BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

YEAR: I
PART: II

Compiled by:
Er. Shiva Kafley
2 COURSE CONTENT

1. Building sciences 7. Temporary Construction

2. Foundations and Basements 8. Cladding and External Finishing
3. Roofs 9. Internal Finishing
4. Staircases 10. Electrical Services
5. Doors and Windows 11. Water Supply and Drainage Services
6. Joints 12. Others Miscellaneous Services in
Building
CHAPTER : 5
3
DOORS AND WINDOWS

1. Doors parts: frame, shutter and their details

2. Windows: types and details
3. Ventilators types and details
4
DOORS

• It is the screen used to seal an opening in to the building or between spaces within the building.
• A door may be defined as a framework of wood, steel, aluminium, glass or a combination of
these materials secured in an opening left in a wall for the purpose of providing access to the
users of the structure.
• Door is an openable barrier secured in an opening left in a wall for the purpose of access inside
or outside room/ building. Basically consists of two parts namely frame and shutter/panel.
• The door shutter is held in position by the door frame which in turn is fixed in the opening of the
wall by means of hold-fasts etc.
5
DOORS
Definition of Technical Terms
1. Frame: It is an assembly of horizontal and vertical members,
forming an enclosure to which the shutters are fixed.
2. Shutters: Openable parts of a door or window. It is an assembly
of styles, panel and rails.
3. Head: This is the top or uppermost horizontal part of a frame.
4. Sill: This is the lowermost or bottom horizontal part of a
window frame. Sill are normally not provided in door.
5. Horn: Horizontal projection of the head and sill of a frame to
facilitate fixing of frame. The length is kept about 10 to 15cm.
6
DOORS
Definition of Technical Terms
6. Style: Style is the vertical outside member of the shutter of a
door or window.
7. Top rail: This is the top most horizontal member of a shutter
8. Lock rail / middle rail: Middle horizontal member of a door
shutter to which locking arrangement is made.
9. Bottom Rail: Lowermost horizontal member.
10. Intermediate or cross Rail: Additional horizontal rails, fixed
between top rail and bottom rail.
11. Panel: Area of shutter enclosed in between rails.
7
DOORS
Definition of Technical Terms
12. Transom: Horizontal member of a frame which is
employed to sub-divide a window opening horizontally.
13. Hold-fasts: These are mild steel flats (section
30mmX6mm) generally bent into Z-shape to fix or hold
the frame to the openings.
14. Rebate: It is the depression made inside the door frame
to receive the door or window.
15. Mullion: Vertical member running through a shutter.
16. Jamb: Vertical face of door or window opening which
supports the frame.
8 Fixture

• Parts of door
Shutter
➢ Frame
➢ Shutter
➢ Fixtures
Frame
• Door Frames: A door frame is made up of two vertical member
Horizontal
known as Jambs or posts and a flat member connecting the Rail

jambs at the top called head which has horns to both the sides. Style

• Parts of door shutter Mullion

➢ Horizontal top and bottom part is rail,

Rail
➢ Vertical posts by the side are style,
➢ Vertical member in the middle is mullion,
➢ Board or sheet in space in-between is panel, Panel

Horizontal
Rail
9
10
DOORS
Functions of Doors
➢Light and ventilation

➢Weather control

➢Visual distinction

➢Barrier to noise

➢Physical safety

➢Privacy
11
TYPES OF DOORS
➢ Classification on the basis of arrangements of components
1. Battened and ledged door
2. Battened, ledged and braced door
3. Battened, ledged and frame door
4. Battened, ledged, braced and framed door

➢ Classification on the basis of method or manner of construction

1. Framed and Panelled Doors
2. Glazed and Sash Doors
3. Flush Doors
4. Louvered Doors
5. Wire-gauged Doors
12
TYPES OF DOORS
➢ Classification on the basis of working operation
1. Revolving Doors
2. Sliding Doors
3. Swing Doors
4. Collapsible Doors
5. Rolling Shutter Doors

➢ Based on materials
1. Timber,
2. Steel,
3. Aluminum,
4. Others
13
TYPES OF DOORS
Based on Shutter
➢ Battened door
➢ Paneled door
➢ Glazed door
➢ Flush door
➢ Sliding door
➢ Revolving door
➢ Collapsible door
➢ Rolling shutter door
➢ Swing door
➢ Corrugated steel sheet door
➢ Mild steel sheet doors
➢ Wire gauged doors
➢ Louvered doors
Batten
14
TYPES OF DOORS Ledge
Based on arrangements of components
1. Battened and Ledged Doors
▪ Simplest type of door specially for narrow openings. Ledge
▪ Formed of vertical bands, known as battens which are
usually tongued and grooved and are fixed together by
horizontal supports known as ledges.
▪ Batten: 100 to 150mm wide and 20 to 30 mm thick.
Ledge
▪ Ledged: 100 to 200mm and 25 to 30mm thick.
▪ Three ledges are generally provided at top, mid and bottom.
15
TYPES OF DOORS

2. Battened, Ledged and Braced Doors

▪ Improved versions of battened and ledged doors in which additional
inclined members are provided called brace to give more rigidity.
▪ Used for wide openings.
▪ Batten 100 to 175mm wide and 20mm thick.
▪ Ledges 175 to 225mm wide and 25 to 30mm thick.
▪ Braces 125 to 175mm wide and have same thickness as of ledges.
16
TYPES OF DOORS

3. Battened, Ledged and Framed Doors

▪ Improved versions of battened and ledged doors in which
two additional vertical frame members called styles.
▪ Styles generally 100mm wide and 40mm thick.
▪ Three ledges are generally provided.
▪ Total thickness of style is adjusted equal to thickness of
ledge plus the thickness of battens.
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TYPES OF DOORS

4. Battened, Ledged, Braced and Framed Doors

▪ Modification over above three types of doors with provision
of addition of bracing.
▪ Provided diagonally between ledges.
▪ Purpose of bracing is to increase its strength, durability and
appearance.
▪ This door consists of battens, two vertical members (styles),
three ledges and two bracing.
▪ Battens are generally tongued, grooved and V-jointed.
18
19
TYPES OF DOORS

Based on method or manner of construction

1. Framed and Paneled Door
▪ Used in all types of buildings.
▪ Strong and gives better appearance than
battened doors.
▪ Door consists of a framework of vertical
members called styles and horizontal
members called rail which are grooved
along the inner edges of the frames to
receive the panels.
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TYPES OF DOORS
1. Framed and Paneled Door
▪ Panels are made from timber, plywood, block
board, AC sheet or of glasses.
▪ Framed and paneled door are made in several
designs to suit the functional as well as
architectural requirements.
▪ Door may be single, double, three, four or six
paneled and so on.
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TYPES OF DOORS

2. Glazed or Sash Doors

▪ Provided where additional light is required or visibility
to outside is required.
▪ Commonly used in residential as well as public buildings
like hospitals, schools, colleges etc.
▪ Doors may be fully or partially glazed or partly paneled.
22
TYPES OF DOORS

2. Glazed or Sash Doors

▪ Glazed doors are generally provided in interior wall
openings or in hospitals, colleges etc.
▪ The interior of room is visible through glazed doors and
light also passes through glazed portion of the door.
▪ These may be fully glazed or partly glazed and partly
panelled. Glass panels are provided for glazed doors.
23
TYPES OF DOORS

3. Flush Doors
▪ Pleasing appearance, simple construction, less cost, better
strength and greater durability.
▪ Used for both residential, public and commercial buildings.
▪ Consists of a solid or semi-solid framed skeleton (core) covered
on both faces with either plywood sheet, face veneers, etc…
▪ Flushed doors are of two types:
➢ Solid core flush door or laminated core flush door
➢ Hollow and cellular core flush door
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TYPES OF DOORS

3. Flush Doors
• In flush doors, a solid or semi-solid or core
portion is covered on both sides with
plywood or face veneer. Now a days these
type of doors are widely used because of
good appearance, economic, ease of
construction and greater durability.
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TYPES OF DOORS
There are two types of Flushed doors:

A. Solid Core or Laminated Core Flush Door

• The core part in solid core flush door consists of core
strips of timber which are glued under high pressure
condition. Similarly in the laminated core, battens of
25mm width are glued under high pressure.
• These doors consists of wooden frame with stiles
and rails for holding the core.
• Finally plywood sheets or face veneer and cross-
bands are glued under pressure on both side of doors.
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TYPES OF DOORS
B. Hollow core and cellular core flush door
• In this case also stiles and rails are provided for frame. But,
a minimum of two intermediate rails should be provided.
• The inner space of door consists of equally space battens of
width 25mm each. Other space is called void space which
does not exceed 40% of the area of door.
• Here also face veneer and cross-bands are glued under high
pressure.
27
TYPES OF DOORS

4. Louvered Doors
• Permit free ventilation through them.
• The drawback is it harbor dust and is difficult to clean.
• Used generally in bathrooms and water closets.
• Louver may be provided full length or only partly louvered.
• The louver angle are such inclined that vision is obstructed
while they permit free passage of air.
• Louver fixed by upper back part at higher than lower at front.
• Louver may be fixed or movable.
• Louver may be timber, glass or plywood.
29
TYPES OF DOORS
5. Wire-gauged Doors
▪ Used to check entry of flies, mosquitoes, insects, etc.
▪ Wire mesh is provided in the panel and permit free
passage of air.
▪ Used for refreshment rooms, hotels, cupboards
containing food.
▪ Door made of wooden frame work and fixed with
fine mesh galvanized wire gauge.
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TYPES OF DOORS

Based on working operation

1. REVOLVING DOORS
▪ Used in public buildings like banks, libraries,
museums etc. where there are constant visitors.

▪ Provides entrance and exit simultaneously.

▪ Consists of a centrally placed mullion to which 4
radiating shutters are attached.
31
TYPES OF DOORS
2. SLIDING DOORS

▪ Shutter slides with help of runner and guide rails.

▪ May have 1 or 2 or 3 shutter, depending upon the

size of opening.
32
TYPES OF DOORS
3. SWING DOORS

• Leaf is attached to door frame by special

double action spring hinge so shutter can
move both inward and outward as desired.
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TYPES OF DOORS

4. Collapsible Steel Doors

• Collapsible steel doors are generally used
for workshops, sheds, warehouses etc.. It
acts like a steel curtain which will opened
or closed by horizontal pull or push.
34
TYPES OF DOORS
5. Rolling Steel Shutter Doors
• Rolling steel shutter doors are commonly used
for warehouses, garages, shops etc..
• These are very strong and offer proper safety to
the property.
• The door consists frame, drum and a shutter of
thin steel plate inter locked together.
• A horizontal shaft is provided in the drum
which helps to open or close the shutter.
35
TYPES OF DOORS

METAL DOORS
1. Mild Steel Sheet Doors
• The door frame is made up of angle or T-sections.
• Shutter is made up of frame of angle of iron, having 2
verticals at least 3 horizontal.
• Mild steel plates are welded to the shutter frame.
36
TYPES OF DOORS

2. Corrugated Steel Sheet Doors

• These are same as mild steel sheet doors, but in place
of mild steel sheet corrugated steel sheet is welded.
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TYPES OF DOORS

3. Hollow Metal Doors

• Hollow steel sections are used to make these doors.
The rails and stiles etc., are strengthened by welding
small T or I sections inside.
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TYPES OF DOORS

4. Metal Covered Plywood Doors

• This type of door is a composite construction of
hollow metal door and wood door.
• The door is encased in tight fitting sheet metal, having
tightly folded joints to exclude air so that the core of
the door does not ignite. So, it acts as fire proof.
39
WINDOWS
➢ Window is the opening in the wall of building.
➢ Main purpose of window is to provide natural light and also to facilitate
ventilation in the building.
➢ This can be made with variety of materials.
➢ A window may be defined as an opening made in wall for the purpose of
providing day light, vision and ventilation.
➢ 20% of floor area in a room is required for light for windows.
➢ 10% of the floor area in a room is required for ventilation.
40
WINDOWS

➢ Window consists of
i. Window frame
ii. Sashes or Shutter frame
➢ Window frame has sill at the bottom.
❖ Purposes of Windows:
• Admits light.
• Provide fresh air and ventilation.
• Beauty.
• Energy (heat and cold, in and out)
• View
41
WINDOWS

❖ The selection of size, shape, location and number of window in a room depends
upon the following factors:
✓ Size of the room
✓ Location of building
✓ Utility of the room
✓ Direction of wall
✓ Direction of wind
✓ Climatic condition such as humidity, temperature, etc…
✓ Requirement of exterior view
✓ Architectural treatment to the exterior of building
42
PARTS OF WINDOWS
43
TYPES OF WINDOWS

Based on uses and Shutter

• Casement/ ordinary window • Gable window

• Glazed/ sash window • Dormer window • Sliding window

• Louvered window • Bay window • Venetian shutter

• Clerestory window • Ankhi-Jhyal

• Pivoted window
• Lantern light window • Deshemaru-Jhya etc.
• Corner window
• Sky light window
• Double hung window
44
TYPES OF WINDOWS

Based on materials use

• Timber

• Steel

• Aluminum

• PVC windows

• Others
45
TYPES OF WINDOWS
i) Casement Window:
• Common type of window provided in the buildings.
• Shutters are rebated to frame.
• The shutter panel may either be glazed or unglazed or partly glazed.
• Shutter may be wire gauged for fly proofing.
46
TYPES OF WINDOWS

ii) Sash or glazed Window:

• A type of casement window in which the panels are
fully glazed.
• The frame of each shutter consists of two vertical
styles, top rail and a bottom rail.
47
TYPES OF WINDOWS
iii) Louvered Window
• Similar to louvered door.
• The shutter consists of top and bottom rail, and two
styles which are grooved to receive the louvers.
• The louvers are generally fixed.
• Louvers may be of glass or wood or any materials.
• The economical angle of inclination of louvers in 45⁰.
• Slope downward to the outside.
• Provides ventilation and light but no vision.
• Widely used in bathrooms, work shops, railway
compartments and other public places.
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TYPES OF WINDOWS
iv) Pivoted Window:
• Window is capable of rotating about a pivot fixed to window frame.
• Window frame has no rebate.
• The shutter can rotate horizontally or vertically depending upon position of pivot.
49
TYPES OF WINDOWS

v) Corner Window:
• Provided at corner of the room.
• Light and air admitted from two directions.
• Jamb/Post at the corner is made of heavy section.
50
TYPES OF WINDOWS

vi) Double Hung Window:

• The window consists of a frame and a pair of
shutters, arranged one above the other which
can slide vertically within the grooves
provided in the window- frame.
• Provision of such sliding help to clean window
effectively and at the same time controlled
ventilation can be acquired.
• Each Sash is provided with pair of metal
weights connected by cord or chain which is
fixed to style.
51
TYPES OF WINDOWS
vii) Gable Window:
• It is a window provided in the gable end (below the slope in triangular portion) of the
slopping roof to provide light and ventilation to the enclosed space below the roof.
52
TYPES OF WINDOWS

viii) Dormer Window:

• Vertical window Provided at the dormer end (along the slope) of the slopping
roof to provide light and ventilation to the enclosed space below the roof.
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TYPES OF WINDOWS

ix) Bay Window:

• Fixed or casement.
• Traditional style as: (Side drawn@ 45⁰ or 30⁰, Depth
between 18” and 24”).
• The window projecting outward from the external walls.
• Wide and decoratively impressive .
• Multi-panel window with at least three panels set at different
angles to create extension from the wall line.
• May be triangular, circular, rectangular or polygonal in plan.
54
TYPES OF WINDOWS

x) Clerestory Window:
• These windows are provided in a room which has greater ceiling height than the
surrounding rooms, or when a lean-to-roof of low height is there adjacent to the room.
55
TYPES OF WINDOWS

xi) Lantern Window:

• These windows are provided over the flat roofs, to provide more light and air to the inner
apartment/ rooms of a building.
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TYPES OF WINDOWS

xii) Sky light Window:

• Windows on the sloping roof.
• Admit natural light.
• Deliver warmth in winter and cooling in summer.
• May be of plastic or glass, fixed or openable and made in any number of sizes and styles.
57
TYPES OF WINDOWS
xiii) Sliding Window:
• In this type of window the shutter move on roller bearing and can slide either
horizontally or vertically.
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TYPES OF WINDOWS
xiv) Fixed Window:
• Window Shutter is permanently fixed in the opening of wall within the frame.
• Used where light or vision is to be provided but no ventilation is possible through
fixed window.
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TYPES OF WINDOWS

xv) Metal Windows:

• Popular these days because of their strength and less cost.
• Made of mild steel, aluminum, bronze, stainless steel, etc.
• Compare to bronze and stainless steel, aluminum
windows are less costly.
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TYPES OF WINDOWS
xvi) Ankhi-Jhyal:

• This traditional wooden window also

known as Ankhi Jhyal is the
representation of local Newari culture.
61
TYPES OF WINDOWS
xvii) Deshemaru-jhya
62
TYPES OF WINDOWS
xviii) Fanlights
• Small window or ventilator fitted above the door or window frame.
• Ensure cross ventilation in the room even if the door or windows are closed.
• Assist in admitting natural light.
63
GLAZING IN WINDOWS
Single and double-glazing
• The window frame with glass in panels is called glazed section.
• Single layer of glass is single glazing and section with double
layer of glass is double-glazing.
• Single glazing is the general practice and double-glazing is
done for special purpose.
• Almost all glazed windows are of double glazed in Europe and
other cold region.
• Double glazing conserves energy to high degree.
• There must be vacuum in-between two glasses otherwise
condensation takes place.
64
VENTILATOR

➢ Ventilator is narrow type of windows designed to provide ventilation (flow of air) more than
light in a room. It can also be defined as the process of supplying fresh air and removing
contaminated air by natural or mechanical means to or from a room is termed as ventilation.
➢ Ventilation is used to remove unpleasant smells and excessive moisture, introduce outside
air, to keep interior building air circulating and to prevent stagnation of internal air,
Ventilation includes both the exchange of air to outside as well as circulation of air within
the building.
65
VENTILATOR

➢ It can be achieved either by natural or artificial (or mechanical) means. The

necessary rate of change of air will depend on the activities and the number of
people inside the room.
➢ According to the Nepalese law, at least one side of bathroom must face outside for
well ventilation.
66
VENTILATOR
In Short:
▪ Ventilator is the narrow opening with
small height provided near the roof or
floor slab in the building.
▪ The main purpose of the ventilator is to
facilitate air flow in the building.
▪ It also acts to provide natural light.
▪ The shape and size of ventilator is similar
to the window sections.
67
VENTILATOR

Ventilation is necessary for the following reasons:

▪ To create air movement.
▪ To prevent an undue accumulation of carbon dioxide.
▪ To prevent depletion of oxygen content in the air.
▪ To prevent flammable concentration of gas vapor and dust.
▪ To prevent odor.
▪ To prevent condensation and deposition in building.
▪ To remove body heat and heat liberated by other equipment.
▪ To admit fresh air and push out contaminated air.
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VENTILATOR

Functional Requirements of Ventilation System:

❖ From the point of view of human comfort, ventilation system should meet
the following functional requirements:
a) Air change or air movement
b) Control on Humidity
c) Quality of Air
d) Temperature
69
VENTILATOR

Types of Ventilation
▪ Side Hung
▪ Top Hung
▪ Bottom Hung
▪ Horizontally Pivoted
▪ Vertically Pivoted
▪ Vertically Sliding
70
LOCATION OF DOORS AND WINDOWS

• Number of doors in a room should be kept minimum since larger number of door causes
obstruction and consumes more area in circulation.
• Should meet functional requirement of a room. It should not be located at center of wall.
A door should preferably be located near the corner of room nearly 20 cm from corner.
• If there are 2 doors are in a room, they should be kept at opposite walls facing each
other so that good ventilation.
• The size and no. of windows is decided by considering distribution of light, cross
ventilation and privacy of occupants.
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LOCATION OF DOORS AND WINDOWS

• Location of window should fulfill decoration and aesthetic beauty criteria.

• A window should be located in opposite wall, facing a door or another window so that
cross ventilation is achieved.
• From the point of view of fresh air, a window should be located in the prevalent
direction of wind.
• The sill of a window should be located about 70 to 80 cm about floor level of the room.
72
PROCESS OF FIXING DOORS AND WINDOWS

• Wooden Door and window frames are fixed in openings at the time of wall construction.
• Holdfasts to required numbers are nailed on the frame before setting frame to position.
• Frame is carried to position and set with the help of ropes and poles.
• Frame is then put to plumb (frame should be perfectly vertical).
• Once the frame is set and leveled, the holdfasts are fixed in wall with cement concrete etc.
• Final checking of plumb is done, if required corrections are applied.
• Shutters are finally fixed before painting works.
• Aluminum and PVC frames are fixed after completing masonry work.
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Thank You