HAWASSA UNIVERSITY

Institute of Technology (IOT)

School of Informatics
Data Communication and Computer Networks
(CoSc2061/INSY3071)

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Chapter one(1)

Introduction
1. Introduction
1.1 History and Overview
 What is a Computer Network?
 Network – two or more entities sharing resources and
information.
 Computer network – two or more computing devices
connected to each other to share resources and
information.
 Networked system is more powerful than the sum total of
individual entities.
 Computers on a network can act as a client or a server.
A client is a computer that requests for resources.
 A server is a computer that controls and provides access to
resources.
1.1 History and Overview cont...

Why Networking?
• Sharing information — i.e. data communication

• Do you prefer these?

• Or this?

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1.1 History and Overview cont...

• Sharing hardware or software

• E.g. print document

• Centralize administration and support

• E.g. Internet-based, so everyone can access the same
administrative or support application from their PCs

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1.1 History and Overview cont...
 History of Networks
 Major events in the history of computers are shown
1961 Two computers at MIT Lincoln Lab communicate with one another using
packet-switching technology.
1967 ARPAnet conceived by Advanced Research Projects Agency of DoD.
1969 ARPANET was born; 4 nodes inter-connected (UCLA, Stanford Research
Institute, UCSB, and the University of Utah)
First RFC published by Steve Crocker.
1970 ARPANET used NCP (Network Control Protocol), first end-to-end protocol
ALOHAnet satellite network in Hawaii (CSMA developed), later connects to
ARPANet
1971 15 nodes were connected. Ray Tomlinson of BBN invented email program.

1972 Public demonstration of ARPANET

1.1 History and Overview cont...
1973 Ethernet was invented by Bob Metcalfe's (Harvard PhD Thesis)

1974 TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) was invented by Vint Cerf and Bob
Kahn.
1978 TCP splited into TCP and IP.

1982 DoD used TCP/IP to inter-connect networks. Thus, the Internet!!!

1983 TCP/IP replaces NCP at the ARPANet

ARPANET was split into ARPANET and MILNET.
SMTP e-mail protocol defined
DNS defined for name-to-IP-address translation

1984 DNS (Domain Name System) was introduced.

> 1000 hosts.
1.1 History and Overview cont...
1985 FTP protocol defined

1986 NSFNET was created, connecting 5 super-computers.

IETF was formed.
NNTP was created.

1987 > 10,000 hosts.

1989 > 100,000 hosts
1990 ARPANET ceased. AOL, CompuServe provided dial-up service.
1991 WWW was created by Tim Berners-Lee from CERN.
Linux was released by Linus Torvalds.

1992 > 1,000,000 hosts.

1996 Browser war (Netscape vs. IE) began.
1.1 History and Overview cont...
1998 2M domain names registered.
Google founded.

1999 First online banking.

2000 Millennium bug.

2001 Wikipedia launched.

2002 Myspace launched.

2003 Facebook launched.

2006 > 439M hosts.

10 new computers joined the Internet every second.
1.2.Network Impact on Daily life (cont’d…)
 Networks changing the way we Communicate, learn, play, and work
(how? Discuss in group for 5 min)
 Networks changing the way we communicate:
 Early communication relies on face-to-face conversation. As our society advances,
other means of communication emerged.

Mail (written message)

Television broad cast(one

way video communication)

Telephone (voice)
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1.2.Network Impact on Daily life (cont’d…)
 With the use of the Internet, all the different types of communication are converging
into Web-based communication
 Early data networks were limited to exchanging character-based information
between connected computer systems
 Current networks have evolved in mainly two ways:
 They can carry various types of information: text, graphics, voice, video streams
 They can support different types of devices: computers, PDAs, mobile phones, webcams,
refrigerator, microwave.
 National borders, geographic distances and physical limitations become less relevant

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1.2.Network Impact on Daily life (cont’d…)

 The Internet nowadays is used in various ways:

 Receive and send email
 Obtain information and advice
 Online shopping and selling / auction
 Electronic banking
 Examples of today’s popular communication tools:
 Instant messaging
 Real time communication between 2 or more people based on typed
text
 Blogs
 Web pages created by an individual

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1.2.Network Impact on Daily life (cont’d…)

 Pod casting
 Website that contains audio files available for downloading
 Wikis
 A website that contain the whole world’s encyclopedia

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1.2.Network Impact on Daily life (cont’d…)
 Networks have changed the way we learn:
 E-learning with online courses that contain voice, data and video.
 Available anywhere, anytime.
 Benefits of e-learning:
 Student at different location can access the same resource
 Easy update of learning materials
 Availability to a wide audience
 Consistent quality of instruction
 Cost reduction

www.smartclassonline.com
www.freeonline.education.com
1.2.Network Impact on Daily life (cont’d…)
 Networks changing the way we play:
 Entertainment is getting much more fun these days.
 Chatting and instant messaging
 Online interest groups
 Web blogging
 Video and audio streaming
 Online games
 What makes these entertainments really fun is the ability to interact with other
people.

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1.2.Network Impact on Daily life (cont’d…)
 Networks have changed the way we work:
 Business applications can be accessed remotely as if employees were on site
 Workers in any location can reach each other and access multiple resources on
the network

Remote Access Accessing Multiple Resources

1.2.Network Impact on Daily life (cont’d…)
 In certain countries, there is a rising trend on the concept of “working from
home”.
 No longer need to go to the office every day.
 Communications with other employees or clients can be done online.
 Can work and take care of family at the same time.

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1.2 Network Impact of on Our Daily Life con’t…
 With networks, we can:
 check bank balance and pay bills electronically
 find the least-congested route to a destination
 use instant messaging and chat for both personal and business use
 post and share your photographs, home videos and experiences
 shop and sell at online auctions
 use Internet phone services
 obtain health information and nutritional advice
 Make vital devices smart and communicable
1.3.Network As a Platform
 Traditional networks required that:
 Television, telephone, and computer networks work in very different
ways.
 Telephone and television networks were maintained separately from
data networks.
 Every one of these services to have a dedicated network, with different
communications channels and different technologies to carry a
particular communication signal.
 Each service to have its own set of rules and standards to ensure
successful communication.
1.3. Network as a platform (cont’d.…)
 Consider a school built thirty years ago. Back then, some classrooms were cabled for
the
 data network,
 telephone network, and
 video network for televisions
 These separate networks could not communicate with each other
 Each network used different technologies to carry the communication signal.
 Each network had its own set of rules and standards to ensure successful
communication.

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1.3. Network as a platform (cont’d.…)


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1.3. Network as a platform (cont’d.…)

 Converged network
 capable of delivering data, voice, and video between many different types of
devices over the same network infrastructure
 This network infrastructure uses the same set of rules, agreements, and
implementation standards

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1.3. Network as a platform (cont’d.…)
 

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www.level3.com/convergence
1.4. Network Architecture

 Architecture: technologies that support the infrastructure and the

programmed services and rules, or protocols, that move data
across the network
 four basic characteristics that the underlying architectures need to
address in order to meet user expectations:
 Fault Tolerance
 Scalability
 Quality of Service (QoS)
 Security

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Fault tolerance

 Internet is always available

 limits the impact of a failure
 allows quick recovery when such a failure occurs
 depend on multiple paths between the source and destination
of a message. If one path fails, the messages can be instantly sent
over a different link. Having multiple paths to a destination is
known as redundancy.
 Should implement packet switched network not circuit switched
network

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Fault tolerance

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Scalability

 A scalable network can expand quickly to support new users and

applications without impacting the performance of the service
being delivered to existing users.

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Quality of Service(QOS)

 New applications available to users over internetworks, such as voice and live
video transmissions, create higher expectations for the quality of the delivered
services.
 Have you ever tried to watch a video with constant breaks and pauses?
 For ex., one user is requesting a web page(email) and another is on a phone call.
 With a QoS policy in place, the router can manage the flow of data and voice
traffic, giving priority to voice communications if the network experiences
congestion.

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Quality of service(QoS)

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Security

 The network infrastructure, services, and the data contained on

network-attached devices are crucial personal and business assets.
 There are two types of network security concerns that must be
addressed:
 network infrastructure security and
 the physical securing of devices that provide network connectivity, and preventing
unauthorized access to the management software that resides on them
 information security
 protecting the information contained within the packets being transmitted over the
network and the information stored on network attached devices.
 Requirement: Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability

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1.5. Fundamental Elements of Network

 Fundamental Elements
 hardware,
 software, and
 connection medium

 All
data networks are comprised of these elements, and
cannot function without them.

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1.5.Fundamental Elements of Network
(cont’d…)
❑ The Software
 The Hardware
❑ protocol, and NOS(Network Operating
 network cards, system
 Hub, ❑ The Media
 Ethernet repeaters
❑ Two main categories:
 network switches,
❑ Guided ― wires, cables
 routers, and
❑ Twisted-Pair cables:
 modems
❑ (UTP, STP) cables
❑ Coaxial cables
❑ Fiber-optic cables
❑ Unguided ― wireless transmission, e.g.
radio, microwave, infrared, sound

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Network types
• Depending on one’s perspective, we can
classify networks in different ways
• Based on transmission media: Wired (UTP,
coaxial cables, fiber-optic cables) and
Wireless
• Based on network size: LAN and WAN
(and MAN)
• Based on management method: Peer-to-
peer and Client/Server
• Based on topology (connectivity): Bus,
Star, Ring …
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1.6.Computer Networks Vs Human
Networks
 Human networks – between two or more humans;
computer networks between two or more
computers.
 Both facilitate communication and exchange of
information.
 Both require that information moves more quickly
and reliably.
 Data networks support the human network.
1.6.Computer Networks Vs Human Networks…
(cont.….)

 networks that don’t involve computers

 Human Network
 Family Network
 Peer Network
 Restaurant network
 Contact network

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Computer Networks Vs Human
Networks… (cont.….)
 A computer Network

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