAD.
v t2 I -6 -9 -8 -3 6 (b) Hence write down a numerical
expression for sin l5o. (Leave answers in
(a) Use scales of 2 cm to I unit on the terms of {2 and \6 where necessary.)
r - axis and I cm to I unit on the v -.axis 10 A cone is 7 cm high and rests on a base of
and draw the graph of y = Zxz - 5x -6. diameter 6 cm.
(b) Use your graph to find (i) the least (a) Make a sketch of the cone showing iu
value ofy, measurements.
(ii) the iolutions of 2x 2 - 5x - 6 = 0.
Solve the equation 2x 2+ 6r + I = 0,
O) Draw the plan and front eleration of
the cone.
(a) by completing the square, (c) Hence measure the slant height and
(b)by formula. vertical angle of the cone.
r92
Revision teet E 5 Ifsin A : t, then tan A :
FlS. R26 is the graph of the function B8 CI DI EI
x' * 2x - 2. Use the graph to answer questions ^I
6 A salary of $9 000 was increasedby 20o/o.
1,21 3' A year later the new salary was increased
by l0%. Calculate the present salary.
A ladder 6 m long leans against a vertical
wall and makes an angle of 80o with the
horizontal ground. Calculate, to 2 s.f., how
far up the wall the ladder reaches.
(a) Make a copy of the Venn diagram in
Fis, R28,

Fis, R28

Fig. P'26
(b) On your diagram, entcr the members
of the sets given that
I What ls the value of x2 + 2 t - 2 when E = {c;o; m;p;u; t;e;r }, T = {t;e; r;m}
r = 1,8? and C = {c; r; o; p},
A -3,2 B -2,4 C 1,2 D 1,8 E +,9 (c) List the elements of the following sets.
2 What is the lowesr vatue of 12 + 2x - 2? (i) T'(ii) C'(iii) (CUT)'(iv) CUT'
A-+ B-3 C-2 D-l E0 9 In Fig. R24 on page 192, K' = RE(K)
3 For what range of values of x is 12 + 2x - 2 where E is an enlargement with the origin
as centre and R is a rotation.
increaring?
Ar)-3 Bx)-2,7 Cx>-l (a) State the scale hctor of E.
Dr(0,7 Er(-l (b) Describe R fully,
In Fig, R27, O is the centre of the cirde, l0
W*f = 80o and WtZ = 45o, Calculate
Y*2.

l'ie, R29

Fig. R29 is the plan of a triangular prism

resting so that hce PQST is horizontal,
Fig. R27 (a) How many edges has the prism?
(b) Which of those edges are horizontal?
A 350 B 450 C 550 D 900 E 1250 (c) Are there any vertical edges?
193
Non-routine problems (2)

I Fig. QlO shows some cubes arranged on a Triangles are to be drawn such that their
table. In Fig. Ql0(a) the cubes are in sides are each an integral number of units
columns; in Fig. Ql0(b), they are in rows. in length.
(a) Describe all those triangles which
have perimeters of l2 units.
(b) What is the smallest perimeter that is
possible?
(c) Is it possible to have such a triangle
with a perimeter of 4 units?
(d) Investigate triangles of various
perimeters.
In a certain village there are two groups of

,ry
people: X-types and Y-types. X-types
always tell the truth; Y-types always tell
lies.
Here is a discussion between three villagers,
A, B and C:
A says, 'All three of us are X-types'.
B says, 'That is correct'.
C says, 'No, that is not correct'.
In the same village, three other people,
Fig. Q10 D, E and F, happen to meet:
D says, 'All three of us are Y-types'.
In both cases it would be possible to see a E says, 'Only one of us is an X-type'.
number of faces of the cubes. These can be F doesn't say anything.
called uisible facu. Copy and complete From the above information identify A, B,
Table Q3. C, D, E, F as X-types or Y-types.
A garage manager receives the following
bill:
Table Q3
22 tyres: $*29,3*,
number of (oil having made the first and last digits
number of
visible faces visible faces illegible). All the tyres are the same and
number of
when cubes each costs more than $25. What are the
cubes when cubes
are in missing digits in the bill and how much
are in rows
columns does each tyre cost?
I 5 5
In a village there are exactly l07o more
boys than girls, 15% more women than
2 9 I men and 207o more children than adults.
How many boys, girls, men and women
3 t3 11
are there?
4 (There are less than 6 000 people in the
village. Boys and girls count as children;
n
men and women count as adults.)
r94
6 You have a card divided into 16 spaces as
in Fig. Qll:

Fig. QI2

If the cube is carefully cut through the

surface lines by planes parallel to its faces,
Fig. Qtl there will be 125 unit cubes.
Consider the faces of the small cubes:
(a) How many will have 0 black faces?
You have plenty of stamps of value $1, $2, (b) How many will have only I black face?
$3, $4 and $5. What is the greatest value (c) How many will have 2 black faces?
you can stick on the card if you cannot (d) How many will have 3 black faces?
place stamps of the same value in a straight (e) Generalise for an n x n X z cube, i.e.
line (either horizontally, vertically or find a rule that will predict the number of
diagonally)? black faces on the unit cubes which can be
7 A rectangular bar ofsoap is such that its cut from a black n \ n X z cube.
top is of area 30 cm2, its side is 24 cm2 and l1 Assume that you have 12 matches each of
its front is 20 cm2. Find the length, breadth unit length.
and height ofthe bar ofsoap. (a) It is possible to place the matches in
8 In the following addition, each letter various ways so as to make polygons
represents a distinct digit: which have integral areas. For example,
SEND Fig. Q13 shows a square of area 9 square
+_.MORE units and a rectangle of area 8 square units.
MONEY
Find what each letter stands for.
9 This book was written during 1991. Using
mathematical symbols and the digits
l, 9, 9, I once each, in tlat order, it is possible
-
to produce other numbers:
l+99r:100
(19-9)xl: t0 Using all 12 matches, make polygons
(a) Make calculations of this kind which whose areas are lr 2, 31 4, 51 61 7 square
produce the numbers 0, l, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 , units. (In every case, there is more than
8, 9. one possible solution.)
(b) Repeat for the year in which you are (b) What is the greatest area that can be
using this book. enclosed by the 12 matches? (This area
(c) Extend the problem to other numbers. may not be integral.)
Challenge your friends to make calculations (c) Investigate the above problems for
to fit a number of your choice, e.g. 4444. other numbers of matches.
l0 Fig. QI2 shows a 5 x 5 x 5 cube which Note: in all cases, the whole length of thq
has been painted black. match must be used.
195
12 Investigate chains formed by summing the (b) Find a rule which gives the numbers
cubes of the digits of a given number, e.g. of lines, intersections and regions for m
starting with 23: noughts and z crosses.
t4 A '7-number'is any number whose digital
lt+5r+t' sum is divisible by 7. For example 597 is a
IEJ_IEJ-LTII-
-t'+rt -!t+5! 7-number'because 5 + 9 * 7 = 21 and 2l
is divisible by 7.
It Draw some noughts and crosses.Join each (a) The sequcnce of 7-numbers in natural
crogg to each nought. Fig. Ql4 gives two ascending order begins 7, 16, 25, 34, ,,.
exampler. Write down the next ten numbers in this
sequence.
(b) What isthe maximum dillerence
betweeh two consecutive members of this
sequeEce?
(c) Investigate'r-numbers',
l5 (a) What is the sum of the marked anglcs
ris. Qla in Fig. Ql5?

Place the noughts and crosses such that

they maxinisc the number of intersectionE
of the lines.
(a) Copy and extend Table Q4.
Tablc Q4
nunbor of,
noqhtr GFDT'O' llncr lnhrrordoar t'cllon
g 2 6 3 f,

3 3 I 9 r3
2 2

3 4 Fis, QJs
etc. etc,
(b) Investigate shapes with diflerent
ln ,l
numbers of exterior triangles.

196
Chapter 2l

Mensuration of plane shapes

UsTF trigonometr,v in area Let QD be r cp.

ProDrems In AQRD, QRO = l80o - I l8o = 62o
x,
Example I i = tin 62'
find n arca of AABC to lhc ncarcst nn2 if x=5sin62o
BA = 6 cm, BC = 7 cm and[ = 34", = 5 x 0,8829
Let the height of the triangle be r cm, = 4,4145
Area of PQRS = SR x QD
A =6x 4,4145cm2
= 26,487 cm2
= 26 cm2 to the nearest cm2,

ln Examples I and 2, since the data of the

questions are given in whole numbers of cm
and degrees, it is suitable to give the regulto to
the nearegt whole number of cm'.
In AABD.'b{ = sin 34o
Erample t
.r=6sin34o Calculatc tlu arca oJ llu lrapczium in Fig. 21,3,
= 6 x 0,5592
= 3,3552
AreaofAABC=lxBCxAD
=lx7X3,5552cmz
=1x23,4964cm2
= 11,7432 cm2
= 12 cm2 to the nearest cm2.
llcnr

Exemple 2 Fig, 21.3

Calculalc thc drca of paralhlogram PQRS il
QR = 5 cm, RS = 6cm, QRS = 118". Construcr the height AP of the trapezium as in
Fig. 2l .4,
In Fig, 21,2, QD is the height of the parallelo-
gram,

ll cm

Fig 2t,4
197
In AADF, DAP = l+9" - 90o = 53o Find the areas of the trapeziums in Fig. 21.7.
,c
All dimensions are in metres.
= "ot 53o (b) (c)
i
x=4cos53"
:4 x 0,6018
= 2,4072
AreaofABCD = l(AB + DC) x AP
= r(7 + lt) x 2,4072 cm2
: l x lg x.2,4O72 cm2 t(t
:9x2,4072cm2'
= 21,6648 cm2
= 22'cm2 to 2 s.f.

Notice in Examples l, 2 and 3 that rounding

offis only {one at the last stage of the working.
Do not round off at an earlier stage.

Exercisc 2la FrlllGloFo

Give all answers in this exercise to a suitable
degree ofaccuracy. I

I ht

As4
Find the areas of the triangles in Fig. 21.5.
All dimensions are in cm.
b
perimeter=2(/+0) perimeter=2(o+b\
ztca= I x b area=b xrt =adsinO

rri.trgb
B

area=*xrxrt
={aCsinC,etc.
2 Find the areas of the parallelograms in Fig. -1@ilf:ffi:lf
21.6. All dimensions are in cm.
(a) (b) (c)
7'5
u l-7
M_l 6

(e)

Fig.2I.6 Fig. 21.8

198
Perimeter and area Calculate the areas of the following.
(") AABK (b) aDKE
Fig. 21.8 on page l9B gives the formulae for (.) AABG (d) AHEG
the perimeters and areas of common shapes (e) trapezium CDFJ
already found in earlier books of this course. (f) parallelogram CDHJ
(g) trapezium ADGH (h) AAGE
Exercise 2lb (i) quadrilateral BEHK 0) ACGK
I Calculate the area and perimeter of each A rectangle 9 cm long is equal in area to a
shape in Fig. 21.9. All dimensions are in square which has a perimeter of 24 cm.
cm. Use the value 3,12 tor n. Find the width of the rectangle.
(a)
Find the length of the side of a square which
is equal in area to a rectangle measuring
45 cm by 5 cm.
What is the area of the shape in Fig. 2 I . I I ?
8cm

Fig. 2l.l I
3cm 2cm
6 Calculate the shaded area in Fig. 21.12.
Use the value 3l for n.

Fig. 21.12

7 Fig. 21.13 shows two concentric circles

with centre O and radius r and R respect-
ively. If R = 3r, express the area of the
Fig. 21.9 shaded part in terms of t and r.

2 In Fig. 21.10, ADFJ is a rectangle and all

dimensions are in cm.

Fig.2t.13

8 The parallel sides of a trapezium are

ll cm and 13 cm. If the area of the
trapezium is 84 cm2, calculate the distance
Fig.2t.t0 between the parallel sides,
r99
9 A triangle is equal in area to a rectangle rE Calculate the area of each shape in Fig.
which measures l0 cm by 9 cm. If the base 21.16 correct to 2 s.f. All dimensions are in
of the triangle is l2 cm long, find its altitude. me tres.
l0 A bicycle wheel has a diameter of 63 cm.
Calculate how many times the wheel turns
round in travelling 19,8 km, Use the value
3* for tr,
ll Fig. 21,14 shows the altitudes QT and PM
of APQR. If QR = 8 cm, PR = 7 cm and
QT = 4 cm, what is PM?

Fig. 21,14 a, Fig.2l.16

12 BM, CN are altitudes of AABC, l9 PQRS io a trapeziu4 in which POISR,

If AB = 3,5 cm, AC = 3,2 cm and PQ =-16cm, QR = 12cm, RS = Icm
BM = 2,1cm, caleulate thc atea of and PQR = 30'(Fig, 21.t7), Calcutate thc
AABC and hence find CN, area of PQRS,
ll ABCD is a parellelogram and AM, AN are
thc perpendiculars from A to BC, CD
respectively. If AB = 6,3 cm, AD = 4,9 cm
and AN = 4,2 cm, cslculate thc area of the
parallelogram and hence find AM.
t4 The areabf a rquare is.R cm2. Write down
an expression for half its perimeter in termg
of rt. Fis. 21.17
l5 The length of a rectangle is three times its
width, If the perimcter is 72 cm, calculate t0 The area of a parallelogram ABCD is
the width of the rectangle. 43 cm2. AB = 7 im, BC I 9 cm and
l6 The area of a trapezium is 14,7 cmz. If the ABC < 90.,
parallel sides are 5,3 cm and 3,1 cm long, Calculate ABC to the nearest degree.
find the perpendicular distance between
them.
t7 In Fig. 21.15, PQRS is a parallelogram,
HSR is a straight line and HPQ = 90o. If
Parallelosrams and triensleg
HQ = l0 cm and PQ = 6 cm, what is the benreen [e game para[els
area of the parallelogram?
In Fig, 21.18 oppoaite, UV and XY are parallel
linec. Parallclograms ABCD and EFGH have
their bases on XY and their opposite sides on
UV, TrianglesJKl and MNO are drawn with
their bases on XY and their opposite vertices
on UV. The four shaper lie between the same
Fig,2l,t5 parallels UV and XY.
200
I
I
hl
I

Fis. 21.18
Notice that the altitudes of the four shapes Given: As ABC, PBC on the same base BC
are all equal (rt). The altitude is the distance and between the same parallels AP and CD.
between the two parallel lines. To pnove: AABC = APBC
Tluorcm
e,onsanrction: Draw COllna and BQICP to
complete parallelograms ABCD and PCBQ.
Perallelognmr oD the crne bssc rnd Proof:
between the same panllelr are equd in
lrle& AABC = ||F- DABC (diag. biscc*ll,^)
= ||F. PeBC (samc basc, sane lls)
= APBC
Eremple 4
In Fig. 21.21, ABCD is an1 quadilahral adV k a
point 0n CD nuh that AEllBC. Proac that
quadilahral ABED and AACD haoc cqual arcas.

Fig.2l.19

Given: Parallelograms ABCD, PQCD on the

same base DC and befween the same parallels
AQ, DC.
To prove: ABCD = PQCD vFu E"
Prooft Fig.2l.21
IN As APD, BQC,
lllt = lll2 (con, anglcs) quad ABED = quad ABCD - ABCE
Ut = ll2 (con, anglcs) AACD = quad ABCD - ABCA
AD = BC (opp, tidcs o4lr^) But ABCE = ABCA (samc basc, sanulls)
Hence AAPD r ABQC (//S) .'. quad ABED = AACD
) quad AQCD - AAPD
Exercire 2lc
= qgad AQCD - ABQC I Name a triangle equal in area to the shaded
Hence PQCD = ABCD
triangle in each part of Fig. 21.22.
Tluorcm
Trianglee on the srme b.!c end bctween
the crme perallele ere equd in eree"

Fig.2I.20(:
Fig.2l.26

6 [n Fig. 21.27, ABCD and ABEC are

parallelograms. EBF, DAF are straight
Fig. 21.22 lines. Prove that (a) ABAF : AADC,
(b) area of quad FACE : area of quad
2 In Fig. 21.23, STllPQ. Name a triangle ADEB.
equal in area to APQS.

Fig. 21.23 Fig.2l.24

Fig. 21.27
3 In Fig. 21.2+, name a quadrilateral equal
in area to APTR. 7 Draw a rectangle measuring l0 cm by
4 In the rhombus KTMP, XYllTM, RSIIPM cm. Construct a rhombus, equal in area
XT : TS (Fig. 21.25). Name the
B
and to the rectangle, with sides of l0 cm.
parallelogram equal in area to RSMP. Measure the shorter diagonal of the
rhombus.
Draw a rectangle of altitude 5 cm with a
base of length 7 cm. On the same base
construct a parallelogram of equal area,
with an angle of 70o. Measure the lengths
of the diagonals of the parallelogram.
Draw a parallelogram with sides of 6 cm
and B cm and an angle ofBl". Construct a
rhombus with sides of B cm, equal in area
to the parallelogram. Measure the shorter
diagonal ol the rhombus.
Fig. 21.25 l0 Construct a scalene triangle with sides of
length 7, 8 and 6 cm. Construct a right-
5 In the trapezium in Fig. 21.26, X and Y angled triangle equal in area to the scalene
are points on SR such that SX : YR. Prove triangle such that one of the sides containing
that trapezium PQXS is egual in area to the right angle is B cm long. Measure the
trapezium PQRY. hypotenuse of the right-angled triangle.
202
Arcs and sectors of circles
I*ogth of arc

Fig. 21,30 \

arcAB:t88x2zX6cm
=l88x2xzfX6cm
: ll cm
Example 6
Calculale lhe perimeler of a scclor of a circle oJ radius
Fig. 21.28 7 cm, lhe angle of lhe scclor bcing 108".
In Fig. 21.28, the arc AB subtends an angle of
90o at O, the centre of the circle. The whole
circumference subtends 360' it O. Therefore
the length of arc AB is *S ot * of the circum- Fig. 2t.31
ference of the circle . Similarly arc CD is #o or o
t of the circumference and arc EF is dS or rL of arcAB:*88x 2xT X 7cm
the circumference. It can be seen that the length : 13,2 cm
of an arc of a circle is proportional to the angle
perimeter of sector AOB
which the arc subtends at the centre. : (7 + 7 + 13,2) cm:27,2 cm
Example 7
Whal aaglc docs an arc 6,6 cm in lenglh subtnd al
lhe cenlre of a circle of radius 14 cm?

6,6 cm

Fig. 21.29 Fis.2t.32

In Fig. 21.29, arc XY subtends an angle of ff
at O. The circumference of the circle is 2nr. arc XY = x 2r x 14 cm
Suoq
Therefore, in Fig.21.29, the length, /, of the
arc XY is given as
u,u:#x2xl"w
/:# xZnr
4_6,6x360x7
"
Example 5 2x22x14
An arc subtends an angle of lO5" al llu cenlre of a :27
cirelc of radinr 6 cm. Find tlu length oJ tlu arc. The arc subtends an angle of 27".
203
Example t Table 2l.l
An arc subunds an anglc of 72" al l.lu ciramfcreuc
of a circle otradius 5 cm. Calatlalc tlu lmglh of llu radius angle at length
arc in terms of n. centre of arc
If the arc subtends 72" at the circlmfcrcncc, then (a) 7cm 900
it subtends l44o at the centre of the arcle (angh
al cmlre = 2 X angle al circumfermce). See (b) 35m 72"
Fig.21.33. (.) 4,2 cm 120'
(d) 5,6 m I 350

(e) 14m Ilm

(f) 2l cm 22 cm
(s) I 500 330 cm
(h) l0go I32 cm
Fig. 21.33
6 An arc of length 28 cm subtends an angle
x=lltx2rxS of 24" at the centre of a circle. In the same
:{f,x l0r circle, what angle does an arc of length
:47r 35 cm subtend?
The arc is 4z cm long. 7 In Fig. 21.35, O is the centre of the circle.
Exercis€ 2ld
Where necessary, use the value 3l for n.
I In Fi9.21.34, each circle is of radius 6 cm.
Express the length of the arcs, l, m, n, . . ., z
in terms of ,r.

Fig.2l.35

Find the sizes of the followins.

nq, (a) AQB (b) ADB (c) eQb (d) ACD
Fig.2t.34 (e) BCD (f) BDC (g) CBD (h) cAD
In Fig. 2l.36, 4 pencils are held together in
2 Complete Table 2l.l for arcs of circles. a 'square' by an elastic band.
Make a rough sketch in each case.
t In terms of r, what is the length of an arc
which subtends an angle of 30" at the
centre of a circle of radius 3l cm?
4 What is the length of an arc which subtends
an angle of 60o at the centre of a circle of
radius I m? Fig. 21.36
5 What angle does an arc 5,5 cm in length
subtend at the centre of a circle of diameter If the pencils are of diameter 7 mm, what
7 cm? is the length of the band in this position?
204
l6 In a circle of radius 6 cm a chord is drawn
3 cm from the centre. (a) Calculate the
angle subtended by the chord at the centre
of the circle. (b) Hence find the length of
the minor arc cut off by the chord.
r7 Fig. 21.40 shows a circular wire clip of
radius 7 mm with a gap of 7 mm between
the ends. Calculate the total length of wire
Fig. 21.37
in the clip to the nearest mm, given that
about 4 mm are used altogether in making
I The elastic band in question B is used to
the turnovers at the ends.
hold 7 of the same pencils as shown in
Fig. 21.37. What is the length of the band
in this position?
l0 A piece of wire 22 cm long is bent into an
arc of a circle of radius 4 cm. What angle
does the wire subtend at the centre of the
circle? Fig.2l.40
ll What angle does an arc of l0 cm subtend
at the centre of a circle of radius l0 cm? l8 Two friction wheels are of diameter 20 mm
Give the answer to the nearest 0. lo. and 200 mm respectively. They touch at P
12 In Fig. 21.38, the radius of the circle is and rotate without slipping (fig. 2l.al).
l0 cm. Calculate the length of the minor
arc XY.

Fig. 21.38

13 The minute-hand of a clock is 6 cm long. Fig.2l.4l

How far does the end of the hand travel in
35 minutes? Calculate the number of turns made by
14 A piece of string is wound tightly round a the small wheel when the large wheel
cylindcr for 20 complete turns. The length rotates through 60'.
of the string is found to be 3,96 m. Calculate
l9 Water is taken from a well I I m deep in a
the diameter of the cylinder in cm. bucket, the rope winding onto a drum
15 Fig. 21.39 shows a cross-section of a sheet 35 cm in diameter.
of corrugated iron.

r2r
Fig. 21.39
The sheet is a series of arcs of radius l0 cm,
each arc subtending l20o at its centre. If
there are 14 such arcs in one sheet, how
wide would the sheet be if flattened out? Fig. 21.42 I
20s
(a) Through what ansle does thc handlc In Fig. 2l .45, the angle of the sector is f . The
turn in winding up I metre o[ rope? area o[ the whole circle is zrr2. Therefore:
(b) How many rcvolutions of the handle : ! x" or'.
Area of sector XOY
does it take to bring the bucket up from 360 "' '
the bottom? (c) If the arm o[the handle is
42 cm long, how far does the hand of the Example 9
winder travel when bringing the bucket up A seclor of 80" is remoacd Jrom a circle of radius
from the bottom? 12 cm. What area of tlu circle is \dl?
20 In Fig.21.43, AB is a chord ola circle of
radius l0 cm, M is the mid-point of AB
and IVIN f AB.
ft"l

tig.2t.43^A- Fig. 21.46

If MN : 2 cm, calculate (a) AB, (b) the
angle that arc ANB subtends at the centre Angle of sector left : 360o - 80" = 280o
of the circle, (c) the difference in length Area orsector
between AB and arc ANB to the nearest ''*
mm. ffiiJiJ'i1T"-'
Area of sector =
In Fig. 21.44, the area of sector AOB is f* ot
Example l0
Calculale lhe arca oJ lhe shadcd scgmcnl of llu circlc
* of the area of the whole circle. The area of shown in Fig. 21.47.
sector COD is #r o. & of the whole circle and
sector EOF is *Po or ib o[the whole circle. The x
area of a sector of a circle is proportional to the
angle of the sector. A

Fig. 21.47
Area of segment
: arez of sector XOY - area of AXOY
Fig. 21.44
:fsxrx 102 -Lx l0x l0xsin63ocm2
:#xrf x 100-lx 100x0,891 0cm2
: 55 - 44,55 cm2
: 10,45 cm2

Exercise 2le
Take n to be 3l unless told otherwise.
I In Fig. 21.48, each circle is of radius 6 cm.
Calculate the areas of the shaded sectors
Fig. 21.45 in terms of r.
206
7 Calculate the shaded parts in Fig. 21.50.
All dimensions are in cm and all arcs are
circular.
t{ t+

(a) (b)

Fig. 21.48
2 Complete Table 21.2 tor areas of sectors of l{ I4
circles. Make a rough sketch in each case. (a) , (h) (c)

Table 21.2 Fig.2t.50

radius angle of area of
sector sector E Calculate the area of the shaded segment
of the circle shown in Fig.2l.5l.
(a) 7cm g0'

o) 6cm 70"
(c) 35 cm 144"
(d) 14m 462 m2
(e) 2cm 2,2 cm2
Fis. 21.51
(0 I 400 99 m2
3 Calculate the area of a sector of a circle 9 In Fig. 21.52, ABCD is a rhombus with
which subtends an angle of45o at the centre dimensions as shown. BXD is a circular
of the circle, radius l4 cm. arc, centre A. Calculate the area of the
4 The arc of a circle of radius 20 cm subtends shaded section to the nearest cm2.
an angle of 120" at the centre. Use the I
value 3,142 for zr to calculate the area of
the sector correct to the nearest cm2.
5 The area of circle PQR with centre O is
72 cmz. What is the area of sector POQ if
POq: 4gor
A pie chart is divided into four sectors as
shown in Fig.21.49. Each sector represents
a percentage of the whole. The two larger
Fig.21.52
sectors are equal and each represents ro/o.
What is the angle subtended by one of
those larger sectors?
Fig. 21.53
.-l'6m .<
l0 Fig. 21.53 shows the cross-section of a
tunnel. It is in the shape of a major sqlment
ola circle of radius I m on a chord of length
1,6 m. Calculate (a) the angle subtended
at the centre of the circle by the major arc
correct to the nearest 0,1o, (b) the area of
Fig.21.49 the cross-section of the tunnel, to 2 d.p.
207
Chaptar 22

Simultaneous equations (2)

Simultaneous linear equations Example 2

(Revision) tlu cquations Lx + *y
Solac : 4, U - *, : t.
First simplifi the equations by clearing
fractions. Then solve in the usual way.
Example I Lx*$:4 (l)
Solac llu simuhanuous equalions U-lx:l
(l)x6: 3x*22=lQ
(2)
2x * 51: l,3x - U:30. (3)
(2) x 12: 32 - 4x:2 (4)
2x*5Y:1 (l) (3) x3: 9x*6y=ll
3* - U - 3q. Q) (4)x2: -Bx*6):4
(r) x 3: 6x* 157:l' Subtract: l7x : 68
(2) x 2: 6.t- 4l=60 (+ x:4
Subtract: 191= -57 Substitute 4 for x in (3)
(, ): -3 12 * 22: 24
Substitute -3 forl in (l) U: 12
2x+5(-3):l <, )=6
2r- 15= I x=4and7:6
2x= 16 Cluck: Lx + y:2 + 2: 4
<+ x=8 U-trx:ll-l*:l
x = 8 and2: -3
Example 3
Check: 2x * 5y: 16 - 15 : I e l :g.!+1:16.
3r-U:2+-(-0):go Solactlucqualions;--
, x ,
Instead of using x and 7 as the unknowns, let
Exercise 22a (Revision) the unknow". * (, "", (j)
Solve the following pairs of simultaneous
equations.
?_1=3
l2x-):8 22x*3/:10 x)
3x*2:17 2x*1:2
.3
+-:
3 a*2b=13 42n-n:5 )
t6
2a-3b:5 3m * 2n: -2+
5 4x * 6t:21 6 l2x + l2y - -7 (;) : (l)
7x-32=l 4x-37=l
7 2a*5b=2 87r*3s:-3 (,) : l6 (2)
3a*2b=25 6r*9-r:0
9 5x - 19:2) l04a:l-3b
208
3y * 18: 4t 4b:-l-6a (r) x 3:.(, -,
0: (3)
I -
5t I I r
r
Add equations (2) and (3):
Add: ro(j) : zs Find x andy if 32'-t : I andff = *r-t.
Express each equation as a linear equation.
J-=2s-5 Express 3l*-t = l -in powers of 3.
rl02 a2'-) -
J_J
aO

<+ x=L*=l <) 2x-y-0 (l)

Substitute * ro.Ix in (l)
Express
+ = 83*-/ in powers of 2.
o4x

E-- 1' ''.

1 o3(3x-v\
s-11) =,
vt 94x-2 - 99x-32
l_,.,
)' <, 5x-31--/ (2)
a )=* 2x-1-0 (l)
x:?and1:l 5x-3y: -l (2)
Check:Z - L:
2I 5- I x 2 - 3 From(l),7: 2r
x)21 Substitute 2x for 1in (2)
!*1:l-IJ..-3I2:to - -
5x 3(2x) -2
r()21 <) 5x-Gx--2 :
<) -x=-2 |

Example 4 <) x:2 |

tlu cquations C) !:2X2:4

Solae
4 if i,.?F.zt
1.

2x - 32 * 2 : t( + U- $ = 3x * 1t. x:2andy=
Check:g2*:)- g4-4-30= 1., - r [,"
If three expressions are equal to each other, 16':g=4xlO=64' ,'": ,-
they can be grouped into three equations. For 4 4 -G4-?-"-
example, if a : b : crthen a : b, a= c and g3*-)-86-4=g2:64
b=c,
To solve the simultaneous equations, make
rwo diflerent equations from the given equality:
2x-31+2=3x*1 Exercise 22b
x+U-$=3x*1 Solve the following pairs of equations.
Rearrange to give the unknowns on one side in t x-{:r Z x*2=1,
2
alphabetical order.
-t(-4!:-2 (l)
i+ !: zt L-)=tl
-2x *!= 5 (2) 26
(l)x2: -2x-B):-4 (3)
?3(x*)):7(t-r)
(2) - (3): 9) = 9 5(3r-)):x+3
<) != |
Substitute I forlt in (l) 47(a+r):b-a
- x -_n-=;' 4(3a+2b):b-g
<) x: -2 5f-2s+3:U-3g*2:r
x:-2andy:1 .3,-!:9-5=l
o;-i-; b-
Check: 2x - 31 + 2 = - 4 - 3 * 2 : - 5
,t+U-5--2+2-5:-5 7 l,sx - 0,77 : 0,1.
3x17=-6*l --5 0,3r* l,l7=2,5
209
2,3m*1,82=5,1 I..t tfr. digits be x and.7, where r is the tens
0,9m * 2,4n: 0,3 digit.
Then the number is l0r *7.
23- -^-
-eJ r From the first sentence of the question,
8.9 ,
x*1:11 (l)
The number obtained by interchanging the
ef
-+-:+
digits is 101 * x.
Hence, from the second sentence of the
l0 Sxyl
824 question,
2x3y2 l0r*l-(l0l*x):27
3 5
--z=- 15
<) l0r*l-l0l-x:27
<) 9x - 92: 17
I
tti@-3n):2 <) x-):3 (2)
But, * * ): ll (l)
m*n I Adding (l) and (2),
4 -, 2x: 14
123(3f+2s)=5-f <) x=7
Subtract (2) from (l)
49+5=2(e-5fl 'U = -g
133(2x-)):x*2*5 e ):4
5(3x-U):2(x-))+r The number is 74.
* 4: ll (lstsentence)
14 2a + 3b - | = 3a + b + 7 = a * 2b Check:7
74 - 47 = 27 (2nd sentence)
15'2,32x * 1,441= 15,6
4,8x-1,921 =2,99
Example 7
,u ? *7=n A motorist traaels for 30 km at r km/h and for
90 km at 1km/h and takes 2L hours for tlu journq.

;. i* r : o If the speeds are interchanged the joume2 takes 2t,

hours. Find x and1t,
n 1-+=+
caJ Time taken to travel 30 km at r km/h = 99 h
x
2 5_,I
---;-
cd Time taken to travel 90 km at7 km/h = *) n
It 3p - 5q - 4= 5p* 8 = 2p +q+ 7
Hence, from the first sentence of the question,
19 2'+a = 1,32'+t : 27

20#=9,r*41 :s $x)+ 99: zi (l)

Similarly, from the 2nd sentence of the question,

Wond problems leading to

9Q
)x
1 99: 2tr (2)

simultaneous equations !x ]
Writing (l) and (2) with u,d as the
Example 6 unknowns, )
A tuo-digit numbcr is such that the sum of its digits is
ll. Tlu number is 27 grcatn tlan tlu number obnirud
by interchanging the digih. Find tlu number.
,.(, + eo(;):2+ (3)

210
-(1).,(.i)= u (4)

(3) x 3: -(, *rro0: rt (5)

(a) - (5): -,{r=-5r--tr (a+e+3)cm

l_ 16 _ I Fig. 22.1
) 3x24O 45 Fis.22.2
<+ ): +5

! 7 The perimeter of the isosceles triangle in

Substitute rt for in (3) Fig. 22.2 is 28 cm.
I Find r and2 and hence state the lengths of
,(, *2=21 the s
8 If in + rm",
B : find m, z and the
sizes
I The difference between the digits of a two-
l_ I _ ! digit number is l. The number itself is I
x 2x30 60 more than 5 timds the sum of its digits. If
*=60 the units digt is greater than the tens digit,
: = 60 andJ, : 45
l0
find the number.
In a nvodigit number, the sum of the digits
Chcck:*8 + l8 = I + 2 = 2L (lstsentence)
is 8. The difference between this number
I* + 88 = I + ll = 2l (2nd sentence) and the number with the digits reversed is
Erercicc 22c 54. What is the number?
I 7 cups and 8 plates cost $9,,10. I cups and I I In a positive number of two digits, the sum
7 plates cost $9,65. Calculate the cost of a of the digits is 15. If the digits are inter-
cup and of a plate. changed, the number is incrcased by 9.
2 Four knives and six forks cost $2,06; six Find the number.
knives and five forks cost $2,49. Find the l2 A man's age and his son's add to 45 years.
cost of (a) a knife, (b) a fork. Five yean ago the man was 6 times as old
3 Half of A's money plus one-fifth of B's as his son. How old was the man whenthe
make $1. Two-thirds of A's money plus Son was.born?
rwo-fifths of B's make $1,50. How much l3 Chipo's and Tsitsi's ages add up to 29. 7
money has each? yearc ago Chipo was twice as old as Tsitsi.
4 Divide 75 into two parts so that one part is Find their prcsent ages.
3 of the other. 14 A girl travels l0 km in 50 min if she runs
5 A woman cycles for x hours at 12 kmlh for 8 km and walks for 2 km. If she runs
and 7 hours at l8 km/h. Altogether she 4 km and walks 6 km, her .time is I h
cycles 78 km in 5 hours. Find * and2. 15 min. Find her running and walking
6 Fig. 22.1 shows an equilateral triangle speeds.
with the lengths of its sides given in terms l5 If I is added to both numerator ,and
of a and b. denominator of a fraction, thq fraction
Find a and f and hence find the length of becomes l. IfB is added to borh, the fraction
the sides of the triangle. becomes i. What is the fractionP

2ll
Chapter 23

C,eneral arithmetic (3)

Ratio, frtq prolrcrtion
Ratio (Revision) (.) 25
(d) tr
Example I (e) t2
If 57 : 95 = 12 : x, eaoluate x. (f) 2+
(s) l5
lf57:95=12:x,
.57t2= 30
=? (i) a) +:3
then
95 -
(h)
6 ?=H
Clearing fractions, Find the result of increosing the following
57x: 12 x 95 quantities in the given ratios,
(") l6c in the ratio 7 : 4
._
r= 12x 95 _ 95_xl _ ( v i _ o^ (b) 2l m in the ratio l0: 7
57 = lg =Jx*=zu (c) a5 s in the ratio 5 : 3
(d) 75 cm in the ratio 9 : 5
Example 2 (e) 9lc in the ratio 9 : 7
The sclling price of a sccond-hand car is originally Find the result of dccreasing the following
$8 190. Tlu dealer reduccs thc pice in lhe ratio quantities in the given ratios.
I I : 13. What is the new selling pria of the car? (a) $1,25 in the ratio 3 :5
(b) 84 km in the ratio 6 : 7
Let the new selling price be $x.
(c) +l weeks in the ratio 5 : 9
lhen:
x :13 ll (d) I h 3 min in the ratio 7 : 9
, ,*- (.) 1,35 m2 in the ratio 5 : 9
5 If 135 : r = 3 : 5, evaluate x.
(t .-r_ll xglg013
6 Evaluate x if 45 : 72 : 40 : x.
7 A metal is composed of copper and zinc in
=ll x630=6930 the ratio 3 : 2 by volume. Find the volume
The new price of the car is $6 930, of a piece of the metal which contains
*2 cm3 of copper.
Exerciee 23a (Revision) As a result o[ inflation, a trader increases
I Express the following ratios in their all prices in the ratio 19: 17. What will be
simplest forms. the new price of a watch marked at $35,70?
(a) t4 :21 (b) 25 to 15 When meat is cooked, its mass reduces in
(c) 12 kg to 30 kg (d) 75 cm: I m the ratio 7 : I l. A piece of uncooked meat
(e) $1,25 : 75c (f) 1 : L has a mass of 2,53 kg. What mass is lost
(S) ll to 3l (h) 50 min to ll h when the meat is cooked?
(i) I litre : 350 mf O 75 mm2 to 4,5 cm2 l0 A year ago the daily sales of a newspaper
2 Complete the following ratios. averaged 16 320. Now the average daily
(a) 9:24:3:Z sales are 28 560. Express the ratio of present
(b) a:9=!:63 sales to last year's sales in its simplest terms.

2t2
C.omparison of ratios 5cm:lkm:5cm:100000cm
A ratio can be expressed in the form z: l, = I :20 000
The scale of the map is I : 20 000.
where z is a whole number, a fraction or a Notice that a scale of I : 2 is greater than a scale
decimal. This form is useful when comparing
ratios.
of I : 10, since l is greater than ft.
Example 6
Example 3 Exprcss tlu ratio I : 13 in tlu fom I z n.
Exprcss tlu ratio $5,70 : $1,90 fz tlu form n : l.
+ 19:q 8:13=8:f
$5,70 _ 5,7 _57 _57 = I : 1,625
$1,90 1,9 19 19 + 19 I
Example 7
The ratio is 3 : l. A plan is made of a school. It is found that thc lmgth
of tlu laboratoryt, 16,6 m, is rcpresentcd on tlu plan
Example 4 by a linc 7,8 cm long. Find thc scale of tlu plan in
Find which ratio is tlu grcater, 7 : 13 or 8 : 15. tluforml:n.
7 _7 + 13 _0,538... line on plan _ 7,8 cm
13 13+13 I t-rgth
l:

g-r"d:IH,
I _ 8 + 15 _0,533... ""
15 15+15 I I 560 cm
To 3 d.p.,
78
7 :13 = 0,538 : l
15 600
8:15:0,533:l
The first ratio is greater.
:#
The next example gives an alternative method
for comparing ratios. The scale of the plan is I : 200.

r.xarnple 5 Exercise 23b

Find which rati.o is grcatcr,9 : 16 or 7 :12. Give results correct to 3 s.f. where necessary.
The problem is to compare the ratio rt with I Express the following ratios in the form
the ratio t:. n: l.
The LCM of 16 and 12 is 48. (a) 3:8 (b) 7:5
(") 14 to 3 (d) 4to7
9 _ 9 x 3 _27 (e) $29 to $+ (f) 6mtoBm
16 16x3 48 G) 2,4 m: 1,5 m (h) 25 cm: llcm
7 _7x4_28 (i) 80c to $2 0) $4,25 : $2,50
t2 12x4 48 2 Express the following ratios in the form
l:n.
i.e.9:16=27:48 (a) 4 to ll (b) e:13
andT :12 = 28:48 (c) 7 :2 (d) 8to3
The second ratio is greater than the first. (e) 2,5 m:4 m (f) 1,5 g to 48 g
(S) 0,5 cm to 6,6 m (h) 2,5 kg:0,7 kg
For maps and plans, the scale is often given (i)8 cm to 633,6 m (i) 5 cm: I km
as a ratio in the form I : r. For example, if the 3 Complete the following.
scale is 5 cm to I km, 5 cm on the map (a) ls'4=ft:t
represents I km on the ground. (b)8:5=1:fl
2t3
(") l:4,5 =3:E Rate
(d) 6,2'1:!:5
(e) 4:l:9:fl Ratios compare quantities which are of the
(0 tr:3,6:4:l same kind. For example 4 kg : 7 kg. The units
(S) tr:1,6:l:4,8 may be different, e.g. I cm : 5 km, but the
(h)2cm:n:l:396 quantities are of the same kind, since it is
(i) !:36kg:l:1800 always possible to express km in cm.
(,) !:lkm:1:4000 Quantities of dffirmt kinds may be cohnected
Find which of the following pairs of ratios in the form of a rate. The following are some
is greater. examples of rates.
a) l8:5, ll 3 (") A workman is paid $10,80 for an B-hour
b) ll :6, 13 7 day. His rate of pay is $1,35 per hour.
c) 5 : 8,4:7 (b) A cyclist travels 28 km in 2 hours. Her
d) 15 :7, 13 :6 rate is 14 km per hour. In this case, the
e) l:7,1:8 rate is called sped.
f) 7:15,8:17 (.) A 4-metre beam of uniform cross-section
(S) 17 : 6,20 : 7 and mass 120 kg has a mass of 30 kg per
(h) llm:13m,7g:8g metre. This rate gives the mass per unit
(i) l,5m:40cm,6ls:l*s length.
0) $1,70 : 90c, $3 : $1,60 (d) A piece of metal has a volume of 20 cm3
5 Express the following scales in the form and a mass of lB0 g. Its density is 9 g/cm3.
l:n. The density of gases, liquids and solids is
(u) I cm represents l0 m the rate giving the mass per unit volume.
- (b) l0 cm represents I km (.) A tow-n of 32 000 people has an area of
(c) 4 cm represents 600 m 40 km2. The population density of the
(d) 5 cm to 1,5 km town is 800 people/kmz. Population density
(e) 20 cm represents 5 km is a rate giving the average number of
6 Eggs in one shop are priced at 7Ic for 5 people per unit ofarea.
and in another at $1,65 a dozen. Which is
cheaper?
7 A house covers a rectangle of ground,
house, D_-__r_ o
15,7 m by 12,3 m. On the plan of the
the length of the rectangle is 78,5 cm. :IT.Pit o,.
What is- the scale of the p"lan in the form Find,^in l.-/lr, the rate at which a car lraoels if it
I : z? Find the width of the house on th; goes 3Bi km iz 35 min'
_ plan. In 35 min the car goes 38| km.
8 A map is drawn on a scale of I cm to 5 km.
38+ '
(a) Find the scale
lc ol
of the IIraP lll
tlrc map tIIc form
in the mtn the
IoI.III In I min the )ar gOeS km
| : n. 3E:
(b) Find, in centimetres, the distance on cR*
it i -rp between Kadoma and Kwekw. Ir 60 min the car goes
fr
x 60 km
(72 km).
9 A boy cycles 16km in an hour and a girl :Z f,-QQ pro
runs 4,4 m in a second. Which is faster? 2 X 35
l0 The mass of 47 cm3 of mercurv is 638.73 g.
The mass of I cm3 of water is i g. Find tlie : I I x 60 km
2x 5
.utio of it. *urr., of equal volumes of
mercury and water in the form z : 1. (This : 66 km
ratio is called the spccifu grauity of mercury.) The rate (speed) of the car is 66 km/h.
214
Example 9 ll A woman is paid fi22,62 for working 14|
A aillage is roughly square in shape. Its perimebr is hours. Find her rate ofpay per hour.
about 6 km. If the population densitlt of the uillage is 12 A bridge is 220 m long and has a mass of
I 200 people/km2,ftnd the approximate population ll 220 tonnes. Find its mass in t/m.
of tlu aillage. l3 A city has an area of 612 hectares and a
population of 94 860. Calculate its
perimeter of village - 6km population density in people/hectare.
side of square :t km : l* km 14 Each week a man works from 8.00 a.m. to
area of village : l| km x li km 12.30 p.m. on six days and from 2.00 p.m.
=lf,lyfi to 5.30 p.m. on four days. His rate of pay is
The population density is I 200 people/km2. 96c per hour. What is his total wage?
i.e. I kmz contains I 200 people. t5 If I can ride a bicycle at a rate of 5 m/s,
Hence 2* k^2 contains I 200 x 2* people how long will it take me to ride a distance
1200x9 people of 12 km at the same rate?
: _=- 16 A car uses petrol at the rate of I litre for
every I I km. If the price of petrol is 39c
:300x9people per litre, find the cost of the petrol for a
: 2 700 people journey of 891 km.
Population of village - 2 700 people. l7 In l99l a factory produced 9 324 birycles.
Allowing 2 weeks for holidays and a further
Exercise 23c 100 days for weekends, find the rate of
I A workman is paid $58 for a 40-hour week. production in bicyles per day.
Calculate his hourly rate of pay. 18 In a town with a population of 53 280 there
2 A car travels 153 km in 2l h. Calculate its were 562 deaths in one year. Find the death
average speed in km/h. rate per I 000 persons correct to 3 s.f.
3 A steel beam 5,2 m long has a mass of 19 In the town of question 18, 613 babies
137,8 kg. Find its mass in kg/m. were born in the same year. Find the birth
4 lf 42cm2 of sea water has a mass of 43,26 g, rate per I 000 persons. (3 s.f.)
find its density in g/cm3. 20 A carjourney takes 4* hours when the car
5 A town has an area of 24km2 and a travels at an average speed of 120 km/h.
population of 31 000. Calculate the Calculate the time taken for the same
population density of the town per km2 journey when the average speed is reduced
correct to 2 s.f. to 108 km/h. [Camb]
6 A shop has a sale and reduces all its prices
at the rate of l5c in the $. Find the sale
price of an article marked at $7,40.
A car uses petrol at the rate of I litre for
every 6,5 km travelled. How many litres
Proportional division
does it use on a journey of I 17 km?
To divide a quantity into two parts which are
A cask has a capacity of20 litres. It contains
in the ratio 2 : 5, first split it into 7 equal shares
wine of density 0,88 kg/litre. What is the
(since 2 * 5 : 7). The reqqired parts will then
mass of the wine?
A village is roughly in the shape of a be 2 and 5 ofthese equal shares, i e.? and ? of
rectangle I* km by li km. What iJits total the original quantity.
population if the average density is b70
people per km2? Example l0
Diuide $11,70 between Bob and Sipho so thal their
r0 I travelled at 60 km/h and took 2 hours for
a certain journey. How long would it have
in the ratio B:5.
shares are

taken me if I had travelled at 50 km/h? 8*5=13

215
,rgll,7o =+Zq = 9oc
it of $2 720 = $170
= 7 , $t70 = $l 190
cents
fr t of$2 720
rt of $2 720 = 9 x $tzO = $l 530
Bob's share = 8 x 90c = 720c = $7,20 A gets $l 190 and B gets $l 530.
Sipho's share = 5 x 90c = 450c = $4,50 Cluck: $l 190 + $l 530 = $2720
Cfuck: $7,20 + $4,50 = $l1,70
Notice in Example 13 that a new unit, a
Example ll 'Dollar-month', is used. The investment of
D;o;dti99 into 3 parts in tlu ratia I : [ : l. each person is the product of the amount of
money invested and the amount of time for
l:t:l: 4: l0:9 (multiplying each by 12)
which it was invested. The shares should be in
4+10*9=23 the ratio of this product.
zt of 299 = = 13 4rB
ztof299=4x13=52 Exercise 23d
18 of299 = l0 x 13 = 130
ztof299=9X13:117 I Divide the following quantities in the given
ratios.
Check:52+130+ll7=299 (a) 98c, 5:9 (b) $5,76, I :3:5
Example 12
(c) 96 m, 3 : 4: 5 (d) 56 kg, 5:3
(.) 153,5:2:6:4 (f) $33,76, 2:5:9
X,Y, Z sharc $85 so tlut for cocry $l that X gcls,
(g) 10,8 kg, ll :7 22,95 m,5: 12
(h)
Y gcls $3 andfor eacqt $2 tlutY gcts, Z geb $3. (i) $5,39, ll : l : 2l (i)
28,6 kg, 4 : 5 :6 :7
Find Y's share.
Ann, Ben and Kudzai are aged 12, 14 and
IfX has I share, then Y has 3 shares. Z gets ll 20 respectively. They share $6,90 in the
times as much as Y. Hence Z gets 4| shares. ratio of their ages. How much does each get?
They receive money in the ratio The cost $2 320 of producing a machine
l:3:4L=2:6:9. arises from cost of materials, labour and
2+6*9=17 overheads in the ratio 7 : 9 : 2. Calculate
rl of $85 = t[ = $5 the cost of labour for producing 32 such
Y gets t
of$85 machines.
r? of $85 = $5 x 6 X, Y, Z share $68 so that for every $l that
= $30 Z gets, Y gets $2 and for every $3 that Y
Y's share is $30. gets, X gets $4. How much does Y get?
If $82 is divided among Rudo, Zodwa and
Charles so that Rudo's share is I of Zodwa's
Example l3
A andB inacsl noney in a busincss. A inocsts $5 250 I
and Zodwa's is of Charles's share, how
much does Charles get?
for 4 months and B inacsts $9 000/or 3 months. Two builders share I I tonnes of bricks so
How shutld thcy slwre ilutustya* pnfu of$2 7Xl?
that one has ll times as many as the other.
A's investment = $5 250 x 4'Dollar-months' The total cost is $227,50. How much does
= 2l 000 Dollar-months each pay?
B's investment = $9 000 x 3 'Dollar-months' Three people share 5 992 Dollars so that the
= 27 000 Dollar-months first gEts twice as much as the second, and
Their investments are in the ratio the seco\d gets twice as much as the third.
21 000 : 27 000 :7 :9 How much does the first get?
7*9=16 A, B and C share $7,56 so that A has 2l
Thus A should getrtof the profis and B should times as much as C, and B has 3l times as
get rt of the profits. much as C. Find their shares.

216
Chapter 24

Statistics (3) Graphs

Interpretation of statisti""l g."ph. (c) Angle representing managers

= 360o - (50 + 80 + 210)"
Example I = 360o - 3,[0" : 20o
The pic clwrt in Fig. 24.1 shows tlu diaisions oJ tlw Ratio of manageni to clerks
workforce of a Jaclory. =20:50
_Z.J
-.|.E
(d) Number of managers : # of 108
=fix l0g
=$
It is not usual for pie charts to show the sizes
of sectors as in Example l. Where no angles
are given, use a protractor if necessary.

Example 2
Tlu bar chail in Fig. 24.2 shows ilu rcsults of a
spclling bst.
Fis. 24.1

(a) Ia iK simplest terms, whatfrartion of tlu worh-

force are skilled nm? (b) What percailagc of tlu
workforce are labourers? (c) Giae llu rulio of
mtrugcrs to clcrk in its simplesl lerms. (d) If tlu
factor2 emplols 108 peoplc, how many are managcrs?
(a) The angle of the sector representing
skilled men is 80o.
I3ti0 of the workforce are skilled men.
BO: B :?
360 36 9
t of the workforce are skilled men.
(b) Fraction of the workforce which are
labourers : 210
360
of the workforce which Fig. 24.2
Percentage are
labourers : t*8 x 100%
(a'1 What was tlu rangc of marks? (b) Hau many
: a;l@,/" :58*'/" studmls took
(fi What was
llw tcst? (c) Whal was tlu mode?
tlu median?

217
(a) Lowest mark scored = 0 (b) What was the patient's temperature
Highest mark scored = 5 at 6 p.m.?
The range of marks is from 0 to 5. (c) During which hour did the tempera-
(b) From the bars in the graph, it can be seen ture rise the most?
that 2 students scored 0 marks, 5 students (d) During which hour did the tempera-
scored I mark, and so on. ture fall the most?
Number of students who took the test Fig. 24.4 shows the mark distribution for
:2* 5+ l0+9+8*6:40 a class test. The marks range from 3 to 9.
(c) The mode is the score which occurred
most often.
Most students scored 2 marks.
Modalscore=2marks
(Nott: the mode corresponds with the highest o
bar in the bar chart.)
(d) The median is the score obtained by the a ln
middle student, when the marks are arranged I
in order. IE
There are 40 students. The median is the z
average of the marks obtained by the 20th and
2lst student.
The first two students scored 0 marks, the next
5 students scored 2 marks, and so on. Counting
on in this way it can be seen that the 20th and
2lst studene both scored 3 marks. 0-a-
3 {56
Medianscore:3marks. Fig.24.4 Merks

Exerciae 24a (a) How many students took the test?

I Fig. 24.3 shows the temperature of a (b) What was the median mark for the
patient recorded every hour. test?
3 The pie chart in Fig. 24.5 represents 24
hours in the life of a student.

Fig.24.5

(a) What fraction of the time is spent

sleeping?
(b) What percentage of the time is
Fig. 24.3 spent studying?
(c) How much time is spent studying?
(a) At what time was the highest tem- (d) If I h 20 min is spent travelling,
perature recorded? calculate the value of r.
218
4 Thc examination rcsults ol a class are (d) Which is the most frequent word?
given by the bar chart in t'ig. 24.6. (e) What is the ratio of the numbers of
::::l:. appearances of the most frequent word to
..,.1 r
that of the least frequent word?
....1,,.. Fig. 2a.B@) shows the proportion, by
mass, of meat to vegetables in a stew.
Fig. 2a.8(b) shows the relative costs of the
:: ::I :::: meat and vegetables in the same stew.
:;:il::;:

(a) stcw (by mas) (b) stew (by co$

Fig. 24.8
(a) Use a protractor to find the ratio of
the masses of meat to vegetables in the
stew.
(b) How many grammes of meat are there
in 2 kg of stew?
(c) Find the ratio of the costs of meat to
vegetables in the stew.
(a) How manv pupils took the examina- (d) If it costs $7,44 to make the stew,
tion? how much money was spent on vegetables?
(b) If the pass mark is 40, how many 7 Fig. 24.9 shows the distribution of marks
pupils passed the examination? in a test.
5 Fig. 24.7 shows the numbers of times the
words a, and, in, it, lt appear in a paragraph
in a book.

and
in

ir

the
E

,
F'ig. 24. 7

(a) Hr:w many times docs the word in

appear? 33 3t 35 36 t7 38 39
(b) Which word appears 8 times? It lrt
(c) Which two words appear the same
number of times? Fig. 24.9
219
(a) What is the range of the scores?
(b) How many students took the test?
(c) What is the modal score?
(d) What is the median score?
t Fig. 24.10 shows the distribution of
children in Classes l-6 ofa Primary School.

Fis.24.ll

l0 Fig. 24.12 is a bar chart comparing the

cost of a I carat diamond with the cost of
I ounce of gold in five-year intervals from
1960 to 1980.

Fig. 24.10

(a) Which two classes have the same

number of children?
(b) Which class has ,*0 children in it?
(c) How many children are in the school?
(d) At the beginning of the year, each
child in classes 5 and 6 is given 4 exercise
books and each child in the other classes is
given 3 exercise books. How many exercise
books are given out?
I The pie chart in Fig. 24.1I shows the
proportion of money that four people, A,
B, C, D, invest in a business. The pie chart Fig. 24.12
also shows how the yearly profit is divided.
(a) If B invests $4 800 how much did each (a) What was the cost of aI carat
of the others invest? diamond in 1970?
(b) In the first year the total profits were (b) What was the cost of I ounce of gold
$6 432. How much did A receive? in 1975?

220
(.) In 1980, what was thr: di{fercnce Table 24.2
between the cost ol'a I carat diamond and
the cost of I ounce of gold? Class J1 32 J3 3q
(d) In which year was the cost of a I carat
diamond double that of I ounce of gold? No of pupilg +o 30 35 36
(e) What is the ratio of the cost of
diamonds in 1970 to the cost in 1980?

Ihawing statistical graphs

Pictogram
Example 3
The numbers af pupils in a secondarl school in Harare
Jor lhe 2ears I 988 lo lgg2 are as giaen in Table 24. I .
Draw a piclogram lo rcpresenl tlu dala.
Table 24.1

IgEE 1989 1990 t99t r992

r20 s20 680 720 720
htclwttfui4frntchafulr
1eE8 ft
Fig. 24.14
rese i tiii
reeo i rliii it Notes:
IData are represented by a series of ban.
,eer i ifrlri iir The bars are usually vertical but may
sometimes be horizontal.
ree2t i ft i i i lt
2 The height of the bars is proportionil to
the frequency of the data. The width of the
f, ,Vro-ru m
tugraa shlxy'lrgl itava ia cdoolpplhtiot t orrar*rl bars is of no significance.
Fig. 24.13
Notes:
I A pictogram reprcsents data in the form of Pie chart
pictures.
Example 5
2 A pictogram, although providing an easily A communnlfarmcr hai 30 luad of cattlc,20 goats,
understood graph of the data, is seldom
29 chickms and ll slucp. Illurtrate this diskibutiol
accurate. It is dfficult to rcpresent fractions
oJ liucslock on a pie chart.
correctly.
Each set oflivestock is represented by a sector
Bar chart of a circle. To calculate the angles of the
sectors, first find the total number of livestock.
Exe'nple 4 Express the number of livestock in each set as
llu numbers of pupils in each Form
Table 24.2 shows a fraction of the total, then find that fraction of
3 class in a school. Rtpresent this infornation 36f. The working is shown in Table 24.3
on a bar charl. overleaf.
22t
Table 24.3 Table 24.4

Set of Number of Angle of sector Marks Frequency

lives0oc* livestock 30-39 4
4{-49 3
cattle 30
ff " soo": l2oo 50-s9 t2
60-69 r0
goats 20
ffi, soo": 8oo 70-79 6
80-89 5
chickens 29
ffi soo': 116o 40 (total)
"
sheep ll *ursoo": 44o
Rcprcsml tlu informalion in Tablc 24.4 on (a) a bar
total 90 3600 chart, (b)a frcqwncy po$gon.

(a) The information in Table 24.4is grouped

The angles calculated in Table 24.3 are then into cLasses or intervals. If every single mark
used to draw the pie chart in Pig. 24.15. were recorded, it would be difficult to draw an
appropriate graph. Fig 24.16 shows a suitable
bar chart.

fu cluil ilouti4lb,f7i,tr,t&[of liocst**

Fig. 24.15

Nolcs:
I The angles of a pie chart should be drawn
to the correct sizes. However, it is not
necessary to enter the sizes ofthe angles on
the graph. Fis. 24.16
2 Each sector should be labelled showing the
information which relates to that sector. (b) A frequency polygon is drawn by plot-
3 As with all graphs, the pie chart should ting the frequencies at the mid-points of the
have a title.
class intervals. Successive points are joined by
straight lines. In this case the mid-points of
the intervals correspond to examination marks
Frequency polygoo of 341, 44L, 5+L, ... and so on. Notice in
Fig. 24.17 that the end points are joined to
E ample 6 readings of 2tl and 941on the base line (since
Tablc 24.4 slwws tlu Jrcquaq distibution of the frequencies of these readings are both
cxamhwtian marks for a class of 4O pupils. zero).
222
2 In a class of36 students, g cycle to school,
15 walk to school, 7 use busis and 5 come

Table 24.5

Age (years) l3 t4 l5 l6 t7
Number of studcnts 8 5 6 3 8

Fig. 24.17 Show this information in a bar chart.

Nolcs:
I A. frequency polygon can only be drawn
when it is possible to represent the data on
the horizontal axis by a continuous scale.
2 With grouped data, it is essential to define
the limits of the groups very carefully so
that the cenrral valueJcan be found.

Exercise 24b
I T*9 farmers, Mr Zita and Mr Miti, Teble 24.6
doubled their tomato production in 1992
compared to 1991. They showed their Score 0-4 5-9 l0-14 r5-19
production in the form of pictograms as in Frcquency
Fig.24.18.
4 5 l5 6

I ,l I w

nr
7 7

lfr
Mg_
, Table 24.7
__t_ 1l w
-+- h
Fig. 24.18
Which of the two farmers used the most (") Represent this information in a
reasonable method of showing that his suitable graph. (b) What is the modal
crop had doubled, and why? mass?

223
8 A box ofballpoint pens contains 50 pens. Table 24,11
100 such boxes were examined for faulty
pens (i.e. pens which would not write Tech. Wood- Metal-
Subject Maths drawing work Mech. Sciencc work
properly). Table 24.8 shows the results of
the examination. Hours/wt 5 4 2 2 4 3

Table 24.8 Present this information on a pie chart.

12 A mathematical set should contain
Number of faulty 4 5 instruments: 2 set squares, I protractor,
0 2 3 5 6
Pens I ruler and I pair of compasses. A teacher
Number of boxes 7 l0 t2 20 l9 l8 t4 checked the mathematical sets of 40
students and found that some of their
(a) Draw a bar chart to show the informa- instruments were missing. The teacher's
tion in the table. results are given in Table 24.12.
(b) State the modal number of faulty
Pens.
9 Table 24.9 gives the budget estimation of a Table 24.12
Local Government Authority for a year.
Number of missing
Table 24.9 0 I 2 3 + 5
instruments
Item Amount ($) Number of
16 l0 7 4 3 0
agriculture 105 000 mathematical sets
development 120 000
education 165 000 (a) Represent the information in the table
health 90 000 by an appropriate diagram.
water supply 45 000 (b) Find the mode and the median.
others i5 000 l3 The approximate mean monthly rainfall
for Harare is given in Table 24.13.
Represent this budget by means of a pie
chart.
l0 Table 24.10 is a frequency distribution Table 24.1,
table giving examination marks out of 100
for a class of 35 students.
Month JFMAMJJASOND
Rrinfill t90 230 r50 40 20 l0 0 l0 30 30 u0 l2c
Table 24.10 (mn)

Marks Frequency Show this information on a suitable graph.

30-39 3 14 The following is a list of marks obtained
40-49 I by a group of students in a test marked out
50-59 t4 of I00.
60-69 6 20 80 88 25 015 260 3
70-79 + 55 60 59 57 54 51 62 63 70
77 43 55 44 49 8r 82 35 36
Construct a frequenry polygon to illustrate (a) Make a table showing the frequency
this information. distribution for the data grouped in inter-
ll Table 24.1I gives the number of hours per vals of l0 marks: 0-9, 10-19, ..., 90-99.
week allotted to each subject taught at a (b) Draw a frequency polygon which
technical school. illustrates the data in your table.

22+
Chapter 25

Simitarity (2) Areas and volumes of

similar shapes

Ar,eas of similar shapes

Fig. 25.1 represents two similar rectangles,
one 7 cm X 3 cm, the other 28 cm x 12 cm.

Fig. 25.2

Scale factor of the small circle to the big circle

= ratio of the radii
_3cm_3
5cm 5
7
Area factor of the small circle to the big circle
Fis. 25.1 : ratio of their areas
,r2
Scde factor of the big rectangle to the small
rectangle : ratio of their corresponding sides
-J
5z

12cm
7cm or 3"-
-28cm
= 4 in both cases Agai of the areas is the square of
Area factor of the big rectangle to the small the s f the given circles.
rectangle = ratio of their areas In general, the ratio of the areas of two
28 X 12 cm2 gi'nil8r figures is the square of the scale
7 X 3cm2
=4x4 factor of the two figures.
:42 Example I
Hence the area factor is the souarc of the scale
A naP is drawn ta a scalc of l^:5 000. Oz llu map,
factor of the rectangles. 42 = 16. Notice in Fig. a.aillagc has an area of 6 cm2. Find tlu lntc area-of
25.1 that the small rectangle fits 16 times into
ilu aillagc in fuclarcs. (l hx = l0 000 m2)
the big rectangle. Scalefactor= 5000
Fig. 25.2 represents two circles with radii Area factor = (5 000)2
5 cm and 3 cm. = 25 000 000
22s
Area of village= 25 000 000 x 6 cm2 an area of B cm2. Find the $ue area of the
airport in heetares.
25 000 000 x 6
100 x m2
100
6 A sports stadium covers an area of 6
hectares. Find the area in cm2 olthe sports
25 000 000 x 6
ha
stadium when'drawn on a map of icale
l0 000 x 100 x 100 l:5000.
7 A photograph measuring I cm by l0 cm
:%#ha: l,5ha costs 68c. What will be the cost of an
enlargement measuring 20 cm by 25 cm?
E Two square floor tiles are made of the
Exemple 2 same material. One costs 68e and its edge
A woman uras 5 m2 and 3,2 mz of cloth whm making is 30 cm long. Find the cost of the other if
similar dresscs fir lurse!{ and lur daqhter respecthe$. its edge is 50 cm long.
If tlu wunan r.r 165 cm lall, how tat i; tlu daughur? 9 Two rectangular flags are similar in shape.
Assume that the woman and daughter are Their areas are 5 m2 and 0,8 m2. tf ihe
similar in build. height of the larger flag is lB0 cm, find the
Area factor of daughter't dress to woman's height of the smaller flag.
dress l0 The area of the windscreen ol a bus is
l,2l m2. In a photograph of the bus, the
_3,2rn? 16:
5m2-!g:
50 2s (l)'
windsereen is a reetangle 12 cm by 3 em.
Find the length and breadth of the real
Scale factor = square root of area factor : i windscreen.

Height of woman: 165 cm

Height of daughter : I of 165 cm
4x 165
=Tt* Volumes of similar solids
:4x33cm Fig. 25.3 represents two similar cuboids, one
= 132 cm 5cm X 2cm X I cm, theother 15 cm X 6em X
3 cm.
Exercise 25a
I Two similar rectangles have eorresponding
sides in the ratio l0 : 3. Find the ratio of
their areas.
2 Two similar triangles have corresponding
sides of length 4 cm and 7 cm. Find the
ratio of their areas.
3 Two similar hexagons have corresponding
sides of 2 cm and 5 cm. (a) Find the ratio
of their areas. (b) Il the area of the larger
hexagon is 150 cm2, find rhe area of ihe
smaller one.
The ratio of the area of two circles is *.
(a) Find the ratio of their radii. (b) Ilthe
smaller circle has a radius of 12 cm, find
the radius of the larger one.
A map of Harare is drawn to a scale
I : 50 @0. On the map the airport co\rers Fig. 25.j
226
Scale factor of the big cuboid to the small Again, the ratio of the volumes is the cube of
cuboid = ratio oftheir corresponding edges the scale factor of the two shapes.
l5cm 6cm 3cm
= 5"n, or 2a- or l.- In general, the ratio of the volumes of
similar solids is the cube of the scale factor
= 3 in each case of the two solidc.
Yolume f,rctor of the big -cuboid to the small
cuboid = ratio of their volumes Example 3
Two pots, similar in slwpc, are rcspcctiocll 2l cm
15 x6x 3cm3 atd 14 cm high. If tlu smalln pt lulds 1,2 litres,
5x2 x =27
lcm3 M tl" capacit2 of tlu larga ow.
,r3
- Scale factor --'i:
Hence the volume factor is the cube of the 1
scale factor of the cuboids. In Fig. 25.3 it should
Thus, volume llactor : /g\t :- zz
-\r/
be possible to see that the small cuboid will fit I
27 times into the big cuboid
The smaller pot holds 1,2 litres
Fig. 25.4 represents two rylinders, one of height The larger pot holds 1,2 x f litres
2h and radius 2r, the other of height h and
: 0,15 x 27 litres
radius r.
: 4,05 litres
Example 4
Two luaps of ricc are oJ similar shapc and conlain
128 kg and 25OW of ,io rapcctiaely. If tlu laight of
tlu biggn luap is 7O cm,fud tlu luight of tlu malln
(me.
2h
Mass is proportional to volume, thus,
ratio of volumes = ratio of masses
128 64 43 /+\,
250 t25 5s \S/
e Scale factor =I
Fig. 25.4 Height of bigger heap = 70 cm
Height of smaller heap : I of 70 cm
Since the heights and radii are in the same =+x14cm
ratio, the cylinders are similar. :56cm
Scale factor of the small cylinder to the big
rylinder : ratio of corresponding lengths Exercise 25b
hr or I Two similar cups have heights in the ratio
=2h 2, 2 : 3. Find the ratio of their capacities.
2 Two similar blocks have corresponding
= | in both cases edges of length l0 cm and 20 cm. Find the
Volume factor of the small cylinder to the big ratio of their masses.
cylinder : ratio of their volumes 3 A soap bubble 4 cm in diameter is blown
out until its diameter is 8 cm. By what
_ nr2h :!_rrr, ratio has the volume of air in the bubble
t(2r)22h 8 t.' increased?
227
4 Two metal bolts are similar in shape and Notice in Examplc 5 that the scale factor must
have diameters of 5 mm and 15 mm. be {bund bclole the arcas calr be compared.
(a) Find the ratio of their masses. (b) If
the smaller bolt's mass is 12 g, find thc
mass of the larger bolt. Exercise 25c (Mixed practice)
5 Two similar buckets hold l3l litres and 4 I A metal tray measuring 40 cm by 30 cm
litres respectively. (a) Find the ratio of their costs $1,92. What should be the price of a
heights. (b) If the larger bucket is of height tray which is similar but 50 cm long?
36 cm, find the height of the smaller bucket. 2 Two plastic cups are similar in shape and
6 Two similar pots have heights of 16 cm their heights are 7,5 cm and 12,5 cm. If
and l0 cm. If the smaller pot holds 0,75 the plastic needed to make the first cost
litres, find the capacity of the larger pot. 54c, find the cost for the second.
7A sports trophy is in the shape of a cup 3 In question 2, if the second cup holds 16
30 cm high. The winners are each given litres, find the capacity of the first cup in
copies of the cup, 7l cm high. If one of the m(.
copies holds 100 mf, find the capacity of 4 A cylindrical oil drum 70 cm long is made
the trophy in litres. of sheet metal which costs $5,75. Find the
8 A tin of beans costs 35c. How much would cost of the metal for a similar oil drum
a similar tin, 3 times the height and 84 cm long.
diameter, full of beans cost? 5 A statue stands on a base of area 1,08 m2.
9 A pencil manufacturer makes a giant A scale model of the statuc has a base of
model pencil, 3 m long, as a factory area 300 cm2. Find the mass of the statue
symbol. If a real pencil is l8 cm long and (in tonnes) if the scale model is of mass
has a volume of 9 cm', find the volume in 12,5 kg.
m3 of the giant model. 6 A railway engine is of mass 72 tonnes and
l0 A builder makes a scale model of a real is I I m long. An exact scale model is made
house. The volumes of air in the scale of it and is 44 cm long. Find the mass of
model and the real house are 27 500 cm3 the model.
and 220 m3 respectively. If the height of 7 In question 6, if the tanks of the model
the door in the real house is 2,4 m, find hold 0,8 litres of water, find the capacity of
the height of the door in the scale model. the tanks of the railway engine .
8 A garden has an area of 3 025 m2,and it is
f,yrrnple 5 rcprcsented on a map by an area of 16 cm2.
Tuo sitnilar tins contain 960 g and 405 g of (a) Find the scale of the map. (b) Find the
margaine respectiuefit. If the arca of the base of the true length of a wall which is represented
larger tin is 120 cm2, fnd lhe area of the base of the on the map by a line 2,8 cm long.
smaller tin. 9 In a scale drawing of a school grounds, a
: path 120 cm wide is shown to be 15 mm
Ratio of volumes ratio of masses
wide.
_960:Ql=+,:/1\, (a) Find the scale of the drawing.
405 27 3z \g/ (b) Find the area of the school grounds if
the corresponding area on the plan is
Thus, scale factor = { 2 025 cm2.
l0 A model car is an exact copy ofa real one.
an/ .he area factor = (1)' : tg The windscreen of the model measures
\3/ e
35 cm by l0 cm and the real car has a
Area of larger base : 120 cm2 windscreen of area 0,315 m2. If the mass of
Area of smaller base : ft of 120 cm2 the model is 25 kg, find the mass of the
= 671 cm2 real car.
228
Chapter 26

Probability (l)

Experimental probability Example I

A girl witcs down tlu numbers of male and female
A farmer asks, 'Will it rain this month?' children of hcr mother and Jather. Slu also urites
The answer to the farmer's question depends down lhe numbers of male and femalc children of lur
on three things: the month, the place where parcnls' brothers and sislers. Her results arc slwwn in
the farmer is, and what has happened in the Table 26.2.
past in that month at that place. Table 26.1
Table 26.2
gives some answers to the question for diflerent
places and months. number of children
Table 26.1
male female
Will it rain this month? mother and father
place month answer to mother's brothers
question
mother's sisters
Chirundu January yes
father's brothers
Hwange Jrlv no
Mutare March yes f;ather's sisters
Gwanda September maybe
Totals 24 36

Is it possible to give a more accurate answer to

(a) Find tfu expcrimcntal probabiliu that whm ilu
a farmer in Gwanda in September? It is known
girl has childrm of lur oun, lur first bon will bc a
that an average of l0 mm of rain falls in girl.
Gwanda in September. However, this is an (b) If tlu girl cumluall2 has l0 chiUrm, how maryr
average found by keeping records over 12 years.
arc likely lo be malc?
The actual rainfall for Gwanda in September
over the 12 years was as follows. (a) In the girl's family there is a total of 60
lSmm Omm lTmm 9mm children. 36 of these are female. If the girl's
llmm 22mm l4mm Omm own children follow the pattern of her family,
16mm Omm 7mm 6mm then the experimental probability that her first
From the above data it can be seen that rain born will be a girl is 18 -- l.
fell in 9 of the 12 months of September. Iffuture (b) [ollowing the family pattern, I of the girl's
years follow the pattern of the past it is likely children will be female and I will be male.
that Gwanda will get rain in 9 out of the next Number of male children that the girl is likely
12 Septembers. We say that the probability of tohave:lofl0=4.
rain falling in Gwanda in September is rt (or I
or 0,75). This probability can never be exact. Notice that the results in Example I are based
However, it is the best measure we can give on orperimental probability. Thus we are using
from the data we have. The number rQr is based the past to predict the future. Events can easily
on experimental records. It is an example of turn out differently. The answers in Example I
experimental probability. are no more than calculated guesses.
229
Exercise 26a (Class discussion) (a) Repeat the experiment in question I
I A woman has 4 children. They are all boys. using a drawing pin.
The children of the rest of her family are (b) Find the experimental probability that
equally divided berween males and females. the drawing pin will land point up if
What is the woman's next child Iikely to dropped on the floor'.
be, a boy or a girl? (c) Compare yorrr results with other
2 A soothsayer throws some chicken bones people.
on the ground. From the pattern of the A coin, when tossed. either lands with its
bones, she says that rain wi[ fall next week. head up or its tail up.
Is this a good method? Does it always (a) Repeat experiment I using a coin.
work? Compare this method with the use (b) Find the experimental probability
of rainfall records. Can rainfall records that if a coin is tossed it will land tails up.
always tell us when rain will fall? (c) Compare your results with other
people.
Exercise 26b (Experiments) Cut four pieces of string so that three are
I A bottle top rests in either a cup or a cap 15 cm long and one is l0 cm long. Hold all

@ffi
position. See Fig. 26.1. four pieces in your hand so that all four
lengths look the same (Fig. 26.3).

Fig. 26.1 cuP position caP Po3lllon

Find a bottle top and drop it l@ times on

your desk. Count the number of times it
lands in a cup position and the number o[
times it lands in a ap position. Record
your results in a tally table:
Table 26.3
cuP Position )+r lt
Fig. 26.3
cap position *r lllt
Ark a friend to choose one piece. Write
Complete the following.
dow,r whether a long piece or the shorter
(a) the bottle top landed in the cup piece is chosen. Put the string back, mix
position ... times out of l@ throws. The
them up and ask someone else. Repeat 20
experimental probability that a bottle top
times.
will land in the cup position is .... Find the experimental probability that
Compare your results with other people's
results. Give some reasons why your results
someone will choose the short piece of
string.
may be different.
A drawing pin either its point
5 Draw a circle of radius 5 cm on a large
sheet of paper. Get l0 paper clips. Hold
up or its point down. .2.
the paper clips about 30 cm above the
centre of the circle and drop them onto the
PaPer.
Count the number of paper clips inside
the circle and the number outside the
o<int uo Pornt
circle. (If a paper clip falls on the circum-
Fis. 26.2 ference, count it as being inside the circle.)
230
In Fig. 26.4 therc are 6 paper clips inside Table 26.5
Y ar.
I tl
the circle and 4 outside. The results can be
recorded as shown in Table 26.4.
page number has a 5 in it
page number has no 5s in it

Find the experimental probability that if

this book is opened anywhere, the right-
hand page number will have a 5 in it.
Number the faces of a hexagonal pencil

\d
from I to 6 (Fig. 26.5).

Fig. 26.5

Roll the pencil across your desk. Makea

note of the number on the top face when it
stops. Repeat 100 times.
How many times did you roll a number
Fis. 26.4 4? What is the experimental probability of
rolling a number 4?
Table 26.4
number of paper clips inside 6 Pr&ability as a fraction
number of paper clips outside 4 Probability is a measure of the likelihood of a
required outcome happening. It is usually
Repeat l0 times. Find the experimental given as a fraction:
probability that a paper clip dropped from
number of required outcomes
a height of 30 cm will stay within 5 cm of
the point where it falls.
__^L^L:r:._-
t
htaha
/ _ number of possible outcomes
hr tr tt,

Write down the numbers of male and In Example l, the required outcomes were
female children in your family. Follow the female children and the possible outcomes
method of Example l. Hence find the were both male and female children. Thus,
experimental probability that your first- probability of having a female child
born child will be a boy.
Make a survey of the first l0 vehicles that number of female children
pass your school gates. How many were number of male and female children
cars? Use your result to predict how many
of the next l0 vehicles will be cars. Check
:gg:g=0,6
your prediction on the next 10 vehicles. If we are completely sure that something will
Open this book at any page. Read the happen, the probability is l. For example, if
right-hand page number. Write down today is Tuesday, the probability that tomorrow
whether the page number includes a 5 or is Wednesday is l.
not. If we are sure that something cannlt happen,
Repeat 50 times, recording your results the probability is 0. For example, the prob-
as shown in Table 26.5. ability of rolling a7 on the pencil in Fig. 26.5 is
231
0, because there is no number 7 on the pencil. (a) Total number of passes
If the probability of something happening is =51*56+57+65+70
.r, then the probability of it zoc happening is : 9OQ

| - x. For example, if the probability of it Total number of candidates

raining next month is #, then the probability =86*93+102+ll7+116
of it rut raining is t. : 514

nxemple 2
Success rate as a fraction = }il = 0,58 to 2 s.f.
Success rate as a percentage = 0,58 X l00o/o
It is kwwn that out of anry | 000 neu cars, 50 : 58o/"
deodop a mechanical fault in tlu firsl 3 months.
Wlur is tlu pnbabili\of buytng a car tlut will dmelop (b) The probability of a student Setting a GCE
a machanical fauk wilhin 3 months? pass :0158
: 0,6 to I s.f.
Number of cars developing faults = 50
Number of cars altogether : I 000 In part (b) it is assumed that the student's
Probability of buying a faulty car : r8to = fo chances of success are the same as the school's
success rate.
Example 3
A marEet lradcr has 100 oranges for salc. 4 of tlum Exercise 26c
are bad. Wat is tlu probabiliE that an orange chosen
at random is good?
I Statistics show that 4 out ofevery 100 new
radios break down within the first year.
[At randont' maarv'witlmil carefully clmsin!.] What is the probability of buying a radio
Eitlur: which does not break down in the first
4 out of 100 oranges are bad, year?
thus 96 out of 100 oranges are good. 2 It has rained on 5th June l8 times in the
Probability of getting a good orange last 20 years. What is the probability that
= f{k -- tt it will rain on 5th June next year?
0r: 3 The midday temperatures during a week
Probabitity of getting a bad orange : rto
oC,27 oC,27 oC, oC,27
= zt were 26'C, 26 26 "C,
thus, 27 "C. What is the probability that the
probability of getting a good orange = I -rt midday temperature on the next day will be
(a) 2'C, (b) 35 oC, (c) 26 oC, (d) 27'C?
tt
4 A matchbox contains 15 used sticks and 25
Example 4 unused sticks.
CiU S;hNl nbrs candidthsfor tlu GCE. Tlu rcsul* (a) How many sticks are in the box
for tlu Tears 1988 lo 1992 arc gtum in Tablc 26.6. altogether?
(b) What is the probability that a stick
Table 26.6 chosen at random is unused?
yGsr 1988 1989 1990 l99l 1992 5A statistical survey shows that 4 out of
every l0 women wear a size 16 dress.
number of 86 93 102 ll7 l16 What is the probability that a woman
candldates chosen at random does not wear a size
number 16 dress?
Suning 5l 56 57 65 70 6 An advertisement says, '7 out of every l0
GGE paereo people prefer Red Ring margarine.' 50
people were asked which margarine they
(a\ Find tlu sclwol's sttcccts rak as a pcrcmtagc. preferred. If the advertisement is true,
(b) What is tht approximatc probabilitl of a studcnt approximately how many people will say
at Cit2 Sclnol gctting a GCE Pws? Red Ring?
232
7 A trader has 100 mangoes for sale. 20 of (b) Find the approximate probability that
them are unripe. Another 5 of them are a pupil chosen at random from Northside
bad. If a mango is picked at random, find Primary School will gain a secondary
the probability that it is (a) unripe, school place.
(b) bad, (c) neither unripe nor bad? 14 Table 26.8 gives the results of a traffic
If 20 of the mangoes were chosen at survey on a city road one morning. The
random, how many would you expect to table shows the total number of vehicles
be (d) unripe, (e) bad. per hour and the numbers of those that
8 It is known that I in 40 of the light bulbs were cars and lorries.
sold by a certain trader is faulty. If one
bulb is taken at random from a large Table 26.8
number, what is the probability of it being totd
a good one? number number number
9 Nda and Ebenezer play table tennis of vehicles of cars of lorries
together. They have already played l0 0tfit-0900 46 28 3
games and Nda has won 9 of them. What
is the probability that he will win the I lth 0900-1000 37 t+ l0
game? lfi)0-1100 32 t3 L4
l0 Given the data of question 9, Ebenezer
lr00-1200 35 20 t2
wins the I lth and 12th games. What is the
probability that he will win the l3th game?
ll A crate contains 15 bottles of Coke and (a) For the whole morning, find the total
number of vehicles, cars and lorries.
9 bottles of Sprite. If I choose a bottle at
random, what is the probability that it is
(b) Find the percentage of the vehicles
(a) Coke, (b) Sprite, (c) either a Coke or a that were cars.
Sprite, (d) neither Coke nor Sprite?
(c) Find the percentage of the vehicles
12 20 cards are numbered from I to 20. A that were lorries.
card is chosen at random. What is the
(d) find the probability that the next
probability that it does zol have the digit I
in its number?
13 Table 26.7 shows the numbers of pupils
getting a place in secondary school from
Northside Primary School for the years
1988 to 1992.

Table 26.7 Theoretical

r98t 1989 1990 l99r 1992
It is possible to ilities without
number of doing experiments or keeping records. Consider
pupile leaving the following.
Northside

Coin tossing
If a coin is tossed, there are only two possible
outcomes: a head or a tail. Each is equally likely.
The probability of getting a head is l. The
probability of getting a tail is l. Since these
(a) Find Northside Primary School's values can be calculated without throwing any
success rate as a percentage. coins they are called theoretical probabilities.
233
Die thnowing Example 6
When a die like that in.Fig. 26.6 is thrown, any Thrce coins are throun. What is rtu probabilitlt
o1
one of six numbers will come out on top. getting 2 heads and I tail?
E = (Y_HH, HHT, IITH, HTT, THH,
THT, TTH, TTT}
P : {HHT, HTH, THH}

oo'
Fig.26.6 Example 7
A ca.rd.is_picked at randomfrom a pack
of 52 pkykg
cards.* Wat is the probaiilitl that t i a7'l
Number of possible outcomes : 52
Number of required outcomes : 4(71
, IO,
Probability of picking a I : f, ='| ' ' ^)
4 suits: clubs

Example 5 .';['1Jf'"
A die is thrown. Find the probabitity that the outcome
is diaisible by Z. Exercise 26d
There are 6 possible outcomes: l; 2; B; 4;
S; 6
r wo ol these are divisible by 3: 3 and
6

Probability - number of required outcomes

number ol possible outcomes
=8:* (i) a number divisible by 7
When a die is thrown-there is a * probability (j) either a l, 2 or 5
that the outcome will be divisiUfe dy S. (k) a prime number
(l) a square number
Probability can also be defined in terms of (-) " number greater than 2
the language of sets: (n) a number less than 6
2 A^card is picked at random from a pack
of
o(Rt :4(R) 52 playing cards. Find the probab'itiiy of
' n(8) picking

F = {po..ible outcome.}: {l; 2;3; 4; 5;6}

R : {required outcomis} : ' (l) a black diamond
iS;'Oj
3 Two coins are tossed together. What is
:
ffi: *:
p(R) the
* probability ofgetting (a) a head and a tail,
(b) two tails?
234
A fair coin was tossed 3 times. Each time it (b) What is the probabiliry that a pupil
came up heads. What is the probability chosen at random from the class will be
that it will come up heads next time? (i) l3 years old, (ii) over 13 years old,
A letter is chosen at random from the (iii) 14 years old or less?
alphabet. Find the probability that it is ll It is known that 7 out of l0 girls in a school
(a) P (b) either M or N do not wear a necklace. What is the prob-
(c) a vowel (d) either X,Y or Z ability that a girl chosen at random liom
(e) one of the letters of the word the school is wearing a necklace?
MATHEMATICS 12 Two dice are thrown at the same time and
(f) one of the letters of the word their total is noted.
PROBABILITY (a) Copy and complete Table 26.10.
A bag contains 2 white balls and 3 red Table 26.f0
balls. A ball is picked at random. What is
the probability that it is (a) white, (b) red?
6rst die
A school contains 750 boys and 450 girls. t23456
A student is chosen at random. What is
the probability that a girl is chosen?
I 234567
5 000 tickets are sold in a state lottery.
2 345678
What is my probability of- getting first second 3 +56
prize if I buy 4 tickets?
die 4
5
9 A boy is playing Ludo with a die. He needs 6
a I to win. What is the probability that he
wins on his next throw? (b) How many possible outcomes are
l0 Table 26.9 shows the numbers of pupils in there?
each age $oup in a class. (c) How many of these outcomes give a
total of 5 for the two dice?
Iable 26.9 (d) What is the probability of getting a
(yers) total of 5?
age l3 t4 t5
(e) Find the probability that the total for
arrrnher of pupils 926 5 the two dice is
(i) 2 (ii) 4 (iii) 6 (iv) 7
(a) How many pupils are in the class? (v) 7 or ll (vi) a prime number

235
Chapter 27

Inequalities (2)

Inequalities in one variable Example I

Illuslrale on a single number line lhe solulion set of the

Graphical representation
simullaneous inequalilies x >- l, - 3 < r ( 5.

Fig. 27.4 shows the two given inequalities.

x ) - 2 is an inequality in one variable, x. The
inequality can be represented by a simple line
graph such as that in Fig. 27 .1.

-2 -t 0 r 2 3 4
-3 -2 -t 0 r 2 3 4 s
Fig.27.l
Fig. 27.4
Similarly, Fig. 27.2 is a graph of the set of
values given by x ( 3.
Fig. 27 .4(a) shows the ser A { x: x
: 2 L}.
Fig. 27.a(b) shows theset 3 {.r: 3 < : - x< 5}.
If x belongs to both sets then.r e A n B where
-2 -t 0 I 2 '3 4
AnB-{*,1<x<5}.
Fig.27.5 shows the required solution set,
Fig. 27.2 AnB.

If x ) -2 and * ( 3 are simultoneous

inequalities, then the values of x must satisty -3 -2 -l 0 t 2 3 4 5

bolh x ) -2 and 'x ( 3. The graphs in

Fig. 27.5
Figs. 27.1 and 27 .2 can be combined ro
illustrate the solution set of the simultaneous
Exercise 27a
-
inequalities as shown in Fig. 27.3.
I Fig. 27 .6 contains the graphs of six in-
equalities. Express each inequality in the
^- lorma *xt,b where aandb are numbers
-2 -l 0 I 2 I 4 and * may be ( or (.
Fig. 27,3 (a) .-.---H(b) -.--ffi
Note the following:
-20+-20{
I The symbols O and O show whether or not (c) .ff (d) --f.o-
a value is included in the graph. For
example, in Fig. 27.3 the 3 is included (O) -20401 6

and the - 2 is not included (O).

2 (- 2) ( x ( 3 is a short and convenient way
of writing the simultaneous inequalities
x)-2andx(3.
236
2 Illustrate each of the following inequalities
on a number line,
(u) -4(.r(l (b) -11x14
(") -5<x1-2 (d) 0(r<3 6l
(e) -l<.r(l (f) 7(r(8
3 (a) Show the solution sets of x ( 5 and Fig. 27.7
I ( .r ( 7 oi separate number lines.
(b) Hence show the solution set of the Exercice 27b
simultaneous inequalities x ( 5 and I Express each of the following pairs of
I ( x ( 7 on asingle number line. simultaneous inequalities in the form
4 Illustrate on the number line the solution a * x *6 where a and b are numbers and r
set of the simultaneous inequalities r ( 3, may be ( or (.
-2 < r ( 6. [Camb] (a) x>-3,2x- 3<15
5 On the number line, illustrate the set (b) 25>l-6r, l)3xt7
(-s< x,<2) n{-3<r<3} (c)2x-7<3<27t4x
(d) 3x+8<0(21 *4r
(e) 5.r-36<-l<2x-l
Solution by calculation
2 State the integer values of x which are
members of the following sets.
Example 2 (a) {r: 2 <: < 9} (b) {.r: ll < x < 7l}
Find thc aalucs of x uhich are multiplcs oJ 4 and (.) {x: - 7l ( x ( - U}
which satisfi both d tlu following incqualitics: (d) {x:-21<x<3i}
2xt3170,x>24. 3 If 6 ( r ( 7, which of the following could
2x t 3 ( 70 and x >- 24 are simultaneous be values ofx?
inequalities. (a) + V56 (b) 2n (c)lxt4
If2.r*3<70
then 2x ( 67
(t r<331
Also x 7 24
(d)
#
4 If6x <2 -
(.)+
3x and x
(f) tan 8lo

- 7 <3x, whatsingle
Hence x lies in the range 24 4 x < 331. range of values of r satisfies both
The valuei of x which lie within thatrunge and inequalities?
which are multiples of 4 are24;28;32. 5 What is the range of values of ,r for which
Example 3
3(l - r) < 3 and 3(l - x) >0 areboth
satisfied?
Lisl tlu intcgcr talues of x which salisfy
67 is such that 4l - 73-r < 5y * 8.
S
3x-7<24<5x-8. Express this inequality in the form a <7 <0
Expressing the inequalities in two parts, where a and D are both integers.
3x-7<24 (r) 7 Find an integer value of r such that
and24 5x ( -8 (2) 3r*5<l<2x*6.
From (l),3x < 3l E List the integer values of r which satisfu
r< l0l - 4 < 27 < 4x - 5,
3x [Camb]
From (2), 32 ( 5r 9 Express the inequality 3r - 2 < l0 * r
x>-61 < 2 + 5x in the form a ( x ( D where a
Hence, combining both inequalities, and D are numbers. Hence find the perfect
6t<x<101. square which satisfies the given inequality.
Fig.27.7 represents the combined inequaliry. l0 List the integer values of r, where x is
From Fig. 27.7, integer values of r satis$ing prime, satis$ing both the inequalities:
both parts of the inequaliry are 7, 8, 9 and 10. r) 18, 3x *
2 < 93. [Camb]
237
Inequalities in two variables
(x; l) represents any point on the cartesian
plane which has coordinates .t and 7. In Fig.
27.8 the unshaded region represents the set of
points given by {(r;l): x 7 I and2 < 21.

1<3-2t

or2r*r(3
1' \
Fig. 27.9 I
t-3-2t
In Fig. 27.9 the region above the line is shaded
to show that it is not required.
Note the following:
Fig. 27.8
I 7 is made the subject of the inequality in
order to determine the required region.
In Fig. 27.8,
I x2 I is the set of all points to the right of the
2 The boundary lines cross the axes at the
points where r : 0 and2 :0. It is usually
boundary line x : l. The line * : I is drawn
most convenient to draw boundary lines
solid to show that the points on the line are
through such points since their coordinates
included. The region to the left of the line is
are easily calculated.
shaded to show that it is nol required.
3 A boundary line may be solid or broken,
2 1 < 2 is the set of all points below the
depending on whether the inequality is
boundary line2: 2. The lineT = 2 is drawn
included or not.
broken to show that the points on the line
arenol included. The region above the line is
4 The region which is zol required is shaded.
shaded to show that it is zot required.
Example 5
Example 4
Show on a graph tlu rcgion which contains tlu
Show on a graph the rcgion which contains the sct of
solulion sel of tlu simultaneous incqualilics
points {(x;2 ): 2r *) < 3).
2x*37<6,)-2r(2,y20.
Consider the first inequality, 2x * 32 < 6. It
First make2 the subject of the given inequality: may be rewritten as
2<3-2x 31<6-2x
The lineT : $ - 2r is the boundary between e /<*(0 -2r)
the required region and the set of points which -/ : l(6 - :0r)
2r) is a boundary line.
are not required. r
when :2
lf1:3-2.t,then whenT=0,x =3
whenx=0,):3and Points below the broken line through (0; 2)
whenT=0rx: ll and (3; 0) satisfy the inequality 2x + 37 < 6.
Since the points on the lineT = 3 - 2x are not Similarly, points on and below the solid line
included, a broken line is drawn through the through (0; 2) and (- l; 0) satisry the inequality
points (0; 3) and (l*; 0). 1-2x*2.
SinceT < 3 - 2x, the points Daloar the line Likewise, points on and above the r-axis (i.e.
)=3-2xarerequired. the lineT : 0) satisfy the inequality 2 > 0.
238
The solution set is the unshaded triangular Exercise 27c
region shown in Fig. 27.t0. I In Fig. 27.12 the lines m, x + ) : 2 and
x * 21 = 5 are the boundaries of the
unshaded region which contains the solution
set of three simultaneous inequalities.

Fig.27.10

Example 6
Solae graphically lhe simultaneoys inequalitics
4x * 31 < 12,) 2 0, x > 0for inlcgral aalues of x
andy
In Fig.27.ll, Fig.27.t2
4x * 31: 12 (broken),
) = 0 (solid), (a) What is the equation of the line n?
x: 0 (broken) (b) Write down the three inequalities
are the boundary lines. The solution set lies which define the unshaded region, A.
within the unshaded region. (c) Write down the members of the
solution set, given that it contains integral
In Fig.27.ll the solution set is shown by the values of .r and2 only.
five points marked by spots. The solution set is 2 Using graph paper, draw the regions
{(l;0), (l; l), (l; 2), (2;0), (2; t)}. defined by each of the following. [Use solid
and broken lines as explained earlier; leave
each required region unshaded.]
(a) l>0,)13x,x*y<4
(b) ,> -3,) S2,r -y<2
(c) f < 5, x --l ( l, 4x + 31> 12
(d),> 0,))0, r * ) 16,) - x 12
(e) l<3,x14,2x*1*270,
x-)-2>0
3 Solve each of the following graphically for
integral values of x and7.
- ) > l,3x * ly < 12
(ul .y-- 0, f,
(b)l>1,)-.r(5,2x*2SU
(") f > -2,x)0,2x*)<4
(d) x + ) <2, x - ) 4 2,2x + t > 2
Fig. 27.1I k) l> 0,/ ( 4,4x * 32) 0,5x * 2y < l0

239
Chapter 28

Graphs (2) Travel graphs

Dist"nce-time graphr 0f:

Reoding graphs
Draw a horizontal line I hour long at a
convenient place. Read off the corresponding
Example I vertical line. (See the dotted lines in Fig. 28.1.)
Fig, 28.1 is a graph rcprcsmting tlu joumcys of a The vertical line repres€nts the distance
pdcstian X and a molorist Y. X walks sbadil2 ravelled in I hour, and is 7 km,
towards a oillagc.Y driacs lo llu uillagc, staysfor a Hence X's speed = 7 kmlh,
while and tlun rcturns. (b) On the time-axis, I small square represents
t hour (6 min). In Fig,28,l the time that Y
stays in the village is shown by the horizontal
line, 4 small squares long.
"'
Time that Y t"':I
l'["*t, = 24 min
(c)
distance travelled
Y's return speed=
time taken
__18 .kmrn..
0!3
= 18+lkm/h
=18x4km/h
: 72 km/h

(d) In Fig. 28.1 the points P and Q represent

the times and positions of X and Y when Y
passed X.
Fig. 28.1 At Q, distance travelled by X- 9 km
At P, distance travelled by X=' 2l km
(r) Whal wu X's aoaagc walking spud? Distance travelled by X between P and Q
(b) How maryr minutes did Y slay in tht aillagc? =(9-21)km
(c) At what spccd didY &iac backJrom tlu villagc? = 6lkm
(d) How Jar did X walk bctucm tlu two timrt that Notice the following points:
Y passcd hin? I In travel graphs, time is always given on the
horizontal axis.
(a) Eithcr:
2 Answers obtained from graphs are not
total distance travelled usually exact. However, accuracy can be
X's average speed = improved by drawing graphs to a larger
total time taken
scale.
=ffi=6'9km/h 3 Speed is the rate of change of distance with
time.
240
In the sketch graph of Fig. 28.2, PQR is any
right-angled triangle drawn on the travel
graph. Betwecn P and Q the time changes
Iiom P to R and the distance changes from R
to Q.

Fig. 28.2 rime

Fig. 28.3
SpeedalonsPe =ffi (a) What is the time and distance covered
at point A?
_RQ (b) To the nearest km, what distance is
PR
covered in (i) I h 42 min, (ii) I trl
Notice also, tan e = IPR (c) Find the time it takes to travel
(i) 60 km, (ii) 3a km.
t Fig. 28.4 is the travel graph of a ryclist
The value of tan 0 is called the gmdient of the who stopped once on a journey of l5 km,
line PQ. In a time-distance Eraph, the gradient
of a line always gives a measure of the speed
on that part ofthe graph. Since 0can be taken
at any point on the line, any convenient right-
angled triangle can be used to find the gradient
(as in Example l, part (a)).

Exercise 2ta
Most of the questions in this Exercise are
suitable for class discussion.
I Use Fig. 28.1 to answer the following.
(a) How far had X walked when Y startd
towards the village?
(b) At what speed did Y drive towards the
village?
(c) What was the time between Y leaving
the village and X arriving at the village?
(d) How far had X walked when Y com-
pleted his journey?
2 Fig, 28.3 is a distance -timegraph showing
the distance covered in 2 hours at a speed
of 48 km/h. Fig. 28.4
24t
(a) How long did the cyclist stop lbr? (g) lVhat was the speed between stages C
(b) How far had the cyclist travelled after and D of the journey?
48 min? (h) What was the speed between stages D
(c) What was the average speed for the and E of the journey?
whole journey? 5 Two soldiers, A and B, march backwards
(d) Neglecting the stop, what was the and forwards outside the gate of a military
average c2cling speed? barracks. They cross in front of the gate.
(e) How long would the journey have Fig. 28.6 is a graph of their movements.
taken without the stop?
Fig. 28.5 shows the journey of a motorist.
(Turn this page through 90" anti-clockwise
to see Fig. 28.5 properly.)

Fig. 28.6
(a) What is the greatest distance between
a soldier and the gate?
(b) How lar does each soldier march in
I min?
(c) Calculate their marching speed in
km/h.
(d) Alter I hour, how many times will
they have passed each other?
6 Fig. 28.7 shows the outcome of a 100 m
race between A and B.

Fig. 28.5

(a) Did the motorist stop at any time?

(b) At what time had the motorist com-
pleted half the distance?
(c) How far had the motorist travelled by
3.30 p.m.?
(d) What was the average speed lor the
whole lourney?
(e) What was the speed between stages A
and B of the journey?
(f) What was the speed between stages B
and C of thejourney? Fig. 28.7
242
(a) Who won the race? Fig. 28.9 shows part of a travel graph for a
(b) What distance did he win by? cyclist and a motorist.
(c) How far apart were the rL,nners after 6
seconds?
. (d) What was A's speed (in rnls)?
7 Fig. 28.8 shows the jourr:eys of a lorry and
a cat.

rrfr :{.-.-l rtr,l E"f-f.

$r
U
i-. "-' ' El.- .

leo
6
r-{€.
' *-i-- I
_-= __1_t
P.trl'
I
; I tir*
Fig. 28.9
(a) Find the speed of the cyclist.
..,.11't../ (b) Find the speed of the motorist.
(c) Use the graph to estimate (i) the time,
r -'-t (ii) the distance when the motorist over-
takes the cyclist. (Assume that they both
continue at the same speed.)
l0 Fig. 28.10 shows the graphs of a pedestrian
who walked and of a motorist who drove
to a village and back.

Fig. 28.8

(a) It was necessary to change the car's

wheel. How long did this take?
(b) What was the greatest distance
between the car and the lorry?
(c) When did the lorry change its speed?
(d) At what time did the car piilrs the lorry?
(e) How far had they travelled when this
happened?
t U9e Fig. 28.8 to answer the following.
(a) What was the lorry's average Jpeed
for the whole journey?
(b) What was the speed of the lorry
(i) before, (ii) after changing speed?
(c) What was the car's average speed for
the whole journey?
(d) What was the speed of the car after
the wheel was changed? Fig. 28.10
243
(a) How long did the motorist stay in the 2 In one hour the cyclist travels 12 km. Plot the
village? point A at (1000; 12 km). Join the origin to
(b) What was the motorist'g average drititg A and produce it to B (20 km liom home).
speed? 3 Mark a point C at the same horizontal level
(c) Th pedestrian rested for a while. but 45 minutes beyond B. C represents the
How many minutes? starting point for the journey home. (Nob:
(d) What was the pcdestrian's average benreen B and C time increases, but distance
walhing speed? stays the same.)
(e) How far did the pedestrian walk 4 Plot a point D I hour and 16 km from C.
between the times that the motorist passed The distance is measured downwards as the
her? ryclist returns home. Join CD and produce
(f) What was the greatest distance to cut the time axis at E.
between thr pedestrian and the motorist? 5 E gives the time of arrival. This is approxi-
mately 1239 (each small square represents 6
min on this scale).
Ihawing distanrtime grrphr
Example 2 Example !l
A q'clist lcaocs honc at WW and ridcs al a shady A motarist startsfrom A al ll0{J and pkrc to arioc
12km/h to a placc 20km away Slu spatds 45 alB, l00kmawa1,a, 1300. AJterlhourluhasa
minutes ilurc, tlwt rclurns a, 16 km/h . At wlut pututurc whbh taks 18 min ta nend. HowJast musl
thu dus shc gcl home again? lu lhtn travcl so tlut lu slill anives al B at 1300?

Fig. 28.1 I is a graph of the ryclist's journey. Fig. 28.12 is the travel gpaph of the motorist's
journey.
,l
1"+,
, ,Tl ..i...1."
i+t r,
itll
,,ji

1' --
't
u
it.
r |.- .,tr
-..1.
i-Ij
fr-
;1. I
:i: 'fi
tr, -1.
'!'
ii
-l-
ri
,#r,',i
fii,L ii
ll

:
,T,'
[]:l I ; :lp:u: : : IBIII : : :--'l
:, :: :,'1:: :.-q$Ti' ; :i
Fig.28.ll
Mctlud:
I Choose suitable scales, place time on the
horizontal axis and mark 09@ at the origin. Fig. 28.12
2++
Mcilnd: 16km/h on a bicycle. Draw a travel graph
I Choose suitable scales, Place 1100 at the and hence find the time when she gets
origin A. Mark a point B at (1300; 100 km). home again.
AB represents the motorist's journey if he 5 Three cars, A, B, C, start one after the
had not had a puncture. other in that order, at 5 min intetvals,
2 Mark a point C on AB at 1130. Draw the line travelling at 90, 120, 150 km/h respectively. ,

CD horizontally 1,2 cm long (representing How long after the start of the racp does B
18 min on the scale in Fig. 21.12). pass A, C pass A, C pass B?
3 Join DB. Then ACDB represents the 6 Two men start at 0800 and travel towards
motorist's actqal journey. one another from places 32 km apart. One
4 To find the speed between D and B, draw a cycles at 20 km/h and the other walks at
horizontal line one hour long zt a;ny conven- 5 km/h.
ient place. Read off the corresponding Draw the graphs of their journeys within
vertical distance. (See the dotted lines to the the same axes and hence find (a) the time
right of DB in Fig. 28.12.) 63 km corresponds when they pass each other, (b) the times
to I hour. when they are 5 km apart.
5 The motorist must travel at 63 km/h 7 At 0900 a wonurn starts walking from
(approximately) to reach point B on time. Kadoma to Chegutu 32 km away at a
steady 6 km/h. She sits down to resr for I
hour at I 100. A bus which averages 30 km/
h starts from Kadoma in the same
direction at I I15. Draw travel graphs of
Exercise 2Eb
f (a) Within the same axes, draw the graphs the woman and the bus wittrin the same
axes. Hence find (a) the time, and (b) the
of the following world sprint records:
distance (m) time (s) distance from lkdoma, when the bus
100 9,9 D:r$es the woman.
19,7
E Two men travel to a village 12 km away.
200
The first walks steadily at 6 km/h without
400 43,8
stopping. The second starts 30 min later
Use scales of 2 cm to l0 s on the horizontal and runs at l0 km/h, but takes a 30 min
axis and 2 cm to 50 m on the vertical axis. rest after I hour's running. Using scales of
(b) Which record represents the fastest 2 cm to 30 min on the time axis and I cm
speed? to I km on the distance axis, draw a travel
2 Acaraverages 68 km/h. graph of theirjourneys. Hence find which
(a) Using scales of* crn to l0 min and 2 cm man reaches the village first and by how
to l0 km, draw a distance-time graph many minutes.
from 0 to 30 min. 9 X can run 100 m in I l;( s and.Y can run
(b) Read off the distance covered in the same distance in 12,3 \. Use a graphical
(i) I I min, (ii) 25 min. method to find how many metres start X
(c) Read off the time taken to travel should give Y in a 100-m race if they are to
(i) l0 km, (ii) 29 km. finish together.
3 A man sets out at 1000 to walk 25 km. He l0 Chido and Kudzai live 30 km apaft. They
walks steadily at 6 km/h, but sits down for arrange to meet at a point half-way
12 min after each hour'g walking. Draw a between their houses at 1200. Chido starts
travel graph and hence find the time when at 1030 and cycles at l0 km/h. After 5 km
he completes his journey. he has a puncture which delays him for l0
4 At 1000 a girl starts walking to a town min. Find graphically Chido's speed for
8 km away. She walks at 6 km/h. She rests t-he last l0 km if he arrived at the meeting
for I hour at the town and then returns at point on time.
2+5
Speed-time graphs Distance travelled during first stage
= average speed x time
Fig. 28.13 is a graph showing how the speed of
a car varies with time over a short journey. -(o+18) m/sX4s
2

= 36m
Alternatively, notice in Fig. 28.14,
E areaof AOAP = I x 4s X l8m/s
! :36m
&
Hence the area under the graph represents the
distance travelled.
o 4 (s) I 12
rime
Stage AB
Fig. 28.13
During the second stage the car travels with a
The journey is in three stages, OA, AB, BC. constant speed of 18 m/s for 5 seconds.

Sage OA
During the first 4 seconds the car speeds uP, or
accelerates, uniformly from rest, 0 m/s, to
18 m/s.

I
I
Fig. 28.15
I
I
l8 m/s The speed of the car does not change
tli
I
€ acceleration between A and B = 0
Distance travelled during second stage
lp
0{ either = average speed x time

Fig.28.14
=l8m/sX5s=90m
or = area under AB
The gradient of the graph during this stage gives
=18m/sX5s=90m
the rate ofchange ofspeed, or acceleration, of
Stage BC
the car.
During the final stage the car slows down, or
Acceleration between O and A decelerates, uniformly from l8 m/s to rest,
0 m/s. B
= gradient of OA =
#
l8 m/s
- 4s
- 4l mls per second
The car is accelerating at 4lmls per second.
mls2 is short for mls pn sccond. Fig. 28.16
2+6
The gradient of the graph durin.g this 6nal
stage gives the rate of change of speed. Since
the gradient is negative there is a negative
accelcration, or deceleration.

Acceleration between B and C

i
: : BQ
sradient of BC
QC
_ -lBm/s
3s I/
- - 6 m/s pcr second rg
.^q /
Thc car is dcccleratins at 6 m/s2.
I)istancc travelled during final staee
eillur : avcrase spced X time
ilB+0)
2

:27 m
or : area under BC
:*X3sXl8m/s oIl ns
:27 m Fig. 28.1
(a) Acceleration : gradient of the graph
Notice thc following:
I Acceleration is the rate of change of speed =
(83 - 3l)km/h
with time. The gradient of a speed-time 40s
graph gives the acceleration of the object _ 52 km/h
under consideration. Deceleration is the 40s
decrease of speed with time .
2 The area under a speed-time graph =km/h per second
1,3
represe nts the distance travelled by the (b) The area under the graph represents the
object under consideration. distance travelled. However, since the speed
scale is in km/h, the time scale must be
Example 4 expressed in hours in order to give an outcome
During a journel, a car accelerales uniformly for 40 in km.
seconds. Ils specd, u km/h, is giucn al |0-second Area under graph
intentals in Table 28.1.
= l(31 + 83) x
Table 28.1 ffiorm
t (') 0102030+0 ==l14 I€=-k-
u (km/h) 31 4+ 57 70 83
2x60x60
19.
l.ind (a) ils acceleralion in km/h per second,
= 30k-
(b) the distance lrauelled in km during the whole
Noles:
40 seconds.
I [n part (a) the acceleration may be expressed
Fig. 28.17 is a graph of the data in Table 28.1. in mixed units of time.
2+7
2 In part (b) it is nece!,sary for units of time to -22 = -22 m/s-
,o
be the same when finding distance.
=-T-40 -_
c5 =- 4r4 mlsz
Fig. 28.18 islhc spccd-tine graph of a car journey The final deceleration is 4,4 mlsz,

Example 6
5
In Fig. 28.19, OABC ir tlu spccd-timc graph of a
E
jounq.
!

,
&

;l
Fig. 28.18 €
T'
L
Tlu car startsftom rcst and accclcrates at 2* mls2 for
I seconds until its spccd is 22 mls, It tlua trauls at
timc (s)
this spad until,4O seconds aftcr sn*ing, ih brahs
bing it uniforn! to rcst. Thc total jounE is 847 m Fig. 28.19
long and takcs T seconds.
Cal.ailate (a) ttu aaluc oJ t, (b) tlu distancc traaclled
during tlu first I seconds, (c) tlu oahu of T, (d) tlu (a) Ij 868 m is cooucd in thc frst 37 seconds,
firu|daalnation. calatlah tllc W spud V. (b) If tlu fnul dcahration
is 3lmls2, calarlatc tlu total thru for tlu jounq.
(a) Initial acceleration = gradient of OP (c) Find thc auragc spced Jor thc uholc journql
(a) Distance travelled in the first 37 seconds
Hence n=+ = area under OAB
= I (AB + 37) x metres
(+ t=fr=8 where AB = 37 - 12 = 25 '/
Hence 868 = L(25 + 37)V
868=lx62V
(b) Distance travelled during first , seconds
= area under OP <+ z=H=2s
=lxgx22m
= 88m The top speed is 28 m/s.
(c) Total distance travelled (b) If the deceleration from B to C takes I
= area of trapezium OPQR seconds, then
= l(PQ + f) x 22 metres
= (32 + T) ll metres
Hence 847 = (32 + 7) ll l=r,
<+32+ T=Y=n T =,,
(l T=77-32=45 €) r=3i=s
(d) Acceleration during last stage

= gradient of QR Total time taken = 37 s * 8 s = 45 s

2+8
(c) Average speed for the whole journey
,r- { I l
- total distance travelled t (s) 0102030+0
total time taken u (m/s) 916233037
[A5 + 2s)28
Find (a) the acceleration and (b) the dis-
=f-/:
+5 tance travelled throughout the {O seconds.
gg#m/s = 2rImts
5 Table 28.3 gives the speeds, Z km/h, of a
= = #m/s car at 5-second intervds.
Find (a) the acceleration of the car in
Excrcire 2tc km/h per second, (b) the distance travelled
I In your own words describe the journeys during the 30 seconds.
shown in the speed-time graphs in Fig. Tabte 28.3
28.20.
, (s) 0 510152025 30

7 (km/h) 55 63 71 79 87 95 103
.li t,'
6
l
-Ir +i,
\ t, I Table 28.4 gives the speeds, u km/h, of a
I
I 1i
I .r. tl t
r'l
t1. '
i li
tl
+
t, train at l-minute intervals.

ff
I I
'1. 1l
I'
i. tl" ti , f-i I Table 28.4
t
I I
tr
i 1."
r''l
i
l.r
t (min) 0 l I u 221 3

lI j'rt
I -l
|.:.
'f - +*
I
1,.
I *-n
I
t
I
tr
..i-
I'
t.
u (km/h) 41 37 33 29 25 2r t7

li t, ri i,. i.,i t, Is the train's

fi (a)
I
a - ' i- I 1:: ir.l sped increasing or
i '' .l i decreasing?
- r.f . tlr t.l -f
rl
l,,i
l. I "l I tlr4l tiJ
(b) Find the acceleration of the train in
I

i::.1 ft km/h per minute.

i
i
(c) Find the distance travelled during the
3 minutcs (answer in km).
I lr,l
l. ,'f /, I* I
7 Fig. 28.21 is the speed-time graph of an

j\ fl,i
I

I iilr I
object which accelerates from rest to a
speed u m/s then decelerates to rest, taking
t 'tr 54 seconds altogether.
l'':i
.ii
I

t
I

?
l E
;
Fis. 28.20 &

2 Calculate the accelerations in each part of

Fig. 28.20. t
t Find the total distance travelled for each Fig.28.21
journey in Fig. 28.20. (Answer in metres (a) If the journey is 810 m, find the value
for part (a) in km for part (b).) of u.
4 Table 28.2 gives the speeds, u m/s, of-in (b) Hence find the deceleration, given
object at l0-second intervals. that the initial acceleration is li m/sz.
249
Calculate (a) the speed of the object after
from rest in lst gear and then changes up seconds, (b) the average speed of the
6
to 2nd gear. object during the 7 seconds. [Camb]
t2 Fig. 28.24 shows the speed-time graph of
a car,

E
! E t5
& .,
!
&
0

Fig.28.22 o 4 ro
02070
timc in seconds
(a) Find the accelJlT[i8" u"a distance Fig. 28.24
covered in lst gear. (b) Ifthe car travels
54 m in 2nd gear, find the value of u and (a) Calculate the acceleration of the car
the acceleration in that gear. during the first 20 seconds. (b) Calculate
9 A train accelerates from rest at 5 km/h per the distance the car travels from rest before
minute until its speed is 60 km/h. It then it begins to decelerate. (c)-Given that the
travels at this speed for 17 min before car decelerates at 0,5 m/sz, calculate the
decelerating at l5 km/h per minute until it total time taken for the journey. [Camb]
comes to rest. Sketch this journey on a 13 Fig. 28.25 is a travel graph showing the
speed-time graph. Find the total time motion of an object which has a starting
taken for the journey in minutes. speed of 26 m/s. It decelerates at 4 mls2
l0 A car is travelling initially at 30 m/s. for the first 3 seconds, travels at a constant
Between midday and 1205 it decelerates at speed for the next 5 seconds, and finally
0,8 m/s per min. It then accelerates at 0,65 accelerates for 2 seconds until its speed is
m/s per min for 12 min, after which it 37 m/s.
maintains a constant speed. Graphically
or otherwise find the speed of the car at the
following times.
(") l20l (b) 1204 (c) 1205
(d) 1207 (.) l2l I (f) l21e
ll Fig. 28.23 is the speed-time graph of an
object which travels at a constant speed of
42 m/s for 4s and then slows down uni- E

formly, coming to rest after a further 3s. tU

&

E
0
._tr
!U timc (s)
& Fig. 28.25
Find (a) its speed after 7 seconds, (b) its
speed after 9 seconds, (c) its average speed
Fig. 28.23 over the whole l0 seconds.
250
14 Fig. 28.26 is the speed-time graph of an 15 Fig. 28.27 is the speed-time graph of a car
electric train. journey. The car starts from rest and for I
seconds it accelerates at 2 m/s2 until it
reaches a speed of 16 m/s.

*ro
1'I
!o
&
o
&

50
0
tirnc in seconds time in seconds

Fig. 28.27
Fis. 28.26
(a) Find the value of 7.
Given that the total distance ffavelled in The car then travels at 16 m/s for 4O
the 60 seconds is 700 metres, calculate seconds, after which the driver applies the
' (a) the maximum speed Vm/s, brakes and brings the car to rest in a furtber
(b) the acceleration of the train during the l0 seconds. Calculate (b) the distance
first l0 seconds, travelled in the last 50 seconds, (c) the
(c) the distance travelled in the first average speed of the car during the last
15 seconds. [Camb] 50 seconds. [Camb]

--.(i \
*r{ 1-$'$

2sl
Chapter ?9

Statistics (4) Averages

The average of a set of numbers is a number The result shows that the total deviation for
which is typical of the set as a whole and the ten numbers is - 4 from a working mean of
which is usually somewhere near the middle of I78'
the set. For example, if the average age of a /- a\
class is 16 years 7 months, the ages of the
truemean:178.(r/
students may range from about 15 years to : 178 - 0,4 : 177,6
l8 years. Also, the class would be in a
secondary school, not in a primary school. The second of these two methods is
recommended when given a large set of
Mean (Revision) numbers which are of roughly the same size.

There are many kinds of aveiage. The mean, Example 2

or arith+etic mean, is the most common 5 childrcn hauc an aa.rugc agc of 7 years I I
kind. If there are z numbers in a set, then months. If thc 2oungcsl child is not ituluded,
tlu aacrage agc ircrcascs h I years 4 months.
mean : sum of the numbers in the set Find tlu agc of thc yungcst child.
n
Total age of all 5 children
Example I
= 5 x 7yr ll mo
= 35 yr 55 mo : 35 yr
Calailatc tlu of tlu foltowing sct of numbns.
176 t74 178 t8l
mean
174
* 4 yr 7 mo
t75 t79 180 t77 r82 =39yr7mo
Eitlur: Total age of the 4 older children
_ 176 + t74 + 178 + ... + 182
mean=f :4xByr4mo
=32yr 16mo=32yr * lyr4mo
:r!!6:
l0
t77,G
:33yr4mo
Age of youngest child
of: :39yr7mo-33yr4mo
Since the numbers range from 174 to 182, the
mean will be somewhere between these values.
=6yr3mo
Use l7B as a working mean and write two Exercisc 29a (Revision)
columns showing the positive and negative I Calculate the mean of each of the
deviations from the working mean. following.
deviation from l7t (a) 0; 4;7;7;8; 8; 8; 9; 9; l0
(b) 10,5; 13,0; 13,9; 9,5; ll,3; 8,4
(c) t3; 3l; I l; 44; 27;26; 13;34; 17
0 2 (d) $10,33; $6,25; 75c; $3,59
3 4 2 (a) Given that the mean of ll; 17;23;37;
I + 4l; 5l is 30, write down the mean of I 18;
2 3 178; 238; 378;418; 518.
4 I (b) Find and use a short method of
t4 calculating the mean of these numbers.
827 427 627 427 727 327
227 527 527 t27 827 727
2s2
3 The following amounts of money are Example 3
the profits made by a shopkeeper on 16 For 3 da2s a trader made a profit at llu ratc of $7,90
consecutive days. Per day For ilu wxl 4 dalts hcr proft aaeraged
$6,29 $6,35 $6,27 $6,21 $10,00 per day. What was her aacragc dail2 proft
$6,40 $6,30 $6,38 $6,26 for the wcek?
$6,28 $6,32 $6,30 $6,36 For the first 3 days:
$6,43 $6,25 $6,33 $6,23
profit:3x$7,90:$23,70
Use a working mean of $6,30 to calculate
For the next 4 days:
the mean profit per day.
profit : 4 x $10,00 = $4O,00
4 Find r if the mean of the numbers 13, 2x, For all 7 days:
0, 5r and ll is 9.
total profit : $23,70 + $40,0 = $63,70
5 Calculate r if the mean of 30, x,12,40 and
l0 is equal to r. Average daily profit : ry = $9,10
6 A mother has seven children. The mean
age of the children is 13 years 2 months. If
the mother's age is included, the mean age Example 4
rises to 17 years 7 months. Calculate the A man walked l2 km at 3 km/h and Ecled lB km
age of the mother. at 9 kmlh. Whnt was his aacragc spcedfor tlu wholc
journe2?
7 The average age of a class of 2l students is
l4 years 3 months. If the oldest student is total distance
not counted, the average drops to 14 years Average speed
total time
2 months. Calculate the age of the oldest Total distance :12km*18km:30km
student.
8 19 students have an average body-mass of Time for lst part ofjourney =f r, =4h
50,2 kg. A new student, of body-mass
44,2 kg joins the group. Calculate the new Time for 2nd part ofjourney =f,9r,:2h
average body-mass of the students.
9 In an examination the pass mark was 45. Totaltime:4h+2h:6h
The mean mark of eight students was 53, 30 :
but two of them failed. What is the lowest
Average speed =
f; km/h 5 km/h

possible mean mark for the six students

who passed? (Assume that the marks are Exercise 29b
whole numbers.) I On a journey, a motorist travels the first
l0 Kudzai scored 45o/" in the first paper of 40 km in l hour, the next 34 km in 25 min
his mathematics examination and scored and the last 7 km in 5 min. What is the
r% in the second paper (where.r is a whole average speed for the whole journey?
number). He was given a grade C for the 2 Danai lives 4 km from school. She walks
subject which meant that the average of I km at 6 km/h and travels the rest of the
his marks on the two papers wat greater way by bus at 30 km/h. (a) How many
than 48% but less than 52"/". Find the minutes does the whole journey take?
possible values of r. (b) What is her average speed in km/h?
3 Bob lives 5 km from school. He walks
I km at 4 km/h and travels the,rest of the
way by bus at 16 km/h. What is his average
Average rates speed for the whole distance?
4 A motorist averages 48 km/h for the first
When calculating the average of two or more 30 km of a journey and 64 km/h for the
rates, always find the totals of the quantities next 120 km. What is the average speed
involved. Read Examples 3 and 4 carefully. for the whole journey?
2s3
5 For 4 weeks a man's average wage was $61 Cost offirst 30 bags :
30 x $40 $l 200 :
cost ofother 5o bigs :
50 x $35 $l 750 :
Total cost of80 bags = 200 + $l 750
$l
-
$2 950
Averagecostofl bag =
W
is the average hourlY rate ofPaY? Selling price per bug : f 2O% of
ff
7 A 3rd form contains three classes of36, 33
and 3l students. In an examination the $120 x 2 9s0
average marks for the classes were 65, 56 100 x 80
and 52 respectively. What was the average $6 x 295
mark for the 3rd form altogether? 5x8
8 The road from A to B is l0 km uPhill $3x59-$\ii
followed by 20 km downhill. A motorcyclist 44
averages 36 km/h uPhill and 90 km/h
fi4+,25
downhill. Calculate the average speed
(a) from A to B, (b) from B to A. Example 6
9 A class contains l0 girls and 20 boys. The In whit proportion must teas costing $11,60 and
girls is 1,58 m and $12,40 Pu kg be mixed to produce a tea costing
the boys is 1,67 m. $12,10 pu kg?
eight of the students
in the class. If the mixture costs $12,10 per kg, then
l0 A lorry driver travelled 84 km between on each kg at $11,60, gain: 50c,
two towns. The first 60 km of road was on each kg at $12,40, loss: 30c.
untarred and the average speed over this Hence 3 kg of the first tea must be mixed with
par sPeed for 5 kg of the second so that the gain on the first
1a i SOc) is exactly the same as
e calculate the loss on the
it
the art of the second (5 x 30c).
road. The required proPortion is 3 : 5.
ll A country's capital has a population of
600 000 and a population density of I 200 Exercise 29c
I If t'kg of collee costing $30,00 a kg is
mixr d with 12 kg of another kind of coffee
cost;ng $33,00 a kg, what is the cost of the
mixture per kg?
2 Equal quantities of sweets at t\tro a cent
and six a cent are mixed together. How
many of the mixed sweets do you get for
I cent?
3 Five bags of rice at $2,28 per bag are
in terms of xy y t, x% !2. rnixed with four bags at $1,50 and three
bags at $2. What is the mixture worth per
Mixhrres bag?
4 Three kinds of tea at $8,80, $10,30 and
$10,70 per kg are mixed in the ratio 2 : 3 : 5'
What is the mixture worth Per kg?
5 Four ingredients costing $3,20 per kg, $2J0
per kg, $1,60 per kg and 80c Per kg
mixed so that their masses are in the ratio
"*
25+
4 : l:3: 2. Calculate the average cost per Notice the following:
kg of the mixture. I The numbers must be arranged in order of
In what proportion should teas at $ll,B0 size. either increasing or decreasing.
and $12,40 per kg be mixed to obtain a 2 If a nnmber is repeated (as 8 is in part (a)) it
mixture worth $12,20 per kg? must be written down as many times as it
In what ratio must two sorts of sugar, appears.
costing $1,08 and 93c per kg respectively 3 There are as many numbers below the
be mixed in order to produce a mixture median as there are above it.
worth 99c per kg?
A trader mixes 3 sacks of sugar costing The mode of a set of numbers is the number
$90/sack with 7 sacks of sugar which cost which appears most often, i,e. the number
$70/sack. If she sells the mixture at with the greatest frequency. For example, 8 is
$95/sack, calculate her percentage profit. the mode of the numbers in Example 7(a).
A trader bought three kinds of nuts at
$1,00 per bag, B4c per bag and 60c per bag Example 8
respectively. He mixed them in the ratio 2l students did an experiment to ftnd the melting poinl
3 :5 :4 respectively and sold the mixed of naphthalene. Table 29.1 shows lheir rcsults.
nuts to make a profit of 25%. At what
price per bag did he sell them? Table 29.1
l0 Acid costing $6,48 per litre is diluted with
water in the ratio B parts of acid to I of temperature ('C) 78 79 B0 8l 82 83 90
water. The diluted acid is sold at $7,20 per frequency t 2 7 5 3 2l
litre. Calculate the percentage profit.
(Assume that the cost olwater is negligible.) Whal uas (a) the modal temperature, (b) the median
temperalure?

Median and mode (Revision) (") 7 students recorded a temperature ,of

B0'C. This was the most frequent result.
Ifa set of numbers is arranged in order of size,
Mode : 80 oC
the middle term is called the median. If there
(b) There were 2l students. The median is
is an even number of terms, the median is the llth temperature. If the temperatures
calculated as the arithmetic mean of the two were written down in order, there would be
oC,
middle terms. one of 78 two of 79 oC, seven of 80 oC, and so
on. Since I + 2 + 7: 10, the llth temperature
Example 7 is one of the five Bl oCs. Median = Bl "C.
Find the median of (a) 15; I l; B; 2l; 17;3; B
(D) 3,8; 2,1; 4,4;8,3; 9,2; 5,0. Notice in part (b) that there was no need to
write down all the temperatures in order. In
(a) Arranging the numbers on rank order (i.e.
many cases it is not practicable to write down
from highest to lowest):
all the data in order to pick out the median.
2l; 17; 15; I I; 8; B; 3
There are 7 numbers. The median is the 4th
Exercise 29d
number, I l.
(b) Arranging the numbers from lowest to I The body-masses of B policemen are as
follows:
highest:
2,1; 3,8; 4,4; 5,0;8,3; 9,2
7l kg 58 kg 84 kg 60 kg
There are 6 numbers. The median is the mean
55 kg 72kg 63 kg 80 kg
Find the median of their masses.
of the 3rd and 4th terms.
2 The scores obtained by l0 students in a
I\{edian:!!*50-:+,7 test were B; 3; 5; 2; 7; 5;7; 3: 6: 5
2 lVhat is the mode of these scorei?
255
3 x, x, .r, Jy represent four numbers. The (a) State the modal handspan.
mean of the numbers is 9 and their median (b) How many students are in the class?
is ll. Findy. (c) Find the median handspan.
4 In Table 29.1, the student who recorded (d) Calculate the mean handspan correct
oC clearly made a mistake. Disregard to the nearest mm.
90
this result and find (a) the median, (b) the l0 Table 29.4 shows the amounts of money
mean of the remaining 20 results. (in $) which some students have in their
5 Table 29.2 gives the ages of a group of pockets. For this distribution, find, correct
students. (a) What is the mode of the data to the nearest cent, (a) the mean, (b) the
in the table? median, (c) the mode.
Table 29.4
Table 29.2
age in yearg l3 t4 t5 r6 t7 amount ($) r23456
number of
no of students r32514
I + 2 2 I
pupils ll A die is thrown 20 times with the following
results:
(b) What is the mean agg of the students? s 1464 4152 I
A group of students mEasured a certain t 465 3 1366 2
line. They obtained the following results. (a) Make a frequency table of the results.
10,8 cm 10,8 cm 10,7 cm
Hence frnd (b) the mode, (c) the median of
10,9 cm l0,B cm 10,9 cm the results.
10,7 cm ll,8 cm 10,8 cm 12 In a survey ofthe cost ofa bar ofsoap, the
(a) One of the results is clearly a mistake. following prices were found in ten shops:
Which one? Disregard the incorrect result 80c 85c 75c 78c 85c
and find (b) the mode, (c) the mean of the 78c 85c 83c 82c 86c
other results. Find (a) the median, (b) the modal price
For the following set of numbers: of a bar of soap. (c) Calculate the mean
l3; l4; l4; l5; l8; l8; l9; l9; l9;21 price correct to the nearest whole cent.
(a) state the median, (b) state the mode, l3 Table 29.5 gives the ages of a group of girls.
(c) calculate the mean.
The number of goals scored by a team in 9 Table 29.5
netball matches are as follows:
3; 5; 7; 7; 8; 8;8; I l; l5 ages (yearsl l3 t4 l5 l6 t7 l8
Which of the following statements are true
of these scores? frequency 3 0 3 2 25
(a) The mean is greater than the mode.
(b) The mode and the median are equal. (a) What is the modal age of the girls?
(c) The mean, median and mode are all (b) What is the median age of the girls?
equal. (c) Calculate the mean age of the girls.
The handspans of students in a class are l4 Table 29.6 shows the number ofpupils (/)
given to the nearest cm in Table 29.3. scoring a given mark (x) in a test.
Table 29.6
Table 29.3 r 23456789101112
handspan
("*) l8 l9 20 2t 22 23 I 3 8 7 l013161515 6 25
(a) Find the mode.(b) Find the median.
frequency 3 8 12 6 42 (c) Calculate the mean.
256
Chapter 30 lY uf f:

Consumer arithmetic (l) r'l .t

Personal income Example 2

A lccturcr's annual salary is $24 106,20. Exprcss
Pay
this as a monthly salarl.
There are three common ways that people get : + 12
Monthly salary $24 106,20
paid. The first is to be employed; i.e. to work : $2 008,85
for an organisation which pays wages or salary.
The second is to be self-employed; i.e. to trade Nolc; Salary is a payment for a specific period
directly with other people by selling services or
of time (usually longer than a week) . I t is quite
goods such as farm produce. A third way is to
common to talk about monlhQ salar2 or annual
invest money in savings accounts which salarl. People on salaries zre not paid by the
produce interest. The examples which follow
hour.
demonstrate various methods of obtaining
income,

W"g"s and salary Example 3

A woman lrades in eggs and chickcns. Here arc lur
Example I salcs fgurcs tor a week:
A school clcrk uorks fron OB00 to 1200 in llu day number sold
momings anlfrom 1300 to 1630 iz tlu afternoou.
eggs chichens \
IJ tlu ratz of pay is $2,,[0 per hour, calatlalc (a) thc
wcckly utagc and lwue (b) llu annual pay of tfu derk.
Mondry 30 +
Tuesdal 9 0
(a) Number of hours worked per day Wcdnesday 44 2
= (12 - 8) + (16l - 13) Thursday 0 0
=4*ZL Fridry l8 I
=71 Saturday 53 II
Number of hours worked per week Calculale her eanings iJ she sells eggs for
:5x7* 30c each and chickms for $9 each.
: 37L Number of eggs sold
Weekly wage
x = 30 + I + 4+ +0+ 18 + 53
= $2,60
: $97,50
37,5 [rl
lEl = 154
Income from eggs
(b) Annual pay = $97,50 x 52 = 30c x 154
: $5 070 = ffi,20
Number of chickens sold
Notc in Example I: *
=4 0+2+0+ I + ll
(") A person who is paid by the hour is some- =18
times called a uagc carnet. Income from chickens
(b) A 5-day working week is assumed. :$9x l8
(c) Wage earners receive wages for every = $162
week in the year. Some of these weeks will be Total income = $46,20 + $162
holidays. : $208,20
257
interest : $128,70

Commission is a special payment given to amount: $471,90

encourage the selling of goods. It is usually The amount comes to $471,90.
calculated as a proportion of the value of the
items sold. The proportion may be a percentage Note: The amount is the sum of the principal
or a rate in the dollar. and the interest.

Example 4 Exercise 30a

An insurarce agmt gets commission of 0,8o/o on I A skilled mechanic earns a total of$321,10
nnmbsianfor selling for a 38 hour week. What is this wage as
ach and a mortgage an hourly rate?
2 A teacher has a monthly salary of $1391,45.
Express this as an annual salary.
Total insurahce sold 3 A clerk works from 8 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. on
: 2 x $20 000 + $25 000 Mondays to Thursdays and from 8 a.m. to
: $65 000 4 p.m.on Fridays. He is given l-hour off
Commission : 0,8o/o of $65 000 each day for lunch. Calculate his weekly
=8x$65 wage if he is paid $2,40 per hour.
: $520 A factory worker is paid $1,95/hour for a
40-hour week. Overtime is paid at the rate
of $2,95/hour. Calculate how much the
Interest (Revision) worker earns in a week when she works
5l hours. (Note: This means that she
Interest is apayment given for saving money. worked 40 hours at the regular rate and
It can also be the price paid for borrowing I I hours at the overtime rate.)
money. When interest is calculated on the A small co-operative grows maize products
basic sum of money saved (or borrowed) it is then sells them. It employs 7 farm workers
called simple interest. and 2 shopkeepers. On average the farm
Simple interest, f, can be calciilated using workers work a 44-hour week and earn
the formula $1,60/hour; the shopkeepers work a
i,PRT 42-hour week and earn $1,25/hour.
'- -iloT-
Calculate (a) the average weekly wage of
where P is the principat (sum of money saved a farm worker and ofa shopkeeper, (b) the
or borrowed), R is the annual rate of interest annual wage bill for the co-operative,
(given as a percentage) and T is the time (in (c) how much the co-operative has left
year$ for which the money is saved (ot over in a year when maize sales amount to
borrowed). $33 964.
[Discuss the following with your teacher
Example 5 and your classmates:
Find hou mrch $343,20 amaunts to in 31ears at Is it fair that the rwo categories of worker
tzl%. receive different wages?
How might the left-over money be used?]
A self-employed tyre repairer charges
$8,25 for mending lorry tyres and $4,75 for
car tyres. How much is he left with in a
week when he repairs 33 lorry tyres and 48
car tyres but has to pay out $121,50 for
: $129,70 materials?

258
7 A roadside trader sells fruit. She writes her Money transactions
prices on a notice board as shown in
Fig. 30.1. Banking
Banks offer many services connected with
money management. The most popular services
firu fruit include looking after money in a savings
fs,f, account or a current account and arranging
oraages 25 c foreign exchange. Banks can afford to offer
these services because (a) they charge customers
avocqdos 40 c for them, and (b) they charge interest on loans.
opptes 55 c
Savings account
To encourage their customers to save, banks
Fig. 30.1 give interest on the money held in savings
accounts. The interest is usually compound
What is her income if she sells 83 oranges, interest. It is paid to the account every half
26 avocados and 15 apples? year, usually 30June and 3l December.
8 A mail order company gives a commission Money is paid into the account using a
of l2c in the dollar on all orders. What is deposit form. Fig. 30.2 is a typical deposit
the commission on the following order? form showing how Ms Mapfumo deposited
'
dress $94,99 $51 on 19 March 1991.
skirt $83,75
vest $12,50 9{omuryolBuN Dcpoeit
shirt $39,99
clock $83,50 lDoEtq lSllt t20
llo o
calculator $49,99 A.couiNm. A. MF PFU(MO calh l5 o
9 A novelist gets a royalty of l2L% of the t2 t

sales of her books. How much does she get PSA +o5233eM ch{uc! q 50
PO., ek.
in a year when 5 648 copies of her books paidinbv(li,*ucr C.lil"drat bbt &pod 5 oo
sell for $14,99 each?
lNote: A roylty is the name given to the
commission that authors get on the sales of Fig. 30.2
their books. What do you think of this as a
method of payment to authors?] Money is taken from the account by using a
l0 A salesman gets a basic hourly wage of withdrawal form. Fig. 30.3 shows how
$2,20 and a commission of 4,5% of the Ms Mapfumo withdrew $76 on 28 April 1991.
value of goods sold. How much does he get
in a 40-hour week, when he sells $1648
worth of goods? [Why is it that some sales
OanLS /* I qr Crh lrrihdrrunl
people are paid this way?]
ac
ll Find the interest on the following. AccountNrmc A, MAPFU MO 5ZU

4+ '62'
-F
(a) $820 for 4 years at lOYo Ac.ountNumb.r PS A +O 6 Z.53 GM
dh
(b) $160 for 6 years atgo/o Rlccivcd thcNmof Se.rQnl.u'1- tix
coln
(c) $787 for 3 years at 9oh dolbn @pccnu
t2 Find what the following amount to. Sieunn G.@ao bt t{iitill 76 co
(a) $500 at l0o/o for 3 years
(b) $Z 130 at 9% for 5 years
(c) $432,50 at 8,25o/o for 2 years Fig. 30.3
2s9
CbcquWthdrrrnl
CA Cash
CH Qheque
INT Interest
TRF Transfer (to or from
REcivGd th. tE of (in rcr&) another account)
dollvr flou

Current acoount
Fig.30.4
Most customers simply want banks to keep
their money safely and conveniently. Banks
provide a current as6srrnf service for this
purpose. A current account handles money on
Fig. 30.3 on page 259 is a cash withdrawal
behalf of the customer. Cash is paid into and
form. If money is required to be withdrawn as
out of the account and little or no interest is
a cheque then a simpler form is used. Fig. 30.4
grven.* Charges are often made for this service.t
is an example of a cheque withdrawal form.
The current account service is the most popular
All the transactions are recorded in a service that banks offer.
passbook or account book which is the
property of the saver. Fig. 30.5 shows * Whether or not interest is given and/or charges are made
Ms Mapfumo's passbook for the period 12 varies from banl to bank. In general no charges are made ifa
positive balance is kcpt in the current ac@unt.
February to 24July 1991.
Money may be paid into a current account
in a number of ways. For example, many
employees can arrange for their pay to be paid
directly into their current accounts. On the
Ms GMAPFLIMO AcNo
19 Grecnway PSA,$5255GM
other hand, money may be paid in using a
Southerton IIARARE deposit fotm similar to that used for savings
,fu ,wit *,fiesnl lMe. accounts.
12 Feb 9l BF 221 75 Current account holders are rnt given a pass-
260.r5
...1?.F.e.b.9.1 ,8.H....-..pp,9q
3Ir,l5
book. Instead they are given (or may have to
...1.9.!.t+r.9! aH.... iL,.e
16Apr 9l cH 16,E3 l?7,9! buy) a cheque book. Withdrawals are made
cA 76,00 25r,98 from the current account by completing a page
i5'i',r;igI'
..........?79'.W. in the cheque book. This is known as'writing
........,...99,?t
30 May9l ,9,25 a cheque'. Fig. 30.6 shows a typical page from
5i,Iun'0I fi,il a cheque book.
l4Jiir9r' o{ 120,00 17054
24Jril9I c,A 80,00 CF 90,54

Fig. 30.5 *9lzlr?.1! ,{AMwfrIo tsA {K Plg.ll9.l!.

To.......,,,,.
The page in the savings book sholyn in Fig. 30.5 fi.R.,9,...
contains some abbreviations. Their meanings 2?!.*.f.
are as follows:
BF Brought forward t,.7..*:.19.
(Ii.om prwious page) 205972 I ZOSS722O58I7 21941606

CF Carried forward
(to next Page) Fig. 30.6
260
In Fig. 30.6, the cheque is the main portion statement. Fig. 30.7 below shows a typical
on the right. It shows that on 20 May l99l bank statement.
Ms Mapfumo wrote a cheque for $92,50 in
favour of Mr B Chitate. If Mr Chitate takes Exercise 30b
the cheque to a bank it will pay him the I Refer to Fig. 30.2, the deposit form.
amount, provided the cheque is correctly (a) How much cash was paid in on l9
written and that Ms Mapfumo has sufficient March?
money in her current account. The small ([) How many notes altogether were
section on the left is a counterfoil. It is deposited? What were their values?
completed and kept by Ms Mapfumo as a 2 (a) Make a copy of a blank deposit form
record of the payment. such as the one in Fig. 30.2.
The numbers along the foot of the cheque (b) Suppose you have the following to
show, from left to right, the cheque number, deposit:
the bank branch number and the account 2x $20 notes
number. They are written using a special 3X $10 notes
style of numeral which computers can read. 7X $5 notes
The bank keeps a record of all the trans- 4X $2 notes
actions made by the account holder. Every so $2,34 in coins
often it sends a copy of the record to the a cheque for $25,00
customer. This record is called a bank a cheque for $34,73

e{AKA'tilryO,BA {K rly LtD CURRENT ACCOI.'NI Sf, ATEMEI{T

9{arunlBrurch te[ 190 i1940
Ms G II{APFUMO Ac No 21941606
19GREETITVAY
SOUTHERTON
HAMRE 3T MAYgI

DETAII,s PAYI\,IENTS RECEIPTS DATE MI.AI{CE

r99r
Brlance foruard OSMAY 5r6,52
Caltr 80,00 OSMAY 436,52
STO Baoc 97,30 OTMAY 3t9,22
Carh 50,00 OSMAY 289,22
BCHS 8,50 IsMAY 280,72
cH 205971 38,24 rg IVIAY 242,9
cH 205972 92,50 20MAY r49,98
Countcr credit 45,00 22 MAY 104,9E
cH 205973 84,99 27I{AY 19,99
STO insurance 6E,70 29MAY 48,?l DR
TRF PSA,li0525tMM 50,00 SOMAY 1,29
CH credit 509,14 3I MAY 510,43

Abbrwiationr
BGlSBanlQrargec CHChequc DROrcrdrarmBalence $I0Sandingfter TRF6rcditTrurdcr

Fig. 30.7
261
Complete the deposit form, showing the (b) The largest amount that Ms Mapfumo
amounts and the final total in the appro- received was her salary cheque. How
priate spaces. ,, much was it and when was it paid?
Refer to the withdrawal form in Fig. 30.3. (c) What was the lowest.amount showing
(a) What is Ms Mapfumo's account in the balance column?
(b) How did Ms Mapfumo want
number? (d) What were the bank charges?
her money to be paid? (e) Look at the transactions of 30 May in
You receive a bill for $80 from the City both Ms Mapfumo's Passbook and her
Council. From your Savings Account you Current Account. What did Ms Mapfumo
withdraw $80 as a cheque made payable do to clear her overdrawn balance?
to the Codncil. Write a withdrawal form [Discuss why she did this.]
for the amount. (f) Describe a quick way of checking that
A clerk withdraws $623,50 in cash from the final balance figure is correct. [See
the savings account of a lO-person Co- parts (e), (0, (g) of question 6.1
operative. The cash is to be used as wages
for the people who work for the Co- Exchange rates
operative.
(a) If the people are all paid equally, how An important service that banks provide is to
much does each get? exchange money from other currencies into
(b) List the amounts of each cash dollars and vice versa. Foreign exchange,
denomination that the clerk might ask for. sometimes called forex, enables countries to
Refer to the details in the passbook shown trade with each other, despite their diflerent
in Fig. 30.5. currencies.
(a) What was the interest for the period The value of currency varies from one
and when was it added? country to another. However, the various
(b) On which date did the account reach currencies of the world are linked by agreed
its highest point and for how many days ratios, or exchange rates.
did it stay at this amount? Table 30.1 shows the 1990 exchange rates in
(c) Find the total deposited during the terms of foreign currency units per Zimbabwe
period shown. dollar.
(d) Find the total withdrawn during the
period shown. Table 30.1
(e) Find the difference between your
monetary
answers for parts (c) and (d).
(f) Find the diflerence benveen the amount country unit z$l =
brought forward (ar) and the amount Botswana Pula P0,96
carried forward (cr). Germany Deutsche Mark DMO,90
(g) What do you notice about your last Japan Yen 64 yen
two answers? Mozambique Metical Me350
Using the cheque shown in Fig. 30.6 as a RSA Rand R1,20
model, write cheques to the following: Tanzania Shilling sh65
(a) Ms Mapfumo for $28,47, UK Pound f,o,30
(b) Capital Printers Pty for $500, USA US Dollar u$0,45
(c) your friend for $99,99, Zambia Kwacha K5,12
(d) North East Coop for $280.
Refer to the current account statement in The above rates may be taken as guides
Fig. 30.7. only. Exchange rates vary from day to day.
(a) What was the largest cheque that Ms In Examples 6 and 7 the rates in Table 30.1
Mapfumo wrote during the month? are used.
262
Example 6 Convert the following amounts to U6.
Exchange Z$50 for (a) Pula, (b) Yen, (c) U$. (a) 2$100 (b) Z$20 (c) Z$70
(a) Z$l : P0,96
(d) z$24 (e) 2$7,50 (f) 2$67,43
Convert the following amounts to Z$.
Z$50: P0,96 x 50
(a) P2a0 (b) DM450 (c) R36
: p4g
(d) U$100 (e) e75 (f) Sh400
(b) Z$r:64 yen 4 How many Pounds would a trader get for
Z$50:64 x 50 yen 2$440?
: 3 200 yen 5 A traveller
pays U$20 Airport Tax. How
(.) Z$l : U$0,45 much is this in Z$?
6 A visitor from Botswana changed P600
Z$50: U$0,45 x 50 into Z$. She spent 2$420 then changed
: U$22,50 the remainiry Z$ back to Pula. How many
Pula did she get?
Example 7
A German tourist exchanges DMI 500 inlo Z$. He
spends Z$l058,20 and conuerts the remaining Z$
Depreciation and inflation
into Zambian Kuacha. Hou manl Kuacha does lu
gel?
Many items, such as cars, clothes, electrical
goods, lose value as time passes. This loss in
First, find how many Z$ the tourist gets: value is called depreciation. Depreciation is
DM0.90 = Z$l usually given as a percentage of the item's
I value at the beginning o{the year. For example,
DMI = z%-i,, if a radio costing $100 depreciates by 20%
per annum, then its value will be $80 at the
I end of the first year. At the end of the second
DMI 500 = zffi x I 500 = 2$1666,67 year, its value will be $80 less 20% of $80 (or
80% of $80), i.e. $64.
Next, find the number of Z$ remaining:
Z$ remaining: Z$(l 666,67 - I 058,20)
: 2$609,47 Example 8
A freeaer costing $l 700 depreciatcs b125o/o in its
Finally, convert Z$ to Kwacha:
Z$l : K5,12 first year and 20"h in its second 2ear. Find its aalue
aftzr 2 yars.
2$608,47 = K5,12 x 608,47 : K3 115,37
lstlear: Value of freezer $l 700
Note: - 25o/o - 425
depreciation
(l) Unitary method was used in each case. 2nd2ear: Value of freezer 1275
(2) In currency problems it is customary to - 20o/o depreciation - 255
round off to 2 decimal places. Value after 2 |ears = $l 020

Due to rising prices, money loses its value as

time passes. Loss in value of money is called
Exercise 30c inflation. Inflation is a kind of depreciation,
Use the rates given in Table 30.1. Inflation is usually given as the percentage
A calculator is recommended. increase in the cost of buying thing;s from one
I Find the equivalent of 2$60 in each of the year to the next. For example if the rate of
following currencies. inflation is 15% then a chair which cost $100
(a) Deutsche Marks (b) Meticals a year ago will now cost $l15. Money has lost
(c) Rands (d) Shillings its value since it now costs more to buy the
(e) US Dollars (f) Pounds same thing.
263
Example 9 [The last two questions are examples of
How hng will it tok
"fo,
priocs to double if tlu appreciation: i.e. where items hutcase in
ratt of inflation is 20o/o pn annun? aalu over time. Land, buildings and
jewellery tend to appreciate with time.]
Start with an original cost of 100 units:
6 A mattress cost $4O0. Find the cost of
initialb, cost = r00 buyrng the same_kind ofnattress in 2 years
rise = 20 time if the rate of inflation is 15% per
aftir I yar, cost = 120 annum.
rise = 2+ (i.e.20o/o of 120) 7 A new chair costs $100.
afur 27cars, cost = 144 (a) Find the cost of buying the same kind
rise = 2818 (20o/" of l44l of chair in 2 years time if the rates of
inflation for the first and second years are
afkr Slcars,cost = I 72,8
rise = 34,56 (2OYo of 172,8) 20o/o and l07o respectively.
(b) What would be the cost if the inflation
qfur4ycars, cost = 207,36
rate was first l0%, followed by 20o/"?
The cost after 4 years is a little more than E Show that prices double in less than 3 years
double the original cost. Hence priceS will if the rate of inflation is 30% per annum.
double injust under 4 years. fHint: Start with an initial cost of 100
units.]
Exercisc 3(H 9 A year ago a refrigerator cost $l 080 when
Unlgss told otherwise, give answers correct to new. Today a new one of the same kind
the nearest cent. costs$l 44O.
I A car loses value each year by 20olo of its (a) Calculate the percentage rate of
value at the beginning of the year. inllation.
Ifa car costs $32 4O0, find its value 2 years (b) If inflation stays at the same rate,
later. what is the likely cost of the same kind of
2 A new car costs $32 000. It depreciates by refrigerator next year?
25o/o in the first year,20o/o in the 2nd year l0 The present cost of a radio is $96. If the
and 15% in each of the following yearc. rates of inflation for the next two years are
Find the value of the car to the nearest 25Y" and l57o respectively, find the cost of
$100 after 4 years. buying the same kind of radio in 2 years
t A student pays $8 500 for a second-hand time.
motor bike. The bike depreciates by l0%
in the first year and, following some
damage to the bike, by 30% in the 2nd
year. Dah in newspapers
To the nearest $50, find how much the
student can expect to get for the bike at the Newspapers often contain data which they
. end ofthe second year. present to readers in the form oftables, charts
4 A piece ofland increases in value by l0% and graphs.
each year. By what p€rcentage does its Data is most commonly given in tables.
value increase over 3 years? Figs. 30.8, 30.9, 30.10 give examples based on
fHint: Let the land have an initial value of the foreign exchange, sport and commerce
100 units.l columns of a typical{newspaper.
5 A building co-operative bought some land Notice that the exchange rates are given to
for $150 000. The land increased in vdue four places of dccimals.
by l57o per annum. Sports teams.are often matched in leagues.
What, to the nearest $100, was therland The positions of the teams in the leagues are
worth after 3 years? given in tables in newspapers. See Fig. 30.9.
264
CUSTOM POREX RATES
SodeFop Pty Ltd
AUDITEDRESULTS
The following exchange rater art uscd by the Department of FORTHE52WEEI(S ENDED
Curtomc and Excisc for conv€rting forcign curency for the
valuation of imported goods. 3I DECEMBER I99I
Thc ratcr may differ fiom thoc publirhod by the Rercrve t90l lS90 %Imcc
Bank, Thir lirt was valid from April lt to April 26 1991. Turnover 25 819 804 23 035 093 L2, L

Taxation 251 2 355 293

Couotry,/onrcocT ne,/a Profir 9191tl4 a7 4 82L
Austrdian dollar 0,59E8 Profit after
Botnrana pula 0,991t texation 431 I 480 412
I 593 1r6
Burundi franc 76,8100 Retaining profit
Chiner yran 1,926t btfward 5 089 758 5231 834
EEC ecu 0,4395 Tool capial 7 683 189 5 718 305
French h.anc 3,ll6l DMdends:
German mark 0,9128 Ord rhares 789 123 628 548
Hong lbng dollar 4.0062
Indian rupee 7,70@ Rcainedprofit 6 89{ 066 5 089 ?58
Japaner yen il,ltoo
IGnya shilling 9,5282
l.csot]ro maloti r,22ffi
Fi9.30.fi
Mdawi kwacha r,5278
Mozambican metical s25,1059
Fig. 30.1 I is a computer-drawn graph which
Nigerian naira 4,2952 shows the spot price of gold over a 24-hour
RSA rand r,2175 period. Graphs like this are frequently published
Swaziland lilongeni 1,2169
Tanzanian rhilling 63,966?
in the financial sections of newspapers.
Ugandan shilling 84,69m
UKpound 0,2851
US DLN. 24 hr Spot US DLR
USAdollar 0,51s3 40E.0 $8.0
USSRrouble o,il28 N7.O 0
Zambian krmcha 5J507 406.0
405.0 {05.0
{04.0 {o4.0
Fig. 30.8 .t03.0 ,l{)1,0
.rc2.0
IndoorHoeley {02.0
Yfomen'r FlrltLcr;u. {01.0
02 12l{1618m22 {o1.0

PW DLF A h. 19 Sep 9l
Parlt
Richwood 7 5 llTt It ll Fig. 30.1I
Scruples 7 5 02?E l6 l0
Eagler 6 t 2r50 29 E Fig. 30.12 is a bar chart which was given in
Alcx 7 t 2263 .t6 8 a newspap€r. It shows the increase in secondary
Raiders 7 3 0447 58 6
school enrolment in the first l0 years after
Greendale 7 2 0531 6l 4
Postals 6 2 0424 74 4 Independence.
Zimbank 7 | l5l9 8E I !
!a
3
Fig. 30.9 o

c
The annual accounts of large companies are €.J
d
often published, either in advertisements or in
x
the financial pages of the press. Fig.30.10 is tIt
a typical statement for a large company which o
makes aerated drinking water. E
Sometimes, newspapers use graphs and
charts to give information. Fis. 30.12 Eg E$ EEEE g E
26s
Data in newspapers can often be informative. 12 What amount will be carried forward to
The following exercise should reveal some of 1992 as 'retained profit'?
the facts hidden in Figs. 30.8 to 30.12. t3 By what percentage did SodaPop's total
capital increased from 1990 to l99l? [If
you do not have a calculator, estimate the
percentage increase.]
l4 What percentage of the total capital was
Exercise 30e issued as share dividends in (a) 1990, and
Refer to Figs. 30.8 to 30.12 when doing this o) leel?
exercise. [Either use a calculator or estimate,]
I In Fig. 30.8 it can be seen that Kenya, l5 What percentage of SodaPop's profits
Tanzania and Uganda each have shillings were taxed in (a) 1990, (b) l99l?
as their unit of currency. Which of the [Either use a calculator or estimate.]
three shillings has the greater value? l6 The gold spot prices in Fig. 30.1I are
2 Approximately how many Burundi francs given in US dollars per ounce.
are equivalent to I French franc? On ThurSday 19 September (a) what was
3 By rounding off values to I significant the highest spot price and (b) when did it
figure, estimate how many Hong Kong occur?
dollars are equivalent to ll (UK). t7 (a) What was the lowest spot price?
4 By rounding off values to 2 s.f., estimate (b) When did it occur?
how many Zambian kwacha are equivalent IE What was the spot price at 0400?
to I Malawian kwacha. l9 A gold dealer bought 200 ounces ofgold at
5 In the first seven months of 1990 Zimbabwe the beginning of the day and sold it at the
exported Z$100 000 000 worth ofproducts close of the day. What was the dealer's
to UK. How much forex (in pounds) did profit on the transaction?
this create? [Discuss whether you think that such
6 Use Fig. 30.9 to decide how many points a profits are reasonable,]
hockey team gets for winning, drawing 20 The spot price remained steady at U$404
and losing. for two periods during the day. Estimate
Which two hockey teams have not yet the length of each period.
played each other? 2l Use Fig. 30.12 to estimate the numbers of
How many matches have actually been students enrolled in secondary schools in
played? (a) l98l, (b) 1990.
9 Which team has scored the greatest 22 In which year did the secondary school
number of goals? enrolment figure pass the 600 000 mark?
l0 ,Greendale and Postals each have the same 23 How many years after independence did it
number of points. Suggest a reason why take for the l98l enrolment to treble?
Greendale should be placed above Postals 24 Ifit took about 5 000 teachers to teach the
in the league. students in 1981, approximately how many
ll Use Fig. 30.10 to find the actual increase teachers were required in 1990?
in SodaPop's turnover from 1990 to 1991. 25 Estimate the l99l enrolment figure.

266
Revision exercises and tests

Chapters 2l-30
r$qR *rlrf
Revision exercise 9 (b) Hence show the solution set of the
I (a) Calculate the area of a rhombus simultaneous inequalities 3a - 7 112 and
whose diagonals are l0 cm and 9 cm. 8 - 5a ( 20 on a single number line.
(b) What angle does zn arc of hngth (c) Write down the values of a which are
8,5 cm subtend at the centre ofa circle of even numbers.
radius 8,5 cm? 8 A man took 40 min to run 8 km from town
2 The values of p and f are connected by the A to town B. He spent 25 min in town B.
equation2 : x2 + 9x * q. When tc = -1, He then left town B in a taxi and arrived
) = 0 and when x = -2,! = 0. Find the back at town A l0 min later. Represent
values of p and q. this information on a graph using a scale
3 In a certain class, the ratio ofboys to girls of I cm to 5 min on the time axis and I cm
is 5 : 2. There are 12 girls in the class. to I km on the distance axis.
How many'students are in the class? 9 Using the graph drawn in question 8, or
4 The pie chart in Fig. R30 shows the reading otherwise, find, in km/h,
habits of students in a university. (a) the average running speed of the man,
(b) the average speed ofthe taxi,
(c) the average speed qf the man for the
whole journey from A to B and back to A
up to 6 hours daily again (including the stop at B).
l0 A motorist travelled the first 3 km of a
more than journey at 80 km/h and the remaining
8 hours daily
distance of 8 km at 100 km/h. What is the
average speed for thejourney to the nearest
-I hours daily
km/h?

Revision test 9
Fig. RVO f the straight line x*7 = 2 and the curve
)2 =
tc' + at the point (3; - l).
10 intersect
What percentage of the students read for They also intersect at the point
over I hours daily? A (-3; l) B (-3; - l) c (3; l)
A gas cylinder is 75 cm long and holds D (- l;3) E (l; -3)
l8 kg of liquid gas when full. How much 2 Increase $330 in the ratio 6 : 5.
gas will a similar cylinder, 50 cm long, A $180 B $275 C $360
hold when full? D $390 E $396
A card is chosen at random from a pack of 3 Two similar cones have base diameters of
52 cards. Find the pt'obability that it is l0 cm and 35 cm. The small cone is used
(a) a six (b) a red six to fill the big cone with rice. Approximately
(c) a club (d) a red club how many small cones will it take to fill
(a) Show the solution sets of 3a - 7 < 12 the big cone?
and 8 - 5a <20 on separate number lines. A4 B7 C12 D16 843
267
4 A student doing question 3 in this test does Revision exercise l0
just picks one of
\ not read the question and I ABCD is a trapezium with right angles at
B and C. AB : 5 cm, DC = 12 cm and the
area of the trapezium is 34 cm2. Calculate
ADC.
5 What is the range 2 Solve the following pairs of simultaneous
Fig. R3l? equations.
(a) 2: Lx x*y- -6
Fr or.+*12=o
\ry.rul - , i , tul 6*!5=n
Divide 3600 into four angles whose sizes
A-2(r(5 B 5 (.r < -2 are in the ratio | :2:3 :4.
C -2 (.r ( 5 D (
5 r < -2 The bar chart in Fig. R32 gives the
E -2 (*(5 estimated costs of providing rural health
6 The sides AB, CD of lls- ABCD are services for the years 1988 to 1990.
produced to any points P and Q. Prove
that As PCD and QAB are equal in area.
7 A Government spends its revenue as
follows: l0% on Health Services, 30% on
Education, l2o/o on Housing, 40o/o on
Agriculture and 8oh on other items. Draw
a pie chart to show this information.
8 A motorist has an appointment in a to\Mn
130 km away at 1200. She starts at l0 a.m.
and drives at 70 km/h. After 40 km she
stops for * hour for refreshment. By drawing
a suitable graph, find her speed for the last Fis. R32
90 km if she is to reach the town on time.
9 Table R3 gives the numbers of pairs of (a) What was the cost in 1990?
shoes owned by 30 students in a class. (b) BV how much did the 1990 cost exceed
Table R3 the 1988 cost?
(c) What was the average cost per year
number of pairs I 3 4 5
for the three years?
2 6 7
Two similarly shaped cooking pots are
number of students r0 6 5 3 3 2 made from metal of the same thickness.
They have capacities of 20 and 2,5 litres
(a) Find the mode, median and mean respectively. If the mass of the small pot is
number of pairs of shoes for the class. 1,5 kg when empty, what is the mass of the
(b) If a student is picked at random from big pot when empty? (Note: The mass is
the class, what is the probability that he or proportional to the area of metal in the
she has more than 5 pairs of shoes? Pot.)
l0 Use the currency table in Fig 30.8 on page There are.r black balls andy white balls in
265 to change the following amounts of a bag. A ball is picked at random.
money to Z$. Give final answers to the (a) Write down an expression in x and2
nearest cent. Ifyou do not have a calculator, which gives the probability of picking a
round the given rates to 4 s.f. where black ball.
necessary. (b) If there are 24 balls altogether, find
(a) 2 000 yuan (b) 500 ecu how many are black if the probability of
(c) €60 (d) Sh250 (Kenya) picking a whlte ball is l.
268
(a) On graph paper, draw the region Fig. R33 is a bar graph showing the
defined by the three inequalities ) > 2, numbers of cars produced by a factory
3x * 1t 2 0, x * y < 3. Leave the required during 6 weeks.
region unshaded.
(b) Find the members of the solution set
of the inequalities in part (a) given that it
contains integral values of x andT only.
Thc performance of an aircraft during a
flight was roughly as follows. It accelerated
uniformly from rest for I h until its speed
was 800 km/h. After flying at this speed
tor 4 h it decelerated uniformly to rest in
24 min.
Draw a speed-time graph of the flight.
Hence or otherwise find the distance
travelled during the flight.
The mean of 12 numbers is 8,5. Trvo of the
numbers are 9 and 13. What is the mean of
the remaining ten numbelv?
l0 An article was bought for €26,50 in [.ondon.
An import duty of 20o/o was paid on it in
Harare. If €l = $3,50, what is the final Fig. N3
cost of the article in dollars?

(a) How many cars were produced

Revision test l0 altogether?
I What is the perimeter of a square of area (b) Calculate the mean number of cars
301 m2? produced per week.
A5lm BSlm Cllm t (a) A letter is chosen from the alphabet at
D l5lm E 22m random. What is the probability that it is
2 The av€rage speed, in km/h, of a motorist contained in the word (i) MUTARE
who travels 72 km in 45 min is (ii) KwEKwE?
A45 854 C64 D88 E96 (b) 48% of the students of a school are
3 The scale of a map is I : 2 500. How many girls. A student is picked at random. What
m2 does an area of I cm2 on the map is the probability that a boy is picked?
represent? 9 lf6(x + l) > -4 and 5> 2(x - 3), what
A 5 B 25 C 625 D 2500 E 62500 range of values of r and which integers
4 lf x is an integer, what is the greatest value satisry both inequalities?
ofrwhich satisfies 3x * 25< 2 < r * 13? l0 Ten pupils were asked to guess the number
A -ll B -10 c -9 D -8 E -7 of grains of rice contained in a small tin.
5 During a 'Sale', a large shop gives a l2L% Their guesses were as follows:
reduction on all marked prices. What will 100 90 s0 60 80
be the sale price of a table lamp marked at 2s 40 100 60 100
$80? Find the mean, median and mode of the
A $70 B $72 C $80 D $88 E $e0 Suesses.
6 Solve the following pairs of simultaneous
equations ll
Revision exercise
(u) 3'X3,:1 (b)*+r =$ I In AABC a:7,8m, D = 8,5m and
22* -t = 64 2x2 +)2:54 A = 57o42'. Calculate the area of AABC.
269
Draw the graphs of the linesT : 2x * I
and 2r * 21 = 7 on the same axes. Find
the coordinates of their point of intersection
to the nearest decimal place.
Magnesium combines with oxygen in the E
I
ratio 3 : 2 by mass. How much magnesium .E 40
would be needed to combine with 1,4 kg of L
t
oxygen? What would be the mass o[ the
substance formed?
4 A 350 g packet o[soap powder is of height
14 cm. Find the mass of soap powder 0Is607082
0
contained in a similar packet 28 cm high. rimc in min
5 Table R4 shows the result of a survey Fig. N4
carried out to investigate the number of
eggs in birds' nests. l0 Use Fig. R34 to answer the following.
(a) Find the initial acceleration in km/h2.
(b) If the final deceleration is 270 km/h2,
Table R4 find the maximum speed of the train,
V km/h.
numb€r of
4 5 67 (c) Hence find the total distance travelled
eggs
23 by the train.
numbr of 462450t2+
nests Revision test I I
Fig. R35 is a pie chart showing the distribution
of further education establishments in a country.
(a) Find the modal and median number
of eggs per nest.
(b) Calculate the mean numbar of eggs
per nest.
A child finds a bird's nest with eggs in it.
Use the data of Table R4 to estimate the
probabiliry that the nest contains
(a) 5 eggs,
(b) less than 5 eggs. 'l'rachcrs
Choose a suitable graph to illustrate the Collrge
data in Table R4. Fig. R35
8 (a) Ifx-6< land2x - I >8,whatis
the range of values of r which satisfies both Use Fig. R35 to ans'wer questions I and 2.
inequalities? I If there are 14 Technical Colleges, how
(b) Sketch the graph ofthe range ofvalues many Teachers' Colleges are there?
of x. A7 B14 C2l D28 E.42
(c) Hence sketch another graph showing 2 What is the ratio of Teachers' Colleges to
values of r which satisfy r - 6 ) I and Secondary Schools?
2x-l(8. A l:5 B l:6 C 3:B
9 Fig. R34 is the speed-time graph of a train D 2:9 E3:10
journey. Fig. R36 is a graph showing the amount of
Describe the flour parts of the journey in water in a container during a period of I hour.
your own words. Use the graph to answer questions 3,4,5.
270
Fig. N6 Fig. N7

3 For how long was the container being filled (a) What are the equations of lines m and
with water? n?
A ll min B 5 rnin C 6l min (b) Given that the equation of t is
D 8 min E lll min 5x * 31 : 15, write down the three in-
What was the greatest amount of water in equalities that define the unshaded region.
the container? (c) If the solution set contains integral
Arof B13( cl6f values of x and 7 only, write down its
D t8f E20t members.
At what rate did water pour out of the l0 Beans costing 60c per packet are mixed
container? with some other beans costing 90c per
A lflmin B2llmin C4llmin packet in the ratio 3 : 2. What is the cost of
D 8 f/min E 16 f/min a packet of the mixture?
The perimeter of a rectangular football
pitch is 300 m. Its length is one and a half Revision excrcise 12
times its breadth. By solving two I Calculate the area of the major segment of
simultaneous equations find the length a circle ofradius l0 cm cut offby a chord
and breadth of the football pitch. of length 12 cm. (Take n to be 3,1+2.\
7A 2 David bought 5 cups ofbeans and 4 cups
pe of rice for $4,95. At the same market
of Chipo bought 4 cups of beans and 2 cups
I s.[ of rice for $3,06. Calculate the price of
E Two circular metal discs are of radius I cup ofrice.
9,9 cm and 13,2 cm respectively. 3 The scale of the plan of a building is I : 50.
(a) Express the ratio of their areas in its (a) What length on the plan represents
simplest terms. 12 m?
(b) The discs are melted down and recast (b) What length on the building is
as a single disc of the same thickness represented by 9,6 cm?
as before. Find the radius of this disc. 4 The ratio of the areas of two similar
9 In Fig. R37 the lines ,t, m and, n are the rectangles is t. (a) Find the ratio of their
boundaries of the unshaded region which lengths. (b) If the width of the smaller
contains the solution set of three rectangle is I I cm, find the width of the
simultaneous inequalities. other rectangle.
271
5 A letter is chosen at random lrom the Table RE
alphabet, Find the probability that it is
(") X, (b) either X or Y, p.pcrl prFz prFrt FFs{
(c) a consonant, rtudcnt A ffio/"
30Yo
(d) one of the letters of the word 50o/o 70o/o

CHAPTER, rtudeat B 35% 361o 421o 44o/o

(e) one of the letters of the word
rtu&nt C ffi%" 55o/o 38"/o 75o/o
PARAGRAPH.
6 Sketch each of the following inequalities
on a number line. Fig. R38 is a graph showing the journey made
by Mr Muvuti between Rusape and Mutare.
(a) 2<x17 Use the graph to answer questions I and 9.
(b) -6 ( x ( 0
8 (a) How far is Mutare from Rusapc?
(c) -+<x(-l (b) How long was Mr Muvuti in Mutare?
(d) -9 ( r ( 8
(c) Neglecting stops, how long did the
7 In order to pass an examination consisting journey take?
of four paperc, a student must score a mean
(d) How far from Mutare did Mr Muvuti
mark of *0o/o and not less than 33% in
stop on his way home?
each paper. Table R5 shows the marks of
three students.
I (a) What was Mr Muvuti's average speed
in the first hour?
Which student(s) passed the examination? (b) What was Mr Muvuti's average speed
Give reasons. between Mutare and Rusape?

Fig. N8
272
l0 (a) Make a blank Deposit Form like the List all the possible outcomes and hence
one in Fig. 30.2 on page 259. decide the probability of getting two heads
(b) Complete the deposit form, showing and a tail.
how a trader might enter the following AI BI CI D8 Ei
amounts of money: 5 A year ago a book cost $8. Today the same
4 x $20 notes book costs $10. What is the rate of inflation?
13 x $10 notes A2% B 7,5o/o c 12,5o/o
2 x $5 notes D 20o/o E 25Yo
16 x $2 notes 6 Given Fig. R39, calculate (a) the area oflls-
$13,54 in coins ABCD, (b) AQ.
a cheque for $61,99
a postal order for $22,50
(c) Enter the total amount of money in
the correct place.

Revision tcst 12
I Given that 3r * 72 = I and r - 7) = 19,
then'r *)=
A_2 B-3 C3 D5 E7 Fig. R39 D
Table R6 shows the shoe sizes of some children.
Use Table R6 to answer questions 2 and 3. 7 A car uses petrol at the rate of2 litres for
every 2l km. How much petrol does the
Table R6
car use on a journey of 252 km?
shoe size 36 37 38 39 40
8 Divide $135 in the ratio 2 : 3 : 4: 6..Show
your results in the form of a pie chdrt.
number of
I 3 I 5 3
9 A road sign is in the shape of a metal
children triangle of height 70 cm and costs $11,76.
How much will a similar road sign of
2 How many children are there? height I m cost?
Al B8 C20 D24 E40 l0 Express the inequaliry x 2<* l0 1x * 17
3 Which size is the mode? I
in the form a x L 6 where a and b are
A36 837 C38 D39 840 integers. Sketch a line graph showing the
4 Three coins are tossed at the same time. inequality.

273
Non-routine problems (3)

I (a) Given a 4 x 4 g"d and 4 frogs, how (c) How many lines will there bejoining the
many different ways can the frogs be placed vertices of an z-point jewel? [It may help if
in the grid so that there is never more than you investigate what happens in simpler
one frog in any row or column? Fig. Ql6 cases. For example, Fig.
Ql8 shows 3-point,
gives one arrangement. 4-point and S-point jewels and their
corresponding numbers of lines.]

Fig. Qt8
Fis. Qt6
Nob: reflections and rotations do not 4 How many triangles (of any size) are there
count as different. in the triangle in Fig. Ql9?
(b) What if there were just 3 frogs? What
about2 x 2gridwith2frogs,a3 x 3grid
with 3 frogs, and so on? How many
arrangements for an n x n gnd with z
frogs? What if the frogp were placed in a
reaangulargrid?
2 12345678!- tU Fig. Qt9
Place arithmetical signs between the digits
I to 9 so that their out@me is 100. You must [It may help if you consider simpler cases
not alter the order of the given digits. and look for patterns.]
5 A woman had a basket of eggs for sale. She
[There are many solutions; try to find the had 4 customers.
one which uses least signs.]
3 Fig. Ql7 is an example of an 8-point jewel The lst customer bought half her eggs and
pattern. It is created byjoining every vertex half an egg. The 2nd customer bought half
ofa regular octagon to every other vertex. of those remaining and half an egg. The
3rd customer bought half of those remaining
and half an egg. The 4th customer bought
half of those remaining and half an egg.
The woman was left with B eggs and did
not break any when trading.
(a) How many eggs did she start with?
(b) How many eggs did each customer
Fis. Qt7 buy?
6 A die rests on a table.
(a) How many lines are there joining the Rose, who is sitting on one side of the table
vertices? can see 3 faces and a total of I I spots. Sam,
(b) Describe the main dilference between who is on the opposite side of the table can
the patterns of jewels which have an odd see 3 faces and a total of 7 spots.
number of points and those with an even How many spots are there on the bottom
number of points. face of the die?
274
7 Cut out three cardboard pieces as shown in To draw the spiral, start with a line of I unit
Fig. Q20. Find at least eight ways of fitting length, turn through 90" and draw a line of2
all three pieces together to make a shape units, turn through another 90o and draw a
that has bilateral symmetry. line of 3 units. Then repeat this cycle.
(a) Working on squared paper, continue
the above spiral.
(b) Investigate other spirals (e.9. l-2-4,
| -2-3-2-t, 2-+-t -3, t-2-3-4-t). What
do you notice? Try to classify your results.
Fig. Q20
]ltlll
t2 The Braille alphabet is used by many blind
people. It uses a system ofraised dots based
8 Many numbers can be written as the sum of on a 3 X 2 rectangle. Fig. Q23 shows the
consecutive integers, e.g. basic rectangle and two of the letters.
12=3+4+5
13=6*7
In some cases, numbers can be expressed as
two or more sums of consecutive integers:
9:2+3+4ar4*5
15:7IBor4+5*6or
l+2+3+4+5
Investigate for other numbers (e.g. can all Fig. Q23
numhrs be represented in the same way?
Are there any rules?). (a) How many dillerent patterns can be
Erl- E- El- E- El-
The above number chain is formed
made in this system? (b) Investigate for
other sized rectangles.
according to the following rules: l3 In Fig. Q24 the square is ofside I m and the
(i) If the number is even, divide by 2. four arcs are quarter circles. Find, in tenns
(ii) If the number is odd, multiply by 3 and of r, the area of the shaded region.
add l.
Investigate what happens (a) ifyou continue
the chain, (b) if you start with a different
number, (c) if you change the rules.
l0 Fig. Q2l shows a series ofcircles partitioned
into regions by joining l, 2, 3, 4, ... dots Fig. Q24
randomly placed on their circumferences.

Fig. Q2t oo@ (b) (c) (d)

Find a rule which will give the number of

14 abcd

l5
abcd
is a four-figure number such that
=4x dcba. Find which digits the
letters a, b, c, d represent.
Ten cars are parked in three streets. No two
of the three streets have the same number of
(a) straight lines and (b) regions formed by cars and no street is empty of cars.
n points on the circumference. Ephraim,Joseph and Ruth live one in each
I I Fig. Q22 shows a'l-2-3 spiral'. ofthe three streets. Each can see the cars in
their own stre€t, but not those in the other
two. Ephraim phones Ruth, 'Is there an
even or odd number of cars in your street?'
Ruth's reply enables him to deduce the
number ofcars in the other two streets. How
Fis. Q22 many cars are in Ephrairn's street?
275
Mensuration tables and formulae,
four-figrrre tables

SI units Ingth
The metre is the basic unit of length.
Mass
Unit Abbreviation Bacic unit
The granme is the basic unit of mass.
I kilometre lkm 1000m
Unit Abbreviation Basic unit I hectomere lhm 100 m
I kilogramme lkg 1000g
I decametre I dam
l0m
I hectogramme lhg 100 g
I metre lm lm
I decagramme I dag log I decimetre ldm 0,1 m
I gramme lg lg I centimetre lcm 0,01 m
I decigramme lds 0,1 g
I millimetre lmm 0,001 m
I centigramme lcg 0,01 g
The most common measures are the
I milligramme I -g 0,00J g millimetre, the metre and the kilometre.
The tonne (t) is used for large masses. The
lm= l000mm
most common measures of mass are, the
lkm= 1000m= 1000000mm
milligramme, the gramme, thg kilogramme
and the tonne.
Area
lg=l000mg
Ikg-1000g=1000000mg The oquare metre is the basic unit of area.
It=1000kg=10000009 Units of area are derived from units of length.
Abbnevi- Relation to other
Unit ation units of area
square
millimetre mm2
Time square
The second is the basic unit of time.
centimetre cm2 I = 100 mm2
cm2

Unit Abbreviation Basic unit square metre m2 Im2 = l00@cm2

sqLlare
I second ls ls kilometre km2 I km2 = I ooo ooo m2
I minute I min 60s
hectare (for
I hour lh 3600s land measure) ha I ha = loooo*'
276
Volume Other currcncies
The cubic metre is the basic unit of volume. Britain lOOpence (p) :I Pound (l)
Units of volume are derived from units of USA 100 cents (c) t
= Dollar ($)
lensth.
" Abbrevi- Relation to other Exchange rates
Unit ation units of volume
At the time of going to press, $l (Zimbabwe)
cubic was equivalent to the following.
millimetre mm3
US Dollar $0,20
cubic UK Pound €0,1 1

ce ntimetre cm3 I cm3 = I 000 mm3 Botswana Pula P0,42

Kenya Shilling sh6,3g
cubic metre m3 I m3 = I 000 000 cm3 Mozambique Metical M470
Capacity Zambia Kwacha K30,14
The litre is the basic unit of capacity. I litre Note: F,xchange rates change from day to day.
takes up the same space as I 000 cm3. The above rates are only approximate.
Relation to Relation to Multiplication table
Abbrevi- other units units of
Unit ation of capacity volume 1234567E910
millilitre m(, lmf=1cm3 I t 23 4 5 6 7I910
litre l4=1000mf ll=1000cm3 2 2+6810t2t4161820
kilolitre k(, lkf=1000f lk{=lm 3 3 6 9t2 15r8212427 30
4 4 8t2 16202428323640
The calendar D 5101520253035404550
Remember this poem:
6 612t82430364248s460
Thirty days have September,
7 7
1421 28354249 5663 70
April, June and November.
8 8162432404856647280
All the rest have thirty-one, I 9t82736455463728190
Excepting February alone;
l0 l0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
This has twenty-eight days clear, Divisibitity tests
And twenty-nine in each Leap Year.
In a Leap Year, the date is divisible by 4. Any whole number is exactly divisible by
Thus 1984 was a Leap Year. Century year
dates, such as 1900 and 2000, are Leap Years 2 if its last digit is even
only if they are divisible by 400. Thus 1900 3 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 3
was not a Leap Year but 2000 will be a Leap
Year.
4 if its last two digits form a number divisible
bv4
Money 5 if its last digit is 5 or 0
Some African curencier
Zimbabwe 100 cents (c) I Dollar ($) 6 if its last digit is even and the sum of its
Botswana 100 thebe (t) I Pula (P) digits is divisible by 3

Kenya 100 cents (c)I Shilling (Sh) 8 if its last three digits form a number
Malawi I Kwacha (K)
100 tambala (t) divisible by 8
Mozambique 100 centavos (c) = Metical (M) 9 if the sum of its digits is divisible by
Nigeria 100 kobo (k) = Naira (li)
9
Zambia 100 ngwee (n) = Kwacha (K) l0 if its last digit is 0
277
Mensuration formulae In the right-angled triangle shown,
c2: a2 + b2 (Plthagoras'theoren)
Plane shapes Perimeter Area g
Square 4s J-
, turrB:4a sinB= !.c cosB: c
side s ^a
tanA--7 sinA= Ic cos A !.
c
Rectangle 2(l + b) tb
Symbols
length /, breadth D
srlbot Meaning
Triangle Lbh is equal to
base 6, height I J
is not equal to
Parallelogram bh is approximately equal to
base D, height ft is identical or congruent to
is equivalent to
Trapezium L(a + b)h is proportional to
height i, is greater than
parallels a and b is less than
Circle 2rr 7t r'0 is greater than or equal to
radius r is less than or equal to
degree (angle)
Sector of circle OC
degrees Celsius (temperature)
zr +
radius r, angle 0 {*an {*of A, B, C, points (geometry)
AB the line through points A
Solid shapes Area Volume apd B, or the distance
Cube 6s2 .t3
between points A and B
edge s AABC triangle ABC
lls-enco parallelogram ABCD
Cuboid 2(lb + bh + th) tbh
ABC angle ABC
length /, breadth b,
height la
I is perpendicular to
is parallel to
Prism Ah ! therefore
Cylinder 2nrh * 2nr2 nr2h 1l pi
radius r, height i o/
to per cent
rrl * A: {p; q; r} A is the set p, q, r
Cone rr2 *nr2h B : {l; 2; 3; ...} B is the infinite set l, 2, 3, etc.
radius r, 6:{r:risan Set builder notation. C is
slant height /, integer) the set of numbers .r such
height I
that .r is an integer
4n12 *nr3 n(A) number of elements in set A
E is an element of
e is not an element of
A' complement of A
fonnulae {}or@ the empty set
8 the universal set
AEB A iss subset of B
A]B A contains B
S,P negations of C and )
AUB union of A and B
Fig. T1 ANB intersection of A and B
278
Iogarithms r+logr
Dilfcrencc Diflcrene
Xor2!1s67Ee r2 t t 5 6 7 E 9 Xol?34561E9 12 , 15 6 7 8 I
r0 fr00 0043 m86 ot28 0170 0212 0259 02i+ ol34 0374 48t2172t252s$37 t6 7&1 ?4t2 74t9 7427 ?435 7+43 715t 74i9 74ffi 7171 l2 2 t 4 5 5 6 7

tl 0414 0453 0{92 0531 0569 (m7 0645 @2 0719 07ss f811t5t923263,)34 6 7482 7+90 7497 7fi5 7513 752{ 7523 75fi 7r+3 7551 l2 2 3,+ 5 5 6 7
ll 0792 (828 (86{ m)9 0934 (m9 rfiX t038 1072 r r{b 37t014t72t24283t 57 75s9 7506 7574 ?*2 7589 1597 7fi4 1612 76t9 162t t2 2 3 4 5 5 61
It il39 ll73 12(b 123,!t t27t t30.3 1335 1367 l:t!B r4A) 36r0t31619232629 8 7611 7612 76+9 1657 7W 76?2 7679 7686 7@4 7mt ll2 3 + 15 6 7
l,l l{61 1492 1523 1553 l5&,r 1614 1644 1673 1703 1732 36 9t2rs18212427 69 7709 77t6 7723 7731 773A 7715 7152 77fi 7767 7771 ll2 3 + 4 5 6 7
t5 176r 1790 r8t8 1847 1875 r9o3 r93r 1959 t987 2014 368|t11t7m2225 il 7782 7789 7796 7803 7810 78t8 7825 7a32 7A39 lW ll2 3 4 4 5 6 6
16 2041 2(b8 W95 2t22 2,4A 2175 2mt 2227 2255 2279 35 8il1316182124 61 7853 7850 7868 7875 7882 7889 78!)6 7903 79tO 79t7 lr 2 3 4 4 5 6 6
l7 23rJ4 2330 2355 2380 2fi5 24fi 2455 2480 2fi4 2529 25 71012lst72022 62 7924 i93t 7938 7g+5 79s2 79s9 7w ?979 zsd zgsz ll2 3 3 4 5 6 6
It 2553 2577 mol 2625 2il8 72 2695 2718 2742 2765 25 7 I 121416192r 6t 7993 8(m 8007 80t4 8021 8028 8035 8041 8(x8 U)55 tl2 3 3 4 5 5 6
t9 2788 2810 2833 2856 2878 2900 2923 2945 2967 2989 24 7 9 ll13161820 64 8062 8069 8075 8082 8089 8096 8102 8lO9 8l16 8t22 ll2 3 3 { s 5 6
20 :1010 3032 3054 3075 3096 3ll8 3139 3t60 3l8t 3201 24 6 8ilt31517t9 65 Br29 8136 8142 8t49 8t56 8162 8t69 8176 8182 8l&) tt 2 3 3 4 s 5 6

2t 32v2 3213 t263 3m4 3Wr 332+ 3345 3365 3385 34{X 24 6 8t0121416l8 66 8195 8202 82(B 8215 8P22 A22A 8235 824t 82{8 8254 rt 2 3 3 4.5 5 6
/, 142+ t144 1fi2 3522 :tt{t 3560 3s79
3{6,1 3,183 35m 24 6 8r012141517 6? 8261 8267 827{ 8280 8287 8293 8299 8306 rlil2 8til9 ll2 3 3 { s 5 6
tt 3517 3636 3655 367{ fiv) 37tt 3129 1717 37ffi 3704 24 6 1 9 il 13 15 t7 6E 8325 8331 8338 834.4 8351 8357 8363 8370 8376 85a2 rt 2 3 3 4 + 5 6
ll 3802 3820 3838 3856 *74 3892 3*9 3927 394s 3962 24579It1214t6 60 8388 839s 8{Ol 8,tO7 8+14 8r'.20 84i26 8432 8439 S445 tt 2 2 3 4 4 5 6
25 3979 3997 {0t4 403t 4048 4065 {O82 4099 4il6 4133 23 5 ? 9 t0 12 14 15 70 84sl 8457 8463 8470 8476 8482 8488 8+9+ 85m 8506 lt 2 2 3 4 4 5 6

t6 4150 4166 4t83 42@ 4216 4232 4249 4 5 42At 4m 23 5 7 8 r0 il 13 15 7l 8sr3 8519 8525 8531 8s37 8543 8il9 8555 8St 8567 lt 2 2 3 4 4 5 5
27 43t4 $n $$ 4fi2 43'18 4393 4409 4425 444 41fi 23 5 6 8 9U 13 14 ?2 8s73 8s79 8585 8591 8597 8603 S09 8615 8621 8627 tt 2 2 3 4 4 5 5
2t 1472 4fi7 4502 45t8 4533 {s48 4fi4 +579 4594 ,1609 23 5 6 8 9lr1214 7t 8633 8639 86{s 865t 8657 8663 8669 867s 868t 8686 tt 2 2 51+ 5 5
29 {6j21 {539 {654 {669 {6&t {698 1713 472A 47{2 47s7 l3 { 6 7 9101213 ?a m92 8698 8704 87lO A7rc An2 A727 a7E3 8739 87{5 lt 2 2 3 4 4 5 5
9 4711 1786 {flD {8t4 {829 {Or3 {857 4A7l 4886 49q) t3 + 6 7 9lOlt13 75 8751 8756 8762 8768 A774 A779 8785 879t 8797 88rI2 tt 2 2 3 3 + 5 5

tt {.9t+ 4!}28 ,}9r2 4955 +969 {.983 4907 $l I *2+ fig l34678lOllt2 76 8808 8814 8820 8825 883t 8837 8842 88{8 8&54 881i9 tt 2 2 3 3 4 5 5
12 505t 565 5079 5092 5l0s 5il9 sr32 5145 5159 5172 I 3 4 5 7 8 9 ll t2 77 886s 8871 8876 8882 8887 88!t3 8899 8904 mlo mts ll2 2 3 3 4 4 5
tt 5ld5 5r9B s2n s224 s237 s2so s26g 5276 5289 s3o2 13 4 5 6 8 9r0t2 7t 8921 8927 $32 8938 8913 8919 8954 8960 8965 897t ll2 2 3 3 4 4 5
tt 5315 s328 53{O 5353 5366 5378 539t 5{O3 5416 5428 13 4 5 6 8 9t0u 79 8976 8982 8987 $93 8998 9004 90()9 9015 9020 9025 ll2 2 3 3 4,+ 5
t6 s$t 5453 5465 547A 5490 sso2 55t4 5527 5s39 555r l2 4 5 6 7Il0il t0 9031 9036 9fi2 9047 90s3 9058 9063 9069 W4 79 ll2 2 3 3 415
t6 5563 5575 5587 5599 56il 5623 5635 5647 5658 5670 l2 4 5 6 7 8lOu tl 9085 sDO 9096 9l0t 9t06 9lt2 9tt7 9122 9t2A 9133 tt 2 2 3 3 + 15
t7 5682 5694 5705 57t7 5729 5140 5752 5763 5775 57A6 l2 3 5 6 7 8 9t0 02 9138 9143 91,19 9154 9ls9 9165 9170 9175 9t80 9186 ll2 2 3 3 4 4 5
t0 5798 5&E 582t 5&r2 5813 sSss 5866 5877 5888 58!19 12 3 5 6 7 8 910 tt 9r9r 9t96 920t 9206 y2t2 y)tl EIt2 9y27 Cx,z yr3i8 lt 2 2 3 3 + 4 5
t9 59lt 5922 5933 59{,r 5955 5966 5977 5988 59!B 6010 t2 3 4 5 7 8 9r0 t4 9243 92{$ 9253 !1258 9263 9269 yt14 y219 yM yrut ll2 2 3 5115
,lo 6021 6ftlr 6042 q)53 ffil @75 @5 6Ur 6107 6u7 t2 3 4 5 6I9r0 e6 sa4 E299 9304 93(x) 93t5 %m qt25 9330 9335 93tO tt 2 2 3 3 4 4 5
al 6t28 6r38 6149 6lm 6r70 6180 6r9l 6201 6212 6222 l2 g
15 6 7 8 9 t6 9345 93s0 9355 9360 9365 9370 9375 9380 9385 9390 lt 2 2 3 3 4 4 5
12 6232 6243 6253 6263 62't4 6281 6294 63(x 6314 632s l2l + s 6 7 8 9 t? 9395 g,l{n 9€5 9410 94t5 9420 9425 9430 9435 9{,() 0l t 2 2 3 3 4 4
at 6335 6345 6355 6565 637s 6385 6395 6il05 64ls 6425 t2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 tt 9{45 9450 9455 9460 9465 9{69 9.71 9479 9434 9{89 0l t 2 2 3141
tu o4l5 6444 ilrt ffi+ 647+ 6484 6493 6503 6513 6s22 t2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 t9 9494 9499 9504 95(B 9sl3 9sl8 9523 9528 9533 9538 0t t 2 2 3 31+
r15 6532 65-{2 6551 6561 6571 6s80 6590 6599 6609 6618 t2 3 4 s 6 7 I 9 90 9542 9s47 9552 9557 9562 9s66 957t 9576 958t 95m 0l t 2 2 3 t 11
a6 6628 6637 0646 6656 6665 667s 6684 6693 6'tU2 6712 l2 t + 5 6 7 7 I 9l 9s90 9595 96@ 9605 96(B 96t+ 9619 9624 9628 9633 0t t223344
17 671il 6730 67:t9 6749 67il 6767 6776 6785 6794 @3 t2 3 4 5 5 6 7 8 9ll9638 9A+3 90+7 9655 9657 966t 9666 967t 9675 9680 0l t223311
at 6812 68':il 6&n 6839 68,18 6857 6866 6875 6884 6&3 l2 3 + 4 5 6 7 8 9t 9685 96& 9694 9699 9703 97m 9713 9717 9TI2 Er27 0l t2233r+
.10 6$2 6911 6920 6928 6937 69{6 69s5 696,1 6972 698l l2 3 4 4 5 6 7 8 oa 9731 9736 974t 9745 97sO 9754 9759 9763 97ffi 9773 0t 1223311
lo 6990 6998 7m7 70t6 7021 7033 70+2 7050 7059 7067 12 3 3 { 5 6 7 8 9E 9771 9782 97m 9791 979s 9800 9805 9800 98t4 9Bt8 0l 12233+1
tt 7076 7084 7(B3 7l0l 7n0 7l18 7126 7135 7143 7152 l2 g 5 4 s 6 7 8 96 9823 9827 9832 9836 9841 984s 9850 9&i,+ 9859 9863 0t 1223344
51 7t60 7168 7177 7185 7193 7202 72tO 7218 7226 7235 l2 2 S 4 5 6 7 ? 97 9868 9872 9877 9881 9886 9890 9094 9$9 9$3 9$S 0l 12233++
6t 7243 725t 7259 7m,7 7275 7284 72.92 7W 7308 7316 t2 2 3,r 5 6 6 7 9t 9912 9917 9921 9926 SS30 9934 9939 99+9 99{8 99s2 0l 1223314
I\?
il 7321 7532 7540 734a 7355 7 1 7372 7M 738a 73!t6 l2 2 315 6 6 7 99 9956 E)6t 9965 9!t69 E)74 E)78 9083 9987 9991 CD6 ol t221331
{(o
r -+ l0r
Di&rm Iliftrm
x a I ? t 1 5 a 7 t t rt l a 5 c ? t t r c I t I a t 6 7 3 I tt t { 5 5 ? i t
ta l(m luz tut5 tqrT l(Ix) !ol2 loll 1016 lol9 l02l 001 I A22 t 3t62 3170 3177 5184 3192 3199 32(f, 32t4 S22t Szla ll2 s { r 56 7
tul,:l t(,a6 rclo lql() lclll t(Bli lGlS l0$ 1fi2 1(x5 00 I I t t 2 2 2 3215 32{S 9251 t258 32f6 9273 3201 328!1 3:X|6 3:t0+ 12 2 3 4 5 5 6 7
'.r
,2 t(x7 rcio rct2 lui,+ 1057 l0l9 1(52 l(El 1(tr7 I(E) o0 I I I t 2 2 2 '5r 3:il t :ntg . 3327 3t9+ 3342 3350 33.1i7 lt!l55 tB73 3381 l2 2 t + 5 s 6 7
IO72 r(,7r l(},6 107!, l(fl l(Dr l(E l(Et lcll lcx o0 I I l | 2 2 2 '5t
5! 5388 :rxr :X(X 3{12 9120 }r28 $36 ltat3 :}45t r5s t2 2 t {
F 5 6 6 7
,r tG5 IGD ulll ll0+ llo, llG) ll12 lll{ lllT Il19 or ! I t 2 2 2 2
ol I I t 2 2 2 2
,r 9'6,7 9175 3{03 9t9t 34gt :t5& :Iit6 35it+ 1582 :IilO l2 2 3 { 5 6 6 7
F uza uzt ll27 ll:n ll32 ll:lli ll:ts ll.() ll+3 tl,16 5t :Irr8 :Ii56 5t65 91t73 3:i8r 3s89 3597 lF(E :5t{ s6El t2 2 3 4 5 6 7 7

,.
,t
It$ rrSr ll53 ils ll50 l16l l16+ lt67 lle) ll72
n75 lt78 llm lt&, I16 ll&, ll9l ll9l Il97 llglt
ottlt2222
ol I I t 2 2 2 2
ta 36CI 36:|9 36t8 36t6 366t 3613 3681 3d$ :lflf, !7t7
57 37t5 3r2+ 3793 9741 3?50 3758 3767 3776 37&t 3793
12
12
3 3 +
3 3 {
5
5
6
6
7I
7 8
Q ttrl 1205 l2(B l2lt l2ls 1216 l2l9 lzE| lz25 tz27 0r r I r 2 2 2 3 I 3[X}2 38U 38t9 1i020 3851 38a6 S8.ti5 3St 3873 3@ 12I { a 5 6 7I
ta lum 1233 r25 121i9 t2+2 l2+5 l2+7 l2gl 1253 12$ 0l I I t 2 2 2 S 5 s€ln 3&B 3!ID 3!ll7 392t6 39:5 39t5 3954 3!163 3972 12 3 4 5 5 5 7 8
,la 1250 r!6a t265 1268 l27t t27+ t216 1279 12@ l2A5 ol I I t 2 2 2l tr cf,r 39!x) 4xB {m {ol8 l()it7 .nt6 {x6 ao55 tGr 12 3 4 5 6 6 7 8
,ll t200 r29r t2!x'. t2!r7 llm l:m l3(E ls{E l3l2 l3l5 0t I t22223 '.r ao74 {rf,s tolB fl(z 4il1 4l2l {tlo il4o +ty) ll5!t 12 s r 5 6 7 8 9
,r! l9t8 t!2r r:t}l l:li!? tlm ltg+ l:n7 lSlo l:r3 l:t{6 0l t 12222t ,5t +t60 +170 {108 il$
+m7 1217 1247 1235 12{6 1216 12 3 r 5 6 7I9
,rt tlrft t$2 r:t:tli l:llt8 l:5t l:5t l:s8 l37l ll71 tll7 OI I t222tt 5! 4m 1276 4285 {295 4lIE 43t5 r:}ts t3g5 4:r5 t:$5 l2 t r 5 6 7 8 9
,L Itxt tSat 1387 l:m l!0! l:m l{m l{B l{5 l{I, ol I t 22233 ur ll55 4375 4l!85 {1195 {a{E {,t16,tt26 {,1:5 +# +157 12 I4 s- 6 7 8 I
,tt ttl! t4t6 talg l1D l{26 1429 l+:lil lt35 l4!s ll42 ol t t 2225! }3r tffi? ,tr77 47 1+$ ts(f, +5t9 {529 45!) {5y) {Sio t2 3 + 5 6 7 8 9
Ja t+r5 l+9, rr52 l{51, t{59 l{62 1166 la@ l+7i2
l{83 rafr lt6, l{91} 14$ t5q, t5u} 1507 l5l0
t+76 0l I t22239
0l I122233
s r57l rsSl r5g2 {6m {513 {624 a6}r a6+5 {555
,f677 t688 a699 +7t0 1721 1732 +7+2 +759 17il
a667 t2
12
3
S
4 5
4 5
6 7 910
7I9t0
,tt t479 ,3? 1775
,lt t5lt tsl? l52l 1524 1528 l5tt r$5 l5:B 1542 ISts 0l I122233 ,at +7fi 1797 {flE {819 +831 a8r2 !A$ {61 $75 t887 l2 3 16 7 8 9t0
,lt l5t9 r5s2 l5s t5d) lss 1557 1570 l57l 1578 tsSl 0l I t 22333 5 raf, +xtg {920 {932 a9r3 {9s5 1$6 1977 ,IX) 5(m 12 3 5 6 7I9t0
,. t5&5 t5al l5!2 r5S l6U) 16lB 1607 16ll 16l+ 1618 0l 1122333 ,ra 5{tl2 5023 $:t5 yr? 5058 5070 5(El s(B:t 5tci 5lr7 I 2 { 5 6 7 I 9 ll
,l 162l ld6 16r) 16:13 16117 l5tl 16l. l6aa l6t2 ra5 ot t222tt3 :n 5lZ) 51,10 5152 5161 5116 5188 52(tr 5212 SUlt 525 r2 + s 6 7 I t0 lt
z lc60 t653 re67 16il 1675 167!1 1683 1687 l6n lex
D rd3 f7TP rr5 l7l0 lTlt l7l8 ttEz l7iE, lTln l7:l,t
ot 1222333
ot t 22233r
,12
;n
52,t0 5260 5272 7M 5!)7 rg|l 53:ll s$It .59a6 s3:t8
53m sEA' 5!195 5{f, 5453 5,ttt 5458 tr?o 5{06
l2
t 3
{
I
5
s
6
6
r
8
9toil
9 t0 rr
,.
,5
t73n t7+2 17{6 t7f' l75r 1758 1762 176i6 t7m t17a
1778 1782 r7S l79l Ugs l?99 lfl)s lg)7 ISll 1816
ol t22233+
OI 1222334
,71
,75
'tm Xisg 5572 5585 55$ 5610
5495 55(f 5521 553+ 55{6 l3
l3
4
+
5
5
6
7
8
8
91012
9t0t2
fi l&x) r82r l&I8 l&l:l l8!|7 t&tl I&r5 l8{9 l8tr 1858 0l 1223334 ,,6 s754 5768 5701 579{ sm 5ml s0ta 58{8 586t s875 I t + 5 7 8 9 ll 12
u, tE2 rfi6 r87t t875 lEIl 188,1 1888 1892 18!17 tlnl 0l t22333{ ,n 5808 5ql2 5916 5!,I9 50{3 5057 5970 5!n4 5e!B 6012 l5 { 5 7 8l0ll12
4 tlln lgto r9r+ l9l9 lgB tsa lcl2 t9!6 l9ll l9r5 0t t2233+t ,?t flI26 m:r!) 601i3 6(57 6(n1 6(B5 6t(B 6t2{ 6l:t8 6152 r3 4 6 7 8t0ltt3
F tEo 195{ lg:a I$E l$8 1972 1977 l9E2 lS llDl 0t r 2235r4 ,r! 6t66 6tU' 6t9t 62U' 6iPit 6R7 6252 6Q66 628t 62}5 l3 r 6 7 9tOll13
,. ts5 tm rrx 2lD l,l{ lriS xlB zaB lrrl 2lB7 0t t22t3++ D 86310 5&lr 5s39 6953 6368 68$ 6lt9? 6lt2 il27 ilz l9 t 5 7 9lO12lt
,r tx2 tx6 tnl 2(xt6 fil l[5 lr7l, 21 5 tlEl 2lDl o1 t 2 2 3 3 r 4 ,r
,r
6fi7 6t7r 6ts 65t 1 8il6 6531 65{6 6561 6s77 6flI! 23 5 6 8 9u12l{
,r txg tE+ 2lrr, 2t0+ 2t(B 2l13 2ll8 2t2:l 2128 2l:B
!l 2Il8 2t+3 2HO 2l5lt 2158 216:1 2168 2l7l 2178 2l8ll
ol t 2 2 3 3 { +
0l I 2 2 3 3 4 + ,t
6m7 6622 668? 6553 6068 6689 689
676t 6776 6792 6CB 6823 68:t9 6855
671{ 67:n
6871 6887
67+5
Gt02
23
23
5
5
6
6
8 9u12la
I 9tr13r
t1 2188 2rCt 2r!3 Zm3 Z16 ,2tt DIA Um Zm Zzv lr 2 2 3 3 r r 5
rt 2 2 3 3 r 4 5
tr 6!118 69:t{ @50 6s6 6&t 6Sa}8 70t5 703t 7(X?
70S 7ll2 7t?3 7145 7161 7t7g 7t94 ?2lt l:na
23 5 6 SlOuls15
,t w 24 2219 2* ZtSt ?2.65 Z|m ,275 ZN vm ,5 7079 '(b3 2t 5 7 8lOt2ltt5
,.
,t
zEt
w
EN zDl
ztil zrin
,,t2 zjl? 23fA XXn 233:! zrn
2lm7
rrc ,3nt tn7 xfil zm zxB
21160
tl2 2 3 5 + r 5
It 2 213 + { 5
g 7211 7?61 7274
g1 7413
?85 73ll 7328 73*5 7*2
711t 7$+ ?4[fl ?t!i/, 7516 7531 7551
'379
73S
7s68
2t
21
t
5
7
7
8to12t!15
9rO12la16
ta zg za{x 2+to 2tl5 2+2t 2i,ii21 2r:I2 2lt8 2]rt 2Al) tt 2 2 3 3 r + 5 'rto 7621 76tlB 7616 757+ mgl 7flIt TW
ll 75S 76G 7?15 21 5 7 9trt2lr16
, 2+ll 2rd' t{66 l+rl 2t77 yB 2tB 241l|i An A6 rl2 2 3 3 4 5 5 ! 77dt 77lt) 77$ 78t6 7B34 7As2 78rc 7E09 ,gt7
,.
79t5 21 5 7 9ut3l4t6
,{ xil2 2510 25'l:l 2529 2515 Zi,+l 2tt7 255ll 259 25et tt 2 2 3 4 + 5 5 79{t 7S2 7g) 7!r$ u)l' fl}3s UI* Ar2 ml Slto 21 6 7 9 tl t3 t5 t,
.ar Em %76 zi&l 1508 259t 26m 26(b 2612 2618 m24 ll2 2 5 4 +5 5 tr 8t28 8l{7 8166 8185 8a(N &l22 82ll &t60 8279 UlI) 24 6 0 9trllt5t7
JA 26gt 2686 2&2 zil) 1655 2661 2e67 2679 2619
2@8 2704 2?lO 27t6 2723 27,c 2795 27+2 27,o
2685 lt 2 2 3 4 { 5 6
lr 2 3 3 + + 5 6
,,
,0
8:!18 83:t7 &3S 8375 8S)5
8:ill 8li9l Sslil 8570 05!m
8414 &rg3 &t59 l,tr72
86t0 8690 8650 8670
W2
mX)
24
2+
6
6
8t0t2lr1517
8r0t2rtt6l0
,at 2@2
ia 2754 276t 2?6t 271t 27lm n6 27!B 2799 2AE 2812 lt 2I3 { r 5 6 It 8710 87$ 8750 8770 8790 88t0 88iil 085t 8872 08!rl 24 6 8l0t21416l8
$ 28t8 2&5 28Sr 2CS0 M1 2a5t n 8 W ,87t W7 tt 2 3 3 a 5 s 6 ,95 a)r3 B)ll3 895t 8974 &tos!nl6 CB6 $57 $78 $99 2+ 6 8lO12t51719
.$ w Nt N7 XD 29D 2917 El2+ 2g.ll !m ZX,r rr 2l3 4 5 s 6
rr 2 ! 3 4 5 5 6
,. gra) 9r{r 9162 9l&l 82!}} cz6 yb7 ci2@ g:xD glttl
9' lll3lt gtil 9ltr6 999, 9ti9 g+il 9$[ g{er 9t(5 9528
2a 6 8ilr315r7t9
i,
p rnt 2950 &5 29lr:l 2971 !f,5 ,!t9. E t9 :rm $r3
tt2t+{566 ! !t5g) !ri72 gtiot $16 $88 s5t $8S 971t5 19z27 ytfl
217I ill3 15t7x)
rII, :rn7 xll4 :rlil rx8 lnss :rEl xn cl76 ru gnt 21 7 I ilt316tc20
,4, rm rII rrE tli2 lll9 3t26 3t33 il+t 9l{A 3r5:i rl2 3 4 | 5 6 6 -i 97n st7 $40 s3 $86 9$ 99Bt 9* 9ft77 25 7 9llrtt6l820
Sines of angles O+ sin O
ADD ADD
e o' 6', 12', lE' 2lr' ll6', 12' at' t' Difrmne 0 o' c' tt' lt, 2a, :to. !)6, a2, aa, g, IXEr
0d 0,1" o,r 0,3" 0,4" 0,5" 0,6' o,7" o,tr 0,9" r' 2', t' .l' 5' 0,G 0,1" o,t 0,3" 0,{. 0,5. q6. o,f o,tr 0,f r' ?' ,, a, 5'

a o,mm mt7 @35 m52 0070 (m7 0105 0122 0l{o 0157 3691215 0,76t 7(53 7(m 7rm 712{ 7133 7t+5 7157 7169 7l8l 2+681O
I 0,0175 0t92 0209 0227 0244 Ufi2 W19 A]37 0314
Ul32 3691215 L 0,7193 7206 7218 lxn 72+2 7254 72f5, 727a 72!r 7IIII 2+68tO
2 0,0349 0:t65 Ui84 (xOI 0419 0t36 0454 04?t 0'188
0506 3691215 /U 0,731+ 1yt5 7357 7349 7fi1 7t7t 7381i 7396 l/nB 7+X 21681o
t 0,0523 oltl 0558 0576 0593 0610 0628 06+s (m3
0680 369t215 at 0,7431 7*3 7{55 lffi 7*7A 7{!tO 7501 7sl3 752+ 7536 2+681O
1 0,0698 0715 0732 0750 0767 078s 0802 (D19 m37 (Btt 3 6 9 1215 a0 0,75{7 7559 7s70 758t 7593 7W 76t5 7627 76t}8 7et9 2+689
5 0,0,872 (m9 09m 0s24 09{l (x)58 (B76 GB3 l0ll 1(}28 36912rr 5C 0,70m 7672 76a3 7GX 7705 7716 7727 773tr 77+g Tm 2t679
6 0,r(x5 1063 lmo 1097 r I 15 r 132 I 149 I 167 I 184 l20l 3691214 5l o,777t 7742 7T 7AX 7815 78e6 1a,7 78,$ 7a59 7m' 2+579
7 0,1219 1236 1253 t27l 1288 1305 1325 13,rc 1357 1374 35912tt 5l 0,78il) 7B)l 7$2 7912 7g)3 7934 79{4 7955 7976 245?9
t 0,1392 l{09 1426 t444 r{61 1478 l49s l5l3 1530 15,t7 3691214 5t 0,7$6 795? W7 &18 8028 80:19 &x9 msg m70 '965 flm 235't9
9 0,rs6,r 1582 1599 1616 1633 1650 1068 l68s 1702 l7l9 3691214 !tr o,ffIlo 8]m 8ut 8t2t 8l3t sllt 8l5t 8t6l 8t7t 8l8t 2X518
t0P 0,17:16 t754 l77l 1788 1805 1822 18,10 1857 1874 l8!ll 369ill+ t5 q8192 8202 82ll A?21 8?31 &l4r 8:l5t &l5t E27t @81 23578
ll 0,1908 1925 1942 1959 t977 1994 ml I 2028 204s 2(b2 369ilt4 56 0,82![ 8:m &ilo &lm 8329 &Xtg 8:]48 8058 858 &r77 23568
l? o,zdtg 2096 zils 21fi 2t4i 2164 2l8r 2t 22ts 2233 369ilt+ 57 0,8387 &t96 8,t{b 84ls &425 843{ 8443 *53 ffi2 8*7t 23568
It 0,22$ 2m1 2284 2W 231? 2334 2351 2368 2:18,5 24U2 5 6 I ll l+ 5E 0,8{$ 8+tx) 8,+!x) 8lt(B 8517 8526 85t6 8515 855{ AtGl 23568
l{ 0,2419 2436 2453 12470 24a7 2fi4 2521 2538 2554 2s7l 3 6 8 lt r,+ 50 0,8572 8581 &m 85!B 8007 86t6 86C5 634 mrs 652 13.+61
r5 0,2588 m5 2622 ]m39 2656 2672 m$ 27m 2723 27fi 368ltt4 t 0,8a60 8069 8678 ffi96 869s 87(X 8712 8721 8?29 8738 t3+67
I

l6 0,2756 2713 27 2W7 2A23 2A40 2857 207{ 2a)0 2907 368il14 6l 0,87{6 8755 8763 877t 8780 8788 87!t6 8fl)5 88t3 8&lt t3.1 67
l7 o,N24 29{0 ' 2974 29BO 3co7 3024 3040 3iJ57 W4
2957 368ill,+ 62 0,8829 8&t8 m46 88:i,+ 8862 8870 m78 8886 mx AIE 13,1 57
It 0,3090 3t07 3123 ,31{O 3156 3173 3190 3m6 3223 3239 368iltl 6t 0,$10 8918 8926 &Xr &42 &49 &57 &5s S973 &m l3+56
t9 0,3256 3272 s289 330s 3322 3338 3355 3371 3387 3'l0f 3 5 8 ll l,+ t 0,8!88 $s 9003 $lt 9ot8 9026 $33 qrl ${s qE6 13456
2C 0,3420 9437 3453 3469 :t4S6 3502 3518 3s35 3551 3567 3sIil14 a5 0,9b3 9070 9078 cB5 90y2 gtm 9lo7 gil{ 9t2l 9128 t2+56
?r 0,3584 36m 3616 3633 3649 366s 3@l 3697 3714 3730 3 s 8 lt t4 6 0,9135 9143 9t5O 9t57 9tE+ 9l7l 9178 9t8+ 9t9l 9t$ I2356
2? 0,3746 3762 3778 3795 381 I 3a27 3843 :i859 3875 38!)l 3 5 8 ll l+ 67 o,sm5 9212 92t9 Ez25 CB2 8239 y2+5 92s2 9:159 9:!65 t23.1 6
2t 0,3907 3923 3939 9955 3971 3987 4003 {019 {O35 {O5l 3 5 I It l1 60 0,9212 9278 9285 92!ll 9298 C(X 93il 93t7 9:t?3 CBO 123+5
21 o,(tr7 {G3 4099 4r 15 4l3r 4147 4163 4179 4195 42lO 3 5 8 il t3 6a 0,93s6 9342 9:Ia 93.il 9361 yfi7 9373 Ct79 9JA5 Crgl 123+5
25 0,4226 4242 42fi 4274 42W 4305 4321 4537 4352 4:168 35Iilt3 7A 0,9:t97 9{03 9{B 9{15 9421 9{26 9+32 9138 9{4{ 9,+!) t23+5
16 0,4384 4399 {415 {43r *44 4462 4478 4193 4509 4524 3581013 7t 0,9{55 9{6t W 9472 9478 9,t8:t 9{&) 9{X 95m :r'05 123+5
27 0,4540 4555 4571 4585 {602 4611 4633 46,+8 {O&{ {679 358r0t3 t2 0,951 I 9516 9s2l 9527 9s32 9537 95/t2 95{8 95lt5 CiEo 1233{
2t 0,,1695 4710 4726 4741 47fi 4712 47A7 480,2 {818 {833 35810t3 7t q9563 9s68 9575 9s78 gs&l 9:i88 95&t gs$ Sfit !f,tB t2231
?9 0,4840 4863 {879 4A93 49Gr 4924 4939 4955 ,}970 498s 35810t3 71 0,9613 9617 9622 9627 9632 96:t6 96{1 9646 9650 !n55 t2231
:ioP 0,50m 5015 so30 s(x5 5060 5{)7s vxro 5105 5120 5135 5 5 8 r013 7A 0,9659 966,+ 9668 9673 9677 9681 $86 96$ SlX St!) 1123"+
tl 0,5150 5165 5l8o 5195 5210 5225 524,0 5255 5270 5241 2571012 76 0,9706 9707 97il 9715 9720 972+ 9728 9732 97:t5 !r,l{) rl2x3
t2 0,s299 5314 5329 53{4 5358 s373 s388 5,102 s,132 2571012 77 0,9711 97{A 9751 9755 9759 9't63 976't 9770 9771 97,8 11233
!t 0,5446 546l s476 5490 5$5 5519 'ill
s534 5548 5563 5577 257t012 7A 0,9781 gru 9789 9792 9796 9799 9m3 Str !f,lo sls 11223
4 0,5592 5606 s62l 5635 5650 I 5564 s578 5693 5707 2571012 7tt 0,!1816 9B20 9@3 90a6 9829 9et3 St6 *r9 942 945 11223
!t5 0,s736 57fi 57il 5779 5793 5m7 5821 5835 s850
5721
5864 257912 r 0,9048 9B5t Str 9857 9S0 9ffi1 S6 S' $71 !37+ ort22
n6 0,5878 5892 s906 s920 5934 5948 sS2 5976 5gn 6flX 2 51 912 tl 0,s77 so 9882 Ss 9q88 g8x) S)3 S)5 !Xr8 qm olt22
g7 0,6018 6032 6H6 6060 6074 60B8 6101 6l ls 6129 6r+3 2 5 7 9t2 tt o,g[3 9!n5 91m7 g)to 99t2 g)l+ g)t7 9919 9921 9!rA 01122
It6 0,6157 6170 6184 6198 62r r 6?25 6239 6252 6266 62&) 2 5 7 I lt tl o,gy25 9y28 gqn 9qt2 9934 gIt6 9*t8 grXO 9!r2 gx! oltt2
t9 0,6293 6307 6320 6354 6347 6361 6374 ff88 Aml 6414 2 1 7 9 lt t. 0,9!15 9!X7 91N9 9951 9952 9954 9955 9957 9959 9m oltl2
ur 0,6428 6,14t 6,155 6,168 6{al 6494 6508 6521 6534 6547 2+7gil 65 0,9962 9S3 9!5s 956 9068 9969 997t 9972 9973 9?+ ootlt
tl 0,6561 6574 6587 66m 6613 6626 6639 6652 6665 6678 2 4 7 9 ll E6 0,9976 9971 9978 9979 9980 9{f,1 9g&2 9rf3 gS,t g!f,s ooltt
a2 0,6691 6704 6717 6730 6743 6756 6769 6782 679{ 6807 216gil 67 0,9s6 9S7 9988 9$9 9S9o 9!BO 9091 glBq $93 9093 ooolt
,13 0,6820 6833 6845 6858 6871 6834 6896 6909 6921 6934 2 4 6 I lt tE 0,9so4 9995 9996 9996 9096 ED7 9997 9997 lps st$ ooooo
t\? 4 0,6947 6959 6972 6984 6997 7m9 7022 7034 704.6 7059 216810 t9 0,9098 9999 ED9 9918 EXX| r,(m t,(m- t,(m t,(m t,(m ooooo
@
g
t\9
C,osines of angles 0+ cos 0
SUBTRACT SUBTRACT
o 0,r
a' 6' lt' lt' 21' Ito' lt6' 12' 48' il' Difrre 0 o' 6' rl' lE, 2il' lo, :t6, at, t, DtrcrcncB
0,r" o,r 0,r 0,4" 0,s" 0,6" o,T qr 0,v r' 2' ,' 1' 5' o,G 0,r" o,t 0,3" 0,4. 0,5" 0,6" O,r o,tr qy r' 2' ,' 4', 6'
e l,(m 1,(m l,m l,(m I,(m r,mo ,9999 9999 9999 9999 0000 o o,707t 7059 7(X6 7034 7U22 7m9 6997 6984 6972 6959 2 + 6 8r0
I op9!r8 99S Ur$ 999? 9997 9997 9996 9996 9995 9995 00000 45 0,6947 6934 692t 6909 6el6 6884 6871 6858 6845 6833 2 4 6 8 ll
2 9992 gtBt 9990 9990 9989
0,9(ll)4 9!)93 9!D3 9988 9987 0001r lt 0,6820 6807 6794 6782 6769 67fi 6743 6730 6717 6704 246gil
t 0,9!f,6 9m5 gl*t 9$3 9S2 9$l 9$ 9979 9978 9977 00lll ,lt 0,6691 6670 6065 6652 6639 6626 6613 66m 6587 6574 2 4 7 gil
1 09976 9971 9973 9572 9971 9969 9968 9966 9965 9963 00lrr 49 0,6561 6r*7 6534 652t 6508 64!t4 6{81 6468 64s5 644t 2 4 7 I lt
5 o,9$2 gso 9959 !)9s7 9956 9954 9952 9951 99+9 9047 0llt2 w 0,6428 6414 Amt 6388 6374 6361 6341 6314 63m 6:n7 2 4 7 9 ll
a o90r5 9/,43 9i,12 glXO 9988 9916 $34 9932 9930 9!D8 ottt2 rl 0,6293 6280 6206 6252 6239 622s 621 I 6198 6184 6170 2 5 7 9 ll
7 0,9925 9/yl3 Cy2t 9919 g)17 9914 9912 9910 9907 9905 01r22 62 0,6157 6143 6129 6r t5 6t0l 6(ts8 m74 6060 6046 6032 2 5 7 9r2
0 o,g!m 99m $98 9@5 SlE S0 S8 9885 9882 90fl) 0rr22 tt 0,6018 6{D4 5990 s976 5962 s9{8 5934 5920 59(b s892 2 5 7 912
9 o$77 S74 $71 59 S6 $63 S0 S57 St{ S5r 01122 il 0,s878 s86,r s850 s835 5821 sg)7 5793 5779 5764 s750 2 5 7 9t2
lc 0,sa8 s4s 9{2 $:t!t 9B:t6 s33 982!r 526 9823 $20 fr223 65 0,57:m 5721 5707 5693 5678 s@r 5650 5635 5621 5606 257r012
ll 0,$16 $13 $r0 sb qB 9799 9796 9m 97a) 9785 11223 56 0,5592 5577 5563 5548 5s34 5519 5505 s490 5476 5461 2 5 7 t0t2
u q978r 977A 977+ 9770 9767 9763 9759 9755 9751 97,18 11233 67 o,sm 5$2 54t7 5{02 5388 5373 5358 5344 5329 5314 2 5 7 t0t2
It 0911+ 97{) 97fi 9732 9712a 972+ 9720 9715 97ll 9707 11233 tt 0,52!19 5284 5270 5255 52{O 5225 52lO sl95 5l0O 5165 2 5 7 t0t2
L 0,970s 9699 9@{ 96!n 9686 $81 967' 9673 9668 9664 tl23+ 59 0,5t50 5135 sl20 slo5 5{Bo 5075 5060 5(x5 5030 5015 35810t3
t5 0,965!' 9655 9650 9A$ 9641 96:16 9632 9627 $22 9617 1223+ 6C 0,5(m 49Bs 4970 4955 4939 4924 4W9 4A94 {A79 {863 3 5 I r013
la 09613 9606 9603 qm 9593 9588 gs&t 9578 9573 9568 t2234 6l o,{o,r8 4833 4818 48A2 4787 4712 47fi 474t 4726 47tO 3 s 8 l013
l7 0,9563 95s8 9s53 95a8 9542 9537 9532 9527 9521 9516 12334 62 0,4695 4679 4664 {648 4633 {617 1602 4586 +57t 45ss 35810t3
It 0,95t I 9505 95m 9494 9aO9 948:t 9+78 9472 9{66 9{6r t2945 6:t 0,4540 4524 4W 4+93 4+7A 4462 4# 4431 {415 4399 35810t3
l9 0,$155 94,t9 9fi+ 9438 9432 9{26 9421 9il5 9{B 9{{)3 r2345 6a 0,4384 +W +352 4337 4X2l 4305 4289 4274 4258 4242 3 5 I ll 13
af 0,93!t7 9391 9385 gt79 7t 9357 9361 9354 gX8 93,+2 12345 65 0,4226 4210 4195 4t 79 4163 4t47 4t3l 4l 15 {{x)9 {083 3 5 8 il 13
2l 08336 9330 9323 9317 93ll 9:t0{ v298 929t 9285 9278 t2945 66 0,{)67 4051 403s {0r9 {n3 3987 3971 395s 3939 3923 3 s 8 lt 14
z2 o,y272 9265 9250 9252 9245 y239 9232 8225 y2t9 y2t2 12346 67 0,3907 3891 3875 38s9 3843 3827 381 I 3795 377A 3762 3 5 8 ll t+
2t o,y)05 9l9B 9t9r 9r&r 9178 9r7r 9164 9ls7 9t50 9143 r2356 60 0,3746 373{J 3?h fi97 3681 3665 3649 3633 3616 36m 3 5 8 lt l4
21 o 9l3s 9128 9l2t 9l t4 9t07 9tm 90!t2 9G5 $78 9070 12456 60 0,3584 3fi7 3s5l 3535 3518 3502 3486 3,t69 3453 *t7 3 5 8 ll t4
u o 9(b3 9056 CX8 $41 9m3 9(}26 9018 90r r 9003 8:x)6 13456 7A o34m 34o+ 3fi7 337t 3355 3338 3322 3305 3289 3272 3 5 8 ll t4

!6 0,4f8 8!80 8973 &55 m57 8949 AX2 $34 8926 $18 13456 7t 0,3256 3239 329,3 3206 3190 3t73 3156 3t40 3123 310? 368ut4
ZI o,a)r0 axr2 m)4 8886 8878 8870 8862 88rt 8846 8838 13457 72 0,3090 w74 fi57 3W 3/y24 W7 2W 2s74 2951 2940 36Iilt4
2t 08829 88iu 8813 8805 8796 8788 87& 8771 8763 8755 13,+67 7t o,w24 2907 28![ 287{ 2857 2W 2923 28nJ7 27U,J 2773 3 6 8 Il 14
29 o,87a6 A73a NE A72l 8?12 A704 8695 8686 m78 8669 13467 ?1 o,2'1fi 2740 2723 2706 2689 2672 ms6 2639 fi22 2ffi5 3 5 8 ll t4
g 0,86m m52 m43 8634 8625 86t6 8607 8599 8590 8581 1346't 7t 0,2588 257t 2554 2538 252t 2504 2.187 2470 2453 2436 3 6 I ll t+

tl 0,&572 8563 8554 8:iit5 8536 &t26 8517 8508 8499 8,r9O 23568 76 0,24t9 2402 238.5 2368 235t 2331 23t7 2W 22A4 2267 3 6 I ll 14
,2 0,84fl) 847t 8462 8453 W3 U?r 8425 8415 8406 8396 21568 77 0,2250 2233 2215 2198 218t 2t6/. 2147 2130 2ll3 2(B6 369ilt4
:t!t q$87 &t77 &m 8358 8:148 83:t9 8329 &t2O 8310 8!Xl0 23568 7e 0,2079 2{62 2o+5 2028 201 I 1994 1977 1959 1942 t925 3 6 I ll 14
I q&po 8281 a27l 8261 &l5l 82+l 829r U22l &2lr 82(n 23578 79 0,1908 l89t 1874 lB57 t8,t0 1822 l&5 1788 t1?t 1754 369ut4
,t 0319,1 8r8r 8r7l 8161 8l5t 8r4l 8t3l
8r2r 81ll 8100 23578 tf 0,t736 t7l9 1702 1685 1668 1650 1633 1616 1599 1582 3 6 9 1214
:t5 0,0090 &f,o 8070 m59 $49 flxtg &I28 8018 gD7 7991 23579 tl 0,t564 tr17 1530 r5l3 1495 r47A t46l t4+4 t426 1409 3691214
,7 0,7s 7976 7965 79ss 79+4 7 1 7!X23 7912 79g2 78!il 2+579 tl 0,1392 1374 1357 r3,t0 1323 t30s t288 t27t 1253 t2ffi 3691214
:lt q788D 7869 7&59 7W 78lJ7 7826 7815 7W 7793 77A2 2+579 tt o,l2t9 lmt I 18,+ I 167 I 1,19 I t32 I I 15 1097 t0B0 t063 3 6 9 1214
:t9 0,7771 77ffi 7719 7738 7727 7716 7705 7694 7683 7672 24679 Et 0,1045 1028 r0ll 0993 0976 0958 09+t (B24 Gm 0689 56912t4
tD \?ffi 7619 763o 7627 7615 7tu+ 7593 7581 7570 75s9 24689 t5 o,N72 08t1 0837 mrg mO2 0785 076? 0750 0732 07ls 369t214
al 0,7517 7536 75U 7513 7fl1 7490 7418 7M 7453 7443 246810 E6 0,0698 ffi80 mff 0645 m28 (bl0 0593 0576 0s58 o54l 3 6 9 1215
12 0,7431 74m 7,iJ8 7396 7385 7373 7:|61 7349 1337 7325 246810 E7 0,0523 05(b o{88 0471 0454 0436 04t9 o{Ot 0384 0366 369t215
4' o,7tt1 7w2 72:n 7274 7M 7254 7242 723iJ 72t8 7206, 2+6810 tE 0,0349 0332 0314 A297 U279 02$2 0241 0227 020'9 ot92 369t2t5
4 o,7l 7t8l 7t69 7r5r 7145 7t33 7t?s 7tO8 7m6 7083 2 + 6 8 t0 89 0,0175 0157 0140 0122 0105 0087 m70 0052 0035 mt7 369t215
Tangents of angles 0+tat g
ADD ADD
0 c' a' lt' lt' 21' r' t5' t2' t$', 4 Difrcrcnc
0 o' 6' t2' lt' 21, n, !6, 12' 4' il' Difrocnq
0,c o,r" or 0,f 0,f 0,5" 0,60 0,r qr 0,v r' 2', l' 1' 5', 0d o,r" o,r 0J" 0,4" o,5. 0,6. 0,7 0,8" 0.r r' 2' t' 4' 6'

e o,flm @17 m35 0052 m70 (m7 0lo5 0t22 0140 0157 3 6 912t5 1,0@0 (m5 m70 0t05 0r4r 0176 @12 0247 0283 0319 612 182430
I opr75 olv2 oa(x) ol27 u214 0262 U279 U297 03t4 @32 3 6 9t215 a6 I,O355 0392. 042A fi64 050t 0538 0575 0612 0649 (E06 612 l82s3t
2 0034) (m7 u$4 (H(,l 0419 0+37 lJ454 0+72 (x89 0507 3 6 912 15 47 tp7+2 0761 0799 m73 0875 O9t3 095t 0990 10:18 1067 613192s32
t 0,0524 0tr2 0559 0577 0504 0612 m29 (F{7 0664 0682 3 6 91215 aa r,l rm r l{s I r84 t2,24 1263 1309 tt43 1383 t423 l{63 7t3202733
1 0,ffi09 0717 07t4 0752 0769 0787 m05 $22 m40 m57 36912t5 49 1,1504 15,+4 1585 1626 1667 1708 1750 t792 1833 t875 7t42t2831
6 0.(875 0a)2 09t0 otl28 GX5 (B63 09Bl 0996 1016 1033 3 6 912 t5 5f l,l9l8 1960 2m2 2045 2088 2l3l 2t7+ 22tA 22$t 2305 11422?9t6
6 0,tGil lffio t(86 ilot lt22 il39 ll57 ll75 ll92 l2l0 3 6 9t2 15 5l t,2u9 2393 2437 24a+ 2527 2512 2tr,t7 2f62 27&3 2753 815 233038
7 o,tzn t2r6 1263 r28l 1299 l3l7 1334 t352 l3r0 1388 3 6 912 15 52 t,219 2W 2802 2938 2985 30.32 W9 3t27 3t75 3222 816 2431 39
t 0,t{05 t+23 t,t0l r+59 t477 1495 l5l2 1530 1548 1566 3691215 5t t,3270 33t9 3367 3416 346s 3514 3s64 3513 3663 37t3 8t625334t
9 0,t585 ttr2 t620 1683 l65s 1673 169l 170,J 1727 1715 3 6 912 15 5a t,3764 3814 386s 1916 3968 4Ol9 {071 +124 4t76 4229 9t7263443
lr 0,1 763 l78l 1799 l8l7 l&t5 1853 l87r r8!l0 l9o8 1926 3 6 91215 55 1,428t 4335 4388 4+2 4+t$ 4s50 {605 {659 4715 4770 918273645
tt 0,r9a,r 1962 ls) rcB mr6 2035 2G53 20il 208!) 2107 3 6 912 15 56 t,4826 4882 4938 49!r 505t 5t(ts 5166 5224 52A2 5340 l0 t9 29 38 {8
t2 o,2t 2t+1 2t62 2lW 2199 Z2t7 2235 221+ 2272 W 3691215 57 f,5399 s458 5517 5577 fi?3 fi97 5757 s8l8 s880 594t to 20 30 .to 50
It 0,2309 2X27 ',2345 2%+ 2*2 2401 24t9 2438 24fi 2475 3 6.912ls 5t t,6m3 6(m 6128 6191 6255 6319 6383 64+7 6512 6577 ll2t324353
t1 0,2+93 2512 N 2119 2ffi 2586 2605 23 42 Ml 3 6 9t2 16 59 t,6643 6709 6775 6842 69(B 6977 7045 7|3 7182 7251 il233445fi
l5 0,2679 Nn 27t7 27fi 275+ 2173 27y2 2atl 2&10 2849 369t316 6C t,7t2l 7391 7{61 7532 7m3 7675 7747 7Um 7aJ.3 ?966 t2 24 36 48 60

l6 0,2167 2886 2q)5 ?g21 N+3 2962 29Br 3{m 3010 3038 3 6 91316 6l 1,8{NO 8t 15 8t90 826s 834t 8418 8495 8572 8650 8728 13 26 38 51 64
t7 0,3057 3076 3(m 3ll5 3r:r4 3153 3172 3l9l 32tl nn 3 6lO t3 t6 62 1,8807 8887 8!57 9047 9128 9210 9292 9375 94s8 9542 t4 27 41 55 68
l0 0,5219 326r) 32883W 33n 33,16 336s 33a5 3404 ?424 3 6lO1316 6t r,9626 97tt 9797 9883 9970 ms7 0145 0233 0323 fi13 15 29 44 58 73
l9 o,t+1x 346t 3,az 3*2 3522 354t 3561 3581 3@0 3620 37101316 il ?,0503 0s94 0686 0778 m72 (m5 1060 1155 l25l t:t48 16 31 47 63 78
at oJ6ao 3659 3679 3699 3719 3739 37s9 3779 3799 3819 3 710t3 t7 65 zt{/ls til3 t6t2 t?+2 tuz t943 2045 2148 2251 2355 17 31 5t 68 85

2l 0,3839 3859 3879 38!p 3919 3939 3959 3979 4{m {O20 3 7l013t7 G6 2,2m 2566 m73 2781 2889 2998 3109 3220 3332 t445 l8 37 55 73 92
t2 0 {{xo {bt {ml 4rol 4122 4142 4163 4183 4m+ 422+ 3 7l01417 67 2,3559 5673 3789 3906 4023 4142 4262 $ag 4tu 4627 20 40 60 79 99
D 0,+215 +265 {286 4,o7 $27 4340 +369 4390 {4ll {431 3 7l01417 6t 2,+751 {476 5002 5129 5257 5386 55t7 so+g 5782 5916 22 43 65 87 l@
21 o,11t2 411t 14f,4 {5r5 +536 4557 +57a 45S9 {621 m2 47ll1418 69 2,60:il 6187 6325 A164 @s 67{6 6889 7034 1179 7326 2+ 47 7t 95 ilg
,5 q{663 {6&r +7(b 4727 +71A +77O +'lgt {al3 4834 {856 4 7 ll 1,1 18 7C 2,1175 7525 7776 7829 gl83 8239 83t7 8556 87t6 8878 26 52 78 lfi t3t

t6 0,1877 1899 4v2l 4912 +W +986 5008 5029 5051 5073 4 7 Il t5 l8 7t \W2 9208 9375 9544 9714 9887 006t 0237 o4t5 0595 29 58 87 116 r45
27 0,5095 5lr7 5139 516r sr84 5206 5224 52fi 5272 52s5 4 7il 15 tB 72 3,0777 0961 I t46 1334 t524 t7l6 t9t0 2lm 230s 25(b 32 64 96 t29 t6l
I 0,53t7 5t40 596,2 5M tlOT 5430 5+75 54!B 5520 4 8 lr 15 19 7' 3,2?@ 3122 3332 354,+ 3759 3977 +t97 44m 46{6 36 72 to8 144 t80
29 '452 5704 5727 51il
o,5tt3 5566 558) 5612 553s 5658 5581 + 812 15 19 71 3;1871 ',3t4
sl05 5339 5576 5816 6059 6305 6554 6m6 7(b2 {r 8r t22 163 2(X
g 0,577+ 5797 58:m 58a,r 5867 58$ s9r4 5938 5S61 5985 4 8121620 75 3,7321 7583 7848 8ll8 8391 8667 $74 9232 9520 9812 46 83 139 186 232

tl 0,6fil) 6032 6056 6m0 6104 6128 6152 6176 62(n 6224 4 8l2t6m 76 4,0t08 02()E 07t3 tu22 1335 1653 1976 2303 ?s.35 ,p72
,2 0,6249 6273 6297 6322 63,16 6371, 6395 6020 644s 0169 4 8121620 77 4,3315 3662 40t5 4374 +731 5lO7 5483 5864 62s2 6Bf5
tt oj191 6519 &5r,f 6569 659{ 6619 6A14 6669 6694 67m +813t72t 7S t7o46 7451 786,7 8288 8716 9t52 9504 m45 0504 (x)?0
---Ja?r:-"
g q67r5 6r7t 6796 6&2:1 6M7 6A71 6a)9 @24 6950 6976 4 913172t 79 s,l4.l6 lg29 2422 ry24 9435 3955 4,t86 5026 5578 6t{q
t5 0,7@2 7@A 7054 70eo 7tO7 7133 7159 7lm 7212 7259 4 9t31822 EOP 5,6713 7ZE7 ,W+ 8502 9124 9785 fiOs t066 t7+2 2+32'
16 0,7265 72g2 7tl9 7146 ?313 7M 1427 7454 74at 7508 5 9141823 tl 6,3t38 3859 4596 5350 6122 6912 7720 85{A $95 0264
,7 0,7535 7$3 7500 7618 lffi 7613 77Ol 7729 7717 7785 5 9141823 8ta 7,lltt 2(m 3m2 3962 4947 5958 6996 gb2 9t58 028:t
q78t3 78*t 7869 7898 7C26 7W 7Si &12 flXO Ubg 5 9t41924 E &14.{3 2636 3863 5126 Ot27 7769 9t52 0579 ?f,52 3572
'E
:19 0,u88 8127 8156 8t85 8,lr4 821l A273 8:n2 8332 8361 s r0t52024 t1 9,5t4 9,677 I,Us rO,O2 I0,?0 10,39 10,s8 t0.78 10,99 11,20
t0 0,8:l9l 8,2t B45l 8{81 8511 8:t+l 8571 @l 8632 8662 510t5ru25 E5 1t,43 11,66 il,gr r2,t6 12,43 t2,71 t3,m t3,30 13,62 t3,95

,al 0,8693 A72+ A1il 8785 8816 8847 8878 $10 8941 $72 5 l01621 26 16 14,30 l{,67 15,6 t5,,t6 15,8!) 16,35 16,&t 17,84 17,89 18,{6
12 0,9flx 9m6 9s7 $99 9l3r 9163 9195 9Z2A 926D 9293 5 lt 16 21 27 u l9,m 19,74 m,45 2t,N 22,U2 22,90 23,S6 24,9 2f.03 27,27 9!
4' o,9e25 93s8 9:l9t 2+ 9457 }{90 9523 9556 9590 9623 6tttl2228 t0 28,il
l\3 4 0,9657 9691 9?25 9759 9793 9827 9861 9896 9930 9965 6il172329 EO 57,29
30,14 3t,82 33,69 35,m :t8,19 {0,92 44,07 47,74 52,q
63,66 7 t,62 81,8s 95,49 I 14,6 143,2 rSr,O Zm,S szS,b 'e*-4
@
oc
l\,
B Logarithrns of sines O+ log sin O
ADD ADD
0 o'
o,tr
6' t2'
0,r" 0,r
lE' 21', ItO', ll6', ll2', aE', t',
0,3" 0,4' 0,5" 0,6" 0,r 0,8r" 0,9"
Ditrcrcne
r' 2' t' 1'
0 o'
o,r
6' u' lt' 21, lto, il6, 12' /U' t'
0,r" o,r o,f 0,4" o,f 0,6. 0,r 0,r o,r
mdc
5', l' 2' t' .1, 5,

II 2,24t9
3,2419 5,129

2A32 32tO 3558

7t90 8439 9408
3880
2,02m 0870 1450 t96r
4179 {459 1723 4971 5206
tr495 8502 85lO 8517 81t25 8S|2 Itt0 8t+7 &555
1,85@ 8s77 8s8,r 859t 81198 8615 3613 S620 S2? 63r
8562 12456
16 t2{56
2 2,542A s6,t0 5842 6035 6220 6397 6567 6731 6889 7041 t !,m41 86{A 8655 8662 m69 8676 86&t Sflx) 8fl)7 Ar(X 12356
t 2,7188 73tO 74{a 7il2 7731 7857 7979 Um 8219 &i26 .at 1,8?rI 8718 8724 873t 87:t8 87+s 87sl 87s8 876s 8771 123+6
1 2,8436 8543 W7 8749 8849 8!X6 9042 9135 9226 9315 16 32 {8 6{ 80 ,t9 r,E778 8784 8791 8797 8fl)4 88tO S8t7 Sel3 Sfix) 08s6 123,+5
5 1,9{03 9,189 9573 965s 9736 9016 9&)4 9g7o d0{6 dr2o 13 26 39 s2 6s 5C 138,1!1 8849 8&is 8862 8868 8874 s88O s887 m):r @!) 123+5
5 1,0192 0264 033{ o&g /r.72 0s39 m05 (b70 0734 0797 Il2233445s 5l !,ess 8)r r mri; osas ss2e 8e35 axr &x7 aES ses!) t23+5
7 I,0s59 0920 09Br ro4o r@9 r ls7 l2r4 t27t 1326 lggr t0 t9 29 38 {a 62 !,E!55 E)71 8977 8!83 AlB9 &Ds 9m 9(x)6 $t2 $18 123+5
E 1,1436 1,189 1542 1594 1646 1697 t747 t197 1847 l$5 at7253142 5t 1,9@3 9029 9Ui5 qxl 90{6 90s2 90s7 $63 gE) qr?4 t23+5
0 T,rg+s l99t m38 2085 2r3l 2176 2221 2266 2310 2g5s 815233038 il 1,9(n0 9(85 9(Br 9(m 9l0t 9to7 9ll2 9ll8 9t23 9t28 123,t5
r0P t,2397 2439 2442 2524 2$5 2ffi 47 2687 2727 2767 7t1n27v 55 l,9r:!l 9139 9t{4 9tf9 9155 9t60 9t65 9t70 9175 9t8t 1233+
ll 1,2806 2845 2889 2921 2959 2997 30.34 3/J70 3107 3143 6t2192531 56 l,9lE6 9r9r 9196 9201 92(b 92lt 9216 !I22r 9u26 gBt 12334
l2 1,3179 32t4 3250 328,( 3319 3353 3387 342t 3455 3,188 6nt72328 57 !,g:Xl6 y24t 92{6 925t 9255 yam y)65 y27O yl75 y27^t 12234
It r,352t 3554 3586 3618 3650 3682 3713 3745 37't5 96 5ll162126 5t !,92E4 92811 9294 9g 9m3 93@93t2 9il7 El?2 qt26 1223+
tt 1,3837 W7 3897 3927 3957 3986 ,t0t5 M4 {73 4lO2 510152024 59 I,qtlit 9:135 g:ilo 93{4 9349 g:iAt
93s8 9:162 Cr67 CtTt tt2t+
l5 t,,1130 4t58 4t86 4214 4242 4m9 4296 4123 43fl 437? 59t4t823 6C 1,9:t75 939) 9384 9388 9393 9397 9{Ot 9{5 g+to 9+t4 tt23{
r6 1,4,{03 4430 44fi 4482 4508 4533 4559 4584 ,l6tx) ,1634 4 913172l 6l l,94tE 9422 9{27 9,13t 9435 9+39 9{,03 9tt7 9l5t 9ta' 1t233
t7 l,{659 46a4 4?O9 4733 4757 47Bt 4g)5 4429 4853 4876 4 8121620 62 f,9t59 963 9{67 947t *7s 9479 9{83 9{S7 9+91 9€5 tt233
It i,49oo 4923 49{6' 4969 4992 5or5 so37 v}6o 5082 slo4 48il1519 6t !,9499 9503 9507 95t0 9514 9518 9522 9525 !529 95r:t t1233
r9 I,5126 sl4s sl70 5192 52t3 5235 5256 5278 s299 $m 47lt14l8 6t !,9537 95,10 95.0,+ 9s.t8 gssl 955s 9s58 9562 9nS6 gtE) rt223
2C 1,5341 5361 5382 54{2 5423 5,143 5,163 54€4 5504 5523 3 7 lO 14 17 66 r,9573 9576 9s80 gs&l 9s87 9590 gsgt 9597 S0l $or 11223
!t T,554s 5563 s5g3 5602 5621 5641 5660 s679 5698 s7r7 3 6 013 16 66 !,9r,07 I 96r+ 96t7 962t 9624 9@7 9631 rtr34 !537
96t 11223
22 1,5736 5754 5'173 5792 5810 5828 5847 5865 5883 5901 369t215 67 !,9640 9643 96,+7 9650 9653 9656 9659 562 !566 SE) rt223
23 I,59t9 5937 s954 5972 s99o 6m7 ffi24 fi42 60s9 6076 36912t5 6t !,s72 9675 9678 96alt 9684 9681 9690 9693 St6 5)g olr22
24 r,6003 6110 6127 61,+4 6161 6177 6rq4 62tO 6227 6243 368il14 @ !,Et@ 9704 9707 97lO 9713 9716 9719 91X2 9721 g-n| 0rt22
?5 T,6259 6276 6292 6308 6324 63{0 6356 6371 6387 6405 3 5 8 ll 13 7A t,9730 9733 9735 973a 9741 97,13 9r{6 97+9 9751 g7r+ oll22
26 i,6418 6434 6449 6,t65 6,ao 6495 6510 dsz6 6s4r 6556 35810t3 7t !,E157 9759 9762 976r'. 9767 9?7O s772 9775 9777 s],im 01122
27 1,6570 658s 6600 66t5 6629 @14 6659 6673 0687 6702 257t012 72 !,97E2 978s 9787 9789 9792 9794 9797 9799 g)l gx olt22
2t 1,6716 6730 6744 6759 6773 6787 6801 68t4 6&28 6842 251912 7' !,9806 9808 98t I 9Al3 $15 9Bt7 9@0 9822 W4 m6 otl22
lll 1,6856 6869 6883 68!)6 6910 6923 6937 69sO 6963 6977 2 4 7 9 lt 71 !,982E 9831 9&t3
9B3s 9{It7 9&t9 984r $,r3 $rs s,t7 0ttt2
:tc t,6990 7m3 7016 702s 7042 7055 7068 7080 7093 7tffi 246gil T5 l,ga€ 98sl 9a$ 9855 98s7 98s9 9Sl S3 55 57 0llt2
tl I,7l t8 7l3t 7t44 il56 7l6s TrBl 7193 7m5 72ta 7230 2 4 6 8lO 76 t,g86o 9871 9873 $75 9876 9878 W) S82 Wr S5 0tll2
,2 7,7242 72s+ 72ffi 727a 1N 73f/2 73t4 7326 7338 7349 246810 77 !,9887 9089 gs)r 9892 98!)4 9$6 S)7 Stg snt g!n:t 0tllt
3t i,736r 7379 7w 7996 7407 7+t9 7+go 1442 7453 746/. 246810 ?8 i,99or 9g06 9s7 9909 99lo 9sl2 99t3 99ls 9916 99rE orttt
:!r 7,74?6 i4a7 7498 7509 7520 7531 7s42 7553 7$1 7575 2+679 79 f ,99t9 9921 Ey22 9,y2+ 9825 Exl7 9928 9929 ggirt qB2 00ltt
t5 T,25g6 1s97 iil7 7618 76?9 1ffi 76so 7661 i67t 76J2 21s 19 tc t,9934 E)35 99:5 9937 9939 99aO 99+t 99+3 9!X4 9!X5 oortt
:t6 1,7692 7703 77ts 7123 7734 ii44 7i54 i76+ 77't+ tiqs 23579 8l 1,9946 9947 0949 99y) 9951 9952 9953 99s,r llltrs 9!)56 00tll
f,1 1,779s 7805 7815 7825 783s 71341 7854 7ffi4 7874 78a4 23578 t2 1,9958 99s9 9!m 9!51 9962 9!53 q[4 996s 9966 9!57 00tll
tt t,7893 7903 7913 7922 1932 7941 795t 7960 7970 7979 23568 tlt t,9$8 9$8 9969 9970 9971 Ca72W73 )74 y,97s gyts 00ttl
t9 i79s9 79q8 B{n7 8or7 e)26,a035 8o+4 8os3 8069 Bo?2 23568 ta 1,9976 9977 9A14 9978 9979 gsl 9Sl 9Sl 9982 $ 0000t
1tf, 1,808t 8090 8099 8108 8lt7 8125 8134 8t43 8152 8t6t 13467 t5 1,9983 9984 99B5 9S5 9!86 9S7 9m7 9988 9$8 9$9 ooo00
ll r,8t69 8178 8187 8195 8204 8213 8221 8230 8238 8247 t3467 E6 f,9989 9990 91BO 9S0l 999t 9{n2 9952 99qt 9!)93 Ct94 00000
12 r,82s5 8%4 82?2 8280 8289 8?97 8305 &it3 8322 &t30 t3467 an !,9994 9S94 999s 9!D5 9S96 9996 9996 99!)6 9!87 9|It7 00000
.(t 1,8338 8346 83.5,4 8362 8370 8378 8386 8394 8,1{2 84t0 13457 88 I,9997 9998 99gB Em 9998 9rD9 9999 9999 9999 C,gg ooooo
4 1,8418 8426 8433 &{41 8449 8/57 M4 M72 8480 8,{87 13456 t9 t,gol)g 9!D0 flm flu) (nn mn um (Im um fiu) 00000
Logarithms of cosines O* Iqf cos O
SUBTRACT SUaTRA T
e o' 6', 12', r8', 24', :t{r', :t6', 12', .r0' 6l'
0,1" 0,2" 0,3" 0,4" 0,5' 0,6' 0,r o,tr 0.f t' 2' ,' 4',
Difference
e 0'
o,tr
6' 12' 18' 21' . 9' :t6' 12' /E' t'
0,1" o,r o,3" 0,4" 0,5" 0,6" o,f O,a O,y
Ditur*
0,0" 5', r' 2' t' 1, 5'

f 0,0000 0(m fim mo 0ooo (mo moo mfl) ([m, 1,9999 00000 t,E495 w1 8,t&) 8,t72 8,t6,t 8,{57 8449 84,il &133 &126 l3+56
I I,9999 gsso gsos 9099 999s 9s99 9998 9998 9998 9998 00000 116 t,8418 8410 8,t02 &I)4 8:t86 8378 8370 8862 83S 83{6 13451
2 I,9s97 9*7 99E7 9996 9996 9096 9s96 999s 9gg5 9s9+ 00000 o r,E!t38 8330 8:122 &!r3 8tr)s 8297 82m &AO 8272 0a6,r t5+67
t I,9994 9094 9{)93 9993 9992 9092 9g9r 9g9l 9990 99lx) ooo00 {0 t"8255 A247 82fi A23O &221 82t3 8A0+ 8195 8187 8t78 l3+67
1 I,99s9 9gB9 - 9988 $98 9997 9987 9o8G 9985 9985 9944 00000 tlg t,8169 8161 8152 8143 813{ 8l2s 8lt7 8lm uxB flm l3{67
5 f,99S3 EB3 9982 998t 9981 90BO 9979 9978 9978 9977 00001 w t,t(Bt $72 863 a)53 80{4 &35 U}26 ml7 fln7 79rn 23568
6 i,sgzo $75 9s75 w74 9979 9972 9o7r 9oz0 9s69 9969 0001t 5l ,7$9 7919 7970 7960 7951 7941 7932 79z2 79t3 7!m 23568
7 1,9968 W7 9066 9965 9964 9963 9962 9961 9960 9959 00tll 52 1,7&fr 1ffi4 7874 7W 7A54 784,+ 783s 7t25 78t5 7805 23578
t !9958 9956 9955 9954 9953 9952 E)51 E)sO 9949 9947 00llt 5!t 7185 7774 774+ 77fl 771+ 7734 77 7713 77trt 23579
9 1,9946 9!X5 9944 9943 9941 9010 9939 9!t37 9936 9935 00ltt il ",77
t,7@ 768'2 761t 7661 7650 76.t0 7629 7618 7@7 7597 21579
lf i,9934 9932 9s3r 9929 9s28 9927 9925 9924 9s22 9921 00tlt 55 ,7586 757s 1fl 1553 1512 7s3t 75m 75{x) 7$n 71a7 2+679
ll t,9919 9918 99t6 99t5 9913 9912 99lO 9909 9907 99(b 0lttt 56 ,?476 7M 7+53 7&2 743IiJ 7+B 7fi7 7fi9 7W T373 2+6810
t? T,9go4 Ex)2 Etot 9899 9$7 9896 9a)4 9892 gggl 988t) 0tllt 57 ,?35r 73{19 7336 73,f 7314 7fi2 721[ 727A n6 T25+ 216810
ll l9ss7 98Bs 9Ba4 9oa2 9880 9878 9876 9875 9873 987 I 0tlt2 5E .,7242 1230 72tA 7m5 7193 7l8t 7t68 7t56 71,,.. 7t3t 2+6810
t,l I,ss6g 9867 9865 9869 9s6r 9ss9 9857 9855 9853 985t 0lrl2 50 .,71t8 71ffi 7@3 7080 7(b8 70ss 7042 7@9 7016 7(m 2 + 6 9 lt
l5 r,9849 9847 9845 9843 9841 9839 9837 9835 9833 gfiil 0lll2 6C ,61l{)0 6977 6963 69y) 6937 6923 69t0 6896 6S&| 6m) 2 + 7 9 lt
l6 r,9828 9826 9E24 9822 9820 98r 7 9815 9813 981 I ry18 01122 6l ,6E 6 6e{2 6828 6814 6801 6787 6773 67s9 67t+ 6730 2 s 7 912
t7 i,9s06 9804 9$r 9799 9797 9794 9792 9789 97a7 9785 0t122 62 ,6?16 6702 6687 6673 6659 6644 6629 66t5 66(x) 6s85 257r012
r0 f,szez 97go 9777 917s gi72 97'lo 9767 976+ 9762 9759 0rt22 6! ,6570 6556 6541 65 6510 6495 6.1fl) tl65 6tt9 6/t3+ 358lO13
l9 I,97s7 97s4 9751 9749 9746 974s 974t 9738 9735 9733 01122 il ,atrE 6403 6387 6371 6355 6340 6324 63(tr 6Z11 6276 3 5 8 lt 13
flr i,9730 97ri 9724 9?22 9?19 97t6 97lg 97t0 9707 9704 01t22 65 ,6259 6243 6W 6210 . 619+ 5177 6r6t 61,14 6t27 6lto 36Illr.r
2I t,97O2 9699 9696 9693 9690 9687 9684 9681 9678 9675 0tr22 56 ,6GXt m76 m59 il]42 f021 6m7 59am 5S72 5954 5C!7 3 6 9t215
22 T,9672 9659 96a6 9662 9659 9656 96s3 96so s647 90t3 tt223 67 ,5919 sgor 5883 5865 5847 5828 5810 5792 5773 s7r+ 36912t5
23 T,9640 9637 9634 9631 27 9624 9621 9617 9614 96t r 11223 6t ,5736 5717 5698 5679 s660 s64t s62l sf(),l 55&t s565 3 6tO13 16
21 I,9607 9604 9601 9597 9594 9590 9587 95&t 9580 9576 1r223 69 ,5543 5523 5yN 5,184 5,t63 il+3 y23 5,t02 53A2 A161 37tOl+t7
25 j,9s73 9s69 9s65 9s62 9558 9s55 955t 9548 g5+i 9540 11223 7A ,59il s320 s299 s278 52s6 s23s 5213 5192 sl70 sl,+8 4 7 lt l,t t8
26 1,9537 9533 9529 9525 9s22 9518 9sl4 9510 9fi7 9503 tt233 7t ,5126 5l(X 5OB2 5(m 5037 5Ol5 +grl 4969 t9,t6 itltzt +8lt1519
27 |,9499 9495 9491 9,t87 9,$3 9+79 9475 7t 9467 9463 rt233 72 ,49(n {476 4a$ {S2,9 {ff)5 ,+78t +757 +133 17(A & +812t620
28 i,g+ss 9455 9451 9447 9442 9{39 9435 943t 9427 v,22 tt233 7t i,,t659 463,t ,t6(x) ,t584 4559 45$ +5m {{92 {,156 r,rc) t9t3l72l
!9 1,9418 9414 94rO 9{06 9401 9397 9393 9388 9384 9380 rf231 71 ,44' +3'17 4350 +323 4296 4269 +2+2 +2t+ +t86 tl58 5 91,+la23
tc 1,93?5 9371 9367 9362 93s8 9353 9349 93{4 93,rO 9335 tr234 75 .4t3O 4lo2 {073 {{x4 ,lol5 3s6 3957 3927 3&)7 :m7 51015202{
tl lggsr 9326 9322 9317 9312 9308 9303 gru 9294 9289 12234 76 1,58[t738{b 3775 37+5 37t3 W2 36s0 36t8 3586 3lts{ 5lt t62t 26
,2 lszs+ 9279 927s 9270 9265 9 o 9255 92s1. 9246 924r 12231 77 !J521 3,t88 3,15s 3+2t 338? 3353 3319 32s,- 92fi gtl+ 6lttT,8m
:ilt r,9236 9231 9226 9221 9216 92r l 9206 9201 9196 9l9l t2334 ,a t,sl?g 3143 3lO7 3070 3034 2997 29s9 pl 28&l 28rs 612t92531
lta t,glm 9r8l 9t75 9170 9165 9160 9rs5 9149 9t{4 9139 r2334 7!t l:&)6 2767 2727 2681 m47 26m 2fi5 2+ 2rS2 2tS) Tta2any
,5 1,9t34 9128 9123 9l r8 9l l2 9107 910r 9(B6 gG)r 9085 t2345 0f 1,2597 23s3 23tO tM ?z2r 2t75 2t3l X}B5 2038 lg)t 8Is233038
:t5 i,9os0 9074 9069 9063 9057 9052 9046 9o4t 9035 9029 12345 8l ,1943 l8g5 t847 t797 1717 t597 t6{6 t59t t5,12 l{a) at7r++2
t7 1,9023 9018 9012 9006 9000 8995 8989 8!183 W77 8!)7r 12345 a ,l1fi l38l 1326 l27r l2r,r ll57 tGtg tfio qnl Gno l0 19 29 38 {A
tt i,s965 8959 8953 8!x7 axl s935 81,29 g92g $r z 89r I r2345 6t ,0E59 0797 0734 ffi70 0605 0539 0f,72 WE Gt34 @At ll 22 33,H 55
t9 T,agos 8s99 8893 8897 B8so 887,r s868 8862 885s 8849 12345 ta ,0192 0120 m,|6 9970 Wt 9B16 9736 $55 9573 9a{!) l3 26 3!t 52 65
I T,8843 8s36 8830 8823 8817 8810 88o+ 8797 879r a1u t23+5 E5 ,9{03 93ls 9226 9135 qX2 89{6 8849 87.19 647 8tr3 16 32 {8 6r fr'
4l 1,8778 A71t 8765 8758 8751 8745 8738 8731 8724 8718 12356 t6 f,8436 8326 8213 m98 7979 7&57 7731 7il2. 7{68 73:X)
42 r,87ll t1u ffi97 86m 8683 8676 8669 8662 8655 8648 12356 E7 1,7t88 704t 68a) 6731 6567 6g)7 62m 60:15 5842 56,tO
,t! I,8er 8634 8627 8620 8613 8606 ss98 8s9l 8584 a577 t2456 EE f,5428 5206 497r +721 {459 4179 38&) 3558 Ulo 2fin
J\3 4 r,8559 8562 8555 8547 85,rO 8s32 8s2s 8517 8510 8502 12456 EO 1,24t9 1961 1450 0870 (}2(n 9{08 8439 7l9o tr29 2+t9
o
(Jl
,\2
E Logarithms of tangents 0+ log tan 0
ADD ADD
0 a' 6' t2' lt' 21' n' t5' a2' aE' il' Diflacne e 0' 6' t ' lE' 11' :to' 116' 12' it' u' Diflcrcnm
o,(r 0,t" o,r o,r o,1" 0,5' 0,6" o,7" 0,r qy r' 2' ,' 1', 5' o,tr 0,1" 0,r 0,3" 0,4" 0,5" 0,6" 0,r 0,8' o,gp l', 2', 1', t'
''
e 5,2419 tt29 7r9o &+39 9{o9 2,0200 0870 l+5o 1962 0,00@ msl (nD fix5 rml m76 0091 0t06 0l2l 0136 358r0t3
I -22+19 283:1 32t I :r!is!' 388r ,il8r 4116t +725 ,,73 5m8 /fi o,0t52 0167 0t82 0197 v2t2 unB 0243 0258 (n73 0288 3 5 8rO t3
2 ,,t13t 56{3 5&t5 6o3s 6223 6401 6571 6736 6894 7w 17 0,0303 03t9 0334 0349 0364 0379 039s O4l0 042s (x,$ 358r013
t ,,7194 7337 7+7s 76(B 7739 786s 7s8 8107 8223 8336 ,tE 0,u56 M7 | 0{€6 050 r 0517 0532 0547 0562 0s78 0593 3 5 8r013
I i,sm 8s54 a659 8762 8862 Bgm 9056 9150 9241 93gl 16 32,l8 64 8t t9 0,0608 0624 0639 06s4 0670 0685 07m 0716 0731 07{6 358t013
5 ,,s+m 95ffi 959t 967,1 9756 m6 9915 gs2 0o6s 6rs 1326()5366 w 0,0762 0777 079t outs 0824 0er9 0A54 m70 088:i (Bot 3 5 8lO 13
5 T,@r6 @89 0360 (x30 o4()9 0567 0633 06!Xt 07tr (828 il22344556 5l o,ml6 0932 0947 (m3 0978 (m4 toto 1025 lo+t 1056 358tO13
7 r,(a)t (854 t0l5 to76 ll35 il94 1252 t3t0 l 7 1423 to 20 29 39 49 52 0,1072 1088 I l03 il 19 il35 l l50 il66 il82 il97 l2t3 3581013
6 il+70 t533 t5B7 t640 16!)3 1715 1197 t8,18 1898 l9{8 9 t7 26 35 43 5t 0,t229 1245 1260 t276 t292 1308 t32+ 1340 1356 l37l 3 5 8 il 13
9 I,1997 2oa6 20!N 2t+2 2ta, 2m 2W 232a 237+ 2419 8t6233139 t 0,lil87 1,1,03 l4l9 1436 l45l 1467 1483 t499 1516 1532 3 5 8 n t3
te r,2it68 wM 255t 8n fi37 26ffJ 27vt 27&t N5 A6 7142126t5 55 o,t5{8 156,r 15al r5s6 1612 1629 t645 r66t 1677 t694 3 5 I lt 14

ll l,N7 2g)7 X57 3{n6 3016 3{n5 5123 3162 32o,J 3237 6t3t92632 fi 0,17t0 1726 t74t 1759 t7't6 1792 t8{B 1825 t842 1858 3 5 8il t4
t2 7,x27s zrt2 !v9 3*5 s122 3458 3,193 3529 9fi4 359!t 612t82430 57 0,1875 r&il 1908 1925 t94t r9s8 t97s 1992 2W 2A25 3 6Iil l4
It t,5?+ ffis 37V2 37fi 3770 3804 3837 3870 3903 3935 611t72228 5t o,2M2 20s9 2076 2093 2tt0 2t27 2t4+ 2t6t 2t78 2t95 3 6 9 U 14
lt I, 8 4fitr {82 t{til Mi 1t2t tl3s 4t&) f22o 4250 5tot62t 26 50 o,22t2 2:}29 y217 22il 22At W9 2316 2ttt 5t 2368 3 6 912 t4
I5 l,+281 {31t {:l,tl 1371 4,'(J() 11:JIJ 4,{59 {,188 1517 4ffi 510152025 6C 0,2386 2&t 212t 2438 2456 2+74 2191 2fr9 2527 2tl5 3 6 912t5
t6 1,1575 m3 {632 {6m {688 +716 4744 4771 4799 4826 5914t923 6t 0,2562 2580 2598 mr6 2634 2652 70 W9 2707 2725 3691215
l7 T,a8:t3 t880 4$7 493+ 4961 4987 5014 vHO 5066 5092 4 9t3rB22 62 0,27+3 2762 2780 219A 28t7 2835 2A54 2872 2891 2910 3691215
It r-J[8 5r+3 st69 5195 5220 5215 5210 5295 5320 53,15 4813t72t 6:t 0,2928 29{7 2966 2985 3004 3023 3042 3061 3{nO 3099 36913t6
l9 T,537o 5ar 54t9 5a,13 5,t67 5{9r 5516 s539 5563 s587 48t21620 t o,3t l8 3137 3157 3176 3t96 3215 323s 1251 3274 3294 36t01316
za l,5611 5634 5558 5681 5704 5727 5750 5773 5796 5819 4 812 t5 l9 55 0,33t3 3333 3353 3313 3393 3413 3433 3453 3473 3494 37l0t3t7
2l t,*+2 5884 5887 59(B s952 s954 5976 s998 6020 6042 4 7tt t5 19 616 0,3514 3s35 3555 3s76 3596 3617 3638 3659 3679 3700 3 7 l0 14 t7
ZI t,ai6t flm 6tm 6129 6t5t 6172 6194 62t5 6236 6257 +7ll14l8 67 0,3721 3743 3764 378s 3&)6 3828 3849 3871 3892 3914 17l|14t8
a r,6279 6irtr 6321 6:t{r 6362 6383 6M 6,24 6{4s e$5 3 TlOt+t7 6t 03q6 3958 3980 1OU2 402+ {X6 {b8 (Bl 4il3 4t36 4 7 ll 15 t9
21 1,6,t86 6s{5 6s27 6il7 6fi7 6fi7 ffi1 66,27 @7 ffi7 3 7 l0 13 t7 69 0,4t58 4r8r 4i0+ 4D7 42n 4273 42% 4319 43,12 4366 4 81215 t9
25 I,6607 6706 6726 6746 67os 678s 6&)4 6824 58,+3 6863 3 7 t0 t3 16 7t 0,4389 44t3 +437 {,161 4.184 4500 4533 4557 4581 4606 48121620
t6 r,688:1 6!nl 6920 6919 69s8 6977 6996 7015 7034 7053 36913t6 ?r 0,4630 {655 4680 4705 4730 4755 47W 4805 4eil 4857 4813t72t
n 1,7072 7090 7W9 7t2t 7t46 7t65 7t8it 72I}2 ?m 72fi 369t215 72 o,{a82 +$o {93{ 49G0 4906 5013 y)39 5066 yB3 5120 ,+ 913 1822
a 1,7257 7275 7?p.3 73tt 7330 7318 lffi 7*+ 74U2 74?o 369t2t5 7' 0,5t,r7 5174 5201 s229 5256 528'4 5312 5340 5368 5397 5 9l+1923
29 T,74gs 745s 7+79 749t 7fr9 ts26, ts44 7fi2 7579 7s97 369t2t5 71 0,5425 545+ 54.{33 5512 5541 5570 5600 5629 5659 5689 510152025
:td t,7614 7632 7649 766,7 7W 7701 17t9 7736 7753 7771 3 6 9t2t4 76 0,5719 57sO 5780 581 r W2 s873 5905 s936 5968 6000 5l01621 26

tr 7w 7gt2 78o,9 78fi taB 7mo 7907 7vt4 79tlt 3 6 9il t4 't6 0,@32 6m5 6097 6t30 6t63 6196 62:t0 6264 6298 6332 6ltt7z228
tt !,tl8n
t,7958 7:t75 79y2 &[B &]2s &X2 &]59 807s &r]2 8lm 3 6 8il 14 77 0,6366 6,$1 6+6 6+71 6507 65{2 6578 66t5 66sl 6688 612t82430
tt f,8t25 8142 8t58 0175 8l9t 82(B 8224 824t A257 A274 3 5 8 il t4 7E 0,672s 6763 6800 6838 6877 6915 6954 69S4 7033 7073 613t92632
v l-,s29o 83(b 8it23 8339 835s &r7r 83SS S4O4 8420 8436 3 5 I lt t4 79 0,7t 13 7t54 7l9s 7263 72tA 7320 7 3 7406 7449 749X 714212835
IE 1,8'.52 8,168 8,t8,t 8501 8517 8533 8549 &t55 8581 &197 3 5 8 il t3 EOP 0,7537 7s8r 7626 1672 77t8 7754 781 l 7858 7906 7954 8t6233139
rl7 r,86t3
i,s77t
8629 86+1 8660 8676 8692 87(B 4724 4740
8797 Bfl)3 B8l8 8834 B85o 8865 88gt 8897
8755
B9t2
3 5 8 ll
3 5 I t0
13
13
tt 0,un3 8052 8t02 8152
r2 0,8522 857't 8633 8690
8203 8255 &Xr7 8360 84t3
87.t8 8806 8m5 8:t24 8985
8467
90,t6
917m3543
l0 20 29 39 49
llr r,8!I28 8959 897s 8BO 9m6 9022 9037 9053
81X4 9068 358tO13 tl 0,9t09 9172 9236 9301 9367 9433 9501 9570 gArc 97t I r2234+5fi
t9 t,qB+ 9099 9il5 93lO 9t,t6 9161 9176 9t92 9m7 9223 3581013 E,i 0,9784 98s7 9932 0m8 008s 0164 0244 0326 (x{)9 0494 t3 26 40 53 66
t 358t013 a6 f,0580 0669 0759 0850 09{4 lO{0 r r38 t23/d t34t t416 t6 32 {A 64 8l

al I,9392 9407 9+22 9438 9453 9468 94A3 9499 9514 9529 3s8t0t3 E6 t,t554 t6A' 1777 t893 ml2 2t35 226t 239t 2525 2663
a2 !,er+4 9560 9575 9s90 960s 9621 9636 965t 9666 968t 358rO13 a7 1,2806 ?354 3lm 3264 3429 3599 377't 3962 4ls5 4357
4' I,e697 97t2 9727 9?12 9757 9773 9788 9fl)3 98t8 9833 358r013 E8 1,4596 4792 W27 5275 5539 5819 6l 19 6,141 6789 716'l
/u r,9B+8 s64 $79 StX glo9 91124 9!t39 9955 9970 9985 358rO13 89 r,75ol so3s 8550 grro ggoo dsgr Isor 2oro iszr Tsar
Squanes x+x2
Dfrcrenc Diffcrenm
x o I 2 t a 5 c 7 t I 12 I 1 5 6 7 E 9 x 0 I 2 3 1 5 6 7 E I l2 t 4 5 6 7 8I
to tm tg20 I(x{ lffil l(82 llo3 ll24 ll45 l166 ll88 246al013151719 55 3025 3036 3(N7 3058 3069 3080 3091 3102 3lt4 3125 t2 3 4 6 7 8 910
ll l2l0 1232 t2t+ 1277 1300 1323 13,16 1369 1392 1416 2579ilt4161821 56 3tfi 3147 3158 3170 3l8t 3192 3204 3215 3226 323a l2 3 5 6 7 9 9tO
r2 t,+{) t,t64 l,t€8 l5l3 1538 1563 1588 1613 1638 1664 2 5 7tOt2t5t7m22 b7 3249 3260 3272 32A3 3295 3306 3318 3329 3341 3352 12 3 5 6 7 8 910
It 169() t7f6 1712 1769 1796 1823 1850 1877 1904 1932 3 5 8ilt3t6t92224 5E 3W 3376 3387 3399 34tt 3422 3434 3446 3457 3469 t2 4 5 6 7 8 910
la 1960 ts8 ml6 20,[5 m71 2lO3 2132 2161 2l9o 2m 3 6 912t+t72023 59 348t 3493 3505 3516 3528 3540 3552 3fi4 3576 3588 I245678l0n
r5 22fi y2$ 23lO tl+t Tt72 2403 2+34 2465 2496, 2524 3 6 9121519222528 60 36m 36t2 3624 3636 3648 3A60 72 3&4 97 37trt I2 4 5 6 7 I t0 ll
t6 2ffi 2592 m,24 2f,57 2$t$ 2723 27fi 27A9 ?a22 2A56 3 710131620232630 6l 3721 3733 3745 37fi 3770 3782 3795:i807 38t9 3832 |2 4 5 6 7 9r0il
r7 zffi 2s24 2958 2993 3028 3063 3098 3133 3168 320' 3 7tOt4t72t242A3t 62 3844 3856 3869 3881 3891 3906 3919 393t 394 3956 l 2 4 5 6 7 9 lO lt
It 32fi 3276 3312 33{9 3M 3423 m 3497 35t4 3572 4 71t151822263033 6t 3969 3982 3994 {OO7 4020 4032 4045 ,f)58 4070 4083 I 3 { 5 6 8 9 l0 ll
l9 :f6t0 36{o ffi 3725 370t N3 3842 3881 3v20 3960 4 812161923273135 64 {096 4log 4122 4t34 +147 41ffi 4173 4lm 4199 4212 13 4 5 6 B 91012
20 {flD ,(X0 {080 4l2l 4162 4203 1214 4285 4326 4368 4 8t2162025293337 65 4225 4238 425t 42il 4277 4230 4303 4316 .1330 4343 13 4 5 7 8 910t2
tr 41tO +152 44tn 4537 4580 {623 1ffi 4709 4752 4'l + 913172126303439 66 4356 4369 4382 4396 4409 4422 4436 4++9 4462 4476 I 3 4 5 7 8 9 ll 12
1l ,+8,r0,r88,+ +9IA 4973 s0r8 5([3 5108 sl53 5198 52{4 4 9t3182227313640 67 ,1,189,{5O2 45t6 4529 t543 4556 4570 4583,t597 4610 I 3 4 5 7 I 9 lr 12
It 5290 5336 5382 5429 il76 5523 5570 5617 ffi 5112 s 914t92328333a42 6E 4624 4638 46sl 4665 4679 4692 4706 4720 4735 474't l5 4 5 7 810il12
21 5760 sgn 5Bt6 sq)5 s9s4 6m3 m52 6101 6150 62(n 510t5202+?s343944 6!t +761 4775 4789 4802 48t6 4830 4844 {€58 4872 4€86 13 4 6 7 810il13
25 6250 63fl1 6350 6{01 6452 6503 6554 6605 6656 6708 51015m25313641{6 70 49(n 4914 4928 4942 4956 4970 4984 4998 5()13 s027 I3 4 6 7 8 l0 ll 13
25 6760 68t2 6864 6917 @70 7023 7076 7129 7lA2 7236 511t6212t,5237424$ 7t 5&l5055 5069 5084 5{B8 5lt2 5127 5t41 5t55 5170 r3 4 6 7 9t0lt13
27 7230 7 4 7398 7+53 7508 7563 76lA 7673 772A 77M 5il162227333,34449 72 5184 sr98 52t3 5227 s2+2 52ffi 527t 5285 s3{n s3l4 r3 4 6 7 9t0ll13
a 7840 781f6 7952 &Xtg str6 8123 8180 &237 8?94 A352 6il 17232834404651 7' s329 53,+4 53s8 5373 s3B8 5,m2 5411 5432 5,146 5,t61 r3 4 6 7 9l01213
29 8,0t0 8468 8526 &iA5 W4 A703 8762 8821 8880 89'm 6121824?9354t4753 71 5476 5,19t 5506 5520 5535 5550 5565 5580 5595 5610 l3 4 6 7 9l01213
:to gmo 9060 glm 9l8l v)12 9?O3 9*+ 25 9,1€6 95,18 6t2ta2+3/)37134955 75 5625 s8rc 5655 5670 5685 57m 5715 5730 5746 5761 23 5 6 I 9Ilt2t4
tl 9610 9672 973+ 9797 9860 E)23 9986 6t3t9253t38{45057 76 5776 5791 5806 s822 5837 5852 5868 5883 5898 5914 23 5 6 I 9ltt2t4
tr - r(ns rorr rord
,2 lm4 lo30 t037 lo43 1050 t056 l(b3 lffig 1076 l0B2
tt2334556
t12334556
77 5929 5944 5960 5975 5991 m06 il22 @37 6053 6{m8 23 5 6 8 9ilt2t4
7s 6m4 6tO0 6lt5 6t3l 6147 6162 6178 6194 6209 622s 23 5 6 8 9 ll 13 14
:It t(89 1096 ll(D ll09 ll16 ll22 Il29 l136 ll42 ll49 r I2334556 79 6241 6257 6273 628/J 6304 6320 6336 6352 6368 6384 23 5 6 8l0lt t3t4
11 l156 il63 lr70 lr76 il83 ll90 ll97 l2{J4 l2ll I2I8 1t2334566
EO 64{D 64t6 6432 M4 6{64 A$O O{96 65t2 6529 6t15 23 5 6 8 l0 il 13 t4
t5 t225 1232 t 9 1246 1253 1260 l 7 1274 1282 l2A) 112344566 EI 656t 6577 6593 66t0 66.26 &2 6659 6675 6691 6708 23 5 ? 8 l0 ll 13 t5
:'51296 1303 t3l0 t3t8 1325 1332 1540 1347 1354 1362 t12344567 t2 6724 67fi 6757 6773 6790 6806 6823 6839 6856 6872 23 5 '1 8 r0 12 t3 15
t7 1369 1376 t384 t39t 1399 l,106 l1l+ l+21 1429 1436 t2234s567 8t 6889 6906 6922 6939 6956 6972 6989 7006 7022 1039 23 5 7 I l0 12 13 15
rb 1144 t152 1459 1467 l,+75
t9 l52l 1529 t537 lt41 1552
1,182 1,190 1,198
1550 1568 1576 1584
1il5 l5l3
1592
t22345567
t22345667
u 7056 7073 7090 7ltr6 7123 7l4O 7157 7114 7l9l 7mB 23 5 7 I l0 t2 14 t5
t5 7225 7242 7259 7276 72s3 73tO 7327 7344 7 2 7379 23 5 7 I r0 t2 14 t5
tn l6m lom l6t6 1624 1632 1640 1648 1656 1665 1673 t22345667 t6 73!)6 7413 743/) 744a 7465 74A2 7500 75t7 7534 7552 23 5 7 9 l0 12 14 16
1l t68l t689 1697 t7(b l7l+ 1722l73l 1739 1747 17fi t22345671 a7 7569 7586 7W 762t 7639 7656 7674 769t 770,0 7726 23 5 7 9 l0 t2 14 16
12 t76, 1772 l78l 1789 1798 lgb l8l5 1823 1832 18,10 123345678 E6 7744 7't62 7779 7797 7815 7832 7850 7868 7885 7903 24 5 7 9 ll t2 14 16
t, l8,u) t858 1866 1875 188,+ l8!)2
l$l l9l0 l9l8 1927 t23345678 89 ?921 1939 7957 7974 7992 80t0 m28 8{N6 80e1 8082 24 5 7 I il 13 t4 t6
4 t936 t9t5 t95,f t962 l97t lS0 lm) 1998 2(D7 2016 t23455678
90 8100 8il8 8136 8154 8t72 8190 8208 8226 8245 Bm3 24 5 '1 9 lt 13 14 16
45 t23455678 9l 8281 &2!B 8317 8336 8354 8:172 8391 8,109 U2't 8446 24 5 7 9 ll 13 15 t6
ttt 2tl6 2125 2131 2144 2t53 2162 2172 2tAl 2l9o 22m t23456718 92 t& w2 8501 8519 8538 8556 8575 8593 86t2 8630 24 6 7 9 ll t3 rs 17
17 2209 Z2l3 tXA 2237 ?'247 22fi 226f 2275 22U5 ?41 t23456789 0t 8649 8668 86m 8705 8724 A742 8761 8780 8798 8817 21 6 7 9 lt 13 ls t7
,tE2301 23t1 2323 nfi 2343 52 m2 2372 23/Jl 2?9t 123456789 v 8836 8855 8874 8&)2 89lt 8930 8949 8968 8987 9(m 24 6 8 9ut3t5t7
/9 210t 21tt 2421 213/J 2410 24il 24@ 2470 240lJ 2+N t23456789
ei 9(}25 gX4 9063 9m2 9l0l 9120 9139 9158 9178 9197 24 6 8r0ll131517
t0 25(n 25lO 25m 2s30 2540 2550 2ffi 2570 2581 2591 t23+56789 96 9216 9235 y254 9214 9293 9312 9332 9351 9370 9390 24 6 8l012t4rs17
5l 260t 26ll 2f,2t ?s,32 2er2 2652 266.3 ?673 2683 269+ t23+56789 07 9{x) 9420 9444 9467 9,+87 95{m 9526 9545 9565 9584 24 6 8l0121416t8
52 27c4 2711 2725 2735 27fi 27$ 2767 2777 278a 27 123456789 98 9604 9624 9643 9663 9683 9702 9722 9742 9761 978t 24 6 8lO1214t6t8
5:t 2&9 N)O M 8il ?a52 286,2 73 28a4 2$4 2905 t 2 3 4 5 6 7 910 90 9801 9B2l 98,+l 9860 9880 99m 9920 9940 9960 9980 24 6 8l012141618
l\C
t 29t6 Xr27 293I, 294a 2959 2970 29Bl 2992 3003 3014 l2 3 4 5 7I910
@
{
@
@
Square roots from I to l0 x- {i
IXftrac IXGrc
x o 2 t 1 5 6 7 t I t2ta567E9 x a I 2 t I 5 a 7 t t rtlasaTrt
rp t,m l,m5 1,010 1,0t5 t,om r,025 1,0:m 1,03,t 1,0:19 I,044 ott22t3+1 +t 2,v5 2,317 2,5fi 2,:52 2.3tr 2,:$6 2,31i8 2,fr \52 2,$+ o0ttll12
I,l I,0{9 1,054 1,058 1,063 I,068 t,o72 1,077 I,(}8:t l,(tr l,(x)t orl2233{t 5r 2,ffi 2,309 2,371 237:J 2,175 2'317 2,37, 2,38t pJxq oottllt2
'.rtt
u
l,
1,0!15 1,t00 I,to5 r,l(B I,il+ I,il8 I,123 I,127 t,l3l I,136
I,l.to l,rrs r,149 I,153 I,158 1,162 I,166 I,l7l I,l7s 1,179
ort2233r4
01122333t
ar
5J
2,300
2,{,(E
2J$ 2,:f9I 2,:XX 2,3![
z,+to 2,+t2 2,+t5 2,117
qnn 2,{n 2,e2 \M
2,+t9 2,{21 2,+B \+E
4rc
Z+n
oo I t l r | 2
oolrlrr2
t,1 r,l8lt 1,187 I,f92 1,196 l,2m I,204 l,2(B 1,212 t,2t7 t,221 01r222334 49 2,+29 2,431 2,{3:! 2,+15 2,+37 2,{:t!t 2,til 2,A9 2,e5 \&7 oollllt2
t,5 1,225 1,229 1,233 1,237 1,2+t 1,2{5 1,249 1,253 1,2s7 1,261 ott222t31 qc 2,lfi 2,+52 2,+* e,+56 2,+54 2,M \52 2,m \m \tB ootlrlt2
r,6 1,265 t269 t,273 t,277 |,nt t,28li 1,288 1,292 1,296 1,5(D orr222333 arr 2,+70 2,+n 2;+7+ 2tl6 2lt'r8 \m 2,& 2,184 g{S g{6 oollltl2
t:, 1,304 1,308 t,312 1,315 1,519 1,323 1,327 1,3:t0 I,134 1,398 ott22233l q2 2,4tr 2,4y2 2,191 2,496 2,498 2,fr 2,*2 z,il+ z,fr zfr oolllll2
l, r,542 1,345 1,349 1,353 1,357 I,360 1,3a| 1,368 1,371 1,375 0rr122333 Gt 2,510 2,512 2,514 2Jl6 2,s18 2,5m \5t2 2,5tN 2,56 25,a o0l I l l r 2
rp 1,370 r,382 t,386 1,3a) 1,393 1,396 1,4{D 1,404 I,{O7 l,4ll 011122335 6. 2,530 2,532 2,59+ 2,5it6 2,s:t8 2,fr 2,12 2,54 2,ffi \fr ootllt12
I,O r,4t4 r,+18 l,{2t 1,425 r,{28 l,{32 lJ35 l,4il9 1,442 l,{46 0r1122233 t5 2,55t) 2"ssr 2"553 2'5ss 2,557 2550 2J6t 2,5dl 2J65 2,567 o0lllrt2
2,r l,{.{9 r,453 l,{561,460 1,,163 1,466 1,470 1,473 t,477 l,ifl) 0rr122233 lD 2,5d' 2,571 2,573 2,575 2,577 ?,579 2,581 2J83 2J85 2Jr, oollrrl2
?t 1,483 1,487 t,490 r,493 1,497 1,500 1,503 1,507 1,510 1,513 011122233 q7 2,508 2,5$ 2J92 2,591 2JS6 2,3!n 2,8m 2,6(11 2,60t g615 oo I I l r l2
23 r,517 l,5m 1,523 1,s26 1,530 1,533 1,s36 1,539 1,543 1,5,16 ottl22233 qt 2,6{B 2,610 2,612 2,613 2,615 2,617 2,619 2,62t 2,6et 9625 oolllr12
2,1 1,549 t,5s2 1,556 r,559 t,552 1,565 1,568 1,572 1,575 1,578 ot1122233 $e 2,62',' 2,629 2,631 2,632 2,634 2,696 2,6.:t8 2,W 2.ft2 \61+ oottttl2
2,5 1,581 r,s8,r 1,587 r,59r 1,59{ r,597 l,6m 1,603 1,6(5 I,6(X) 0r1t22233 to 2,6$ 2,644 2,650 2,651 2,653 2,655 2,6s7 2,650 2,66t g66t 00tllrt2
t6 I,612 1,616 1,619 1,622 1,625 1,628 1,631. 1,634 1,637 l,eo 0rt122223 7,r 2,665 2,66' 2,668 2,670 2572 2,671 2,676 2,678 2,6u) g68t oolllttl
2,7 1,643 t,6,t6 t,649 r,652 I,655 1,658 1,661 1,664 1,667 I,670 0r1t22223 72 2,683 2,68s 2,687 2,6$ 2,6!il 2,69{t 2,6!X 2,6!1 2df, 2,7tX) 00ltltll
2i t,675 1,676 1,679 1,682 1,685 1,688 1,691 1,69t 1,697 l,7m 0111t2223 7t 2,7U2 2,7U 2,76 2,707 2,7(E 2,ttt 2,7t3 2,715 Ut7 \7t9 oolllrll
t, t,703 1,706 1,709 r,7r2 r,il5 r,718 1,720 1,723 l,7 t,7E orrtl2223 7l 2,720 2,7n. 2,724 2,726 U:6 \TD 2",lr 2,7!B L71t \Tn ootlltll
t0 t,732 1,735 t,7fi t,711 1,741 1,7{6 r,749 r,7s2 1,755 1,758 ortrl2223 7,5 2,7* 2,740 2,7+2 2,7n 2,76 2,1n 2,7fi 2,751 2,753 9755 00I I I I I I
tr 1,761 t,70+ t,76 t,769 1,172 t,?75 1,77A l,7m 1,783
l,8ll
1,786 0rrlr2223
otttt2222
7,C 2,157 2,759 2,7@ 2,7@. 2,7&
2,774 2,70 2,74 2,1U
2,76 2,76A 2,7@?J7t Z7T5 oollllll
l,? 1,789 t,792 t,79+ r,797 1,800 1,803 1,8(b 1,8@ 1,814 7;' 2,7?5 2,777 \7@ \El
2,796 2,7A7 oollllll
+t 1,8t 7 l'8r9 1,822 r,825 1,828 r,8:m 1,8:13 1,8:16 1,8:19 l,&ll 0lllt2222 ,,8 2,TB 2,795 2,7!b 2,7!f, 2,eD 4fl2 2,XX 2,f,Ii 2,Ul. 2,Xp oottlltt
a,r 1,8,{.+ t,847 1,819. 1,852 r,8lt5 1,857 1,860 1,868 1,866 1,868 0lrtl2222 ,t 2,81I \812 2St+ 2,816 2,018 2,erc 2,82t 2ffi 2W 2Jq' o o ltt I I I t
'a

3'5 1,871 1,874 1,876 r,879 1,882 r,884 1,087 I,889 I,AI2 1,895 0lttl2222 qe 2,8i18 2,830 2,8it2 2,er 2,835 2,897 2,&3!r 2,Ut 2,Ut \W oo t I I I I
t.6 1,897 r,900 r,903 1,905 1,9(B l,9ll 1,913 1,916 1,918 1,921 orltt2222 qr 2,46 2,8,t8 2,850 2,851 2,853 2,8ti,5 2,857 2,850 gmo 2,8 0.,. ,r I I t I
\7 1,91 1,926 t,929 1,931 1,934 1,937 1,939 1,942 1,944 1,9t7 0rrll2222 q2 2,W 2,855 2,867 2,860 2,87t 2$2 257+ 2,8ft 2$n 2.879 O r,r tl I I I I
TT t,909 r,952 1,955 r,957 r,960 1,962 1,965 1,967 1,970 1,972 olltl2222 6'' 2,881 2,8&t 2,84t 21886 2,888 2,8$ 2,8S1 2,89r qSst 2rs7 oo I I I I I I
t,9 1,975 r,977 lig@ r,982 r,985 1,998 1,9q) 1,9$ 1,995 l,9S orrll2222 q,r 2,8$ 49m 2,902 2,qII 2,g)5 2,917 2,CI9 2,9t0 2Bt2 g9l4 00tllltt
\e 2,0m 2,m3 2,m5 2,mB 2,010 2,013 2,015 2,017 2,Ofr 2,022 00lltr222 rj 2,9t5 2Br7 2,919 2921 2.g,I2 2,y21 2,y26 2,C21 2,CE L$t 00tl1lt12
.r,r 2,025 2,027 2,ON 2,032 2,035 2,037 2,0,10 2,U2 2,U5 2,U7 00llll222 r'. 2B33 2834 2,936 2,9:t8 2,9t9 2,9fl 2,9t3 2,9t4 2,9a6 a9l8 ootlrrrt2
$ 2,019 2,052 2,Orr 2,0n7 2,059 2,62 2,64 2,066 2,069 2p7l ootttr222 t7 2,95O 2,951 2,953 ?B55 2,956 2,!158 2'960 2,$t 1Si 2965 oo r r r I I t 2
1t 2,074 2,076 2,O7A 2,081 2,083 2,(m 2,008 2,G)l 2,(B3 2,(B5 00tltr222 t't 2,966 2,s8 2,9ru 2972 2,97t 2:975 2gn 2878 2,s) 2,A 00tttllt2
4.1 2,098 2,lm 2,102 2,r05 2,107 2,lto 2,1t2 2,114 2,117 2,119 00llll222 Le 2,901t 2,$5 2,S7 2,S 2,9$ 2,5y2 2gg5 2,995 2,9!17 qg oolltll12
$ 2,t2t 2,124 2,1 2,128 2,131 2,133 2,135 2,138 2,1a0 2,142 oolllr222 9p 3,0(I) 3.002 3,(m 3,fir5 3,m7 3,(m 3pl0 3pt2 3,013 qol5 ooolllltt
1$ 2,t,t5 2,t47 2,t+92,152 2,tv 2,156 2,150 2,161 2,163 2,166 00rtlr222 9,r 3pr7 3,Or8 3,@O 5,Gl:l 3,OZt 3.J}25 \W 3,OA t,(m VEt 000tlrlrt
47 2,168 2,170 2,173 2,115 2,177 2,179 2,182 2,184 2,186 2,18) o0ltlr222
00lllt222
,,
o,
3,O$t 3,035 3,(m 3,G!8 3,(X) 3,Ofl 9pr3 3,(r5 3,aX6 tO€ oooltlrtl
1t 2,191 2,193 2,195 2,198 2,200 2,202 2,205 2,fr7 2,W9 2,211 3,Otio 3,051 3,0.ti3 3,0s5 3,056 3,058 3,OSt 3,6t 3,06t !,6{ o00llllll
4.9 2,2t1 2,2t6 2,218 2,2N 2,223 2,225 2,227 2,229 2,232 2,2?+ 00tllr222 9l 3,(m 3,(m 3,069 t,O7t 3972 3,07{ 3,076 3,077 3,079 3,(nt 000lltlll
5,0 2,25 2,2n 2,211 2,2+3 2,245 2,247 2,2+9 2,252 2,2r+ 2,2fi 00lttr222 e5 3,0&t x08i 3,(Bs 3,(87 3,(A) 3,@ t,W2 3'UX 3,t& 1(l)7 o00lrltlt
tr 22il 2,261 2,263 2,ms 2,267 2,269 2,2T2 2271 2,276 2,274 00tttt222 q6 3,Uf, 3,rm 3,ll}2 3,103 3,105 3,1(5 3,1tf, 3,tto gnl 3,ltt 00'o I r l I I r
32 2,2U) 2,283 2,285 2,2a7 2,2@ 2,29t 2,29t 2,296 2,2S 2,3m 00lltt222 ,7 3,114 3,116 3,n8 3,il9 3,t2r 3,123 3,12+ 3,126 3,127 1129 oooltlttt
5' 2,W2 2,n4 2,307 2,309 2,31 I 2,313 2,31s 2,3t7 23m 23n 00ttlr222 9,t 3,131 3,132 3,13+ 3,13:t 3,137 3,139 3,lro 3,1{2 3,143 3,t{5 000lltlll
4. 2,321 2,3X 2,328 2,3N 2,332 2,335 2,337 2,339 2,341 2,Ug 00llttr22 ep 3,146 3,l,rs 3,ly) 3,t5t 3,153 3,15,t 3,t56 3,158 3,159 3116l 0001I I I r i
Squarc rcots from l0 to l0O r+ \G
DiEm I}eG
r a I 2 t I , 5 t l2ta5a 7t!
7 a r a 2 3 a 5 a 7 a t tttr5aTt!
la qr6a 3'rr8 l.r9r \p ,% r3{() 1,256 tIil s2$ t*r, 23s689rrr2rt t5 7Jr5 7,+n l,+fi 7,1+3 7,+fi 7,t51 l,ffi
7,+21 7,1m 7,+7? r1233r556
ll qtrT 3r:t2 t !t7 t"!c2 1176 3J9r s,{E 1r2r 1,4:5 :l,tfll tl+679to12t3 lr 7,.1807,19 7,197 7JO6 7,5tO 7,5t7 7,58 7Jx) 7JS7 TJrs rt23g+556
tl lrs uo7 r,58l 3Jr5 3Jf) rJ64 !5r8 3Js2 t3{678roll13
$er 1{79 q6lll s', l,fl 75$ TJdt 7Jm 7,s76 ?,s&t 7J8t 7#5 7,elB 7,Url I r 2 3 t { 5 56
It !,ffi 1619 l,Or7 tr6r 3,6r{ X600 lmr 3,7rs 3,XB I 3 { 5 r 8lolll2 lta 7,615 7,6U1 7,631i 7,6a2 7,et|) 7,6e 7,6,tt r r 23t{555
L \7A 1755 I,A 115 3,m 9r2l 3r3r rr+7 SrEr t3r5749ilt2 5t ',Cl!t 7,7l,1 7,7l,1 7,rt1 ',655
7,541 7,608 ?,6X l,tN 1,7'in ',@
7,718 7,7n rr2Jtrr56
''}U
r5 3,A,3 316 rr9 3912 S,9l{ 3,!87 3,9rn 3J62 1e75 t,S rl{s689t0ll aa ?,75 1.7fi 7,161 7,772 7,778 ?,76 7,7il ?,tgt 7fir
7,152 rr2ttt456
lc +.tm +gt2 +@ {,(E7 4,trio t(El 4p7+ ttf,7 {,cI, {,tu r2{5679t0t1 al 7'810 ,it7 ?p 710a) 7,836 1912 7i49 7355 7i6t 7,s8 r l2 3 3 + 4 56
u +,tD r,r!5 tr47 {,r5o 4,rrr r,183 {,r95 t2o7 +219 +gt 12t557 8lott 3? 7,AA 'r,m 7d7 7,9S3 7]8S 7,qE 7gl2 7gt8 TSAt 7g!rl r l23tr{56
It 1'213 +#+ $6 121a +,rn r.:nr r3r3 rJzr {335 rJr7 t2356789t0 alt 7,9n7 7,950 7956 7,W 7pe) 7,915 1,*t 7,9? 7g9t r r 2 3 3 r { t5
It arfl) 4J70 +re +pgt 4,{n {J16 r,427 +,+!8 +,+fl) +,{6r t2356r89r0 aa q(ID &(m
',94{ 8tol2 qotg 8,t l:, 8,(Rt qGrT qu{ qoso 8i056 rr223+{56
ta 1,+7i' +,{at t{gt 4,fi t'5t7 {.528 r,sll) 15$ rJSr t52 123i678gto a5 qmr 8,rm 8,o7s qlnl I,tB7 q@t q(I}g qt(5 8,112 qlrs rr223{+56
:r r5lt 4JOr qflx t6t5 {,Gm t697 r,5a8 +S58 +,6e1 rS r23,r5689tO aa 8,t2r qlso qr36 8rra2 qt{g ql55 qt6t I,167 ql7! 8,t7!t rl223r{55
2 r'@ ,,mt \7,2 +,TEt t,vB r,7+l 1,71 r,765 r,7,s {,745 r2rr56 789 5' qt85 qlgr 8tr!n &nr 8!2to 82t6 Agq 4zB 8,Dt A2{0 r 1223{+55
a 4,7!5 tfi a,8t7 tW t,!' .r.8 r,&58 +F {,8r!t {rO r2l{56789 aa 8,2{6 q2sA 8258 836r q2m 8,276 8,28s 8ra, 8,2tb q$t t. a2tat55
tr f,Ep rs {,9r9 .,cn igro {.!no 4pf,, 49rr 4,gl +9c) t23r56789 6 8,ro, sJtg 8Jr9 8,325 8,Ilr 8,337 8$3 8,:!,r9 rIrS 8,36t I r 23t155
!t 5,tm 5,OrO 5,tEO 5,ClO 5,lXO s,(EO 5,(m s,Om 5,O7!r 5,lE) 123r56 789 ?r qs57
q{26
8,373 81379 8385 8r:t$ q3S q{@ 8,t(f, I,rt{ I,r20 l r 291155
l. s,aII) 5rl(B 5,[9 5,128 5,138 s,tt8 5,158 5,167 1177 5,187 r23456r89 7t 0,432 8,{38 8,4{.r 8tr5o q4S 8,t62 8,a68 8,t73 8,{79 l I .t 2 3 4 r 5 5
n 1t5 5:06 53rs 5,ZE 5,85 s,2+r 5,25+ sfi 5273 5,W. 123r56789 72 8,a85 8.49t 8ir97 8J8 SJaB 8,5t5 4521 8J26 q582 8,5tt8 112233{55
a tp. 5ror s'tro sj4o 5Ja9 5rI) sJ,r8 5J57 5J67 s,3r6 r23456774 ?t 85i{ 8550 85$ 8,562 8J67 qsr! 8,579
8,612 8,618 q6l+ q60o q626 8.631 q6J7
qsss 8Jo1 8,507 I I 2 2 r 3 t 55
It t,t85 5,19+ 1{r trfr3 s,+22 5,t31 5,{+l 5'45al 5,+5O 5,{68 123t55578 7t 4Or3 q5/rg 8,6tr rr22t3t55
I \177 1a6 qaes 5J6 s5ll 5J0l 5.582 5,s4r 5J8O 55S t2f1+5678 ,J q@ q8tr 8,672 q678 q60s q6A q6s5 simt 8,7t8 rr22t3{55
q7t2
tl IJB 5JZ 5J6 5JS s,eln 5,612 s,Gll 5,O 516S +6i8 1233456rE 7i5 8t718 972{ q729 q7:5 8,7{t 8,7{6 q752 q758 8,76i qrs
tt2233{55
tE 5,657 q686 q675 5,68 aez s,mr s,7to 5,718 5,727 t7:5 1233{5678 77 qr,s 8,781 q16 q792 qls qar3 8iflIl 8t0ts q&I( 8,825 lr223St45
tt a7{5 5,75t 5,761 1,77t \tA 5,7tr8 5,7!17 5,m5 5,811 5,82 1233r5678 ?l 8,80:1 8,837 8,&r3 8,849 &8tr qm qe6 8,87t 8,877 8Ie3 r r2213{{5
ta srst srao 18a0 5'817 5,S5 5,414 5'882 s,89r 5,ep 5prE 1233a5578 ?!t 8€88 8,89r qa)g spos 8gn 8Bi6 8,922 8,92? qgES qS 1r2233{{5
t5 !9r6 s92s 5!rl3 59il 5950 s,958 s967 5p75 5,S 5,CI2 t22345670 D 8,9{,r 8,950 q955 8,961 8,$' 8,972 q978 qlf,3 qS 8,9!X I r2233445
rJ' Etm q(Ir qorT q@s qG 6,0+2 q(m q058 6,(E6 6,o7s
6,8 E09t qpg 6,il)r 6,u6 6,t2{ 6,t32 5,tl(r 6,ra8 6,1$
122r15677
a22t+5677
ll
tt
9,(m 9,(m gplt 9,ot7 9,or2 9,u8 9,Gtt g,cNt 9,oa+ g,un rr2233{45
g,(Es 9,6r q(E6 9,072 9,077 9,(f,3 9,(B 9,(IX g,UD 9,rG rr2233ra5
ta E16r 6,tzi 6,t01 6,ta Gt97 q2rE 6,2t3 6Fr 6:29 6rtt' )22r15 667 at qilo 9,il6 9,12t 9,t, qt:p 9,ts8 g,tt! 9,t$ 9,15a 9,t00 rr2233-r+5
! e2rr G2r3 6,261 5p Wn 5Ja5 6.298 6JOr 6,xp qlrT t223a555' aa 9,165 qrTr qr76 qt@ 9,t8, 9,t!2 qt!f, 9.2t8 9:tl) gpta rr223tt{5
,a c!25 _6,!!A 6l{' 6,raE 6,3$ 6,11 63Z1 orm 6rE7 6JS6 t22t+ 5 66' alt 9,ZIO 9% 9p 9315 9,2{r 9217 9,52 9:57 g*dt 9,268 I r 2 2 t 3 t t5
al
.rt
6t(E
qrSr
6,ilt 5,+I9 q+n q(:h 6,a{2 6,15ll E{58 El6s qr7:t
qr08 q4s qyr 6Jr2 6Jr9 6,527 5515 6,542 6551)
)22X15
r223r5567
567 rs, 9,27+
9,327
92,,!, gfi. e29O 9296 gJOl 9,3{b e'3ll 931' 9,:122 rr223l+15
gJslt 9,138 9,:143 9,3a9 9.954 9350 9J65 gJIt 9J75 I t 2233t+5
al 6,557 6,56 6,57|t 6Jm 6,588 6JA5 qflB q6ll E6r8 6,6t6 )22315 567 tt 9381 gJS 9,391 9,n 7 9,{Il 9,07 9,413 9Jl8 g,+Zt 9,49) rr2233++5
I 6,CE 6,erl q6/tt 6,55 q668 q67l 6,678 6,ffi 6,5e1 6,70I 422315 567 E 9,{:}4 9,+lp 9,,H5 9,r$ 9,455 9.t6i0 9,,t66 9,47t 9,t76 9,|8a It223ta{5
tE 6,rn 6,7t6 6,ZZt 6,7:11 6,71E 6,7{5 6,7S1 6,rm 6,168 6,775 1r2344567 I 9,{47 gitn 9,$7 e5{B 9Jr3 gjlg 9,5t8 9J2{ 95E9 9,504 1r2233{{5
s17 6,El qrgl q79, 6,Drcl2 6119 6146 q8C+ 6r+1 6118
6,ml 6370 6,118 5rts 6]G}2 6,ED q,!Ir' 6914 q92l
1r234r567 tl 9Ji!9 gJat grso e55s e,sD 9J66 9,s7t 9Jr6 9581 9J6 l r 2 2l t il t5
9J!I2 9IO' gjaE I,e0' 9,613 9,6t8 9,6Zl q6fl8 q6$ 9,6S
Grs6 tt23i{557 a, rr22t!{15
tD G,!,!8 6,55 6,9€ 6,50 5957 6,51 69?1 6919 5,!5 q,CB lt23a{566 $ 9,64,t 9,6a9 9,6tr 9,6$ 9,68t 9,6m 9,675 9,6X' g,CC 9,gr rr22t!t15
a 7N ?Nt 7pt+ ,,uil 7,@ 7,rm 7,(xr lM 7,t|67 7fi1 rl23+r566 ta g,Gb qmt 9,715 9,7il 9,7t6 9,Zll 9,7tt6 9,73t 9,7n 9,ra2 rr223lrt5
-
5t
tp?t
7,r+t
7,O7a 7,(n6 7,W2
7,ra8 7,l5it 7,r6a
7,@ 7,(E 7,ltt
7,ldl 7,175 7,183
7,t2O
l,tS
4n 1,ly
7.t97 72O+
lt2ttt566
lr23+r566
t5
rg 9,717
9,7S
9,75:1 9,?57 s,762 s.767 s,zz r--rq 9,7al qTsc q?!E Ir2233r+5
9,fl}3 9,8m gpls 9318 9,0At 9,&p -}st+ g,a0s g.8ra I r 22334t5
5A 7.2tt 72$ lpt t,Ep. 7,W 72,6, 1FS 72lp 7J85 727, t1233+566 9,&r9 9,8!t{ 9p59 9,8Or 9,m) 937{ 9,879 91884 9,0il' 9n9r I r r 2 3 3 4 +5
to 7p 757 l,pr TJor ?J(f, 7,3t1 7321 7$A 7JBs 7,v2 1r233+556 s 9,CD 9,!n5 99rO 9Bt5 9,920 9,9t5 9,9:n 9,935 g.g(t 9,!X5 ,o r l 2 2 t 3 ++
4 7,rQ 7rs5 ?r6t 7"r6s 7Jm 7Je 7J8S 7396 7.16 7,+lO 1r233t556 tt 9,950 9,95ti 9,SO 9,965 gB7() 9,95 9,9) 9,$5 g.lItr 9395 o l r 2 2 t 3 4t
19
@
(o
o
(o
Reciprocals
x +-I
x
SUBTRACT Diffcnco SUBTRACT D'rffcmq
x o I 2 t I s 67t 9 It t,r 5 6 7 t 9 x 0 I 2 t 1 I 0 789 t2 t 15 6 7 E 0
r,0 t,()([ 990t gBot 97(B 96rs 9524 9434 9346 E2X9 917+ 9182837a655A17489 6,5 0,1818 1815 t8l2
1808 1805 l&I2 1799 t795 t792 l7&) 0l t | 2 2 213
l,t o,qpr qxt!) 8929 8850 A772 6$ 862t 8:t47 8475 8,|()3 8 15 23 3l :I8 {6 53 61 69 5,6 0,17m 1783 t779 1776 1773 t170 1767 t764 t76t t757 0t I t 2 2 2 3 g
r2 o.8$3 8a64 8197 8t30 m65 &X'O i 7 7A74 7At3 7752 7 t320m:839{65259 6,r 0,t754 r75l t74€ 1745 1742 t739 1736 t733 nn ,,27 0t I r r 2 2 2 3
u
tl
0,7dI2 7634 7576 t5t9 7463 7{/)7 7353 1299 7216 1191
o,?t{B 7a92 7fi2 6993 69a4 6897 6849 6m3 6757 67ll
6lLt7n28333!r,t450
510t419242933W43
5,0 o,t724 t72t l7t8 t7r5 l7t2 1709 1706
5p 0,t695 1692 t689 1686 1584 1681 1678
1704 l70l
1675 1672
1698
1669
0l
0l
I
I
r t 2 2 2 3
l t 2 2 2 g
r"t qffi1 6623 6579 6s36 6494 6+52 6410 6369 6329 62A) ,1813172125293338 6,O 0,1667 1664 166l t6s8 1656 1653 1650 1647 lO+5 1642 0t I r t 2 2 2I
1,6 0,6250 62il
6173 6135 6(xr8 6061 6024 5988 5952 s9l7 47lt 15ta222629gg 6,r 0,1639 1637 1634
qr 0,t6t3
163l t629 1626 1623 l62t t6l8 1616 01 I I t 2 2 2 2
1,7 0,5882 5848 5814 5780 5747 57t4 5682 5650 5618 5587 371013t6m2s 29 1610 t6o8 1605 1603 t6m 1597 t595 1592 1590 0l I I t 2 2 2 2
r,E 0,5556 5525 5{95 5,16/t 5435 5405 5976 53.18 s3l9 5291 36 91215172023m 6' 0,1s87 ls85 1582 ts80 t577 t575 1572 1570 ts67 ts5 00 I l I t 2 2 2
rp 0,s263 5236 5208 5r8t 5ls5 5128 51(}2 5076 5051 5025 358ilt315182124 6,4 0,1562 1560 1558 1555 1553 l55O l5,l8 15{6 15,t3 t54l 00 I r I t 2 2 2
2,O o,s(m 4975 +gfi #r$ $fr2 $74 48t1 {&il {fl)8 {785 25 7tOt2t1t7t92t 6'5 0,1538 t536 t534 l53r ts2c t527 152+ t5Z2 l5m tstT oo r r I t 2 2 2
2,r oJ762 4739 4717 @5 t673 r6sl {630 {fOB +s87 4s66 24 7 9 il13rst7t9 6,6 o,t5l5 l5l3 l5ll l$8 l5(b r50{ 15(}2 l€9 l€7 l,{)5 o0 I l I t 2 2 2
12 0,4il5 +525 ,+5o5 {,re{ 4461 114l. fi25 dos {386 1967 24 6 8l0121416l8 6,7 0,1493 1490 l{88 l{86 l{84 1481 t+79 t177 t475 117! 00 I l r t 2 2 2
2S 0,43{8 4329 13tO +D2 4274 1255 4237 4219 4m2 4tM 24 5 7 9 il 13 t4 16 6,r 0,147r l{68 t{66 t164 1,162 1,t60 1458 t455 t453 l4st 00 I I I t 22 2
2/l 0,4t67 4149 4lg2 4il5 {O98 {082 {065 {O49 4032 4016 23 5 7 8 l0 12 13 15 6,9 o,t4+9 t447 1445 1443 l44l l{39 1437 1435 t433 l43t 00 I l I t 2 2 2
25 0,4{m 3984 3968 3953 3937 3922 3906 3891 3876
2,6 0,38,16 383t 3€l7 M2 37l,a 5771 3759 3745 3731 37t7
3861 23 5 6 I
l3 4 6 7
9lr1214
9r0ll13
?,o 0,1429 1427 1425 t422 1420 l4l8 t4t6 l4t4 t4t2 l41o
7,r 0,t4o8 l{06 l4o4 1fi3 t4ot t399 t397 1395 1393 l:tgt
00 I I t t t 2 2 (
00 I r I t t 2 2
2,7 0,3704 3690 3676 3663 36s0 3636 3623 g5r0 3597 3s84 134s7I9ilt2 72 0,1389 1387 1385 1383 r:t8l 1379 1t77 1376 1374 1372 o0 I l l t t 2 2
2$ 0,3s71 3559 35,t6 3534 3s2l 35(x) 3497 g4&t 3472 3ffi 12 4 5 6 7 9t0n 73 0,t370 1368 1366 1364 1362 t:t6t t359 t3s7 t:t55 1353 oo I I I I I 2 2
29 0,34,t8 3,+36 3425 g1l3 :l{Ol 3:190 3378 3fi? 33s6 33{.r 12 3 5 6 7 8 gto 7,1 0,l3sl 1350 l3i+8 13,16 134+ 1342 13,10 l3:X,1337 1335 00 I r r I I I 2

to l2 3 4 5 6 I 910 r5 0,1333 1332 l33o 1328 1326 t32s 1323 l32l 1319 t3l8 00 I I t I I l2 I
t,l 0,3226 3215 3205 3l9s 3l8s 3l7s
3165 3rss 3145 3l3s l2 g + s 6 7 8 9 7,5 0,r316 l3l+ l3l2 13il 1309 1307 1305 t3(x
1302 l3q) 00 r l I I r I 2
,,
rt
0,3t25 3il5 3tO6 3096 3M 3077 3067 30s8 3{N9 30{)
0,3030 302t 3012 3m3 2994 298s 2376 M7 2959 2950
t2
l2
3
3
4
4
5
4
6
s
7
6
8 9
7 I
7,7 0,1299 1297 1295 t294 t292 tzgo
t274
1289 1287 1285 128,1
t272 t27r 1269 1267
00 0 r I I I I I
7,t 0,1282 1280 1279 1277 t2'16 00 0 l l I I I I
t,4 o,294t 2933 2924 29t5 m7 2W 2890 2882 74 2ffi5 12 3 3 4 5 6 7 8 7,9 0,1266 1264 1263 lmr 1259 t258 1256 l25s 1253 t252 00 0 I I I I I I
35 0,2857 2849 2A4t 2433 2a25 2At7 28(B 2801 2793 2786 12 2 3 4 s 6 6 7 t,0 o,r2s012.18 t247 t215 1244 t242 l24l t239 1238 1236 00 0 I r I I il
1,6 0,2778 2770 2t62 2755 2747 2740 2792 2725 2717 27rO t2 2 3 4 s 5 6 7 Er 0,1235 1233 1232 t230 t229 tZ27 1y25 t221 tyz2 t2.t o0 0 I I l r lt
t7 0,2703 2695 2688 2681 7+ ffi1 2660 26s3 26|6 2639 ll2 3 4 4 5 6 6 q2 0,1220 r2r8 t2t7 t2r5 t2t+ r2t2 t2il 120!t t208 lal6 00 0 l l r I tt
t,E 0,2632 2625 2618 26l r zf/}L 2597 2591 2584 77 2571 tl2 3 3 + 5 5 6 qt o,rms 1203 t20:l t2m lt99 lt90 l196 ll95 il93 ll92 00 0 I I l I ll
rp 0,2s64 2558 2551 2515 25fi 2532 2525 2519 2513 2506 ll2 3 3 4 { 5 6 q4 o,llln [8!t il88 1186 ll85 lt8:t lt&l lt81 ll79 ll78 00 0 r I I I tl
+0 0,2500 2494 2488 2481 2+75 2469 2465 2457 2+51 2&5 tt 2 2 3 4 4 5 5 s5 0,il76 il75 tt74 lL72 il71 u70 ll68 lt67 l166 ltal 00 0 I r r I ll
+r 0,2139 2133 2427 2+2t 2+15 24tO 2&{ 239a 2392 23tr7 lt 2 2 3 3 4 5 5 t5 0,1163 lr6t ll@ il59 il57 l156 il55 ll53 ll52 ll5l 00 0 l I r I II
12 0,2381 2175 2570 2W+ 23il 2353 2347 2342 2336 2331 lt 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 q7 o,il49 u{a ll,t7 lt45 1r,14 ll43 ll42 ll40 tt39 il38 00 0 I I I I It-
13 0,2326 N 2315 23(x) 230+ 2299 2?9+ 22ffi 2283 2278 tt 2 2 3 3 + 4 5 t'8 0,1t56 il35 il34 ll33 ll3l il30 tt29 tt27 I126 It25 00 0 I I I I ll
+4 o,t273 226a 2262 2257 2252 22+7 2242 2237 2232 2227 tt 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 rp o,ll24 tt22 il21 ll20 ilt9 lllT llt6 ll15 llt,l ll12 00 0 r I I I lt
r5 0,2222 22t',t 2212 2M 2m3 2198 2193 2188 2t83 2t79 0l t 2 2 3 3 4 + ep o,lul lll0 ll09 il07 l106 llo5 llo4 ll03 ll0l lloo 00 0 r l l I tt
{
o,2t?4 2t69 2r6s 2160 2l5s 2l5l 2l{6 2r4l 2tl7 2132
.r,6 0t l2 2 3 3 41 9,r o,rcx) 1098 1096 t(B5 l()94 lm3 tU)2 lc'o t(89 r(f8 00 0 0 l r I lt
L7 o,2t2a 2t23 2il9 2u+ 2il0 2105 2l0l Xm 2(B:l 2(f8 0t t 2 2 3 t + 4 9' o,t087 l@6 l(85 t$t! tm2 tmt l(no to79 1078 1076 00 0 0 l l I lt
1i 0,2(R3 2079 2075 ?o70 2(m 2([2 2058 2053 2(N9 2(X5 ot t 2 2 3 3 3 + 9' o,to75 t074 1073 t072 l07l to70 1(b8 t(57 1ff6 r(tr5 00 0 0 r I I tl
,El o,xkt m37 20.33 w)8 2{/24 20m ml6 mt2 2008 2fix 0l t 2 2 2 3 3 4 9,1 o,r0e1 1063 1062 t060 1059 to58 t057 t056 1055 torl 00 0 0 I r I ll
r,o 0,2000 r996 1992 1998 1984 1980 19?6 t972 1969 1965 0r t 2 2 2 3 3 4 9"5 0,t053 t052 t050 t049 to{a to47 10{6 1045 tu1 tc+3 00 0 0 I I I tl
5,r o,t96t t957 t953 1949 19,{6 1942 t938 1934 lgsr 1927 0l t 2 2 2 3 3 3 9,6 0,1042 l04l 1039 1038 1037 t035 lo35 tO34 lO33 1032 00 0 0 l I I tl
6r, 0,1923 r9l9 l9t6 l9r2 1908 1905 I90r 1898 1894 0t I r 2 2 3 3 3 9,7 0,r03r ro30 1029 1028 1027 1026 1025 1024 l@2 l@l 00 0 0 I I I ll
5J 0,t887 1883 1880 t876 1873 1869 1866 t852 t859 '890
1855 0t I t 2 2 2 3 3 9,8 0,rom r0l9 l0l8 lot? l0l6 t0l5 l0l4 l0t3 l0l2 lou 00 0 0 r I I tl
i.,l 0,1852 l8,ls 1845 t8,12 1838 1835 1832 1828 1825 l82r 0l I t 2 2 2 3 3 9,9 0,tot0 1009 t@8 tm7 l(m tm5 l0o4 tm3 tm2 l@l 00 0 0 0 l r tl
Index

acceleration 247 constructions 8 geometry 5-8, 28-33, 42-45, 168-177 ;

account book 260 consumer arithmetic 257 -266 circle 128-134
accurary 52 convex polygon ,18 gradient 241
addition: algebraic liactions 37-39; coordinates 4 graphs: algebrai c 4, I 44-148; distance-time
matrices 60-61; in standard form l0; cosine 1 12-1 19, 182-186; tables l l5-1 18, 240-245; of function 144; quadratic
vectors 78-80 282 162-165; speed-time 246-251; statistics
algebra 2-4, 34-41; graphs 144-148 currencies 277 21 7 -224'! tr av el 24O -251
algebraic expression 3 current account 259, 260-262 ground line 125
algebraic fractions 37-39 cyclic quadrilaterals l3l-134 grouping terms 35
algebraic sentence 3
amount 258 highest common factor (HCF) I
data 9
angle 5-6 hypotenuse 19
deceleration 247
angles: at centre 128-130; exterior 132;
decimal fractions 2, l0
opposite 132; in opposite segments 132; image 8, 29, 168
decimals: arithmetic I 05- I 07
in same segment 128, 130; in semicircle imaginary roots l8l
degree 5, 54-55
130-l3l denominator I ; rationalising 180-l8l
index 16
antilogarithms 70-7 l, 2N density 214
index form I
arcs I 28-131, 203-2O7 ; length 203-206 indices 65-68, 149-155; fractional 66-68;
deposit form 259
area 199-20O, 276, 278; similar shapes laws of65-68; product of66
depreciation 263-264
225-228 inequalities 3-4, 236-239; in one variable
depressign 6
area factqr 225 236-237; simultaneous 236; in two
deviation 252
arithmetic l0-18, 104-l I l, 212-216; variables 238-239
diameter 128
consumer 257-266 inflation 263-264
die throwing 234-235
arithmetic mean 252 integer 3
difference of two squares 5
average 9, 252-256 interest 110,258-259
digits I
average rates 253-254 intersection 3, 142
directed numbers 2-3
axes 4
direction 6
intewal222
irrational numbers 178-186
distance-time graphs 2,10-245'
balance method 3, 85 isometric projection 122
division: using logarithms 71-72, lfl-152;
bank statement 261
proportional 215-216; in standard form
banking 259-263 language l4l-143
ll-12; surds 180-l8l
bar chart 9, 221 length 278
bases 16-18 likc terms 3
bearing 6 edges 5 linear equation 4
brackets 35-37, 85-86 element 3 linear functions 144-145
elevation (angle) 6 logarithms 68-75, 149-155; ofcosines 285;
elculator 24-25 elevation (drawing) 5, 120-127 ofsines 284; oftangents 286; theory
calendar 279 enlargement 8, 170-l7l 154-155; tables 74-75, 280
cartesian plane 4 equations 3, 85-89; graphical solution logic l4l
cash withdrawal 260 162-165; quadratic I 58-167; lowest common multiple (LCM) I
centre of enlargement l7l simultaneous 208-21 l; solution of 3 lowest terms 2
change ofsubject 9l-94 equivalent fractions 2
cheque book 260 exchange rates 262-263 magnitude ofvector 80
cheque withdrawal 260 expansion 5; ofbrackets 36-37 major arc 128
chords 128-13l experimenral probability 229-233 major segment 128
circle geometry 128-134 expressions: quadratic I 56 mass 276
circles 203-207 ,matrices 59-64
class 222 hces 5 matdx 59
coelficient 3 factorisation 5, 156-l 58 mean 9, 252-253
coin tossing 233 factors l, 39 median 9, 255-256
coincident roots 164 foreign exchange 259, 263 membcr 3
column matrix 59, 62-63 fomal gmmetry,16-49 mensuration 5-8, 197 -207 ; formulae 278;
commission 259 fomulae 89-%, 280 tables 276-278
common denominator 2 fractions l-2, 86-87; arithmetic lO{-105; minor arc 128
common factors l, 5, 39-40 decimal 2; equivalent 2 minor segment 128
common multiple I hequency 9 minute (angle) 54-55
common solids 5 fiequency ply gon 222-224 mixtures 2Y-255
complement: ofangle 53-54; ofset frequency table 9 mode 9, 255-256
135-136, l4l function l4{, 148; graph 144; linear money 277
completing the square l6l-162 144-145; quadratic 145-148 money transactions 259-263
congruency 8, 28-33, 168-170 functional notation 148 r{rultiple I

291
multiplication: ucing logarithmr 7l-72, rangc ofvalucr 136 rubset 3, 142
150-152; matrlcer 6l-64; in standard rank order 9 substitution 40-41, 89-9 I
form ll-12; rurdr 179-180 ratc 214-215 subtcnd 128
ratc ofintere!t 258 subtraction: algcbraic fractions 37-39;
net 5 ratio 212-214 matriccc 60-61; in standard form I l;
non-routlnc problcmr l0l- 103, 194-196, rational numbcrr 178 vcctorr 8l-82
274-275 re-entrant polygon 48 surdr 178-182; division 180-l8l;
nurhber l-3 rearoning l4l multiplication I 79-180
number barcr l6-18 reciprocalr 2, I4-16; tabler 15, 292 surfacc arca 5
numbcr linc 2 reflection 8, 30-31, 168 symbols 278
number of elcments 3 rcquired outcomc 231
numcration l-3 rcvolution 5 tablcs 276-290; use of 23-24
numcraior I roots (equations) 85, I59; coincidcnt 164; tangcnt (ofangle) 50-58, 182-186; tablo
imaginary 164; non-rational 160-l6l 55-56, 283
origin 4
roots (numbers) 72, 152-154 term 3
orthogonal projections 5, 122, 123-127
rotation 8, 3l-32, 168 theorcms ,16-48
parabola 145 row matrix 59, 62-63 theorctical probability 233-235
parallel projections 5, 122- 123 time 276
parallelograms 200-202 salzry 257 transformations 8, 28-33, 168-177;
paubook 260 savings account 259-260 combined 175-177
pay 257 scalir multiplication: matrices 6l-62; translation 8, 29-30, 168
pcrcentagc! 107-l l0 vccton 82-84 translation vectors 76-78
perfect square 5, 36 scale drawing 120-127 travel graphs 244-251
perimcter 199-200,278 scalc factor 225 trianglcs 7 ,200-202; anglc sum 47; cxteri*
pcrsonal iname 257 rcctore 203-207; arca 206-207 angle 47 ; right-anglcd I l8-l l9; solving
pi (tr) l8l-182 segmcnt 128 l9-27, 50-58, I l2-l l9
pictogram 9, 221 set builder notation 136 trigonometrical formulae 278
pic chart 9,221:222 sets 3, 135-143 trigonomctrical ratios I 18, 182-186
place valuc I shcar 172 trigonomctry ll8; in arca problems
plane rhapcs 42-49; formulae 280; shcat factor l 72 I 97- r98

menruration 197-207 SI units 276-277

plans 5, 120-127 rimilarity 8, l7 l, 225-229 union 3, 142
pointr ofcomparo 6 simplc intcrot I l0-l I l, 258 univcrsal rct 3
polygons 7, 42-45; anglc rum 7, 49-44, rimplert form 2 unknown 3,85
47-48; cxterior anglea 45-4$, 47 -48; eimplification 3,35-37
interior angles 43-45, 47; regular 7 simultancouc equations 4, 208-2ll variablcs 4
population denrity 214 rinc I l2-l 19, 182-186; tables I l5-l 18, vectors 76-84; dillcrcncc 80-82; magnitu&
powere 16, 72,152-15+ 281 80; scalar multiplication 82-84; sum
prime factors l; product of I solidr 120-127; formulae 278; rkctcher 78-80
prime number I t20-t22 Vcnn diagramr 3, 138-l4l
principal I 10, 258 oolving equations 85-89 vcrtical angle 56
probability 229-235; cxperimental rolving triangler l9-27, 50-58, vertice! 5
229-293; as a fraction 231-239; I l2-l l9 volume 5, 277 ,278, similar shapes 225-228
thcoretical 293-235 rpccd 214 volume factor 227
proportional division 215-216 speed-time graphr 2,16-251
square matrix 59 wage carner 257
$thagoras' thcorem 19-27
$thagorean triples 22 lquare roots 23-24; tables 290-291 wagea 257
squarec 23; tables 289 withdrawal form 259
quadratic equations 158-167; formula standard hrm l0-14, 149
t65- 166 statistics 9, 217-224, 252-256; drawing x-axis 4
quadratic exprecsionr 156-167 graphs 221-224 x-coordinate 4
quadratic factorisation 5 rtretch 172-175; two-way 173
quadratic functionc 145- 148 ltrctch factor I 73 y-axis 4
quadrilatcrals ?; eyclic l3l-lt4 rubj:ct .o! formule 89-94 y-coordinatc 4

GI Ar'fl 2['11
:. : - I,;}iDURA
'-'.
-r-1" .l' lit- Derwltl

292
s s, o o a o o(
vv!rsBN-13 r 3?B-o5EeoarEqA
ISBN-1,0: 05aa0811q6

,ililiulruil