Name______________________________________period________ap chemistry unit 3 worksheet

1. What are structural isomers? Draw two isomers of pentane.

2. give the formula for each of the following

a. pentane c. 2-Hexene e. 1-butyne g. benzene

b. heptane d. proponol f. ethane h. methane

3. The molecules BF3 and SO3 are both trigonal planar. Does this information completely define the bond angles of
these molecules?

4. List the molecular shapes which are always polar.

5. Give the molecular geometry, bond angles, and polarity for each of the following molecules
a. Cl2O b. N2O c. SO3 d. SO3 2-

e. ICl2- f. PF5 g. ICl3 h. CO3 2-

i.SF6 j. TeF4 k. ClO3- l. PBr3

6. The molecules NF3, BF3, and ClF3 all have the same molecular formulas of the type XF3, but the molecules have
different geometries. Predict the shape of each and explain the origin of the differing shapes.

7. The three species NH2-, NH3, and NH4+ have H-N-H bond angles of 105°, 107°, and 109° respectively. Explain the
variation in bond angles.

8. Tell the hybrid orbitals used in each molecule in question 3 (you do not need to do expanded octets)

9. Give the approximate value for the indicated bond angles and tell the hybrid orbitals used in the following
molecules
a. c.

H-O-Cl-O H-C-O-H

b. d.

H-C=C-H H-C-O-C-H

10. Predict whether the following molecules possess dipole moments

a. HCN b. BF3 c. XeF4 d. CCl4
11. What is the difference between a sigma and pi bond? Which is generally stronger?

12. If an atom uses an sp2 hybrid orbital, how many unhybridized p orbitals in the same valence shell remain on the
atom? How many pi bonds can the atom form?

13. a. Draw the Lewis structure for methane and formaldehyde, H2CO.
b. What is the hybridization at the carbon atoms for each?

c. The carbon atom in methane cannot participate in multiple bonding, whereas that in formaldehyde can.
Explain this observation.

14. Acetone is drawn above:

a. What is the total number of valence electrons in the molecule?
b. How many valence electrons are used for sigma bonds?
c. How many valence electrons are used for pi bonds?
d. How many valence electrons remain in nonbonding pairs in the molecule?
e. What is the hybridization at the central carbon atom of the molecule?

15. a. draw the structure for acetic acid:

b. What is the molecular geometry around each carbon atom?

c. What type of hybrid orbitals does each carbon have?

16. Name three elements which . . .

a) Cannot have expanded octets when it is the central atom in a molecule.

b) Do not need an octet to form stable compounds.

17. Is the pi bond in NO2- localized or delocalized? How do you know?

18. How many sigma bonds and pi bonds does each of the following molecules have?

a. b.

19. What type of intermolecular forces operates between

a. All molecules
b. Polar molecules
c. The hydrogen of a polar bond and a nearby small, very electronegative atom?
20. Put the following in order of increasing polarizability : GeCl4, CH4, SiCl4, SiH4, GeBr4
21. What kind of attractive forces must be overcome to
a. Boil water
b. Melt KCl
c. Sublime I2
d. Boil H2S

22. The dipole moments of HCl and HI are 1.08 D and 0.44 D respectively
a. Which of these substances will have the greater dipole-dipole interaction?
b. Which of these substances will have the greater London dispersion forces?

23. Boiling point Substance Suggest a reason why CH3CN has a higher
231 K C3H8 boiling point than C3H8.
355 K CH3CN

24. Nitrogen and carbon monoxide have almost equal masses. Explain why the boiling point of carbon monoxide is
slightly higher than that of nitrogen

25. Which member of the following pairs of substances would you expect to have a higher boiling point?
a. N2 or O2
b. CH4 or SiH4
c. NaCl or CH3Cl
d. CH3Cl or CH4

26. Put the following in order of increasing boiling points: CO2, O2, BaCl2, H2O, H2S

27. Which of the following has the fewest pi bonds and is nonpolar?
a.HCCH b.CO2 c.CO32- d.N2 e.SO2

28. A student places a mixture of plastic beads consisting of polypropylene (PP) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in a
1.0 L beaker containing distilled water. After stirring the contents of the beaker vigorously, the student observes
that the beads of one type of plastic sink to the bottom of the beaker and the beads of the other type of plastic
float on the water. The chemical structures of PP and PVC are represented by the diagrams below, which show
segments of each polymer.

a. Given that the spacing between polymer chains in PP and PVC is similar, the beads that sink are made of
which polymer? Explain.

PP is synthesized from propene, C3H6 , and PVC is synthesized from vinyl chloride, C2H3Cl. The structures of the
molecules are shown below.

(b) The boiling point of liquid propene (226 K) is lower than the boiling point of liquid vinyl chloride (260 K).
Account for this difference in terms of the types and strengths of intermolecular forces present in each
liquid.
Review

29. Write the noble gas configuration for the following

a. Sn b. Fe 2+ c. Ag

30.
a. How many molecules are in 5.63 g of methane?
b. How many hydrogen atoms are in 5.63 g of methane?
c. How many moles are in 14.5 g of aluminum sulfate?
d. What is the molar mass of iron(III) hydroxide?
e. How many grams are in 3.20 moles of potassium sulfide?

31. Complete the following table

Symbol # of neutrons # of protons # of electrons Atomic # Mass #

136
56 Ba 2

25 25 56

120 79 79

21 20 18

32. Substance E has 29 protons, 28 electrons, and 34 neutrons. Substance F has 29 protons, 27 electrons, and 34
neutrons. Substances E and F can be categorized as…
A) different elements B) ions C) isotopes D) nuclides E) nucleons

33. A 0.144g sample of a hydrocarbon is analyzed by combustion analysis, 0.352 g of carbon dioxide and 0.0480 g of
water is produced. Find the empirical formula of the hydrocarbon.
34. Which is a list of elements listed in order of increasing ionization energy?
A) Na, K, Rb B) Ne, Ar, Kr C) Al, Mg, Na D) Br, Cl, F E) O, S, Se

35. Which property generally increases down a group but decreases from left to right
a. Melting point b. electronegativity c. ionization energy d. atomic radius

36. What is the nuclear charge for the following atoms

a. Na b. F c. Sn d. P e. Ar
37. Which of the following explains why oxygen atoms, in their ground state, are paramagnetic?
a. Pauli exclusion principle b. electron shielding c. Hund’s rule d. aufbau principle
38. How many valence electrons does nitrogen have?
39. An atom has the electron configuration 1s22s22p63s23p2. How many valence electrons does this atom have?
40. Which atom will have the largest radius in each pair.
a. K, Na b. Na, Na+ c. Br, Br- d. K, B