Atomicstmcture

* Greek
Philosopher Democrats 900B€

Atoms A = Un torn →
cult able
↳ Unueltable ( Andi visible)

* In 1808 ,
John Dalton

Dalton 's Atomic

Theory
All the substances ( matter ) is made
up of
so

very small
particles
(atoms ) .

2 .
Atom is indivisible

so Atoms same element have at

of same o

and
masses same
properties .

Atoms elements
4 .

of different have
different
ato masses and
different properties .

so In a chemical reaction ,
atom can neither
be created nor be
atoms
destroyedtakes
Only ,

rearrangement of of place

i
}
Micheal ←
faraday Development in the

Ampere field of electricity

Volta &
magnetism
I { Current }

tvechauge
=
-

=
xechauge

⇐
flow of
① Julius Plucker ② JoJo Thomson

③ Eoaoldstein ⑨ Bohr ⑤ James chad .

with

⑥ Rutherford ⑦ Max
plank
⑧
Heisenberg ⑨ Schrodinger
* Atoms 3- subatomic
are made
up of Mainly
particle
to Electron 20 Proton 30 Neutron

Natural
lightening -7 Potential
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Discharge
Table

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*
Discovery g
Electrons 189¥

ÉRayx→ (cathode
⇐ Anode
Rays )
Fathom

4 A → Deep Blue
Me
Photographic plate Orange
→

02
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raypiae ¥¥E¥¥¥¥÷EÉ¥i=•
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Properties of cathode
rays -7
① Cathode travel in
rays straight line with
the
velocity comparable light .

+ ve - ve
change
If * ⇐⇐É
x-ray plait ☐¥E#•*A
② Cathode
rays carny
-
ve
change because
on
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one
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on
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,

towards South
pot
tve
change -

# change

A
the

③ On
taking perforated anode cathode
anode and
,
strike the
rays
pass through
the
wall of glass
contain euq producing
small
lighteningisgreen yellow Colombo
-

this called
and
phenomena
material is
florescence o

the called
material
florescence
pflooescentmateeei.ae
[Anode )
+ve ve
change
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f-
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rays canny mechanical
energy
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Energy .

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placing
on
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a

it starts and
on its
path metal,
rotating on

placing a sheet it
gets
heated
,

up
.

metal sheet Heat

f. up>

☐
⑤ cathode
rays affect
the
photographic plate
1909 Rosco Millikan

Millikan 's Oil

Drop Experiment
Electron #-) Atomist ( )
e spray
cathode e
-

e
e-

rage o←oIdr e-
oil
⇐
drop
→
e-
I
et
→ e-

ee -

ve
①
gravitational force
-

② Air friction ctzaeye

③ Speed of oil drop
f- recharge
I
caÉÑÑ_
e
-

e
-

e
e- calculate
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=

Is ⑧⑧¥_£hauge Ee -

ee
e-
-

xe%yce
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Change of Electron -7
-

= -1 unit

tray ]
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%→ smallest
change
-19C
-

302×10

- 4.8×10-19 (

Electron
Marne
Toso
Stoney

-
=
p
To calculate change by mass ratio (G)ratio
* Cathode
Ray Tate
Experiment
JoJo Thomson

screen
M •
By
↳
f-
T s _¥palh
size
point
cathode
change
c)
184g
Direction change
Change by ratio
mass = 1076 ✗
I
=
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-

4kg momentum

E- M¥a→
specific change
* Electron ( me ) Chang
Massy
change by mass ratio

¥m=m
me =

= -19¢
1.602×10
1076×108
41g
Me = 901099×10-28 g

901094 ✗ 10-31
kg
=
*
Discovery of Proton 1886
1911
Eo Goldstein

Rutherford
Anode
ray Experiment 1886 Eoao Idstein

glass container
+ve Anode t -
ve cathode
=

faint red
¥ :$
←
I
= glow=

Anode
t
{ Canal
Rays)
Rays florescence
In 1886 ,
Goldstein was
experimenting on

cathode
raysthebut florescence
,
experiment ,
he

interchanged electrodes Now o

cathode
,

was

observed
perforated
behind
,

the
Then red faint glow was

existence Anode
cathode
q justifying the

of rays o

These cathode and

rays travel
also
from anode
Canal
to

they are called

Rays .

* Iro
parties of Anode Raff
Anode travel in line with
to

the
rays straight
speed of light
the
velocity lower than o
low
pressure shadow
Angie f xecalhode

ftp.#: s-
+ve
-

I It .

Photographic plate

⇐ Anode rays Carey tvechauge , because on

placing electrified
anode ,
rays get
towards
deflected towards Ye
plate and
-

M
plate on
applying Mago field
.

S
+ve Angie
Gs -
xe cathode

:* :*
.

E- .

e
②
3=0 On
taking peuformated cathode anode
,
cathode and
rays
pass through
the holes
of
strike the wall
of the
glass creating
is called
faint red
glow . This
phenomenacalled
material is
florescence The .
florescent
material .
z⇐→
treacle d- xe cathode

← red
I ¥%•• ±
glow
florescent e
Ko Eo =
¥n±⇐
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rays energy Cki_¥
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energy erotaet ( healthbut
.

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+ve Anode < -
xe cathode

F¥É¥¥¥%•• .
.

✓
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particle
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.

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change proton
)
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1-10602×10-13
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change by mass ratio of proton

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=
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It means mass of electron is negligible wosroto

massy protons
*
D¥n James Chadwick
1932

James Chadwick discovered

Be
no
by bombarding
✗
particle on nucleus ,
Then mass
of
approximate Lama is lost
was called neutrons
o This particles

Nuclear Reaction
A

z
•

9€
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Iee →
-
12
⇐ +
nm±
±
-
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✗
particle
40¥
→ High speed
Radiation
a-
particle High Energy→

t (
,

from Radioactive
+2
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substances]
,
Mp
49mg
+
Helium
Nuclei → 4a±u
•

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apt →
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• -12
He tae
-

→
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e-

pt +1 Adamu

no

* ste
1. JoJo Thomson 's Atomic model

20
Rutherford 's Atomic model

30 Bohr 's Atomic Model

4 .
Wave / Quantum mechanical Modelo
to HÉLOISE 1898

to Atom is electrically neutral .

Noo
of
electron =
Moog proton

20
Atom is positively changed sphere on

electrons are embedded in tto

Compared with

÷:-|:÷
p Redpoint
_-
tve
change
e-

①
e-
e- e-e- Watermelon
↳
seeds e-

② Plum
pudding model

Thomson 's Atomic model

Drawback It could not the

explain results

foil Experiment
's
of Rutherford Gold

we t.tt
+

*e**÷+×i-
EE E

+
+
tie
_
Atomic Model ( 1911 )
Rutherford
* 's

's ( 19093--7
Rutherford Gold
foil Experiment
✗ Particle
scattering Experiment
-

180°
Deflection ¥eted¥
Bounce back

••
12¥
< >
Io
T
gold foil
10--00001*0
✗
particle
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souu±e

Experimental arrangement
with his
Rutherford colleagues performedatom
discover the structure
an

experiment
In this
to
of .

(thicknessexperiment very
a thin
gold foil
bombarded with a
000001cm ) was

particle
→Observations

① the
Most
of ✗
particles passed through the
gold
foil on
deflected .

② Some
of the ✗
particles got deflected by small
and
angles some
by large angles .

③ just bounced
1 out
of 20000 ✗
particles
the same direction
back
C 1800
deflection ) in
from
which it was
coming o

f-

€ ⇐
Ipt =
Lamy

④ =

Discovery of
* Nucleus

/ pt= 1840 e- =

EI Rutherford
12
4_4
-

=
* Po_# →

② Most the space in atom is

of an
empty .

② All the
positive change and mass
of an atom
is concentrated in the centre atom called
of
Nucleus o

③ Electrons revolve drround the nucleus in

like
concentric
solar
circular
paths just planets in

system .

⑨ size small in
of
size
nucleus is
very comparison
to
of atoms

size atom 1510m →

¥5m
of
=

sike
of Nucleus =

1515m → 1m

Ike Nucleus
p( ptt-10)
Volm or Moo
of Mucins
Mass
V ✗ A → no .

I # A %

|
=

R ✗ (A)
☒ R3= Rosa
#

%
R =
Ro (A)
V3
R =
Ro (A) 1033×10-15 .

m
(Atomass) (A)
Mass No = =

n-of-o.pt thou;D
=

→
Drawbacks

10
It could not
explain line
spectrum of Hydrogen .

20
It could not
explain the
stability of atoms

classical theory of Electromay

¥•B → motion e- in electric

of
I
field
•fA Circular accelerated
Friction
<
↳ loose
☒☒¥•tH energy
in the
form
TV =
Ennradiation
__

⑤ ④ I

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*

. Pna
fixed Quantity)
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e-

= -

30204 ✗ 10-19

✗<
L
-
1g
= -60408 ✗ ( o

¥
-

1- to 602×10
pt
=

will be
always
Change10602×10-12 integral multiply .

tune
20 are two
types of changes .

F) Positive Ave )
change
Ii ) C- xD
Negative change

is
30
Change a scalar
quantity o

4. Same
changes repel eachother
attract each other
white
opposite
changes
.
The
force ofis attraction or
in the Iteration
repulsionlinebetween
changes
two
of connecting
changes
.

9
, 92

Go Coulomb 's law

or
repulsion
the attraction btw two 9 , and
force of changes
92 is
directly proportional to the
product of
magnitude
to
of changes and inversely proportional
the
Square of distance separating then
I AL
y

X
F
9192
1<=9×109 M my
CZ

F
¥
✗
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of medium
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changes
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KM÷
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kinetic 9
ooo
energy of
a
change moving in
a
potential difference Avo

or →

↳
Ko Eo =
of AV
ve
+ ve
-

plate Platt
Pt =
+10602×10-19
*
ÉD-→
=

KE
Ez=PE
E
,
-

Mujeres
Esf TEA
[ ☒ > < =*☒E

✗
particle
some

Atomic No I
1- Ze
change nucleus -_
on
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particle
✗ =t2e
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Closest distance
of
mass
of particle =m✗
a
Approach
velocity of particle Von ✗ __

closest distance
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=

e=
magnitude of smallest
change
B so
Initial
Energy
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,

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=

d- mist
F- =

I -

①
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final Energy E2= PETKE

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=

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=

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collision
9 F-
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=

most =2Kze2
→
2- Ro

3 Ro = 4 kzez
man
✓
closest distance
of Approach

Ques out the closest distance

→

find of approach
%
if ✗
particle is bombarded on
20
nucleus with
speed 10611107m¥ .
⇐

50=19--3 2=20 ✗ my = Mama

=
4×1067×10-1 7kg
V - lo 6×107
e =
to 602×1-019 C

K = 9 ✗ 109 µ my C2
Ro= 4K2
move
=
41×(9×109) ✗ 20×466×10-132
14×1067×10-2 # ④ 6×10732

= 9×20×-106×+06=+10/9×10-38
1067×1-06×1067 10-27×1014/105

9×20 10-16
¥2006
=
✗
Toot

=
9×20×0,6×1046
=
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Ro =
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* Some Basic Massimo

Definitions
ay
Element
Representation
2. -7
zx
eg :c .EE?EyRAtomtcM0o
20 Mass Number (A)
sung Noi
of protons and
neutrons present in the
nUIewE
A no
pt
= +

3. Atomic Mo CD Moo
of protons present in
the nucleus o

z =
pt
Atom is
electrically neutral

opt = e-

Isotopes Atoms
of same element (same 2)

called
having different mass number
Ave
Isotopes .

→ Radioactive
1H 2 3

Eg① 1 I 1

protium ( P) Deuterium Tritium ( T )

D

A = 1 2 3
2 =
1 1 1
1 1
pt = I

e- = I 1 I

no = 0 1 2

*
Isotopes
are created because
of difference in
neutrons
no
of =
. .
→
Radioactive
13

Ego 16
c. →
% g
1g
£
isotope
t
o → To
8 ¥ ¥onD¥ng )

6 → 356 376
17 17

235 238 233

U →
U U U
92 9.2 92

Xe
,
Cs 36
_sIotopE
Isobars
E- Atoms
of different elements ( number
2

different) having same mass

ane called isobauso
14 14 40 40
①
Eg f &
+
M s
2894¥ '

Isotone Atoms of different

⇐
same neutrons
element
having
of
no
④
-
.

14 '

Eg f § % n0=A -

pt
⑦
=
Ino Ino +¥n .
!n⇐A-I
=
Iso → same electronic > electron

those cartoons
⇐ cdsoelectronic species species
molecules ions ) which
,
,

have same no
.ge/ectronauecalkdIsodectoic
species .

Eg① M O F Me Ma
hag At
215 216 217 218 218/1 218,248,3

It the t.tk I tie fine fist

-
-

> e- -
-

218 2,8 48 218 218 218 218

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toes
toe toe toe
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toe
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a

.
*
lekctromagneticwaxee.CI#iation--
→ the type radiation which have both electric
of
and
magnetic field oscillating perpendicular to
each other Ave
electromagnetic radiation
+ve magnetic , EIawa±e
field f. ← field
electric

÷
-
ve

-
ve

→ EM waves do not require any medium

for
their
propagation .

Speed ✗ 1

Density of Medium

with the
→ All Era waxes move
speed of light
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3×108 mls
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cosmic 07102GHz ✗ < 1516m

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10 10-4-100

Radio 10° -10° I -108

waves
* Occurrence and Application
① cosmic
Rays →
supernova explosion / Neutronstan

/ Black hole collision

② P
Rays → Radioactive
isotopes Lcinceucause
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visions

⑦ Microwave →
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TV mobile
Network
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signals Space,

Exploration
Visible
light
violet 0 less
v →
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1
B
G
y

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,
✗
High
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Ess Diffraction
AE angstrom 1A°= 1510m
=

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-

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unit on , cm
,
nm
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crest
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☐
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trough

Time taken
Time Period G)
by a
20 to
wave

pass through point .

T =
second CD
D= need

(D)
Frequency passing through
so
Moog waves

is called
point
a

Unit -7 Hertz ( H2) frequency o

or
cycles per second
second
peu
waves
1
'

51 Ts → wave

0=>1 ÷w
Is →
( v)
4°
Velocity speed of light CD
3×108 Mls

Wavenumber ( J )
50
in
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present
unit distance .

Unit m
-1g Cmt
,
nm
-1

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¥
=

I
=
4A°=

QQ A ✗ to -10m → I wake
=

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4×10-10
0025×10+10
205×105 waves /m

6 . Relation b/w 0 and ✗

Distance
time
=
Velocity

f- 0=§
f
=
c
→

→ ✗ xD = C
7- o
Amplitude (a)
Height of crest or
Depth of
M cm , nm
troughs
I ,

Crest
n
B ← ,

ɱ
80

+ I
A H C G
O • ••

H
p E Q
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D
u
E H

trough
emitted
Queso Yellow
light 600hm calculate lamp
from Ma has
(O)
wavelength
and to)
frequency
o

wave number
of yellow righto
s
Malamp ✗ =
Goonm = GOOXÑSM
✗ =
6×10-7m

a-
÷ ;¥¥÷
108×101-7
£ ✗
=

=
0.5×1015142
0 =
5×1014 Hz

J
¥07m
=
=

107 t
-1g
-

= ✗ m .

=
001667×107 on
-

-0 = 10667 ✗ 10° m
-

t
Ques ② Calculate the
wavelength frequency
,
and
of a wave having 7=2×10-13
wave number
--

50--10=3 7=2×10 -10s

° 005×1010
2¥10
=

= =

= 5×109 He

D=
§
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"
✗
as
g-
=
=

J '
=

⇐ =

= 16067 m
-

I
*
Natauegf-lectromag.net#Radiations=
Electromagnetic Radiations have Dual Matinee
① Wave Nature ② Particle Nature
↳
① Interference a) Black Body Radiation
by Photoelectric effect
②
Diffraction cy Hydrogen spectrum
d>
✗
specific heat of
solid

1o=Waxe Nature
as
WI

>

W2
1492 >

theme two
one
types of interactions

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i. .
p frequency
saree →

to constructive Crest crest

overlap
←

trough ←
trough
141
µ
az

HE >

Ha ,+az

Intensity increases
(
Intensity amplitua ✗

⇐ Destructive
Overlap crest ←
trough

WI
trough ← crest

n ✗ crest

FÑV
at
µ →

Wz

It 92
µ( at az)
-

>

- 91--92
a
,
-

a2=£
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+

ve

1a-a
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we ☒~
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PÉEaÑÉ
10 Black Body Radiation
Reflection
tramPssion
white
light aosog,

T
Refraction
Any substance which absorbsand emits all
typeTheof radiations is called
radiations emitted
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type of Black
by a

body is called
Blackbody radiation .

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ane
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→
d- means particles ( atoms / molecules) can

interact with EM radiation .

.
→ father of
=
Quantum
physics
Studied Max Planck
by
→

pau.tk/enatuwavelength
ue--oXmax--
Em waves also show

of
T
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FW
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t
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,

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→ 20000 micro
→ 10000 want I R

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*
Effect of Tem# Ts <
T2

T2

I
• •
Xanax ①
T①

Xm
*
Ma×P1anck1sQuanuory w•
- MB
→
m%w⑥ me
v6 →
mom
light source

Radiations emitted
hightnot or
from
→
source
continuous but
any
discontinuous ( Discrete
is
in the
form of Energy particle
All the wave is in this
energy of
µ④← particle
I
Eneugypautide
" "
this is called Quantum
energy particle
→ →
o

Quantum Plural Quanta

singular → →

Mkp r

Enñegypautide w

EM radiation
Energy of any directly
→ is

piportional to its
frequency o
Energy ✗
frequency
of EM wave

F- ✗ °
← D=
fool
Eneergllode
frequency
HO
paid F- h= Planck 's
=

constant
0=9,4 6.626×10-345

F- =
HI Lev =
to 602×10--195
✗ I

unitofe-e-ogyfor-EOno.gg
↳mphjy → F- = 1240% Energy particle
⑦X E=¥⇐①hO
l24o0ev
=¥←¥
F- = F-
✗
Ao

0¥10 Calculate the

energy of a wave
having
wavelength NIE

£oI F- =
124L
✗ nm
=

12¥ = Zev

F-
lev =
1.6×10-195 Energy g2 Quantum
Lev =
Tv
light →
Quantum
particle photon
Ques ② Calculate the of it its
is
energy
4×1010 H2o
wave
frequency

Ques ③ calculate the

Is 29080 e Vo
✗
if Energy g Radiation

Ques ④ radiation A° has

Gj a
100W
of wavelength 62

calculate Quantum
energy ,

leased
noo
of
pautideooe pen second .

Ques ⑤
If a radiation
of wavelength
ionize
1240 A°
atom
then
is
just sufficient
what
to
is the ionisation
Li .

Tn KJ / mole
energy
Li
of
-

34
F- = he =
6.626×10-113×108 g-
☒

/
=
m
✗ =

nm

1 nm = 10-9 =
190878 ✗ 1-034×108×109

✗ nm=×nm×m=i%%Yger
=
120 408 ✗ 10+2
=
1290É✗ n n
1W =
13/5

Q¥① Bulb → 100W

6=6*0
dsecond →

F-
=④h④→/¥g
=
n 1240-0 eV=
✗
A° lev -_
10602×1%5
=
n 124%0-0 ev
-6-2

310/05 =

2×29/0×1.6 ✗ 151¥

og n -
1-
2×1.6×10-19

"

2¥10
=

=
50-10-0×1017 3015×18*8
2- ✗ I -6

5,0¥ ✗ lo
't
Cpautices
= 3105×1017 photon
T ionisation

Queso hit + e-
←

IE

Energy
12-400--10
hog
F-
atom
=
=

1240 -

{
= 10×10602×10*5 / atom

=%m→**±
= 106×10-18 slalom

106×10-187

[
Latom →

Inde → 6-022×1023 → 106×10-1 60022×18

atoms
lot #

go.am/mn .

1000 J → I K ]

KJ / mold
964720T
966€72
→

A-
+
☒
ionisation Energy
I
Y-]Ef=k%¥fa_km⇐
2,

kstmde
Discovered
* Photñ#t by Hertz 1887

Explained by Einstein

5¥40get
Anode
¥fÉÉY +

-1K¥
= = =
-

F-led-roposit.net#E
-

G
metal
z
( Maik , Rbis
Ba )

case ① No
sunlight
→ No Electricity is
converted

case ② is
Sunlight
→

Electricity conducted

{ }
e- -
ve electrode to txe electrode

Current + ve to -
ve

when EM radiation certain strike the

of
electrons are
energy
surface of metal ,
ejected .
These e-

are called Photoelectrons and the

is
phenomenon
called Photoelectric effect .
Einstein ①
*
Explanation by frequency of Radiation

②
Intensify Radiation
1ofrequenaygra-diati.cn f- ✗ 0
= =

metal
for a
✗ =%
CD observation
Ego frequency {¥Ygy wavelength
" "

0,yuµz [
+ "° " " """ ^^ ✗
less 2×1014+2 0.827 er ¥- Eoosum ✗

I
.no#uo.zzumx4X1olUHzlo654eV
,

um ✗
4099×101411220064
eYf¥Lqd§ ☒

k%Fa-#f÷€¥¥.rs#gdggy.EnagF0-0EE*---
-0

501×1014 ✓
f-

6×1014 ↳
00167rem ✓

7×1014 -
001423µm ✓

8×1014 Um ✓

.
tnresold CED the minimum
Energy amount
Radiation
of
of required
to
from metal is
eject an e- a
surface
called tnresold
Energy .

Radiation
F- =

Energy of
F- °=
- (M¥meegM¥)
thread
energy
is not
F- ✗ Eo e-
ejectedKE=o
✗
→
F- Eo is
ejected ✓
=
e-
= =

✓
F-
=
7
=
Eo e-
isejectedwith
↳ some

Eo=⇐☒
eg
F- =
3¥
e

✗
ejection Rem¥Éni
Enemy
n g
aev ✗
ater ✗
Tsi ✗

① ¥

✓
⇐

¥ ✓

1¥ ✓
EI
)
⇐

kinetic Em
DEAF
for F- > Eo

Removal kinetic
Energy of of t Energy
=

e-
Radiation
(*
resoldeneugy)
F- = Eo + KE othuenarne
(wook
Wt KE
function)
F- =
¥

Ma=z#ele¥e ,

} •
-⑤€f%toI⇐
f- e-
•
•
•
•
•

6
⑧@ o

t
q
metal
surface /Eo=s

.
* thread 109=7 The minimum value
frequency radiation
of
frequency metal
of
required to
is
ejected an e-
from a

called Three old

surface frequency
0 Radiation
frequency of
=

°
F- = F- + KE

HO = noo t KE

0 do
< e- not
ejected
0 Oo e-
ejectedKE with
=

=
0
0 Oo
> e-
ejected with

0¥ 0 KE
¥ >
✗ 0

* three old to) The maximum

wavelength
radiation
value
of wavelength
of required is
to
eject an e-
Three old
metal Surface called
from a

wavelengths
✗ incident Radiation
wavelength of
=

✗0

¥ ¥ t KE
.

=
✗ > Xo e- is not
ejected ✗
with
✗ ✗
ejected
=
o e-

KE =o

4. Xo
✗ e-
ejected with
KE 70

* there is time
no
metal and emission gap of
in
striking of radiation
on electron
from metal
sulfa
•

*
Ejection of electron
depends the on
Emugy /frequency
1 wavelength but not on
intensity .

*
KEG ejected electron DX
depends on E
,
but not on
intensity o

at
*
Explain alton
by Intensity ✗
wave I

nature 4

for metal M 00--5×1014

beg
a Hz

F-o = 20068 ev

Exp ① 0=4×101%2
↳ e
ejection
1
photon ✗
Ls too
↳ photon ✗
tooo
photons ✗
Nature
foo particle I ✗
noog photons
(Quanta)

0=6×1014 Hz To 5×1014
Exp②
_-

↳
photon
sets
1

too
photons too e-

↳
***
1000
photons 1000 e-

Intensity T
noog photons /Quanta T
Moog photoelectrons T
Moog
✗ noo
of a
intensity
photoelectrons photons

* kinetic
kEma× Maximum
Energy
KE→5eV , Iser
,22eV
1*0
8¥÷#→☒→⇐¥
8¥£→→¥I¥¥¥
0
88
1-×e①E
5eV ←

*
stoppingÉff-
?
f£e
✓
f
-
ve
Cannae

KE=5
I kE=9V
= e 5V
KE =
I
=
Few ⇐
se ✓
⇐--
= 5eV

It is the
potential applied anodeon so that
kinetic electronbecomes
energy of
zero or

e-
stops moving
Potential Cso Po ) K
stopping
=
= max

I Cev )

#iE¥
1¥
Cannae

-4
> e- .
-
- -

5¥
¥¥"
"

z
so
lanÉ=§
0=450

£ { Eo =
Thresold
Energy
Eo

kinetic
Energy ( stopping )
us
Eneugy
potential
F- = Eo 1- KE

KE =④E -

Eo

y =I-Z⇐tc ←
straight like
=

m=1
stope
C = -

Eo
HO = hoot KE

0 = Oo + KI
h
⑦ =W= wook
function
Q¥① Calculate KE of e- when 62008
radiation
ejects an e-
from a metal
surface with
work
function 105 evo

soM Given W= Eo =
lose V
=

✗ A°
wavelength of 6200
=

Radiation
F- =

h¥ =

12400--1%9%-1
Ao
✗

= Zev

→ F- =
Eo 1- KE

2 = 105 1- KE

g KE =
ev

AI

Que.② If Ñ of radiation an e-

with
1290
KE =
Rosero then
ejects is
what the
work
function of metal o

SIM KE = Loser ✗ =
12404°
W=Eo to
=

h¥= 144,0€ k
F-
=/ Oer
= =

1240
F- =
Eot KE

→
to =
Eo +205

3 Eo =
10-205 = 705

Ques Io If KE
of e- emitted from metal , when
.

4×1014 Hz radiation strike the

Suey ace
is Gteomesthe
KEG e- emitted from same
metal when 1×10 19 Hz radiation strike
the Calculate thresold
suiyaceo frequency o

Sotho 01--4-140-14112 KE
,
=
R

02 = 1×1014112 ¥E2= 2g

F- =
Eo 1- KE

HO =
hoo t KE

hi = hoo +26662 ①
,
-

hoo 1- ②
h0z= →

N =

hoz -
hoo

hi , =
hoot -2666 1h02 -
hoo )
• hi
,
=

# +266402 -266¥
as 1h0 , =

21h02 Yoo -

→ 0 =
$02 -500
,

→ 4×1014 = ⑧ (1×1014)-500

3 4×1014 =
6×1014 -
-

S Vo

9 500 =
6×1014-4×1014
→
500 =
2×1014
a
00=009-2×1-014
5-

4×1013
Hzµ
g Oo =
# BA1omdel 1912-1913

momentum ( D= MY

•
Shells / Orbitals
Angular momentum
→
stationary orbits
•
=
mxw
•
⑥
•
•
•
Mvr
4=1/43,4
=
• n=4 ooo
= ⑧
•
• •
7<-4
0=11×8
•
•
⑥

•
n=z

n Angolan momentum
⑥
L
na =hh_
•

angular
D= •
µ
27
=

Velocity
compared with
↳
ME
# Shape
to Electrons revolve around the nucleus 9h
concentric circular which are called
orbits or shells
,
o
path

These orbits
20 shells or are
of definite energy
so that these Ave also called
orbit
Energy
levels
,

energy
shells ,
stationary .

these orbitals
So

h= 1
are denoted
K,
by integers
, 213,4
n
Or 4 MIM
=

, oooo

The angular in
40
of an electron
momentum an
orbit is
integral multiple of 271
1

hh
at ¥ s
3¥ 13¥ ,
i
4¥ 25¥
,
n=
Plank 's constant
n =3
High energy
n = 2

n=l Low
energy

50 Electron
goes from
low
energy shell to high energy
shell
absorbing
by while certain amount
of
goes from high energy
it shell
energy ,

to low
energy by loosing energy .

Go the noo
of e- in an orbit is equal to 2h ?

No
.ge 2h2
-

orbit
n= no .

of
ho.ge
-

A- I 2 (1) 2=2 e-

7- 2 2 (2) 2=8 e -

n =3 21332 = 18 @ -
e- = -1.602×10-15 pt=t 10602×10-19
*
MdformofÉd -5
electron
only applicable for single
→

system
(
Hydrogen like atom ,HggHet,µ°t2,gBet%B+4
• e- Atomic noog-ntom-z.tn#ofproto-ns
on=Nudeus=tze
r Total
change
←
proton 9 ,

Mudge change one- ¥

Radius gosbit =
r

e- =

Mog orbit =n

pt-tl.GE/-o9c centrifugal
④ Velocity of Jfoo€⇐--
e- =V

⇐•¥entñpita
Het tze tze

Type of forces f¥€

Electrostatic attraction
force of
f F = 149192
g- from Coulomb 's law

centripetal
force F= Kke> (e) { only magnitude}
22

F- =
k2_e2
22 -

eg①
11=1
He+=1 hit? I

MR
centrifugal force F-
J -

eq②
to in
fore particular path
-

move a

Eg ① =
Eg②
KLEZ =
MVZ
→
→ J
B
KZEZ =
MVZ
g- -

eg③

from Angular momentum

Mvr = 1h
27
V = nh_
272m eg ④
-

from eq ③ '

1¥ m{&¥}
=
→

→
K¥ =P
;%h¥÷mx
✗ = HZHZ
¥162 =
-

eg⑤
-

h = Plank 's constant 0053*2

m=
e-
901096×10
-31kg (1)
0053×999
k= 9×109 Mm4c2

y= 0052912 A°
2 >
eq⑥
"
00%(2-2)=0053452
TD
Calculate Radius
Gotz

{ |
H Het
" " " "

° °

" " " " " "" " " ""

2=2 20128 10069-0 007069-0

9=3 40779-0 203859-0 10587 A°

?⃝
*
IÉ
fromeg ④ v=nh_
29ms

J= N2h2
4.72m Kzez

V = hh-

#M{ * tsmkeez }
not

v =27K0e
non

✓
2018×10%-3 MIS
=

H Het 601-2
2=1 2=2 2=3

9=1 2018×10%15 4036 ✗ 106m15 6054×10%6

n=2 1009×10'm /s
2018×10%15 3027×10%15

7=3 7.2611105m / s 1045×106 Mls 2018×106Mls

G)
Time
period Time taken
by e-
for 1

revolution .

€27T Distance
speed
=

•
time

V 2T¥ N2
B =

B T = 278
T
¥=I¥z
T

2ol(4n) n%A°
T = 271 00529
B
Ms

B T =
TO M3
-22
T eq⑧
-

constant

revolutions
frequency (f) Moog by see
-

in unit time .

f- =

f-
=
1

To
( NED
goons tart

f- =f°z2
Is °=¥
*
Energy g Electron

Potential + kinetic
otal
Energy
=

gelation Energy Energy

Potential CPE>
Energy
PE =
-1¥ { sign also
y )
considered
-

⑨
kinetic
Energy CKE>

KE
¥mv2
=

from eg③ →
KFI = MVZ

3
£k¥2 =

£mv2 .

g KE =

tɥ -

E PI
④
=
-

2
Total GE)= Po Eo 1- Ko Eo
Energy
=
-142=2 tkzez
2 2s

-
:= → Kee tkzez
Total
Energy 22

I
2
F- =
-

Kze
-

eg④

F- =

-2018×151%2-2 J

F- =
-13062-2 ex ✓⇐
NZ
-

eq④

To Eo =
PI
2

To Eo =
-

Ko Eo
for Hydrogen atom ( H -72=1 ) -

130622
J2
-
-
- - -
-
- -
-
2=00 F-

-
N=6 -00377
-
N=5 -00564 eV

-
n=y -0085W

# =3
-1051 eV

2
#
3o4eV
-

_⑥N=l -1306 @ ✓
=

%
.

Hetz 60+22=3

N=l

D= 2

N =3
*
cn
In an atom with Ato Moz →
moving from nitohz
N
,
= Initial state n2= final state
E -130622 -130622
,
=
Ez =

7 E-

DE Ez Ey
= -

(-1%62,27)
= -130622 -

¥
{¥ ¥}
DE = -130622 -

*
sÉptrs f single e-
species
Ground stale
for like atom
10 H

2=1

Energy
→
around state
of
H = -1306 ex

Het =
-1306
(2-3)=-13.6125
I
=
-1306×9 = -5409 e V
20 Excited state →
Any stale other than 4=1

Energy of ¥
Excited stale
1st Excited stale →
n=⇐ → -

2nd Excited stale → n

=
=3 →
-

3rd Excited stale as n=4 →

-
= =

Ionisation Go Eo) the

Energy
30 amount
of to
energy required
move an e-
from n=l to n=oo9s called
Ionisation
energy .

to
N=l n=oo
Energy = Io Eo

required

① to F-
of H

-130622
¥2 ntp }
DE
{
=
-

-1306117T¥ -

¥}
-1306
{0-1}
=

A F-
=
+ 1306 e V
__€
6g ② Het =L to
Io
Eog
n
, nz=A
2 = 2

-1306123
{¥
DE
÷, }
=
-

IoEo=
-15404¥

Ionisation Potential GP) Ionisation

energy
=

( IO ED
unit v unit er

H 130 GeV
Io F- o
of
-

Iop 13 GV
of H =
3 . o

⇐ Excitation the required

Energy energy
to move an e-
from is
n =L
called
to
any higher
Excitation
orbit other than ,

energy
on
Any stale
=L to

for Hydrogen →

2=1 to ¥2
1st Excitation DÉ
Energy
-1306241%2-1%3
→
=
-130645
{21-2-1-2}
=

-1306
{4--1}
=

Exitation Potential
{ .¥ }
= -1306 I
=
1002 ✓

-1306 1-1002 er
(-3/9)
= =

n=l ton =3
2nd
Eg② excitation
energy gH

' ton -4

Eg③
3rd Excitation
energy gµ n=
The
50
Binding energy energy required
to move

from any station # )

an e-

to do

to 2nd
Eg①
n=2 7=00 Bo Eo

N= 3 to n =
33rd Bo Eo

2=4 to n = - Bo Eo

N =/ to n = 00
Io Eo

ionisation Bet > torso

Quest
energy of
calculate
=

Ques What is 4th expiration 642

energy of
so

iono

calculate ratio
Ques so

in 3rd orbit
of time
Bet 39cm
periodto of
the
e-
travelling
4th
of
orbit Hetton
of .

Queso calculate ratio radii 3rd orbit

of2nd of
Lita ion to orbit
of of Hetton .
* Greek word
spectrum -7
spectra
±

Studyg spectrum -7 =
Regular Arrangement of
spectroscopy Different
.co/ouu-swhitelight -

prism

spectrum ☐ light

Electromagnetic spectrum

=
-
-

= =

- -

High
frequency lowfrequeng
frequency
↳ High wavelength
wwaiielength wavelength
Atomism

On the Basis On the Basis

of of
Matane
origin

t
Absorption
-

Emission
Continues Discontinues
Spectrum Spectrum
spectrum spectrum
MH MH
-

Band line

spectrum Spectnedum
MH NII
AÉprrt
to

jtleigheneugy
-
-

Only light
-

Emwaxel n=1 PIG

Abs,gb

Ei! Fry ,
✓
e-

> , gred⇐#µ
Elysee
.
;
spectrum
.
.
.

saloon

wavelength of Radiation that is

being absorbed
by
→

Absosptionspectoum atom

Excitation of atom
misrp
20 can be

105¥ done ① Heater

-
②
Electricity
Ii _"e¥%IIH ③
-

Y ⇐=
Trx →

1 EMµwaxe
'
Emission Analyse
-
-
-
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