2

INDEX
CONTENT PAG.
UNIT I
 Introductions, greetings and farewells. Personal pronouns. 3
 Indefinite pronouns. 4
 Verbo to be: formas. Question words and WH-questions. 5
 Countries and nationalities 6
 Occupations 7
8
 Possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns. Demostrative pronouns. Possessive ‘s. Whose.
9
 Plurals nouns: spelling and pronunciation.
10
- Activities

UNIT II
 Days and dates. Telling the time. 15
 Simple present: sentences and questions. 16
 3rd person singular (spelling and pronunciation). 18
- Activities 19

UNIT III
 Usos de los artículos indeterminados a / an. There is. Prepositions of place. 23
 Adjetivos para expresar emociones. Talking and asking about health problems. 24
 Conditional cero y when clauses. Imperatives.Modal should. 25
- Activities 26

UNIT IV
 Suffix ing: spelling. Present progressive: sentences and questions. 29
- Activities 30

UNIT V
 The pronoun One. Talking about prices and clothes. Describing people 34
- Activities 35

UNIT VI
TOPIC 1: Talking and asking about likes, dislikes and preferences 38
TOPIC 2: Making requests, suggestions, offers and invitations 38
- Activities 39

UNIT VII
 Simple past: verbo to be y verbos regulares 42
 Simple past : Preguntas con otros verbos. 43
 Pronouncing regular verbs in simple past 44
- Activities 45
PERSONAL PRONOUNS

We use personal pronouns to replace nouns when it is clear who or what we are talking about, even to avoid
repetition. The personal pronouns are:

SUBJECT PRONOUNS OBJECT PRONOUNS

SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person ME US
YOU YOU
2nd person
HIM
3rd person HER THEM
IT

We use subject pronouns as the subjects of verbs in sentences and questions.

I live in a house. It has four bedrooms. He needs some help. They want to go out.

It is also used to refer to a person when we are identifying him or her, and as a meaningless subject with
expressions that refer to time, weather, temperature, distances, or just the current situation. We also often begin a sentence
with it as a preparatory subject instead of beginning with a to infinitive or a that-clause. EXAMPLES:

“Who’s that over there?” “It’s John Sanders” On the phone: “Hello. It’s Alan Williams”
It’s five o’clock. It’s Monday again. It’s cold today. It rained for three days.
It’s thirty degrees. It’s ten miles to the nearest petrol station.
It is interesting to study a foreign language. It was lucky that we didn’t miss the bus.
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We cannot normally leave out these pronouns, even if the meaning is clear without them. However, in informal
speech, they are sometimes left out at the beginning of a sentence.

On the other hand, we use object pronouns as the object of verbs and prepositions. EXAMPLES:

Help me. I like him. I’ve written to her several times. Look at them.

In general, we use:

 I / me for the person speaking

 We / us for the person speaking and another person or people
 You for the people or person spoken to.
 He / him for a male person and for some male animals, eg. a pet
 She / her for a female person and for some female animals, eg. a pet
 It for a thing or for an animal when the sex is not known or not important, including countries.
 They / them for people or things. They are also used to refer the government or to people in authority.

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS

We can form compounds by joining some, any, no and every with –thing, -body, -one and –where.

some any no every

-thing something anything nothing everything
-body somebody anybody nobody everybody
-one someone anyone no one everyone
-where somewhere anywhere nowhere everywhere

There is no significant difference between somebody and someone, anybody and anyone, everybody and
everyone, or nobody and no one. The –one forms are more common in writing; the –body forms are more frequent in
speech. We use somebody, somewhere, someone and something mainly in affirmative sentences, and anybody,
anything, anyone and anywhere mainly in negative and questions. But we often use somebody, somewhere, etc. in
questions when we expect or want people answer “yes”, for example in requests and offers.

Ex.: There’s somebody at the door. Can I get you something to drink?
Did anybody call me? I don’t want to do anything this evening.

All these pronouns are singular, so they are used with singular verbs. Also we sometimes use the plural words
they, them and their with the indefinite pronouns ending in –body or –one, especially in informal style, so we use they
instead of “he” or “she”, them instead of “him” or “her”, and their instead of “his” or “her” (when we do not specify the sex of
the person), although somebody normally refers to only one person.

Ex.: Somebody forgot to lock the door, didn’t they?

If anybody phones for me while I’m out, tell them I’ll phone them back later on.
Look. Someone has left their bag on this seat.

These pronouns can be followed by adjectives, adverbial expressions or else, while any- and no- are used in an
informal way with much.

Ex.: I hope she marries somebody nice.

She’s going to meet someone in the Ministry.
We didn’t do anything much yesterday.

VERBO TO BE: FORMAS

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Subject pronouns En presente En pasado
I am / am not was / wasn’t
he, she it is / isn’t was / wasn’t
you, we, they are / aren’t were / weren’t

En infinitivo: be (ser, estar) En participio pasado: been (sido, estado)

We use be to ask for and give information about people and things. EXAMPLES:

My name is Maria. I’m from Spain. Is Ken ready? No, he isn’t.

QUESTION WORDS AND WH-QUESTIONS

Question words can be used to introduce a question:

 Who asks about a person: Who are you? Who do you prefer – Robert de Niro or Dustin Hoffman?
 Why asks for a reason: Why did you do that?
 Where asks about a place: Where are you going?
 What asks for information: What is your name? What actors do you like?
 How asks about ways of doing things: How did you learn English?
But note: How are you? How’s the family?
 How long asks about length of time: How long are you staying here?
 How many asks about numbers or quantity: How many plates do you need?
 How much asks about quantity, often money: How much does it cost?
 When asks about times of things that have happened or may happen: When were you born?
 Whose asks who owns something: Whose is this book?
 Which asks about choosing between two or more things: Which do you prefer?
 How often asks about the frequency of actions: How often do you go shopping?

We can also ask questions with how + adjective / adverb.

Examples: How fast can you run? How tall are you?

Some questions begin with what + noun.

Examples: What time is the film? What color are her eyes? What sort of books do you read?

Which and what are often both possible, with little difference of meaning. Which is preferred when the speaker has
a limited number of choices in mind, and what is used when the speaker is not thinking of a limited number of choices.

EXAMPLES: Which size do you want – small, medium or large?

What’s your phone number?

Question words go in the first place. We form WH-questions by changing the position of the subject (eg she, they,
we) and the auxiliary verb (eg be, have, can). If there are two or more auxiliary verbs, we change the position of the
subject and the first auxiliary. In the simple present and simple past there is no auxiliary verb, so we add auxiliaries do or
does in simple present, or auxiliary did in the simple past. In both cases, the verb has to be in the infinitive form without to.

Examples: She is reading a novel. What is she reading?

He has been playing golf. What has he been playing?
They live in Manhattan. Where do they live?
She goes to school by bus. How does she go to school?
He arrived yesterday. When did he arrive?

Who can ask about the subject or the object. Compare:

Asking about the object Asking about the subject

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SUBJECT OBJECT SUBJECT OBJECT

Frank loves someone. Someone loves Frank.

Who does love Frank? Who loves Frank?

SUBJECT OBJECT SUBJECT OBJECT

Tina phoned someone. Someone phoned Tina.

Who did Tina phone? Who phoned Tina?

When who asks about the subject, the verb has the same form as a sentence or statement eg. loves, phoned, and

Austria Austrian Japan Japanese

Australia Australian Korea Korean
Belgium Belgian Mexico Mexican
Bolivia Bolivian Morocco Moroccan
Brazil Brazilian New Zealand New Zealander
Bulgaria Bulgarian Norway Norwegian
Canada Canadian Peru Peruvian
Chile Chilean Poland Polish
China Chinese Portugal Portuguese
Colombia Colombian Romania Romanian
Cyprus Cypriot Russia Russian
Denmark Danish Scotland Scottish
Egypt Egyptian Spain Spanish
England English Sweden Swedish
France French Switzerland Swiss
Finland Finnish Taiwan Taiwanese
Germany German Thailand Thai
Greece Greek The Netherlands Dutch
Hungary Hungarian The United States American
Iceland Icelandic (adj), Icelander (n) Turkey Turkish
India Indian Venezuela Venezuelan
Ireland Irish Vietnam Vietnamese

OCCUPATIONS

Accountant= contador (a) Messenger= mensajero

Actress= actriz Musician= músico
Ambassador= embajador Nurse= enfermera (o)
Architect= arquitecto Painter= pintor (a)
Artist= artista Pharmacist= farmaceuta
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Astronaut = astronauta Photographer= fotógrafo (a)
Baker= panadero Pilot= piloto
Bricklayer/mason= albañil Plastic surgeon= cirujano plàstico
Bus driver= chofer de autobús Plumber= plomero
Butcher= carnicero Police officer= oficial de policía
Carpenter= carpintero Politician= polìtico
Cashier= cajero (a) Psychologist= psicòlogo (a)
Chambermaid= sirvienta Professor= profesor (a)
Chemist= químico Real estate agent= agente de bienes raíces
Cook= cocinero (a) Receptionist= recepcionista
Composer = compositor Reporter= reportero (a)
Computer programmer= programador de Researcher= investigador
computadoras Sailor= marinero
Dancer= bailarín (a) Salesperson= vendedor (a)
Delivery person= repartidor Scientist = científico
Dentist= dentista Seamstress= costurera
Driver= conductor, chofer Secretary= secretaria
Electrician= electricista Security guard= guardia de seguridad
Engineer= ingeniero Shop assistant= Ayudante de tienda
Explorer= explorador Singer= cantante
Farmer= granjero Snake milker = ordeñador de serpientes
Fashion designer= diseñador (a) de modas Speech writer = escritor de discursos
Firefighter / fireman= bombero Spokesperson= portavoz, vocero
Fisherman= pescador Tailor= sastre
Foreman= capataz, encargado de obras Taxi driver= taxista
Fortune-teller= pitonisa (o) Teacher, instructor= maestro (a)
Gardener= jardinero Tourist guide = guía turìstico
Hairdresser, hairstylist= peluquera (o), estilista Translator / interpreter= traductor, intérprete
Housekeeper= ama de llaves Travel agent= agente de viajes
Housewife= ama de casa Truck driver= camionero
Janitor, caretaker= conserje, cuidador Waiter= mesonero - Waitress= mesonera
Journalist= periodista Welder= soldador
Lawyer, attorney= abogado (a) Worker = trabajador, obrero
Lecturer= conferencista Writer, author= escritor (a)
Manager= gerente Veterinarian, vet= veterinario

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES AND POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS

SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL

1st person MY OUR MINE OURS
2nd person YOUR YOUR YOURS YOURS
3rd person HIS HIS
HER THEIR HERS THEIRS
ITS ----
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We use a possessive adjective before a noun to say who the noun belongs to. They don’t change for singular or
plural (eg. our friend, our friends), and we also use them with parts of the body and clothes. EXAMPLES:

I can’t find my keys. She has lost her wallet. The club has its meetings on Tuesdays.

Note how we use his and her: if a boy or man has something, we use his; if a girl or woman has something, we
use her. EXAMPLES:

I saw John and his sister yesterday. Mary and her brother are students.

On the other hand, we use a possessive pronoun without a noun when that noun is understood. EXAMPLES:

“Is this Peter’s book?” “No, it’s mine” I have my coat, but Mary can’t find hers.
Their flat is smaller than ours.

DEMOSTRATIVE PRONOUNS

We can use this (éste, ésta, esto) and these (estos, éstas) to talk about things that are here, near to us and when
we talk about things that are happening or starting now. That (ése, ésa, aquel, aquella) and those (ésos, ésas, aquellos,
aquellas) are used to talk about things that are there, not near and when we talk about things that are finished. All of them
can be used with or without nouns. We can use this to introduce people, and to ourselves on the telephone.

EXAMPLES: I like this music. I don’t like this.

That lesson was boring. Those are pretty.
This is my friend Doris. This is Alex. Can I speak to Fred?

POSSESSIVE ‘S

To show that a person possesses something, add an apostrophe (‘) and –s to a name or singular noun. In the case
of plural nouns, add only the apostrophe, except with irregular plural nouns to which the apostrophe (‘) and –s at the end.

EXAMPLES:

My friend’s car is blue. Maggie’s house is very big. The students’ books are red.
The store sells men’s clothing. We like to know about other people’s lives.

WHOSE

Whose is a possessive word meaning “of whom / which”, used in questions and relative clauses. In the case of
questions, it can be used with a noun as a determiner or alone if the meaning is clear. EXAMPLES:

- Los sustantivos que terminan en “s”, “x”, “o” (si delante hay una consonante, de lo contrario, se agrega “s”; y
con excepción de sustantivos en otros idiomas que terminen en “o” como photo, concerto, eskimo, soprano,
kilo o piano a los cuales también se les agrega “s” solamente), “z”, “ch” o “sh” se les agrega “es.”
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Ejemplos: box boxes ash ashes church churc hes
kiss kisses echo echoes radio radios

- Los sustantivos que terminan con un consonante más “y”, cambian su terminación a “ies.”
Ejemplos: party parties fly flies

- Los sustantivos que terminan con “f” o “fe”, cambian su terminación a “ves” (except “belief”).
Ejemplos: half halves wife wives

- Algunos sustantivos (buffalo, mosquito, tornado, volcano) pueden llevar “s” o “es”, siendo más común “es”.

- Hay sustantivos que no siguen ninguna de las reglas antes mencionadas, puesto que ya poseen sus propias
formas plurales, por lo que se denominan sustantivos irregulares:

man men curriculum curricula mouse mice

woman women datum data goose geese
child children hypothesis hypotheses tooth teeth
foot feet phenomenon phenomena crisis crises
criterion criteria stratum strata louse lice
ox oxen penny pence

B. PRONUNCIATION

-S PRONOUNCED [s]

The –s forming the plural always sound like [s] when the last sound in the singular noun is voiceless.

Examples: hats lips sticks

-S PRONOUNCED [z]

The –s forming the plural always sound like [z] when the last sound in the singular noun is voiced.

Examples: floors bags cars

-S (or –es) PRONOUNCED [iz]

The –s or –es forming the plural always sound like the new syllable [iz] when the last sound in the singular noun is
[s], [z], [ʃ], [tʃ], [ʤ], or [ȝ].
10
1. Practice the following conversation.

Ellie: MeEllie:
too. Whereabouts?
Who’s that with Laura?
Julio: Near
Steve:the park.know.
I don’t At 24Let’s Green
see… Hi,
Street. Laura.
Ellie: WeLaura:
live close, then.
Hi, you two. This is Julio. He’s a
Laura: Hey,
new Steve. Julio
student. playsthis
Julio, football,
is Steve and
you know.Ellie.
Julio: Yes, andJulio.
Ellie: Hi, my Glad
father was you.
to meet a
professional
Steve:football player.
Pleasure to meet you.
Steve: Really? We need
Julio: Nice players
to meet you, for
too.the
Are we all
college team.
on theThe samecoach is Spanish, too.
course?
What’s your
Ellie:e-mail?
Yes, we are. Erm… How do you
Julio: It’s [email protected].
spell your name? Is it with an H?
Steve: Julio:Thanks.
No, it isn’t. Mine is It’s a
It’s J-U-L-I-O.
[email protected].
Spanish name. I’m from Madrid.
Laura: Julio lives in Southfields, Ellie.

1. Replace the underlined words with the correct subject pronoun.

a) Megan lives in Australia. e) Mr. and Mrs. Gibson have two dogs.
b) Katie and I are in the same class. f) The cat usually sleeps under the sofa.
c) Those birds wake me up every morning. g) The children are in the playground.
d) William can walk on his hands. h) The car is dirty.

2. Complete the following conversations using the correct form of the verb to be.
A. James is at a party. He has just seen his friend Rosie.
James: Hello, Rosie. How _______ you?
Rosie: Oh, hello, James! I _______ fine, thanks. How _______ you?
James: I _______ too bad, thank you. Who _______ that girl over there? Do you know her?
Rosie: Yes, her name _______ Carla. She _______ Italian.
James: _______ she a student at the college?
Rosie: No, she _______.

B. Sally is waiting outside the bus station. Her friend Peter is late.
Peter: Hello, Sally. Sorry. _______ I very late?
Sally: Yes, you _______.
Peter: What _______ the time?
Sally: It _______ almost half past seven.
Peter: Really? Oh, I _______ sorry, Sally, _______ you angry?
Sally: No, I _______ angry, but I _______ very hungry. Let’s go for something to eat.

C. Mr. and Mrs. Sanders are from Canada. They have just arrived in England. They are speaking to a customs office at
Heathrow Airport in London.
Officer: Where _______ you from?
Mrs. Sanders: We _______ from Canada.
Officer: _______ you here on holiday?
Mrs. Sanders: Yes, we _______.
Officer: _______ this your first visit to England?
Mr. Sander: Well, it _______ my wife’s first visit, but I’ve been here before.
Officer: I see. _______ these your suitcases?
Mr. Sanders: Yes, they _______.
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Officer: And what about this bag? _______ this yours, too?
Mrs. Sanders: No, it _______.

3. Complete the sentences with the correct nationality.

a) She’s from Italy. She’s ______________________. f) She’s from Germany. She’s ___________________.
b) They’re from Japan. They’re ______________________. g) I’m from Greece. I’m ________________________.
c) I’m from Switzerland. I’m ______________________. h) He’s from Peru. He’s ________________________.
d) We’re from Turkey. We’re ______________________. i) They’re from Korean. They’re __________________.
e) You’re from Brazil. You’re ______________________. j) We’re from Britain. We’re _____________________.
f) He’s from Spain. He’s ______________________. l) You’re from U.S.A. You’re ____________________.

4. Look at the picture and write sentences about their occupations.

1. __________________________________________________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________________________________________________
3. __________________________________________________________________________________________
4. __________________________________________________________________________________________
5. __________________________________________________________________________________________
6. __________________________________________________________________________________________

5. Look at the answers and complete the questions using the question words in the box.

what who which whose where when why

how
how often how much how many how old how long

a) “______________ do you do?” “I’m a student.”

b) “______________ do you live?” “In London.”
c) “______________ have you lived there?” “For two years.”
d) “______________ brothers and sisters do you have?” “Two brothers and one sister.”
e) “______________ is your favorite pop singer?” “Madonna.”
f) “______________ is your birthday?” “November the 3rd.”
g) “______________ do you play tennis?” “About once a week.”
h) “______________ is this umbrella?” “It’s $18.”
i) “______________ cap is this?” “I think it’s Simon’s.”
j) “______________ do you usually get to work?” “By car.”
k) “______________ of those girls is your sister?” “She’s the one in the black skirt.”
l) “______________ are you smiling?” “Oh, I’ve just thought of something funny.”
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6. Answer the questions.

FULL NAME: Katrina Lindberg a) How old is Katrina? __________________________________

AGE: 26 b) Where is she from? __________________________________
NATIONALITY: German c) Where does she live? ________________________________
CURRENT CITY: Sydney d) When’s her birthday? ________________________________
ADDRESS: 77 York Street e) What’s her e-mail address? ___________________________
BITHDATE: May 11th 1990 f) What’s her phone number? ____________________________
E-MAIL ADDRESS: [email protected] g) What does she do? __________________________________
PHONE NUMBER: (61-2) 9262-1036 h) Is she married? _____________________________________
OCCUPATION: Architect
i) What kind of movies does she like? ______________________
RELATIONSHIP STATUS: Single
j) What languages does she speak? _______________________
INTERESTS: comedy movies, fantasy novels
OTHER: speaks English and French

7. Complete the questions.

a) What’s your ________________? g) What ________________ of music ________________ you like?
b) ________________ do you come from? h) What’s your ________________ address?
c) What ________________ do you speak? i) ________________ do you ________________ your name?
d) What do you ________________? j) ________________ your nationality?
e) ________________ do you live? k) ________________ do you do in your ________________ time?
f) ________________ do you do for fun? l) ________________ are you from?

8. Read and complete the form.

Woman: Welcome to Stanford College. What’s your

name, please?
Boy: Sam Philbert.
Woman: OK, Sam. Is that F-I-L?
Sam: No, it’s P-H-I-L-B-E-R-T.
Woman: I see. How old are you?
Sam: I’m 18 years old.
Woman: Where are you from?
Sam: I’m from Canada. I was born in Montreal.
Woman: And what’s your address?
Sam: It’s 78 Ternville Road.
Woman: Ternville? How do you spell that?
Sam: T-E-R-N-V-I-double L-E.
Woman: OK, Ternville Road. And your phone number?
Sam: It’s 0789 456 2248. That’s my mobile, is that OK?
Woman: Yes, that’s fine. Can you repeat it, please?
Sam: Sure. 0789 456 2248
Woman: And your e-mail address?
Sam: Ermm… Let me think. It’s [email protected].
Woman: [email protected] Great. That’s all I need.

TOPIC 2: TALKING AND ASKING ABOUT POSSESSION

1. Circle the correct answers.

a) Have you seen my / mine coat?

b) You can find your / yours keys in the top drawer of the desk.
c) My / mine car wasn’t as expensive as her / hers.
d) Sarah visits her / hers mother every week.
e) “How are your / yours children?” “Fine, thanks. How are your / yours?”
f) We know their / theirs telephone number, but they don’t know our / ours.
g) Our / ours flat isn’t as big as their / theirs, but our / ours is much more comfortable.
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h) Last night Tom and Paul talked about their / theirs experiences in the wilderness areas of Canada.

2. Put in this, that, these or those.

a) Who are ____________ people over there? b) I don’t like living in ____________ this country.
c) Do you like ____________ dress? d) ____________ tomatoes are not very good.
d) ____________ glasses look very nice. f) Why is she running after ____________ man?
g) Could you pass me ____________ papers? h) Could you bring ____________ that box to me?
i) I don’t understand ____________ word. j) ____________ letters are for you.

3. Make questions with what using this / these for things near the boys or that / those for things not near the boys, and
then answer them.

1- _______________________________________
_________________________________________
2- _______________________________________
_________________________________________
3- _______________________________________
_________________________________________
4- _______________________________________
_________________________________________
5- _______________________________________
_________________________________________
6- _______________________________________
_________________________________________
_

4. Complete the sentences with the correct form of possessive ‘s of the nouns given.
a) That store sells ____________________ books. (children)
b) Mary is a ____________________ name. (girl)
c) Robert is living at his ____________________ house. (uncle)
d) Do you know my ____________________ wives? (brothers)
e) Chris can also be a ____________________ nickname. (woman)
f) My ____________________ desk is always a mess. (roommate)
g) His ____________________ farm is beautiful. (grandparents)
h) I can’t remember all my ____________________ names. (classmates)
i) My ____________________ first name is Margaret. (mother)
j) ____________________ hand’s have thumbs. (monkeys)

5. Complete the sentences using the correct possessive form of the words given.

a) This bag is _______________ (I). That bag is _______________ (Sue).

_______________ bag is red. _______________ is green.
b) These books are _______________(we). Those books are _______________ (they).
_______________ (we) are on the table. _______________ (they) are on the desk.
c) This raincoat is _______________ (Tom). That raincoat is _______________ (Mary).
_______________ (he) is light brown. _______________ (she) is light blue.
d) This notebook is _______________ (I). That one is _______________ (you).
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_______________ (I) has _______________ (I) name on it. _______________ (you) has _______________ (you)
name on it.
e) _______________ (Jim) aparment is on Pine Street. _______________ (we) is on Main Street.
_______________ (he) apartment has three rooms. _______________ (we) has four rooms.

6. Look at the pictures and using the information given, make questions with whose and answer them with belong to or
possessive ‘s.

a) Luke / wallet b) Simon / keys c) Mr. Shephard / camera d) Lucy / shoes

e) David / headphones
f) Mrs. Colin / gloves g) Ellen / backpack h) Dr. Klein / pen

i) Alice / watch j) Kevin / cell phone

l) Ms. Finley / handbag

UNIT II
DAYS AND DATES
NUMBERS

10 TEN 50 FIFTY 170 ONE HUNDRED AND SEVENTY

11 ELEVEN 51 FIFTY-ONE 180 ONE HUNDRED AND EIGHTY
12 TWELVE 52 FIFTY-TWO 190 ONE HUNDRED AND NINETY
13 THIRTEEN 53 FIFTY-THREE 200 TWO HUNDRED
14 FOURTEEN 60 SIXTY 300 THREE HUNDRED
15
15 FIFTEEN 61 SIXTY-ONE 400 FOUR HUNDRED
16 SIXTEEN 62 SIXTY-THREE 500 FIVE HUNDRED
17 SEVENTEEN 70 SEVENTY 600 SIX HUNDRED
18 EIGHTEEN 71 SEVENTY-ONE 700 SEVEN HUNDRED
19 NINETEEN 72 SEVENTY-TWO 800 EIGHT HUNDRED
20 TWENTY 80 EIGHTY 900 NINE HUNDRED
21 TWENTY-ONE 81 EIGHTY-ONE 1000 ONE THOUSAND
22 TWENTY-TWO 82 EIGHTY-TWO 1100 ONE THOUSAND ONE HUNDRED
23 TWENTY-THREE 90 NINETY 2000 TWO THOUSAND
24 TWENTY-FOUR 91 NINETY-ONE 2100 TWO THOUSAND ONE
HUNDRED
30 THIRTY 92 NINETY-TWO 3000 THREE THOUSAND
31 THIRTY-ONE 100 ONE HUNDRED 4000 FOUR THOUSAND
32 THIRTY-TWO 101 ONE HUNDRED AND ONE 10000 TEN THOUSAND
33 THIRTY-THREE 110 ONE HUNDRED AND TEN 100000 ONE HUNDRED THOUSAND
34 THIRTY-FOUR 120 ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY 1.000.000 ONE MILLION
40 FORTY 130 ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTY
41 FORTY-ONE 140 ONE HUNDRED AND FORTY
42 FORTY-TWO 150 ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTY
43 FORTY-THREE 160 ONE HUNDRED AND SIXTY

Days of the week: Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday.
Months of the year: January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November,
December.
Dates are written like this: 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 20th, 21st, 22nd, 23rd, 24th, etc.
You can write: 14th May 2003 or May 14th, 2003 or 14.5.03 or 14/5/03;
but you say: the fourteenth of May two thousand and three, or May the fourteenth two thousand and three.

We use preposition on to say the day of the week and a full date, and we use preposition in to say only the
month or the year.

EXAMPLES: I was born in August. I was born on August 14, 1986.

We play chess on Mondays. She got married in 2001.

TELLING THE TIME

What time is it?

It’s a quarter to four.

What time is your appointment?

It’s a two o’clock.

What time do you go to bed?

At ten thirty.

PRESENTE SIMPLE (SIMPLE PRESENT)

A. ORACIONES Y PREGUNTAS CON EL VERBO TO BE:

Ej.: Helen is my sister. (Helen es mi hermana)

We aren’t in a party. (No estamos en una fiesta)
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Aparte de su uso común para dar información respecto a ser y a estar en inglés, este verbo también se puede
utilizar para hablar acerca de condiciones o necesidades físicas en vez del verbo have con los adjetivos hungry, thirsty,
cold, hot, sleepy, interested, right o afraid; cambiando así su significado al verbo tener del español.

Ej. Harry is hungry. (Harry tiene hambre / Harry está hambriento)

Carol is afraid. (Carol tiene miedo)
My friend Jane is always right. (Mi amiga Jane siempre tiene razón)

Por otro lado pero siguiendo el mismo uso como el verbo tener, también se utiliza para especificar edad, longitud,
altura, peso, medida y color, aunque de acuerdo a esto el significado puede variar.

Ej. My brother is thirty years old. (Mi hermano tiene treinta años)
They are twenty-four. (Ellos tienen veinticuatro)
That boy is six feet tall. (Ése chico tiene / mide seis pies de altura)
The room is ten meters long. (El cuarto tiene / mide diez metros de largo)
Your girlfriend is nearly my age. (Tu novia tiene casi mi edad)

En cuanto a las preguntas yes-no, la forma conjugada del verbo to be de acuerdo al sujeto va en primer lugar,
seguida del sujeto. EJEMPLOS:

Is Harry hungry? Yes, he is. / No, he isn’t. Are the children in the park? Yes, they are. / No, they aren’t.
Is your mother British? Yes, she is. / No, she isn’t. Are you twenty years old? Yes, I am. / No, I’m not.

Por su parte, las preguntas WH (incluyendo “How”) suelen seguir casi la misma secuencia, con la diferencia de que
comienzan con una palabra interrogativa (When, What, etc.). EJEMPLOS:

Where are you? I’m in the supermarket. Who’s your brother? The boy over there.
(¿Dónde estàs?) (Estoy en el supermercado) (¿Quién es tu hermano?) (El muchacho de allá)

B. ORACIONES CON OTROS VERBOS:

Tanto en el inglés como en el español, los componentes de una oración son sujeto, verbo y complemento.
Específicamente en el caso de las oraciones afirmativas en presente simple, los verbos (a excepción del verbo to be) se
escriben igual en su forma infinitiva cuando los pronombres personales we, you o they son el sujeto de la oración, o en su
lugar se encuentra un sustantivo en plural o se refiere a varias personas a través de nombres propios o títulos (Mr. and
Mrs.).

Ej. We never go to parties on Mondays. (Nunca vamos a fiestas los lunes)

Those boys play soccer every Friday. (Esos chicos juegan fútbol los viernes)
Jim and Kate live in a big house. (Jim y Kate viven en una casa grande)
Mrs. Green and Mrs. Harris water the plants every morning.
(La sra. Green y la sra. Harris riegan las plantas cada mañana)

Sin embargo, los verbos (a excepción del verbo to be y los verbos modales) sufren una pequeña modificación en
cuanto a la ortografía cuando el sujeto de la oración es una tercera persona del singular (he, she, it, sustantivo en singular
o sujeto representado a través de un nombre propio o común):

a) A la mayoría de los verbos simplemente se les agrega la letra “s”.

Ej. Mary knows my name. (know knows)

(Mary sabe mi nombre)

b) Cuando los verbos terminan con s, o, sh, ch, z o x, se les agrega “es”.

Ej. She washes the dishes every night. (wash washes)

(Ella lava los platos todas las noches)
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That girl goes to the beach in July. (go goes)
(Esa chica va a la playa en julio)

c) Cuando un verbo termina con una consonante seguida de y, esta letra cambia a “ies”, pero no cuando le antecede una
vocal.
Ej. Albert studies chemistry. (study studies)
(Albert estudia química)

Sin embargo, hay otro verbo que al igual que el verbo to be tiene su propia forma para las 3eras. personas del
singular (he, she, it, sustantivo en singular o sujeto representado a través de un nombre propio o común) en el presente
simple pero sólo en las oraciones afirmativas, como lo es el verbo have cuya forma en este caso es has.

Ej.: Jenny has a new boyfriend. (Jenny tiene un nuevo novio)

En las oraciones negativas se utiliza un auxiliar, siempre y cuando el verbo principal no sea alguna forma del verbo
to be o un verbo modal. Los auxiliares son don’t (para I, you, we, they y sujetos en plural) y doesn’t (para he, she, it,
sustantivo en singular o sujeto representado a través de un nombre propio o común), y su significado en el español es NO.
Los verbos que acompañan a estos auxiliares deben estar en forma infinitiva, no importa el género o número del sujeto de
la oración.

Ej. My mother doesn’t like potatoes. (A mi madre no le gustan las papas)

Albert and Ivan don’t work on Sundays. (Albert e Iván no trabajan los domingos)

C. PREGUNTAS CON OTROS VERBOS:

En las preguntas yes-no con otros verbos se requiere el uso de auxiliares: do (si el sujeto de la pregunta es I, you,
we, they o sujeto en plural) o does (si el sujeto de la pregunta es he, she, it, sustantivo en singular o sujeto representado
a través de un nombre propio o común), y el verbo de la pregunta debe estar en infinitivo. Dichos auxiliares estarán
presentes en la respuesta si es corta y afirmativa, de lo contrario se utilizan los auxiliares don’t y doesn’t de acuerdo al
sujeto de la pregunta.

Ej.: Does your mother like potatoes? Yes, she does. / No, she doesn’t.
Does Albert study chemistry? Yes, he does. / No, he doesn’t.
Do Jim and Kate live in a house? Yes, they do. / No, they don’t.

En las preguntas WH también se requiere la presencia de estos auxiliares y el verbo de la pregunta también debe
estar en infinitivo. Los auxiliares como tal NO tienen significado en español, y se debe recordar además que la palabra do
también corresponde al verbo hacer, por lo cual puede aparecer dos veces en una misma pregunta, ya sea WH o yes-no.
En el caso de las respuestas a las preguntas donde el sujeto sea una 3era. persona del singular, se debe aplicar la misma
regla ya señalada con respecto a los verbos en las oraciones afirmativas. EJEMPLOS:

What do Mrs. Green and Mrs. Harris do every morning? They water the plants.
¿Què hacen la sra. Green y la sra. Harris cada mañana?) (Riegan las plantas)

Where does that girl go in July? She goes to the beach.

Examples: he likes she talks it floats

-S PRONOUNCED [z]

When the last sound in the verb infinitive to form third-person present is voiced, it always sounds like [z].

Examples: he swims the bird flies she sings

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-S (or –es) PRONOUNCED [iz]

When the last sound in the verb infinitive to form third-person present is [s], [z], [ʃ], [tʃ], [ʤ], or [ȝ], we add –s or –es
and it always sounds like the new syllable [iz].

Examples: he watches the bee buzzes

EXERCISE: Identify the final sound and then read the following sentences aloud.

a) Jack usually drives his car to school. e) She never laughs.

[ ] [ ]
b) Mike sleeps for eight hours every night. f) A mechanic fixes cars.
[ ] [ ]
c) Tina wears blue jeans every day. g) Sue always drinks a cup of coffee in the morning.
[ ] [ ]
d) Alex teaches biology. h) The teacher often stands in front of the classroom.
[ ] [ ]

ACTIVITIES
TOPIC 1: TELLING THE TIME

1. Match the times.

________ It’s half past ten. a) 6:45
________ It’s four o’clock. b) 8:55
________ It’s noon. c) 10:30
________ It’s a quarter past two. d) 12:00 p.m.
________ It’s five to nine. e) 4:00
________ It’s six ten. f) 6:10
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________ It’s a quarter to seven. g) 12:00 a.m
________ It’s midnight. h) 2:15

2. What’s the time? Write each of these times in words.

a) 4.45 __________________________________________ e) 1.15 _____________________________________

b) 11.15 _________________________________________ f) 7.30 _____________________________________
c) 8.40 __________________________________________ g) 6.45 _____________________________________
d) 2.35 __________________________________________ h) 9.55 _____________________________________
e) 5.30 __________________________________________ j) 3.05 ______________________________________

3. Look at the clocks and write the times.

d)) e)) f)
a)) b)) c)

g)) h)) i) k) l)
j)

TOPIC 2: TALKING AND ASKING ABOUT DAILY ACTIVITIES (SIMPLE PRESENT)

1. Make yes-no questions with verb to be using the information given.

a) (Anna is my class) f) (I’m at the library)

b) (I’m not tired) g) (We are thirsty)
c) (Henry isn’t here today) h) (Mrs. Bailey is a nurse)
d) (They are twenty year old) i) (We aren’t in Montreal)
e) (The chairs in this room are comfortable) j) (My cat is white and yellow)

2. Complete with the correct form of the verb in simple present.

a) June ___________________________ (take) the dog for a walk every evening.

b) Some students ___________________________ (not / study) before exams.
c) We ___________________________ (not / cook) at home on weekdays.
d) Carlos always ___________________________ (go) to classes on foot.
e) My father usually ___________________________ (read) the newspaper after breakfast.
f) Sometimes I ___________________________ (not / brush) my teeth after I eat.
g) Sue and Ali ___________________________ (wash) the car on Sundays.
h) My brother never ___________________________ (clean) his room.
i) The café ___________________________ (open) at 7.30 in the morning.
j) Rice ___________________________ (not / grow) in cold climates.

3. Use the prompts to make yes-no questions in simple present. Then look at the pictures and answer those
questions.
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a) go to the gym / on Tuesdays b) play soccer / on Sundays c) take piano lessons / on Mondays

d) prepare lunch / every day e) walk the dog / in the morning f) watch TV / on Friday nights

4. Make WH-questions in simple present according to the answers given.

a) ________________________________________________________? - Monica gets up at seven o’clock.
b) ________________________________________________________? - Charlie walks his dogs in the afternoon.
c) ________________________________________________________? - We go to school by bus.
d) ________________________________________________________? - Liv and Zack watch TV on Friday nights.
e) ________________________________________________________? - I listen to music.
f) ________________________________________________________? - Diana has lunch at home.
g) ________________________________________________________? - Jake plays soccer on Fridays and
Sundays.
h) ________________________________________________________? – Those boys study laws.

6. Write sentences in simple present with the words given. Add information.

a) (Sasha / work) d) (Mrs. Smith / not eat meat) g) (We / not watch)
b) (Pierre / come from) e) (Grace / live) h) (Mr. Wesley / have dinner)
c) (My brothers / go to bed) f) (Robert / play basketball) i) (His grandparents / travel)

5. Read the following paragraph about Sam’s day. Then complete the exercise with the correct form of the verbs.

“I leave my apartment at 8:00 every morning. I walk to the bus stop and catch the 8:10 bus. It takes
me downtown. Then I transfer to another bus, and it takes me to my part-time job. I arrive at work
at 8:50. I stay until 1:00, and then I leave for school. I attend classes until 5:00. I usually study in the
library and try to finish my homework. Then I go home around 8:00. I have a long day.”

Sam _________________ his apartment at 8.00. He _________________ to the bus stop and
_________________ the 8.10 bus. It _________________ him downtown. Then he _________________ to another bus
and it _________________ him to his part-time job. He _________________ at work at 8.50. He _________________ until
1.00, and then he _________________ for school. He _________________ classes until 5.00. He usually
_________________ in the library and _________________ to finish his homework. Then he _________________ home
around 8.00. He _________________ a long day.

TOPIC 3: TALKING ABOUT FAMILY

1. Complete the sentences about family members.

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a) My husband’s ________________ is my brother-in-law. b) My father’s __________________ is my uncle.
c) My mother’s ____________________ is my grandmother. e) My aunt’s ___________________ is my mother.
f) My wife’s ____________________ is my mother-in-law. i) My niece is my brother’s __________________.
g) My brother’s ____________________ is my sister-in-law. j) My nephew is my sister’s ___________________.
d) My sister’s ____________________ are my nieces and nephews.
h) My father’s ____________________ and ____________________ are my grandparents.

2. Look at Queen Elizabeth’s family tree and then complete the sentences below.

a) Prince Harry is Prince William’s ________________________________.

b) Princess Anne is Zara Phillips’ ________________________________.
c) Queen Elizabeth and Prince Phillip are Prince Charles’ ________________________________.
d) Prince Phillip is Prince Harry’s ________________________________.
e) Queen Elizabeth is Prince Phillip’s ________________________________.
f) Prince William and Prince Harry are Prince Charles’ ________________________________.
g) Prince Andrew is Prince Eugenie’s ________________________________.
h) Queen Elizabeth is Peter Phillip’s ________________________________.
i) Princess Eugenie is Princess Beatrice’s ________________________________.
j) William, Harry, Peter, Zara, Beatrice, Eugenie and Louise are Queen Elizabeth’s __________________________.

3. Read and answer the questions.

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a) Who’s Jake? _______________________________________________________________________________

b) Who’s Anna? _______________________________________________________________________________
c) Who’s Jane? _______________________________________________________________________________
d) Who are Riley and Reese? ____________________________________________________________________
e) Who are George and Carol? ___________________________________________________________________
f) Who’s a doctor? _____________________________________________________________________________
g) How many sisters does Kate have? _____________________________________________________________
h) What does Edgar do? ________________________________________________________________________
i) How many children does George have? ___________________________________________________________

4. Read the sentences and complete the family tree.

Jake and Carol are brother and

sister. Their mother, Katherine, has no
brothers or sisters, but their father,
Jason, has one sister, Jenna. She is
married and her husband’s name is
Liam. They have a daughter, Isabella,
who is only two months old. They’re all
live in a big house with Jason and
Jenna’s parents, George and Helen and
their aunt, Linda, who is still single
and is their mother’s sister.

5. Look at the picture and write sentences using have or has.

Como se puede ver, estas dos formas del artículo tienen ambos el mismo significado en español, la
diferencia radica en que a siempre precede a palabras que comienzan con sonidos consonánticos, mientras que an
se utiliza antes de palabras con sonidos vocálicos. En español ambos significan un o una.
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Suelen utilizarse cuando el lector u oyente desconoce a quién o qué se refiere exactamente por lo que puede
ser cualquiera; se habla de algo o alguien en particular, no importa cùal, para señalar alguna cualidad o describir, o
cuando se quiere decir lo que algo o alguien es por pertenecer a un grupo clase o tipo. Ambos siempre se usan con
sustantivos contables y no contables en singular, nunca en plural.

Ej. There is a book on the table. (No se especifica qué libro es)
I’m an architect. (Especifica la profesión de esa persona)
He remained a bachelor all his life. (Pertenece a un grupo, como es el de los solteros)
A pony is a small horse. (Dice lo que es)
My brother is going out with a French girl (No se sabe cuàl chica francesa en particular es)
A doctor must like people (Se refiere a cualquier doctor)
She has a beautiful voice. (Señala una cualidad)

Además, se utilizan para indicar costo, velocidad o frecuencia, así como también con ciertos números (a
hundred, a thousand, a million, a couple, a dozen), en exclamaciones con la palabra What

Ej. Fifty pounds a kilo (cincuenta libras el kilo)

Four times a day (cuatro veces al día)
A hundred miles (mil millas)

THERE IS

We use there is and there are to say that something or somebody exists, and we often use them before a /
an, some and any. We use there is for singular and there are for plural. EXAMPLES:

There’s a dog in the garden. There are some letters for you. There isn’t much coffee.
There aren’t many people in the streets. Is there any milk in the fridge? Are there any oranges?

PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE
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Ej.: I’m frustrated. / I feel frustrated.

Sin embargo, en el caso de los estados biológicos, suele utilizarse el verbo to be.

Ej.: I’m cold. The children are hungry.

En cuanto a las preguntas, también se pueden formular utilizando el presente simple o el presente progresivo
según sea el caso. EXAMPLES:

Are you frustrated? Yes, I am. Do you feel frustrated? Yes, I do.
How do you feel today? I feel frustrated. How are you feeling today? I’m feeling frustrated.

TALKING AND ASKING ABOUT HEALTH PROBLEMS

What’s wrong (with______)? / I don’t feel well. / I’m not feeling very well. I’m sick / dizzy.
What’s the matter (with _______)? I / They have a / an… My / Their _______ hurts.
How do you feel? I have a pain in my… They have a pain in their…
How are you feeling (today? She / he doesn’t feel well. She / he is sick.
_______ arms / legs feel weak. She / he has a / an… Her / his ________ hurts.
hurt She / he has a pain in her / his…
ache They don’t feel well. They’re sick.
are sore I ache all over. / I’m sore everywhere. I feel weak / awful.

That’s too bad. What a problem / That’s a problem! Oh, I’m very sorry! Oh, dear, I’m sorry!
Oh, I’m very sorry to hear that How terrible! / That’s terrible! Poor you! What a pity!

VOCABULARY: RECOMMENDATIONS

Take medicine or a painkiller have a shower stay in bed / relax

Drink lots of water go to school / work eat a bowl of chicken soup
Drink hot tea or warm milk do exercises / exercise Take vitamins
Have warm soup see a doctor / a dentist Get some sleep / lie down
Eat (more) fruits and vegetables take ______ pills twice a day. work so hard
Take an aspirin for pain or fever

CONDICIONAL CERO Y WHEN CLAUSES

Los condicionales se componen de 2 cláusulas: una donde se encontrará la palabra if (si) que establece una
condición, y la otra donde estará el resultado de ésa condición (cláusula principal). Este condicional se utiliza para
hablar acerca de hechos verdaderos y hábitos que tienen un resultado en el presente. Por lo tanto, ambas cláusulas
u oraciones que lo componen estarán en presente simple.

If + oración en presente simple + oración en presente simple

oración en presente simple + If + oración en presente simple
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Al utilizar este condicional, se deben recordar las características particulares del presente simple cuando se
utilizan verbos diferentes al verbo to be, tanto las oraciones afirmativas (especialmente cuando el sujeto de la oración
es una 3era. Persona del singular) y las oraciones negativas (donde se emplean los auxiliares don’t o doesn’t).

Cláusula if Cláusula principal

If I have a big lunch, it makes me sleepy.
If you mix yellow and blue, you get green.
If flowers don’t get any water, they die.

Similar al condicional cero, las cláusulas con la palabra when se utilizan para señalar una acción o situación que
genera un resultado.

When clause Result clause

When(ever) I drink a lot of coffee, I can’t sleep.
When(ever) I see sad movies, I cry.

IMPERATIVES

We use imperatives for many different reasons, for example, to tell people what to do or to give orders, to give them
advice, to make offers, suggestions or recommendations and requests, or to give warnings. It has the same form as the
infinitive without to. Negative imperatives begin with do not, don’t or never. The imperative does not normally have a
subject, but we can use a noun or a pronoun to make it clear who we are speaking to.

EXAMPLES: Turn left at the crossroads. Always hold the tennis racket like this.
Please do not park here. Never tell her that she’s wrong.
Andrew shut the door, please. Sit down, everybody.

We can make an imperative more emphatic by putting do in front of it. We do this, for example, when we want to be
polite, or when we want to express impatience.

MODAL SHOULD

We use should to talk about a good thing to do or the right thing to do. We can also use should to ask for or give
advice, to express an opinion, to make a suggestion or to say that we expect something to happen. The negative form is
usually used to say that something isn’t a good thing to do.

EXAMPLES: You look tired. You should do to bed. What should I eat to be healthier?
Should we invite Susan to the party? Should I wear a tie?
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a) The dog ________________ the refrigerator. f) The dog is ________________ the kitchen.
b) The backpack is ________________ the closet. g) The mirror is ________________ the bathroom.
c) The rug is ________________ the table. h) The lamp is ________________ the table.
d) The flowers are ________________ the table. i) The books are ________________ the bed.
e) The big chair is ________________ the TV. j) The cat is ________________ the bed.

2. Look at the picture and write 5 sentences with there is and there are. You can add prepositions of place.

3. Look at the picture again and answer the following questions.

a) How many bedrooms are there? __________________________________________________

b) How many chairs are in the dining room? __________________________________________________
c) Is there a lamp in the kitchen? __________________________________________________
d) Is there a telephone next to the TV? __________________________________________________
e) Where’s the stove? __________________________________________________
f) Are there any books on the shelf? __________________________________________________
g) Is there a mirror in the living room? __________________________________________________
h) Is the stereo in the kitchen? __________________________________________________

4. Complete the conversation with there is, there are, is there…? or are there…?
27

REPORTER: Is your house in Hollywood big?

JOHN: Yes, ___________________ 35 rooms.
REPORTER: Thirty-five rooms? That is a big house!
JOHN: Yes, ___________________ 10 bedrooms and
___________________ 12 bathrooms, ___________________ a
kitchen upstairs, and ___________________ a kitchen
downstairs.
REPORTER: ___________________ a pool?
JOHN: Yes, ___________________ two pools.
___________________ one in the house , and
___________________ one pool behind the house.
REPORTER: ___________________ famous paintings?
JOHN: Yes, I have two paintings by Picasso.
REPORTER: That’s great. ___________________ a garden?
JOHN: Yes, ___________________ a large garden with
flowers behind the house.
REPORTER: What’s your favorite room?
JOHN: It’s my bedroom. ___________________ two big-
screen TVs, a computer, a high fidelity stereo, and a DVD
player. I love being there!.

5. Comprehension. Answer true (T) or false (F) about Tony’s bedroom.

a) ________ There is a bookcase in the

bedroom.
b) ________ There aren’t many books in
the bookcase.
c) ________ There isn’t a window in the
bedroom.
d) ________ There is a phone on the bed.
e) ________ There isn’t an armchair in
Tony’s room.
f) ________ There is a lamp next to the
bed.
g) ________ There are sneakers under the
bed.
h) ________ There is a poster on the wall.

TOPIC 2: TALKING ABOUT HEALTH

1. Practice the following conversation.

Doctor: So, Mr. Hill, what seems to be the problem?
Mr. Hill: Well, I have this rash on my arm. Mr. Hill: Yes, I have a lot of work these days and I
Doctor: Hmmmmm…Do you have any allergies? don’t sleep much. So, it’s not serious then.
Mr. Hill: I’m allergic to strawberries, but I never eat Doctor: You shouldn’t say that. Stress can be very
them. harmful.
Doctor: Do you have any other problems? Mr. Hill: What should I do?
Mr. Hill: I have a stomachache at the moment and Doctor: Well, let’s do some tests to check that you’re
backache as well. But I’m taking painkillers for that OK. But you should try to find ways to relax. I find
and I’m OK. that exercise helps.
Doctor: Do you ever feel dizzy? Mr. Hill: What about my rash? Should I take any
Mr. Hill: Actually, yes I do. What do you think it is, medicine?
doctor? Doctor: I can give you a cream.
Doctor: I’m not sure. Maybe it’s stress. Do you work Mr. Hill: Thank you very much.
long hours?
28

2. Make questions about health problems and answer them using the words given.
a) (Marisa / an ear infection) b) (I / a backache) g) (Helen / a fever)
c) (Bonnie and Randy / a cold) d) (Mr. Butler / a sore throat) h) (They / a cough)
e) (We / a headache) f) (Linda / the measles)

3. Write what people should or shouldn’t do. Use the verbs given.
a) Andy starts work at 9.00. It’s 8.45 and he’s still in bed. (get up)
b) Sheila wants to play tennis but her arm hurts. (play)
c) Terry’s car is very old. (buy)
d) Ruth wants to go shopping but she has the flu. (go out)
e) My salary is very low. (look for)
f) Mrs. Murphy has a terrible headache. (take)
g) I have a hole in one of my tooth. (eat)

4. Make sentences with the words given and according to the zero conditional structure.
a) (Fred / have / a backache) (He / lie down) d) (I / get / a cold) (I / drink / tea with honey)
b) (Mr. Boyd / eat / too much) (He / feel / sick) e) (They / have / a fever) (They / not go / to work)
c) (Veronica / suffer / from stress) (She / take / some days off)

5. Reading.

ATCHOO! IS IT A COLD OR THE FLU?

When your nose is blocked, your eyes are watery, your throat is sore, you are coughing and sneezing constantly,
and you are shivering, then you have influenza, or the flu. Or is it just a common cold? The symptoms of both cold and
the flu are very similar, and very often the two illnesses are confused.
People get both illnesses in more or less the same way. A person sneezing or coughing transmits the infection
through the air. Sometimes people with the virus wipe their noses or eyes with their fingers, and then touch objects
around them, such a doorknob, a telephone, a keyboard, or any other everyday object. Other people come into contact
with these items with viruses on them, and pick up the viruses that way.
Colds usually last for five to seven days and are caused by viruses. The body’s own defense mechanisms need to
fight the viruses. Unfortunately there are more than 80 different constantly mutating rhinoviruses. So vaccination
against cold is impossible. Medicines provide temporary relief from symptoms, but they cannot cure the cold.
The flu has the same symptoms as the traditional cold. Additional symptoms are a high fever and severe muscle

Este tiempo verbal se utiliza para hablar de acciones que están sucediendo o no ahora, así como de acciones que
se están o no realizando, además de utilizarse al hablar de eventos o situaciones temporales o que se estén llevando a
cabo por un período corto de tiempo. Está formado por un verbo principal (que siempre corresponde a una forma
conjugada del verbo to be afirmativa o negativa en presente simple como am, is o are) seguido por otro verbo que en este
caso tendrá el sufijo ing el cual equivale a los sufijos –iendo, -ando, -endo que en el español tienen la misma función.

Ej.: Please don’t make so much noise. I am working now.

(Por favor, no hagas mucho ruido. Estoy trabajando ahora)
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Dicho de otra forma, la fórmula para estructurar oraciones en este tiempo verbal es la siguiente:

Sujeto (s) + am, am not / is, isn’t / are, aren’t + verbo(ing) + compl.

Ej.: Sarah is watching TV now. The students aren’t making a project.

I’m not cleaning the kitchen. The children are playing in the backyard.

Con respecto a la ortografía al momento de agregar el sufijo ing, la mayoría de los verbos no sufren un cambio
sustancial a partir de su estructura en infinitivo; sin embargo, hay ciertas excepciones. Al respecto, hay 3 reglas
ortográficas que siempre se deben considerar para agregar dicho sufijo y también identificar la forma infinitiva del verbo en
otras situaciones de ser necesario:

a) A los verbos que terminan con la letra “e”, se les elimina esta letra para agregarles el sufijo ing.

Ej. take taking

b) A los verbos que terminan con la combinación “ie”, se les elimina esta combinación cambiándola por ying.

Ej. die dying

c) A los verbos monosílabos que terminan con una vocal y una consonante y en este estricto orden, se les duplica dicha
consonante para agregarles el sufijo ing, siempre y cuando no terminen en x o w.

Ej. win winning

d) A los verbos con dos o más sílabas que terminan con una vocal y una consonante y en este estricto orden, se les
duplica la última consonante solamente si la última sílaba es stressed, de lo contrario, no se duplica.

Ej. forget forgetting

open opening

NOTA: En el inglés británico, si un verbo termina con l, ésta se duplica ya sea que la última sílaba esté stressed o no.

En cuanto a la estructura de las preguntas yes-no, sólo existe un intercambio de lugares en cuanto a los elementos
presentes en la estructura de las oraciones:

Am / is / are + Sujeto (s) + verbo(ing) + compl.? Yes, ____________ am / is / are.

No, ____________ am not / isn’t / aren’t.

Como pudo verse en las respuestas, suele utilizarse el pronombre personal equivalente al sujeto (I, he, we, she,
they, etc.), y su forma del verbo to be conjugada correspondiente afirmativa o negativa (am, am not, is, isn’t / is not, are,
aren’t / are not), tal como se vio en la clase acerca de las preguntas de este tipo en presente simple con el verbo to be.

Ej.: Are you cleaning the kitchen? No, I’m not.

Is Sarah watching TV now? Yes, she is.
Are the students making a project? No, they aren’t.

Por otro lado, las preguntas WH- siguen esta misma secuencia pero con la diferencia de que la palabra
interrogativa o WH-word (Where, Who, What, etc.) se coloca delante de la forma del verbo to be. La respuesta, y depende
de la información que se esté solicitando, suele corresponder a una oración en este tiempo verbal y cuya estructura ya fue
explicada en un punto anterior; a diferencia de las respuestas a why que pueden variar en tiempo verbal.

WH- word + am / is / are + Sujeto (s) + verbo(ing) + compl.?

Ej.: What are you cleaning? I’m cleaning the living room.
Where is Sarah watching TV? She’s watching TV in her bedroom.
What are the children doing? They’re playing in the backyard.
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NOTA: Recuerden que en el caso de who puede no haber un sujeto en la pregunta.

Ej.: Who is knocking the door? Mark is.

Sin embargo, ciertos verbos no pueden ser utilizados en tiempos progresivos o formas continuas, entre los cuales
figuran verbos de percepción, de sentimiento y otros: think, see, understand, imagine, believe, recognize, forget, taste, feel,
smell, hear, suppose, mean, know, remember, realize, hate, like, dislike, prefer, want, wish, love, have = posses, include,
sound, own, cost, belong to, contain, seem, owe, weigh, deserve, need. EJEMPLOS:

I think you’re right. (Not “I’m thinking you’re right”) Do you see what I mean? (Not Are you seeing what I mean?)

Pero algunos de estos verbos que tienen más de un significado sí pueden ser utilizados en tiempos progresivos y
específicamente cuando describen una acción en progreso.

Ej.: Shhhh! I’m thinking. Are you seeing the doctor tomorrow?
We’re having lunch in a Chinese restaurant right now.

NOTA: Cuando el adverbio always se utiliza en una oración en presente progresivo, se refiere a que la acción es muy
frecuente, mientras que en el presente simple se refiere a una acción que ocurre todo el tiempo.

ACTIVITIES
TOPIC 1: EXPRESSING ABILITY IN THE PRESENT

1. Practice the following conversations.

Stacey: Hello, I’m Stacey Greenford. I’m Mr. Stewart: Good morning. I’m
here about the part-time photographer’s Donald Stewart. I’m here about the job
job. of a salesperson.
Woman: Hello, Stacey. Can you use a Woman: Welcome to CarsEurope, Mr.
computer? Stewart. How many languages can you
Stacey: Of course. I can do photo editing. speak?
I can type and look for information on Mr. Stewart: I can speak Spanish and
the Internet, too. can understand French, but I can’t speak
Man: And how old are you? it very well.
Stacey: I’m seventeen. I still go to school, Woman: I see. Can you drive?
but I can work every day after school. Mr. Stewart: I can ride a motorbike.
Woman: I see. Man: Yes, but can you drive a car?
Stacey: I can take nice pictures. Here, Mr. Stewart: No, but I can learn.
look. Man: Well, leave your CV, please, and
Man: Thank you, Stacey. We’ll call you. we’ll call you.

2. Complete the following sentences with modal can or can’t and a verb from the box. Use each verb only once.

read stay walk lift survive run

crush understand stretch see write carry

a) A zebra _________________________ its neck to reach the tops of trees.

b) Daniel _________________________ legibly with both his right hand and his left hand.
c) Look! I _________________________ this chair with one hand!
d) A donkey _________________________ heavy loads on its back.
e) I _________________________ what he says, he speaks too quickly.
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f) Mark _________________________ on his hands.
g) Camels _________________________ seventeen days without any water at all.
h) Sarah is very fit for her age. She _________________________ really fast.
i) A squirrel _________________________ high up in the trees for weeks, leaping for branch to branch.
j) Do you know where Nick glasses are? He _________________________ very much without them.
k) Those kids are amazing, they _________________________ upside down.
l) Elephants _________________________ small trees under their huge feet.

3. Make yes-no or WH-questions with modal can with the words given.
a) “Little Mary is ten-month-old now.” (walk) __________________________________________________
b) “John is starting the violin.” (what / play) __________________________________________________
c) “My brother wants to work in a restaurant.” (cook) __________________________________________________
d) “My daughter’s going to Spain.” (speak Spanish) __________________________________________________
e) “Bill and Lisa want to buy a house.” (how much / pay) __________________________________________________
f) “Some colors look bad on me.” (wear red) __________________________________________________
g) “Ann and I have a lovely hotel room.” (see the sea) __________________________________________________
h) “I want to learn the piano.” (read music) __________________________________________________

4. Write sentences with can according to the pictures.

5. Ask yes-no questions with know how to.

a) get to the airport from here. b) count to five in German. g) eat with chopsticks.
c) make a cake. d) play the violin. h) drive a tractor
e) change a flat tire. f) play Scrabble.

TOPIC 2: TALKING AND ASKING ABOUT ACTIONS IN PROGRESS IN THE PRESENT

1. Make present progressive sentences according to the pictures.

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Brenda Kim and Justin Steve Lucy’s parents Walter

Tim My friends Ann’s father Greg and Frank

Diana’s sister

2. Make WH-questions in present progressive according to the answers given.

a) Mrs. Boyle is buying some vegetables. f) We are checking our Facebook accounts.
b) My grandmother is making some cupcakes. g) I am eating a sandwich with cheese.
c) Jason and Carol are working in a bookstore. h) Mr. Grayson is fixing his car.
d) Julia’s children are playing in the park.
e) Gina is taking a French course because she wants to travel to France.
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3. Use the prompts to make yes-no questions and answer them according to the pictures.

a) Brian / b) Mrs. O’Donell / c) Mr. and Mrs. Olson / d) Fred /

prepare dinner take a nap have breakfast play basketball

e) Jane and Daniel / f) Beth / g) Tobby / h) The Mitchells /

do the shopping feed her cat do his homework take a walk in the park

4. Complete the dialogues with present progressive.

a) Rita: Keith, what ___________ you ___________ (do)?

Keith: I ___________ (make) soup.
Rita: That sounds like a good idea. I’m hungry.

b) Paul: ___________ the boys ___________ (swim) in the lake?

Sandy: No, they ___________. They __________________________ (relax) under a tree.

c) Susan: What ___________ Mrs. Davis ___________ (carry)?

Larry: I’m not sure. Let’s help her.

d) Brad: ___________ Danny ___________ (work) today?

Chris: No, he ___________. He _____________________________ (visit) his parents.

e) Lynn: Hey, what ___________ you ___________(do) at home? It’s Saturday. Let’s go out for coffee.
Joan: I can’t. I ________________________ (clean) the house. My mother-in-law will probably come tomorrow.

f) Josh: Where are Uncle Harry and Aunt Beatrice?

Will: They ___________________________ (get) ready for their trip to China.

g) Ethan: Is Laura in her office?

Kelly: No, she isn’t. She __________________________ (not work) this week. She _____________________ (look) for
a new flat.

5. Put the verbs in the correct tense: present progressive or simple present.
a) Let’s go out. It ________________________ (not rain) now.
b) Julia is very good at languages. She ________________________ (speak) four languages very well.
c) Hurry up! Everybody ________________________ (wait) for you.
d) The River Nile ________________________ (flow) into the Mediterranean.
e) “Can you drive?” “I ________________________ (learn). My father ________________________ (teach) me”.
f) The train is never late. It always ________________________ (leaves) on time.
g) Sonia ________________________ (look) for a place to live. She ________________________ (stay) with her sister
until she ________________________ (find) somewhere.
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h) We usually ________________________ (grow) vegetables in our garden, but this year we
________________________ (not grow) any.

6. Are the underlined verbs right or wrong? Correct the ones that are wrong.

a) Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius. ___________________________________________

b) I’m hungry. I’m wanting something to eat. ___________________________________________
c) Look! That man tries to open the door of your car. ___________________________________________
d) Can you hear those people? What do they talk about? ___________________________________________
e) I usually go to work by car. ___________________________________________
f) Are you believing in God? ___________________________________________
g) This sauce is great. It tastes really good. ___________________________________________
h) The water boils. Can you turn it off? ___________________________________________
i) They’re photographers. They take very good photos. ___________________________________________
j) I’m promising I’ll write to you. ___________________________________________
k) He’s working at a sports shop for six weeks. ___________________________________________
l) Diana is always making silly mistakes. ___________________________________________

UNIT V
THE PRONOUN ONE

We often use the pronoun one or ones for plural instead of repeating a noun (only countable nouns). EXAMPLES:

My new flat is much bigger than my old one. (=My old flat)
I like these shoes more than the other ones. (= the other shoes)

We only use a / an with one if there is an adjective. Also we can use it after the demonstrative adjectives, but we
normally only use the plural ones after these or those when there is an adjective.

EXAMPLES: I’m looking for a tie. I want a blue one. Which picture do you prefer, this one or that one?
I like these brown shoes more than those black ones.

We can use one with which in questions, and after each, another or even a superlative adjective.

I like the green shirt best. Which one do you prefer? The last question was the most difficult one.

She has three children, and each one goes to a different school.

However, sometimes we can either put in one / ones or leave it out, but not after article the or an adjective.

EXAMPLES: These bowls are nice. What about this (one)?

Our house is the one on the left. I’d like a box of tissues. A small one, please.

TALKING ABOUT PRICES AND CLOTHES

I want… / I would like… BACKGROUND NOTE:

Do you have this one in… (color)? Pounds / pence are used in the UK.
What size? We have it in… (size) Euros / cents are used in countries of
Do you have any… on sale? the European Union.
Dollars / cents are used in the USA.
How much is / are….? It’s / they’re…
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How much does… cost? It costs…
How much do… cost? They cost… Can I try … on?

What size are you? I’m… What color do you like / prefer?
What size is…? She’s / he’s… Which… do you want?

DESCRIBING PEOPLE

AGE: young, old, middle-aged, elderly (70+) How are / is ____________?

In his / her / their twenties / thirties / forties /fifties / sixties What does __________ look like?
In his / her / their late / early 20 / 30 / 40 Who do / does ________ look like?

HEIGHT: tall, average height, short

WEIGHT: thin, slim, skinny, fat / heavy, average weight, heavy-set, chubby, overweight

EYE COLOR: blue, green, brown, dark, hazel, black, gray

HAIRSTYLE: long, short, medium-length, shoulder-length, straight, curly, wavy, spiky, bald

HAIRCOLOR: black, (light / dark) brown, blond, gray, red.

SPECIAL FEATURES: freckles, beard, mustache, mole, pierced ear, tattoo, glasses.

ACTIVITIES
TOPIC 1: TALKING ABOUT PRICES AND CLOTHES

1. Practice the following conversations.

Shop assistant: Good afternoon, may I help you? Shop assistant: So, did you find a skirt?
Grace: Yes, I’m looking for a present for my husband. Tina: Yes, I prefer this one.
Shop assistant: I see. Well, we have some great Shop assistant: What size did you choose?
discounts. What about these shirts?
Tina: Medium. The large one was too big
Grace: They’re nice, I like all the different colors. Are they
on me. I also tried on this white top and it
polyester?
Shop assistant: No, they’re all cotton and from 90 euros, fits me very well.
they’re now only 50. Shop assistant: Nice. And we have a 30%
Grace: That’s good. But he doesn’t really need any shirts. discount on those tops.
Shop assistant: OK. What about these leather boots? Tina: Really? How much is it, then?
Grace: Oh, they are lovely. And a beautiful brown color. Shop assistant: Let me see… It costs £20.
Are they expensive? Tina: Great!
Shop assistant: Well, with the discount they are 150.99 Shop assistant: Would you like to pay in
Have it with
euros.
cash or by credit card?
Grace: I’m sorry; they’re a bit too expensive for me. Now,
these scarves are very nice. They’re not cotton, are they?
Tina: Credit card.
Shop assistant: No, they’re made of wool. Shop assistant: OK. That’s £95 altogether.
Grace: That’s just what he needs. It’s not really a good Tina: Oh no! I don’t have it with me. It’s
birthday present, but I think I’ll get one for him. How OK, here’s £100.
much is this brown scarf? Shop assistant: Thank you very much.
Shop assistant: It was 20.50 euros, but with the discount, Here’s £5 change and your receipt.
it’s 15.50 euros.
Grace: OK, I’ll take it.
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2. Complete the conversations using the pronoun one.

a) Emma: Can you lend me a pen, please?

Matthew: Do you want ________________________________________? (blue / black)
Emma: Oh, ______________________ (blue), please.
b) Mark: I might buy a new jacket.
Sarah: Do you mean ________________________________________ ? (smart / casual)
Mark: Oh, ______________________ (casual) for when I go on holiday.

c) Jessica: Could you pass me one of those saucepans, please?

Andrew: Do you need ________________________________________ ? (big / small)
Jessica: ________________________ (big), please.

d) Wendy: Could I have a small envelope?

Secretary: Yes, of course. ________________________________________ ? (white / brown)
Wendy: ________________________ (brown), please. Thanks!

e) Vicky: I’m looking for a toothbrush, but I can’t find any.

Assistant: Do you mean ________________________________________ ? (ordinary / electrical)
Vicky: Oh, _________________________ (ordinary).

3. Make questions with which and verb want plus the information given. Then answer them using one or ones.

4. Make questions with how much and answer them.

TOPIC 2: DESCRIBING PEOPLE

1. Read the text and write the name next to each person according to the description.
e) Damon _________ heavy. He weighs about 136 kilos!
f) Max and Charile are twins. Max _________ a beard and a mustache. Charlie _________ clean-shaven. They both
_________ blond hair.

3. Complete the sentences below about the characters using the information from the chart.

NAME AGE NATIONALITY OCCUPATION EYE HEIGHT WEIGHT HAIR CLOTHING SPECIAL
COLOR FEATURES
Fabrizio 39 Italian business man brown 1.76 Heavy- bald A green A beard
set polo shirt,
black
pants,
brown
oxfords
Amy 24 Irish chemist blue 1.64 slim Blond, A white ¾ freckles
straight, sleeved
medium- shirt, a
lenght black vest,
blue jeans,
red
pumps,
Nellie 15 Brazilian students big, 1.55 Average Black, A floral glasses
and hazel weight curly, short
Leslie shoulder- dress,
length white flats
You
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a) Fabrizio is in ____________________ and he comes from _____________________. He works as a
_________________________. He is _________________________ and _________________________. He has
_________________________ eyes. He is _________________________ and he has _________________________.
He’s wearing _______________________________________________________________________.

b) Amy is _________________________ years old. She is _________________________ and _____________________.

Her eyes are _________________________ and she has ________________________________________ hair. She has
____________________. She’s wearing _________________________________________________________________.
She is a _________________________ and she comes from _________________________.

c) Nellie and Leslie are from _________________________ and they’re _________________________. They’re
_________________________ and _________________________. They have _________________________ eyes and
their hair is ___________________________________________. They’re wearing
_________________________________________. They wear _______________________.

d) I _________________________ years old and I’m a _________________________. I’m from ____________________.

I’m _________________________ and _________________________. I have _____________________ eyes and
_________________________ hair. I’m wearing __________________________________________________________.
I have / wear _______________________________.

UNIT VI
TOPIC 1: TALKING AND ASKING ABOUT LIKES, DISLIKES AND PREFERENCES

I like / don’t like… I love… What kind of … do you like?

She / he likes / doesn’t like… She / he loves… What kind of … does she / he like?
They like / don’t like… They love… What kind of … do they like?

I / They hate… What … do you / they like? What don’t … like?

She / he hates… What … does she / he like? What doesn’t … like?

I / They prefer… to … She / he prefers… to … What (kind of) … do you / they prefer?
Do you prefer … to / or …? What (kind of) … does she / he prefer?
Does she / he prefer… to / or …? What do you / they prefer, … or…?
What does she / he prefer,… or…?

What’s your / their / his / her favorite…? Do you like…?

Where’s your / their / his / her favorite…? Does she / he like…?
Who’s your / their / his / her favorite…?

TOPIC 2: MAKING REQUESTS, SUGGESTIONS, OFFERS AND INVITATIONS

We can ask for things with modals can, could or may. Could is less direct and more polite than can; may is more
formal than can or could. EXAMPLES:

Can I have a glass of water, please? Could I have the bill, please? May I have some more coffee?

We often use Can you..? to ask someone to do something for us. We use could as a less definite, more polite form
of can in this meaning. EXAMPLES:

Can you post this letter for me, please? Could you pass me that newspaper, please?

We also use these modals to ask for permission. EXAMPLES:

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Can I borrow your dictionary? Could I ask you a personal question? May I have a look at your newspaper?

When we ask for something in a shop or a café, we can simply name what we want, but we must say please. We
can also use I’ll have…

EXAMPLES: A large white loaf, please. Two coffees, please. I´ll have a coffee.

We also use Will you…? to ask someone to do something. We use would as a less definite, more polite form of
will in this meaning. EXAMPLES:

Will you switch on the light, please? “The phone is ringing. Would you answer it?”

We sometimes make requests by using would like as a polite way of saying what we want. EXAMPLES:

I’d like a glass of water, please. I’d like to ask you a personal question.

In a request we can also use Do you mind…? or Would you mind…? with an ing-form, or even Would you
like…?. EXAMPLES:

Do you mind waiting a moment? Would you mind sitting in the back? Would you like to set the table for
me?

We use shall we?, Let’s…, Why don’t …? or How / What about…? to ask for and make suggestions. Also we
use can or could to suggest possible actions.

EXAMPLES: Shall we stay at home? Let’s watch TV. Why don’t we go for a swim?
How about playing tennis? What about eating pizza? We can watch TV if you like.

We can use will or can to offer to do something. We can also use question forms with shall or can, and to offer
food or drink, we use would like or will / won’t you have…? EXAMPLES:

I’ll carry your bags. We can give you a lift. Shall we pay you the money now? Will you have a biscuit?
Can I get a taxi for you? Would you like one of these chocolates? Won’t you have something to drink?

The words we use to make invitations are similar to those we use in offers of food and drink. To invite someone, we
often use Would you like to…? It can have a verb with to after it, or an object with a noun. EXAMPLES:

Would you like to have lunch with us? Would you like a bed for the night?

We can also use Will / Won’t you, and in informal speech we can use the imperative. EXAMPLES:

Will you join us for coffee? Wont’ you sit down? Come and have coffee with us. Please sit down.

ACTIVITIES
TOPIC 1: TALKING AND ASKING ABOUT LIKES, DISLIKES AND PREFERENCES

1. Read the following text and answer the questions below.

My name’s Jenny. I like pizza a lot. My favorite pizza is pepperoni with ham and cheese, and my favorite
pizza restaurant is Gino’s. I love ice cream, too. Chocolate is my favorite flavor. I don’t like salad or milk.

My name is Steve. I’m an athlete, and I like healthy food. I like chicken, tomatoes, and lettuce. I don’t like
hamburgers and hor dogs. I love fruit. Apples are my favorite.
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a) What’s Jenny’s favorite pizza? e) Does Steve like hamburgers?
b) What’s her favorite ice cream flavor? f) Does he like fruit?
c) What doesn’t she like? g) What’s his favorite fruit?
d) What’s Jenny’s favorite restaurant? h) What does he like?

2. Write sentences about their likes and dislikes connecting them using conjunction but.

3. Using the information given, make WH-questions and answer them.

a) (Rachel / hot dogs) f) (Grace / reality shows)
b) (Paul / rock music) g) (Dustin / McDonald’s)
c) (Mr. Hudson / baseball) h) (Frances / cheese cake)
d) (Kate and Kelly / horror movies) i) (Tina and David / Lady Gaga)
e) (Mrs. Richardson / Mexican food) j) (I / biology)

4. Make yes-no questions using the words given about preferences. The answer them.
a) (You / pop music / rock music?) f) (Stacy / science fiction movies / fantasy movies?)
b) (Julie / Indian food / Italian food?) g) (Benny / gin / vodka?)
c) (Robert / Fast & Furious / Star Wars?) h) (They / winter / summer?)
d) (Alice / Ellie Saab / Vera Wang?) i) (William / dogs / cats?)
e) (Mr. and Mrs. Smith / Montreal / New York?) j) (Adam and Nigel / soccer / basketball?)

5. Look at the chart below. Ask and answer yes-no questions about these people’s likes and preferences.

EXAMPLE: Does Jenny like tennis? Yes, but she prefers volleyball.

LIKES PREFERENCES

JOHN SOCCER BASEBALL

STEVE REGGAE MUSIC DANCE MUSIC
MR. HAMPTON SOUP SALADS
BEN AND LAURA ORANGES BANANAS
ANN DRESSES JEANS
VICTOR COMEDY MOVIES ACTION MOVIES
MRS.ROSS TV SERIES SOAP OPERAS
ELIZABETH TWILIGHT THE HUNGER GAMES
WILL AND SYLVIA THE ROLLING STONES THE BEATLES
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TOPIC 2: MAKING REQUESTS, SUGGESTIONS, OFFERS AND INVITATIONS

1. Practice the following conversation.

WAITRESS: Are you ready to order? OLIVER: Is there any meat in the lasagna?
DIANE: Yes, we’re ready. I’d like some WAITRESS: No, this is a vegetarian
mushroom soup to start. restaurant. There’s no meat in our dishes.
WAITRESS: I’m afraid we don’t have any OLIVER: OK. I’ll have the lasagna. What
mushroom soup. We only have tomato soup. does that come with?
DIANE: OK. I’d like some of that. What WAITRESS: All our pasta dishes come with a
toppings are on the Classic pizza? garden salad.
WAITRESS: It’s just cheese and tomato. OLIVER: Good.
DIANE: So, there aren’t any onions on it. WAITRESS: Anything else?
WAITRESS: No, but we can add some onions. OLIVER: No, that’s all.
DIANE: Great. I’d like a medium, please. WAITRESS: Would you like to see the
WAITRESS: Is that all? dessert menu?
DIANE: Yes, I think so. OLIVER: Maybe later. One more thing. Could
WAITRESS: What would you like to drink? bring us salt and pepper? There’s not any.
DIANE: We’d like a bottle of mineral WAITRESS: Oh, I’m sorry… There you go. Can
water, please. I take your menus?
WAITRESS: And for you? OLIVER: Here you are.

2. Write requests for the following situations.

a) This bag is really heavy. I can’t carry it. __________________________________________________

b) We want to take a photo. We don’t have a camera. __________________________________________________
c) I’m thirsty. I want something to drink. __________________________________________________
d) We want to play, but we don’t have a ball. __________________________________________________
e) I need to call a friend, but I don’t have a phone. __________________________________________________
f) I’m busy, and I still have to make a fruit salad. __________________________________________________

3. Complete the conversation. Put in could, shall, will or would.

Daniel: Where ___________ we have our picnic, then?

Rachel: This looks all right. ___________ we sit here?
Emma: Oh, I’ve forgotten the sausages. They’re in the car.
Matthew: ___________ I get them?
Emma: Oh, thanks, Matthew.
Vicky: We ___________ sit by those trees. It looks nicer over there.
Rachel: No, it’s fine here.
Daniel: Yes, it’s better here, I think.
Emma: ___________ you like a sandwich, Vicky?
Vicky: Oh, thank you.
Emma: ___________ you have one, Rachel?
Matthew: And here are the sausages. ___________ anyone like one?

4. Read about each situation and then make a request. Use the word in brackets.

a) It is cold in the restaurant. Ask the waiter to shut the window. (could)
b) You are buying a coat. Ask the assistant for a receipt. (can)
c) You want to know the time. Ask someone in the street. (could)
d) You need someone to help you. Ask a friend. (can)
e) You bought some food, but you don’t have a bag. Ask the assistant. (could)
f) You are carrying a tray. Ask someone to clear a space on the table. (mind)
g) You are on the phone. You want to speak to the manager. (could)
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5 Peter and Sally are trying to decide what to do this evening. Complete the conversation using the most appropriate
phrases to make a suggestion.

Peter: So, what ___________ we do this evening?

Sally: We, we don’t have much money. _______________ staying and watching TV?
Peter: Oh, no! I’m fed up with watching TV.
Sally: ___________ go out for a drink, then. We can afford one drink each.
Peter: All right. Where __________ go?
Sally: ___________ go to the Tropical Bar? They have really good music there.
Peter: Yes, but the drinks are very expensive.
Sally: That’s true. Well, we ___________ go to the pub on the corner.
Peter: Yes. They have very good videos. ___________ go there.
Sally: I thought you said you were fed up with watching TV!

6. What would you say? There is more than one correct answer.

a) A friend has called at your flat. Invite him to come in. ______________________________________________________
b) Offer your visitor a cup of tea. ______________________________________________________
c) You don’t know what to say in your letter. Ask your friend for a suggestion. _____________________________________
d) You are walking in town with a friend. Suggest having a cup of coffee. ________________________________________
e) A woman you know is afraid to walk home alone. Offer to walk home with her. __________________________________
f) You are writing to a friend. Invite her to visit you one weekend. ______________________________________________

UNIT VII
SIMPLE PAST (PASADO SIMPLE)

A. ORACIONES Y PREGUNTAS CON EL VERBO TO BE:

Pronombres Conjugación o formas en

personales pasado

I, he, she it was / wasn’t

you, we, they were / weren’t

Ej.: Monica was sick last week. (Mònica estuvo enferma la semana pasada)
The children weren’t in the park. (Los niños no estaban en el parque)

Al igual que en el presente simple, este verbo también se puede utilizar para hablar acerca de condiciones o
necesidades físicas en vez del verbo have con los adjetivos hungry, thirsty, cold, hot, sleepy, interested, right o afraid
cambiando así su significado al verbo tener del español sòlo que en pasado; y también se utiliza para especificar edad,
longitud, altura, peso, medida y color, aunque de acuerdo a esto el significado puede variar.

Ej. Harry was hungry. (Harry tenìa hambre / Harry estaba hambriento)
My grandmother was ninety-three years old. (Mi abuela tenìa noventa y tres años)

En cuanto a las preguntas yes-no, èstas se estructuran de la misma forma que en presente simple pero ahora
usando las formas conjugadas en pasado:

Ej.: Was Harry hungry? Yes, he was. / No, he wasn’t.

Was your grandmother ninety-three years old? Yes, she was. / No, she wasn’t.
Were the children in the park? Yes, they were. / No, they weren’t.
Were you a good student in high school? Yes, I was. / No, I wasn’t.

Por su parte, las preguntas WH (incluyendo “How”) siguen la misma secuencia que en el presente simple:
43
Ej.: Where were you? I was in a party.
(¿Dónde estabas?) (Estaba en una fiesta)

When was her birthday? It was last Saturday.

(¿Cuándo fue su cumpleaños?) (Fue el sábado pasado)

Where was she born? She was born in London.

(¿Dónde nació ella?) (Ella nació en Londres)

B. SIMPLE PAST: ORACIONES CON OTROS VERBOS (VERBOS REGULARES)

A diferencia del presente simple, los demás verbos en pasado se pueden utilizar por igual con todos los sujetos; es
decir, que no sufren ninguna modificación ortográfica adicional cuando el sujeto presente en la oración sea una tercera
persona del singular (he, she, it). Además, cuando se hace referencia al pasado simple, generalmente se habla de 2 tipos
de verbos: los verbos regulares y los verbos irregulares.

Los verbos regulares son aquellos a los cuales en su forma de pasado (past) y participio pasado (past participle)
se les agrega el sufijo ed. Sin embargo, hay algunas reglas ortográficas que seguir al momento de agregar este sufijo en
algunos casos específicos:

a) Como regla general ya mencionada, a la mayoría de los verbos regulares se les agrega el sufijo “ed”.

Ej. wash The neighbor washed his car yesterday. (El vecino lavó su carro ayer)

b) Los verbos que terminan con la combinación de una consonante + y, cambia a ied, pero no cuando le antecede una
vocal.

Ej. copy I already copied that paragraph. (Yo ya copié ese párrafo)

c) Cuando un verbo monosílabo termina con la combinación de una vocal + consonante, se dobla ésta consonante y se
agrega ed, a excepción de aquellos verbos que terminan con “y”,” w” o “x”

Ej. plan We planned to have a party. (Nosotros planeamos tener una fiesta)

d) Cuando el verbo ya termina con la letra e, simplemente se agrega la letra “d”.

Ej. hope They hoped a better mark. (Ellos esperaban una mejor calificación)

C. SIMPLE PAST: PREGUNTAS CON OTROS VERBOS

Para hacer preguntas yes-no en pasado simple con otros verbos se utiliza el auxiliar did (que no tiene significado
alguno en este particular) independientemente cuál sea el sujeto, y el verbo igualmente debe estar en forma infinitiva.

Ej.: Did Elise play tennis last Saturday?

Yes, she did. Respuestas Yes, she played tennis last Saturday. Respuestas
No, she didn’t cortas No, she didn’t play tennis last Saturday. largas

Did the boys watch a horror movie last night?

Yes, they did Yes, they watched a horror movie.

No, they didn’t. No, they didn’t watch a horror movie last night.

Did you like this novel?

44
Yes, I did Yes, I liked it.
No, I didn’t. No, I didn’t like it.

En las preguntas WH también se requiere la presencia de este auxiliar y el verbo de la pregunta también debe
estar en infinitivo. La secuencia de los elementos es similar al presente simple.

Ej.: Where did Anna live when she was a child her vacations? In Switzerland.
What did they play? They played chess.

NOTA: La palabra did también es la forma en pasado del verbo do (hacer) y su forma does para las terceras personas del
singular en el presente simple, por lo que ambos pueden estar en una misma oración o pregunta ya que sus funciones
serían diferentes.

Ej.: Billy didn’t do his homework. (Billy no hizo su tarea)

Did Billy do his homework? No, he didn’t.
What did you do yesterday? I did the laundry.

D. PRONOUNCING REGULAR VERBS IN SIMPLE PAST

-ed PRONOUNCED [t]

The ending –ed will always sound like [t] when the last sound in the present tense (or infinitive) is voiceless.

Examples: talked crossed laughed

ed PRONOUNCED [d]

The ending –ed will always sound like [d] when the last sound in the present tense (or infinitive) is a vowel or
voiced consonant.

Examples: lived turned played

-ed PRONOUNCED [id]

The ending –ed will always sound like the new syllable [id] when the last sound in the present tense (or infinitive) is
[t] or [d].
Examples: wanted rested ended

Exercises

1. Choose the correct past tense verb form from the list to fill in the blanks. In the brackets, write either [d], [t] or [id] to
represent the –ed sound in the verb.

painted mailed danced washed waited

lived deposited asked walked talked

a) We ______________________ the rumba and tango. [ ]

b) She ______________________ on the phone for an hour. [ ]
c) Dad ______________________ the fence green. [ ]
d) The student ______________________ [ ] three questions.
e) They ______________________ 15 minutes for the bus. [ ]
f) I’ve ______________________ in the same house for four years. [ ]
g) My father ______________________ a letter. [ ]
h) The man ______________________ five miles. [ ]
45
i) I ______________________ my check in the bank. [ ]
j) He ______________________ his car with a hose. [ ]

2. Tick (√) the sound you hear.

ACTIVITIES
TOPIC 1: TALKING AND ASKING ABOUT EVENTS, FACTS AND ACTIONS IN THE PAST

1. Complete the paragraphs with verb be in past.

a) Yesterday morning Lydia _________ in the city centre. It _________ Julia’s birthday and she wanted to buy her a
present. She went to the new clothes shop in the shopping centre. All the clothes _________ expensive and there
_________ any nice clothes anyway. Then she went to the clothes shop opposite and found a great present, an orange
shirt. She went to Julia’s house later in the afternoon, but Julia _________ there, so she waited for her. When Julia came,
she _________ happy to see her. They hung out and had a good time.

b) My friends and I _________ at a football match yesterday afternoon. The game _________ very interesting. It
_________ boring and our team didn’t do well. We _________ all very upset when we left. It _________ an awful match!

2. Answer the following questions.

a) When were you born? e) Were you interested in History?
b) Where was your mother born? f) Where were you last night?
c) What was your favorite school subject? g) Were you a good student in high school?
d) Were you good at Mathematics? h) Were you at home last weekend?
[d] [t] [id]
3. Complete the1 sentences with
affirmative or negatives2 verbs in simple past.
3
a) He didn’t change his trousers, but
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
_________________________________________ (his shirt)
46
b) I worked last week, but _________________________________________ (the week before)
c) She answered the first question, but _________________________________________ (the others)
d) My grandfather shaved on weekdays, but _________________________________________ (at weekends)
e) Mary didn’t like the history teacher, but _________________________________________ (the chemistry teacher)
f) Leonard didn’t play soccer yesterday, but _________________________________________ (ping-pong)
g) They liked the party, but _________________________________________ (the music)
h) I didn’t cook the potatoes, but ______________________________________ (the meat)

4. Look at the prompts. Write yes-no questions in simple past and answer them according to the sign.

a) Henry / wash / his car last Friday? (X)

b) The girls / watch / a documentary last Thursday? (√)
c) Gracie / open / the windows? (X)
d) Your friends / play / volleyball at the beach? (X)
e) Mrs. Sanders / cook /rice for dinner? (√)
f) Mr. Walters / work / in the night last weekend? (√)
g) The train / arrive / on time yesterday? (X)
h) You / celebrate / your birthday last year? (√)

5. Write WH-questions in simple past according to the answers.

a) Billy visited his grandparents last Sunday. f) Mike stayed in very expensive hotel.
b) Mandy’s grandfather died two years ago. g) Mrs. Baker washed the windows this morning.
c) Ann started school last Monday. h) The train stopped at Edinburgh.
d) We listened Adele’s new album. i) They studied biology at the university.
e) Sarah married Justin two weeks ago. j) Ryan saved money because he wanted a new car.

6. Reading.

TERRA COTTA WARRIORS

Chinese workers first discovered the amazing Terra Cotta Warriors accidentally when they were digging a
well in 1974. Then archaeologists began to dig at the site and found sculptures of 6,000 soldiers made of terra cotta
clay. These soldiers stood around the tomb of Emperor Qin.
Before the time of Emperor Qin (221-210 B.C.E.), the Chinese buried slaves and soldiers with their rulers.
The slaves and soldiers accompanied their masters into the next life to help and protect them. This burial tradition
ended with Emperor Qin. He substituted a clay army for a human one. The soldiers in his tomb were life-size statues
of warriors who were dressed and ready for battle.
The warriors carried spears and other combat weapons. Each one wore an army uniform that showed the
soldier’s rank and that was painted red or green. Some also wore brown or black armor. There were different types of
warriors, including archers, infantry, and charioteers.The faces of the soldiers were all different too, and each face
had a unique expression. The head and hands of the soldiers were removable. The artists design and painted these
pieces of the body separately in order to make each soldier FRANK: Actually,
look different, evenI’m
thegoing to of
statues stay therehad
horses for different
poses. The LIZ: Frank,
height younormal
of the look really tired.
soldiers I think
ranges fromyou
5 feet a8 while.
inches I’m(1.7going to to
meters) visit my 2.5
6 feet cousin on (1.9
inches the meters).
Those that need
rodetothe
relax. th
chariots were 6 feet 2.5 inches. But the14commanders
. were the tallest of all the soldiers. They
FRANK: Oh, I know, Liz, but I’m so busy LIZ: Of course, your cousin lives near Paris.
stood 6 feet 5 inches (1.95 meters). The height represented the different degree of importance of soldiers.
with this concert at the moment. Hey, when you get back, maybe we can visit
LIZ: Are you going to give a concert? That’s Paul. You know, he bought a cool house
TOPIC 2:great!
TALKINGWhen ANDis it?
ASKINGth ABOUT PLANS AND EVENTS right by IN the
THEbeach.
FUTURE
FRANK: It’s on June 5 . FRANK: I know, I know. And it sounds like a
1. PracticeLIZ: OK, after
the following that, I’m going to organize a
conversation. great idea but…
nice trip for you. LIZ: But what?
FRANK: That’s really nice of you, Liz. But FRANK: It’s my brother’s birthday on the
after the 5th I’m going to France. 19th and I told him I’m going to spend that
LIZ: Another concert? weekend with him.
FRANK: A music festival is going to take LIZ: That’s OK. We can visit Paul some
place in Paris from the 8th till 11th oh June. other time. At least you’re going to relax.
LIZ: So, are you going to come home after FRANK: Not really! We’re going camping and
that? you know how much I hate it.
47

2. Complete the sentences and questions using going to and the verbs in brackets.
a) I’ve made up mi mind. I _________________________________ (change) my job.
b) “What _________________________________ (you / wear) at the party on Saturday?” “I haven’t decided yet. What
about you? _________________________________ (you / wear) your new black dress?”
c) “Why has Lisa bought all that wallpaper? What _________________________________ (she / do)?” “She
_________________________________ (decorate) the living room.”
d) He’s decided that he _________________________________ (not leave) school this summer. He
_________________________________ (stay) on for another year.
e) “We _________________________________ (buy) a new motorbike.” “How _________________________________
(you / pay) for it?” “We _________________________________ (ask) our bank to lend us the money.”
f) “_________________________________ (you / go) out _________________________________this evening?” “No,
I_________________________________ (write) some letters.”
g) “I hear that Larry has been offered a job.” “That’s right, but he _________________________________ (not / take) it.”
h) “This food is awful, isn’t it?” “Yes, it’s disgusting. I_________________________________ (complain).”

3. Write sentences with be going to according to the pictures.

Mrs. Collins Adrian

Dan and Beatrice Charlotte

4. What is going to happen in these situations? Use the words in brackets with be going to.
a) There are a lot of black clouds in the sky. (rain) __________________________________________________________
b) It is 8.30. Jack is leaving his house. He has to be at work at 8.45 but the journey takes 30 minutes. (late)
____________________________________________________
c) There is a hole in the bottom of the boat. A lot of water is coming in through the hole. (sink)
____________________________________________________
d) Emma is driving. There is very little petrol left in the tank. The nearest petrol station is a long way away. (run out)
____________________________________________________
48
e) It’s starting to rain. There’s nowhere to shelter, and you don’t have an umbrella. (get wet)
____________________________________________________
f) Caroline is playing Scrabble. The game is nearly over and she is 100 points behind. (lose)
____________________________________________________
g) You can see a plane coming down. It’s out of control and falling to the ground. (crash)
____________________________________________________
h) You are waiting for a train. There’s one coming, but you don’t know if it’s the one you want. It’s travelling very fast. (not /
stop) ____________________________________________________

5. Make questions with be going to.

a) You / cook supper _________________________________________________________________________________
b) When / your brothers / be here _______________________________________________________________________
c) Ann / change her school ____________________________________________________________________________
d) Where / you / put that picture ________________________________________________________________________
e) What / Bonnie / buy for Bill’s birthday __________________________________________________________________
f) Eric / play football / tomorrow _________________________________________________________________________
g) When / you / stop smoking __________________________________________________________________________
h) Alice / go to university ______________________________________________________________________________
i) Mr. and Mrs. Hudson / travel / to Europe ________________________________________________________________
j) How long / Ellen / stay / in Manchester __________________________________________________________________

6. Rewrite the sentences using be going to.

a) Dianne plans to teach English in Japan next year. g) My parents have decided to buy a new car.
b) We have an arrangement to meet Ben for dinner on Saturday. h) I plan not to clean the house next weekend.
c) Peter and Wendy have made a decision to get married on April 16.
d) Henry has decided not to move back with his parents again.
e) The neighbors have an arrangement to travel to Europe next year.
f) Mr. Richardson’s plan is to travel around the world when he retires.