Heat Transfer

Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical

University
Najaf Technical College
Power Mechanics Department
Third Stage
By Dr. Basil N. Merzah
Cylindrical Wall
A. Solid Cylinder With Energy Generation And Constant Surface Temperature

Consider a long solid cylinder of radius r = R, as

illustrated in Figure. The boundary surface is
maintained at a uniform temperature Tw. There is
energy generation in the solid at a constant rate of
(W/m3), and the thermal conductivity is constant. We
wish to determine the temperature distribution and the
heat flow rate in the solid.
The mathematical formulation of the problem is given by:
( ) 𝗀

B.C.1 at r = 0

B.C.2 at r = R

This problem can be solved by direct integration as we did for the case of the plate
problem. The first integration of equation gives:

or

07/2/2021 Heat transfer (third stage ) by dr. Basil N.Merzah ( Lecture No.6) 3
B.C.1 at r = 0

The application of the (B.C.1) gives

=0

so that

by integration

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And the application of the (B.C.2) establishes C2

B.C.2 at r = R

yields the (T.D.E) in the solid cylinder

The temperature at the centerline of the cylinder To ,where r=0, is

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The heat flux any where in the medium is determined from its definition,

Introducing the temperature profile equation, we obtain:

Generally, the heat flux at the boundary surfaces is a quantity of practical interest.

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Heat transfer (third stage ) by dr. Basil N.Merzah ( Lecture No.6)
B. Solid Cylinder With Energy Generation And Convection.
We consider heat conduction in a solid cylinder of radius r=R with energy generation
at a constant rate of (W/m3), subjected to convection at the outer surface with a heat
transfer coefficient into an ambient at a temperature . The mathematical
formulation of this problem given by:

The mathematical formulation of the problem is given by:

( ) 𝗀

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B.C.1 at r = 0

B.C.2 at r = R

The solution for the temperature distribution T(r) is developed by following the
general procedure described previously.

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B.C.1 at r = 0

The application of the (B.C.1) gives

=0

so that

by integration

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and the application of the (B.C.2) establishes C2

B.C.2 at r = R

and the application of the boundary condition (B.C.2) gives the integration constant C2 as

𝟐
𝟐

Knowing C2 the temperature distribution T(r) in the cylinder becomes

𝟐 𝟐

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C. Hollow Cylinder With Heat Generation And Constant Temperatures

We consider heat conduction in a

hollow cylinder of inner radius r = r1
and outer radius r = r2 with energy
generation at a constant rate of 𝑇

(W/m3), the inner surface subjected to

temperature of T1 and outer surface to
𝑇
temperature T2 shown in figure. The
mathematical formulation of this
problem given by:

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The mathematical formulation of the problem is given by:
( ) 𝗀

B.C.1 at r =

B.C.2 at r =

The integration of equation

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The second integration results in:

substituting (B.C.1)

substituting (B.C.2)

By subtract Eq.(a) from Eq.(b) we obtain:

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And by substituting C1 in Eq.(a) results in:

substituting C1and C2 into second integration results

It is the (T.D.E) in a hollow cylindrical wall with constant surface temperature

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Solid Sphere With Energy Generation And Constant Wall Temperature
We are now concerned with the
problem of steady-state heat conduction
in a solid sphere of radius R, having
constant thermal conductivity k and
uniform energy generation throughout
the volume at a constant rate of
(W/m2). the out side surface is at
constant temperature of Ts. We wish to
determine the (T.D.E) in the sphere.

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The mathematical formulation of the problem is given by

Steady-state one – dimensional heat transfer:

in 0 < r < R

B.C.1 at r = 0

B.C.2 at r = R
The first integration of the differential equation

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And the application of (B.C.1) yields

B.C.1 at r = 0

The second integration with C1=0 results in

and the application of the (B.C.2) at r=R gives the constant C2 as

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so the (T.D.E) becomes

the temperature at the center of the sphere is:

And the heat flux at any radius r is:

And heat flux at the radius R is:

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Example
A solid sphere is with constant thermal conductivity k and the outer radius R
and uniform energy generation of (W/m3). The outer surface is exposed to
convection heat transfer with heat transfer coefficient of h, and the ambient
temperature T. (a) write the governing differential equation for this case (b) write
the boundary condition (c) drive the (T.D.E) and (d) find the heat flux at the outer
surface.

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Solution
(a)

Steady-state one – dimensional heat transfer:

(b)
B.C.1 at r = 0

B.C.2 at r = R

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(C)
The first integration of the differential equation:
𝑑 𝑑𝑇(𝑟) 𝗀̇ 𝑟 𝑑𝑇 𝑟 𝗀̇ 𝑟
𝑟 =− →𝑟 =− + 𝐶
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑘 𝑑𝑟 3𝑘
And the application of (B.C.1) yields
𝑑𝑇(𝑟)
B.C.1 at r = 0 =0
𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑇 𝑟 𝗀̇ 𝑟 𝗀̇ (𝑜)
𝑟 =− + 𝐶 0 (0) = − + 𝐶 𝐶 =0
𝑑𝑟 3𝑘 3𝑘

The second integration with C1=0 results in

𝑑𝑇 𝑟 𝗀̇ 𝑟 𝗀̇ 𝑟
=− 𝑇 𝑟 =− + 𝐶
𝑑𝑟 3𝑘 6𝑘
and the application of the (B.C.2) at r =R gives the constant C2 as
𝑑𝑇 𝑟
B.C.2 at r = R −𝑘 = ℎ 𝑇 𝑅 − 𝑇
𝑑𝑟

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𝑑𝑇 𝑟 𝗀̇ 𝑅 𝗀̇ 𝑅
−𝑘 = = ℎ 𝑇 𝑅 − 𝑇 →𝑇 𝑟 = +𝑇
𝑑𝑟 3 3ℎ

𝗀̇ 𝑅
and 𝑇 𝑅 =− + 𝐶
6𝑘

𝗀̇ 𝑅 𝗀̇ 𝑅 𝗀̇ 𝑅 𝗀̇ 𝑅
∴ +𝑇 =− + 𝐶 𝐶 = +𝑇 +
3ℎ 6𝑘 3ℎ 6𝑘

𝗀̇ 𝑟 𝗀̇ 𝑅 𝗀̇ 𝑅
𝑇 𝑟 =− + +𝑇 +
6𝑘 3ℎ 6𝑘

𝗀̇ 𝑅 𝑟 𝗀̇ 𝑅
𝑇 𝑟 = 1 − + +𝑇
6𝑘 𝑅 3ℎ

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(d)
The heat flux on the outer surface

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