STATISTICS and

PROBABILITY 11
4th Quarter
Week 4

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

Division of Surigao del Sur
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Competencies:
- Computes for the test-statistic value.
Code: M11/12SP-IVd-1
- Draws conclusion about the population mean based on the test- statistic
value and the rejection region
Code: M11/12SP-IIIg-5

Objectives: At the end of the week, you shall have

a. determined whether the given null hypothesis is rejected or not.
b. interpreted the result about the population mean based on the computed
statistic value and the rejection region; and
c. reflected on the importance of decision making in real-life based on the test-
statistic.

Learner’s Tasks

Lesson Overview
The calculation of the test statistic is one of the measures in hypothesis testing.
Remember that if you reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis, the value derived from
sample data is needed. The final step in the hypothesis testing process is to interpret the
findings or draw conclusions from the computed value. Can you know when you can use
a t-test? What about the z-test?
This learning activity sheet will help you recall when and how to use a z-test and a t-
test. Also, in this learning activity sheet you will be able to interpret computed test-statistic
value regarding the population to help you decide whether you reject or fail to reject the
null hypothesis.

Test Statistics
There are two specific test statistic used for hypothesis testing concerning means: z-test and
t-test.
If the sample size is large, where 𝑛 ≥ 30 and the population variance(𝜎2) is known, use z-test.
In finding the z-value, use the formula below:

𝑥̅ − 𝜇
𝑧= 𝜎
⁄ 𝑛
√
where:
𝑥̅ = sample mean 𝜇 = population mean
𝑛 = sample size 𝜎 = population standard deviation

On the other hand, t- test is used when 𝑛 < 30, the population is normal or nearly normal,
and population variance (𝜎2) is unknown.
The formula for the t- value is:
𝑥̅ − 𝜇
𝑡= 𝑠
⁄ 𝑛
√
where:
𝑥̅ = sample mean 𝜇 = population mean
𝑛 = sample 𝑠 = sample standard deviation

1
Rejecting the Null Hypothesis or Not

After obtaining the computed value of the test statistic, it is being compared to the critical
value. You will use the following tables on z- and t- critical value.

Table 1: Critical Values for Common Choices of Significance level 𝜶 under 𝒛 −test.

Significance level 𝜶
Test Type
𝜶 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 𝜶 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 𝜶 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎
Left-tailed −2.33 −1.645 −1.28
Right-tailed 2.33 1.645 1.28
Two-tailed ±2.575 ±1.96 ±1.645

Table 2: 𝒕 – Critical Value

In a two-tailed test, if the computed test-statistic value is greater than the positive
value critical value or is less than the negative critical value, we reject the null hypothesis
and support the alternative hypothesis. Otherwise, we do not reject or we fail to reject the
null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis is not supported.
In a right-tailed test, if the computed value is greater than the critical value, we reject
the null hypothesis and support the alternative hypothesis. But if the computed value is less
than the critical value, we do not reject or we fail to reject the null hypothesis and the
alternative hypothesis is not supported.
In a left-tailed test, if the computed value is less than the critical value, we reject the
null hypothesis and support the alternative hypothesis. But if the computed value is greater
than the critical value, we do not reject or we fail to reject the null hypothesis and the
alternative hypothesis is not supported.

2
Rejecting the null hypothesis doesn’t mean that it is incorrect or the alternative
hypothesis is correct. The collected data suggest a sufficient evidence to disprove the null
hypothesis, hence we reject it.
Similarly, a failure to reject the null hypothesis does not mean that it is true -only that
the test did not prove it to be false. There is an insufficient evidence to disprove the null
hypothesis; hence we do not reject it.

Study the examples below.

Example 1: Compute for its test- statistic value given the following information. Use 𝛼 = 0.05.
Interpret the result.
𝐻𝑜: 𝜇 =70 𝑥̅ = 71.5 𝜇 = 70
𝐻𝑎: 𝜇 > 70 𝜎=8 𝑛 = 100

Solution: It is a one-tailed test, since it does mention about the direction of the distribution
(the alternative hypothesis uses the symbol >). Since σ is known and n ≥ 30, we will use z-test.
The level of significance is 0.05. From Table 1, the z-critical value is 1.645. Thus, we have:

𝑥̅ − 𝜇 71.5 − 70 Non-Rejection
𝑧= 𝜎 𝑧= Region
⁄ 𝑛 8⁄ Rejection Region
√ √100

1.5 1.5
𝑧= 𝑧=
8⁄ 0.8
10
𝒛 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟕𝟓

1.645
Decision: Reject 𝐻 since z > 1.645
The computed 𝑧-value is 1.875 which is greater than the critical value of 1.645. Therefore, we
reject the null hypothesis and support the alternative hypothesis.

Example 2: Compute for its test- statistic value given the following information. Use
𝛼=0.01. Interpret the result.
𝐻𝑜: 𝜇 =127 𝑥̅ = 124.5 𝜇 = 127
𝐻𝑎: 𝜇 < 127 𝑠=5 𝑛 = 12

Solution: It is a left-tailed test, since it does mention about the direction of the distribution
(the alternative hypothesis uses the symbol <). Since 𝜎 is unknown and n < 30, we will
use 𝑡-test. The degree of freedom (df = n - 1) is 11 and 𝛼 = 0.01. Therefore, the t-critical
value from Table 2 is -2.718. Thus, we have:
Acceptance or
𝑥̅ − 𝜇 −2.5 Rejection Region
𝑡= 𝑠 𝑡= Non-Rejection
⁄ 𝑛 5⁄
√ 3.46 Region

124.5 − 127 −2.5

𝑡= 𝑡=
5⁄ 1.44
12

𝒕 = −𝟏. 𝟕𝟑𝟔 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

-2.718

3
Decision: Reject 𝐻𝑜 since 𝑡 > -2.718
The computed t-value is greater than the t-critical value at 𝛼=0.01 (i. e.−1.736>−2.718. Since
we have a left-tailed test, our conclusion is that we fail to reject the null hypothesis.

Example 3: The government claims that P10,000 is the monthly expenses of a Filipino family
with four members. A sample of 26 families has mean monthly expenses of P10,900 and a
standard deviation of P1,250. Is there enough evidence to reject the government’s claim
at 𝛼 = 5%?

Solution: Let us identify first the given. So we have:

𝐻𝑜: 𝜇=𝑃10,000 𝑥̅ = P10,900 𝑠 = P1,250
𝐻𝑎: 𝜇 ≠𝑃 10,000 𝜇 = P10,000 𝑛 = 26

It is a two-tailed test, since it does not mention about the direction of the distribution. Since
𝜎 is unknown and n < 30, we will use 𝑡-test. The degree of freedom (df = n - 1) is 25 and
𝛼⁄ = 0.025. Therefore, the 𝑡-critical value from Table 2 is ±2.485. Thus, we have:
2

𝑥̅ − 𝜇 900
𝑡= 𝑠 𝑡= Rejection Region Acceptance or
1 250⁄
⁄ 𝑛
√ 5.10 Non-Rejection
Region
10 900 − 10 000 900
𝑡= 𝑡=
1 250⁄ 245.10
26

𝒕 = 𝟑. 𝟔𝟕𝟏

-2.485 2.485

Decision: Reject 𝐻𝑜 since 𝑡 < -2.485 or 𝑡 > 2.485

Since 𝑡 > 2.485, that is 3.671 > 2.485, we reject the null hypothesis 𝐻𝑜.

Conclusion: There is a sufficient evidence to conclude that the monthly expenses of a

Filipino family with four members differs from P10, 000.

Activity 1 – Am I rejected or not?

Direction: Draw a HAPPY emoticon ____if the null hypothesis is not rejected (accepted) and
draw a SAD emoticon ______if it is rejected. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
____________1. A one-tailed test with 5% level of significance has z-computed value of 1.120.

____________2. The level of significance is 1% with z-computed value of 2.780 using two-tailed
test.

____________3. The z-computed value of a two-tailed test is -1.740 with 2.5% level of
significance.

____________4. The z-computed value is 2.037 with 0.05 level of significance of a one-tailed
test.

4
____________5. The t-computed value of a one-tailed test is 2.784 with 5% level of significance
with 23 samples.

Activity 2 – Interpret me
Direction: Interpret the result about the population mean based on the computed statistic
value and the rejection region. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

1. 𝐻𝑜: 𝜇 = 80 𝐻𝑎: 𝜇 ≠ 80
The sample mean is 83, the sample size is 39, and the standard deviation is 5.
Use 𝛼 = 0.05.

2. 𝐻𝑜: 𝜇 = 7.5 𝐻𝑎: > 7.5

The sample mean is 8.3 and the sample size is 52. The population follows a normal
distribution with standard deviation of 3.17. Use 𝛼 = 0.01.

3. 𝐻𝑜: 𝜇=10 𝐻𝑎: 𝜇 < 10

The sample mean is 8, the sample standard deviation is 6.1, and the sample size is 9.
Use 𝛼 = 0.05.

4. 𝐻𝑜: 𝜇=116.12 𝐻𝑎: 𝜇 > 116.12

The population follows a normal distribution with standard deviation of 7.18. The
sample mean is 118.7 and the sample size is 21. Use 𝛼 = 0. 01.

5. 𝐻𝑜: 𝜇=215 𝐻𝑎: 𝜇 ≠ 215

The population is approximately normal. The sample mean is 219.3, the sample
standard deviation is 13.12, and the sample size is 22. Use 𝛼 = 0.05.

Activity 3 – Look Back and Reflect

Direction: Consider the situations below. Reflect on the usefulness of interpreting result about
the population mean in a real-life context. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

The Guidance Counsellor of your school claims that the Grade 11 students spend an
average of 11.28 hours in a week doing performance tasks with standard deviation of 1.64.
Your adviser thinks that students spend more time in doing performance tasks, so he
decided to conduct his own research. He used a sample of 46 Grade 11 students and
obtained a mean of 11.83.

1. Is there enough evidence at 0.05 level of significance that the students spend more
than11.28 hours in a week doing performance tasks?

2. What is the importance of the drawn conclusion for your adviser?

3. Cite some real-life situations where drawing conclusion from testing a statistic is
important in decision making.

5
Formative Test

Let us see how far you have learned from our lesson.

Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet
of paper.

1. If the computed value is greater than the critical value in a right-tailed test, then we
______________.

A. retain the null hypothesis C. support the null hypothesis

B. reject the null hypothesis D. fail to reject the null hypothesis

For nos. 2 - 5, refer to the problem below:

A drink vending machine is adjusted so that, on average, it dispenses 200 ml of fruit juice
with a standard deviation of 13 ml into a plastic cup. However, the machine tends to go
out of adjustment and periodic checks are made to determine the average amount of fruit
juice being dispensed. The operator thinks that the amount dispensed is less than 200 ml. So
to verify, a sample of 25 drinks is taken to test the adjustment of the machine and a mean
of 195 is obtained.

2. What are the hypothesis?

A. 𝐻𝑜: 𝜇 = 195 ; 𝐻𝑎: 𝜇 < 200 C. 𝐻𝑜: 𝜇 = 195 ; 𝐻𝑎: 𝜇 ≠ 200

B. 𝐻𝑜: 𝜇 = 200 ; 𝐻𝑎: 𝜇 < 200 D. 𝐻𝑜: 𝜇 = 200 ; 𝐻𝑎: 𝜇 ≠ 200

3. What test statistic should be used?

A. t-test C. z – test with sample standard deviation

B. z-test D. standard deviation

4. What is the computed test-statistic value?

A. – 2.790 B. -1.923 C. 2.790 D. 1.923

5. For 𝛼 = 5%, an appropriate decision rule would be _________________________________.

A. Reject the null hypothesis.

B. Do not reject the null hypothesis.
C. Reject both the null and alternative hypotheses.
D. Support both the null and alternative hypotheses.

6
Answer Key

Activity 1 Activity 2
1. 1. Reject the null hypothesis
2. 2. Fail to reject the null hypothesis
3. 3. Fail to reject the null hypothesis
4.
4. Fail to reject the null hypothesis
5.
5. Fail to reject the null hypothesis

Activity 3

1. Reject the null hypothesis. There is enough evidence at 0.05 level of

significance that the students spend more than 11.28 hours in a week
doing performance tasks.

2. Answers may vary.

3. Answers may vary.

Possible answer: Studies about the effectiveness of a particular vaccine.

References

Belecina, Rene R., Baccay,Elisa S. and Mateo, Efren B. “Statistics And Probability”. Manila:
Rex Book Store, Inc. (RBSI), 2016.
Statistics & Probability – Grade 11 Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 4 – Module 6:
Computation of Test Statistic on Population Mean First Edition, 2020 Department of
Education – Region IV-A CALABARZON

Statistics & Probability – Grade 11 Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 4 – Module 7: Drawing
Conclusion about the Population Mean based on the Test Statistic Value and Critical Region
First Edition, 2020 Department of Education – Region IV-A CALABARZON