Feminism: By:Mahwish Muneer

Feminism is an effort which consists of political and social movement.Feminism is the belief that
women should be allowed the same rights, power, and opportunities as men and be treated in
the same way.

Demands For Feminism:

Feminist Movement is a movement that demands and defends equal economic, social, political
rights for women and also aims at creating equal opportunities for women in all fields.

1.Equal sallery for men women

2.Equal Share in property

3.Leave for marriage and delivery

4.Save girls from rape and Voilance

5.Freedom to wear clothes of their choice

Types of feminism:

1.Liberal feminism 6.Socialist Feminism 11.Christian feminism

2.Radical feminism 7.Black Feminism 12.Jewish Feminism

3.Conservative Feminism 8.Post colonial feminism 13. Lipstick Feminism

4.Eco Feminism 9.Third World feminism 14.Post Feminism

5.Marxist Feminism 10.Islamic Feminism

Feminism aims for the political ,economic ,social and personal equality.

Rights:

They talk about different rights in different compaign

1.Right to vote 6.Right to healthcare

2.Equal right opportunities 7.Equality in buisness

3.Equal pay for equal work 8. Meternity leave

4.Right to own property 9.Freedom from sexual harrasment

5.Right to education 10.Protection from rape

1.First wave of feminism 3,Third wave of feminism

2.Second wave of feminism 4.Fourth wave of feminism

1.First wave of feminism:

In 1800, women had little control over their lot in life. The average married female gave birth to
seven children . Higher education was off-limits. Wealthier women could exercise limited
authority in the domestic sphere but possessed no property rights or economic autonomy.After
1800 First wave of feminism started, the goal of this wave was to open up opportunities for
women

This was a form of feminism that championed certain specific causes dealing with a woman's
right to have a voice in society. These causes included:

Right to vote: The right to vote was granted thanks to Susan B. Anthony and the feminists who
followed in her footstep.

The Right To Divorce. Divorce wasn't always legal in the United States. First Wave Feminists
actually fought for the right to leave their husbands.

Vindication Of The Rights Of Women: (Mary Wollstonecraft, 1792)

"Women Ought to have an education,Women are essential to the nation they educate children
,educated women can be companion to thier husbands"

"Women are not ornaments or property .They are human beings deserving of the same
fundamental rights as men"

Charlie Fourier:

Charlie fourier coined the word "feminisme".Oxford dictionary includes the word "Feminist " in
1852 and "feminism" in 1895

"The extension of previleges to women is the general principle of the social progress"

Friedrich Engels: (Origins Of the Family ,1884)

"The state is nothing but an instrument of opression of one class by another "

Engels and Marx wrote and published many articles and books together that attempted to
expose the uneven distribution of wealth gained during the Industrial Revolution. Their writings
see capitalism as an exploitative system that benefits the owners of land.

According to him Agriculture created a surplus that lead to the develoment of class,property,the
state and patriarchy.Agriculture lead to surplus product ,those who controlled surplus product
became a rulling classs ,to protect this surplus product a state was created ,surplus became the
first form of property.This was the historical defeat of female sex according to Engle.

Clara Zitkin:

She was from Germany .She organized different conferences .Clara Zetkin (5 July 1857 – 20 June
1933) was a German Marxist theorist, activist, and advocate for women's rights. In 1911, she
organized the first International Women's Day.

According to her"Winning the right of women to vote considered as essential part of class
struggle"

International Socialist Woman's Conference:

In 1910,the international women's socialist conference held in New york suggested that a
womans day be held annually on March 8th

Newzealand Granted women the right to vote in 1893

Australia Granted women the right to vote in 1902

Russia Granted women the right to vote in 1918

England Granted women the right to vote in 1919

France Granted women the right to vote in 1944

Switzerland Granted women the right to vote in 1971

In Pakistan women won the right to vote without any movement.

Second Wave Of feminism:

Second-wave feminism was a period of feminist activity and thought that began in the United
States in the early 1960s and lasted roughly two decades. It quickly spread across the Western
world, with an aim to increase equality for women .

It was a reaction to women returning to their roles as housewives and mothers after the end of
the Second World War.

38 percent of American women who worked in the 1960s were largely limited to jobs as
teachers, nurses or secretaries.Housewives were estimated to spend an average of 55 hours a
week on domestic chores. However, after having worked and been independent of male
dominance during the war, women didn’t want to resume these roles and this brought about
the Second Wave of feminism.
This movement was initially concentrated in the United States of America and then spread to
other Western countries.

Issues of rape, reproductive rights, domestic violence and workplace safety were brought to the
forefront of the movement and there was widespread effort to reform the negative and inferior
image of women in popular culture to a more positive and realistic one. Women created their
own popular culture and the movement spread through feminist films, music, books and even
restaurants.

Two Groups In Second Wave Feminism:

a.) Liberal Approach b.) Radical Approach

a.) Liberal Approach :

Liberal feminists hold that women should enjoy personal autonomy. That is, they hold that
women should live lives of their own choosing. Liberal feminism has its roots in 18th century
philosophy called Enlightenment period. It was the time when two strong values developed viz.
rationality and individuality. It is also called as age of reason.

Main Demands:

They demand for co education

All colleges and universities should be open for women

All Professions should be open for women

Both men and women are accepted as equal but both have different roles or duties to perform.

Women should have civil right to vote, right to education etc.

There are many issues taken up by women activists such as careers for women, equal parenting,
gender free education etc. One of the topics widely discussed is public and private spheres of
activities. Men are for public sphere there is money, power, status, freedom, choice,
opportunities to grow, self-worth and other rewards of social life. Women are for private sphere
which has no particular value. It has endless round of demanding, mindless, unpaid and
undervalued lasts associated with house work

The Feminine Mystique, book by feminist Betty Friedan

The Feminine Mystique, a landmark book by feminist Betty Friedan published in 1963 that
described the pervasive dissatisfaction among women in mainstream American society in the
post-World War II period. She coined the term feminine mystique to describe the societal
assumption that women could find fulfillment through housework, marriage, sexual passivity,
and child rearing alone. Further, prevailing attitudes held that “truly feminine” women had no
desire for higher education, careers, or a political voice; rather, they found complete fulfillment
in the domestic sphere. Friedan, however, noted that many housewives were unsatisfied with
their lives.

1963 :Equal Pay Act

1973: Women Education Act ,Legalising Abortion Act

1974: Equal Opportunities Act

1975 :US Military Academies Act

1978: Pregnenacy descrimination act

Shulamith firestone: (The dialectic of Sex)

According to her

"Men are unable to love ,they degrade women they cannot respect women"

"Pregnancy is barbaric"

"Humanity must bring about the end of women's reproductive role through artificial mean"

Andrea Rita:

She launch complain with the name of "Pornography".According to her Pornography lead to
rape culture .She launch another compaign with the name of women of "women unite to take
back the night".

B.Radical Approach:

Radical feminism is a perspective within feminism that calls for a radical reordering of society in
which male supremacy is eliminated in all social and economic contexts. Radical feminists view
society as fundamentally a patriarchy in which men dominate and oppress women.
Central issues engaged by radical feminists include:

Reproductive rights for women, including the freedom to make choices to give birth, have an
abortion, use birth control.

Understanding pornography as an industry and practice leading to harm to women, although

Understanding rape as an expression of patriarchal power, not a seeking of sex

Understanding prostitution under patriarchy as the oppression of women, sexually and

Third wave of feminism:

Rebbeca Walker:

Coined the term "Third wave of feminism"

Third-wave feminism is an iteration of the feminist movement that began in the early 1990s
United States and continued until the rise of the fourth wave in the 2010s.

Third-wave feminism began in the early 1990s, responding to perceived failures of the second
wave and to the backlash against second-wave initiatives. This ideology seeks to challenge the
definitions of femininity that grew out of the ideas of the second-wave, arguing that the
second-wave over-emphasized experiences of upper middle-class white women. The third-wave
sees women’s lives as intersectional, demonstrating how race, ethnicity, class, religion, gender,
and nationality are all significant factors when discussing feminism. It examines issues related to
women’s lives on an international basis.

Acts:

1994: Gender equally act in education act,The voilance against women

2007: The equality act

Fourth Wave of Feminism:

Fourth-wave feminism is a phase of feminism that began around 2012 and is characterized by a
focus on the empowerment of women.

a fourth wave of feminism began about 2012, with a focus on sexual harassment, body shaming,
and rape culture, among other issues. A key component was the use of social media to highlight
and address these concerns.

The Me Too movement (or #MeToo movement), with a large variety of local and international
related names, is a movement against sexual harassment and sexual assault. The phrase "Me
Too" was initially used in this context on social media in 2006, on Myspace, by sexual
harassment survivor and activist Tarana Burke.

The 'me too.' movement was founded in 2006 to help survivors of sexual violence, particularly
Black women and girls, and other young women