Power transformer testing & diagnostics

Methods of measurement
Capacitance and Dissipation/Power factor

Enter trainer name / customer 4 June 2020

Winding insulation capacitance

> Kenapa mengukur….?

Capacitance
o Short circuit ke ground
o Deformasi mekanik
Windings o Perubahan geometry antar
belitan
o Displacement

Transformer o Deformasi mekanik

core o Floating core terhadap ground

Dissipation / Power factor (DF/PF)

o Kelembaban pada isolasi padat

Insulation o Ageing, kelembaban,
kontaminasi di isolasi cair

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Winding insulation capacitance

> 2-winding transformer: capacitance CHL

LV winding

3-limb core barriers

HV winding

spacers

one limb
LV winding
of
transformer
core

insulation
oil
HV winding

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Winding insulation capacitance

> 2-winding transformer: capacitance CHL

CHL

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Winding insulation capacitance

> 2-winding transformer: capacitance CH and CL

CH1 CL1 CH2 CL2 CH3 CL3

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How is the dissipation/power factor measured?

> Dissipation/power factor diukur dengan membandingkan benda uji dengan

referensi yang diketahui
> Referensi harus merupakan ideal kapasitor
> Biasanya menggunakan compressed gas capacitor
> Hampir tidak polarization losses di dalam gas (tanδ ≤ 1*10-5)
> Good stray current suppression using guard electrodes
High voltage source

i(t)
δ = phase difference
CTest
CRef test object
RTest current

Test capacitive ωt
Reference object current
IRef ITest

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Connection scheme CP TD12/15

> Internal circuit CP TD12/15

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Winding insulation capacitance

> How to measure?

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Matrix principle

> Test mode: Ungrounded Specimen Test (UST)

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Matrix principle

> Test mode: Grounded Specimen Test (GST)

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Principle: 2-winding transformer

Injection on Prim terminals Injection on Prim terminals

CH + CHL CH

CH + CHL

Measurement in Measurement in
GST mode GST-A mode

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Principle: 2-winding transformer

Injection on Prim terminals Injection on Sec terminals

CHL CL + CLH

Measurement in Measurement in
UST-A mode GST mode

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Principle: 2-winding transformer

Injection on Sec terminals Injection on Sec terminals

CL CLH

Measurement in Measurement in
GST-A mode UST-A mode

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Principle: 3-winding transformer

Injection on Prim terminals Injection on Sec terminals

CH + CHL + CHT CHL + CLT + CL

Capacitance Mode Sweep Capacitance Mode Sweep

CH + CHL + CHT GST Mains frequency CL + CLT + CLH GST Mains frequency

CH GSTg-A+B Voltage, Frequency CL GSTg-A+B Voltage, Frequency

CHL UST-A Voltage, Frequency CLT UST-B Voltage, Frequency

CHT UST-B Voltage, Frequency CHL UST-A Voltage, Frequency

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Principle: 3-winding transformer

Injection on Tert terminals

CHT + CLT + CT

Capacitance Mode Sweep

CHT + CLT + CT GST Mains frequency

CHT GSTg-A+B Voltage, Frequency

CLT UST-A Voltage, Frequency

CT UST-B Voltage, Frequency

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Measurement modes

Dissipation / power factor Capacitance

Frequency sweep
Frequency sweep

Voltage sweep
Voltage sweep

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Frequency dependency of DF/PF
2.50E-03
Serial
2.00E-03 Parallel
Sum
1.50E-03

1.00E-03

5.00E-04

0.00E+00
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

Conductive losses Polarization losses

parallel circuit diagram serial circuit diagram

UR
DF : tan  =
| I RP |
=
1 DF : tan  = =   RS  CS
| I CP |   RP  C P UC RS
CP
|I | UR
PF : cos  = RP PF : cos  =
| I tot | U tot CS

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Bushing insulation capacitance

> Why measurement of...?

Capacitance

Resin-impregnated
o Partial breakdowns of layers
paper (RIP)

Oil impregnated
o Partial breakdowns of layers
paper (OIP)

Resin bonded o Partial breakdowns of layers

paper (RBP) o Oil in cracks

Dissipation / Power factor (DF/PF)

o Partial breakdowns of layers,

Resin-impregnated
o high degree of ageing
paper (RIP)
o moisture in the insulation
o Partial breakdowns of layers,
Oil impregnated
o high degree of ageing
paper (OIP)
o moisture in the insulation
o Partial breakdowns of layers,
Resin bonded
o high degree of ageing
paper (RBP)
o moisture in the insulation

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Bushing insulation capacitance

> Capacitance C1

C1

Source: MOSER-GLASER

Source: MICAFIL

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Bushing insulation capacitance

Injection on HV terminals Injection on HV terminals

Phase A Phase B

Measurement in Measurement in
UST-A mode UST-B mode

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Bushing insulation capacitance

Injection on HV terminals
Phase C

Measurement in
UST-A mode

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Measurement modes

Dissipation / Power factor Capacitance

Frequency sweep

Frequency sweep
Voltage sweep

Voltage sweep

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