TRUSS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

References: Steel Design 5th Edition by William Segui (Chapter 3)

National Structural Code of the Philippines 2015 7th Edition Volume I
ASEP Handbook of Structural Steel Shapes and Sections

Specifications

a. Length of purlins
L=m
b. Slope of roof
θ = tan-1 (2.5/8.3) = 16.76°
c. Inclined Length of Roof
Inclined length = √ 2.52 +8.32 = 8.67 m
d. Purlin Spacing
Assuming 16 purlins will be used
S = 8.67/16 = 0.5418 ~ 0.55m
e. No of Lines of Sag Rod = 16
f. Roof Slope = (2.5/8.3)(100) = 30.12%
g. Tributary Area of Purlin = 1.1m2

LOAD ACTING ON TRUSS

kg m ASEP Handbook
Metal Deck = 9.171 2
× 9.81 2 =0.09 kPa
m s Part 5: Metal Deck

Roof Live Load = 1.0 kPa Section 205.4, NSCP 2015

Roof Dead Load = 0.05 kPa Table 204-2, NSCP 2015

Wind Pressure = −3.35 sin 16.76=−0.96 kPa

kg m kN
Purlin Dead Load: C8x18.75 = 28.0 × 9.81 2 =0.275
m s m

Calculation of Loads:
Wind Load = (-0.96)(8.67)(5.8) = -48.27 kN
Dead Load (Exclusive of Purlins) = Deck: 0.09 kPa
Roof: 0.05 kPa
Total: 0.14 kPa
Total Dead Load = (0.14)(8.67)(5.8) = 7.04 kN
Total Live Load = 1.0(8.67)(5.8) = 50.29 kN
Total Purlin Weight = 0.275(1.1)(11) = 3.33kN
Estimate the truss weight as 10% of the other loads:
0.10(-48.27+7.04+50.29+ 3.33) = 0.94 kN
Load at Interior Joints B, D, F, J, L and N:
7.04 0.94
D= + +0.275 ( 5.8 ) (3 )=8.77 kN
2 2
−48.27
W= =−24.14 kN
2
50.29
Lr = =25.14 kN
2
Load at exterior joint (A and P), the tributary roof area is half of that at an interior joint.
The corresponding loads are:
7.04 0.94 3
D= + +0.275 ( 5.8 ) ( )=4.82 kN
2(2) 2(2) 2
−48.27
W= =−12.07 kN
2( 2)
50.29
Lr = =12.57 kN
2(2)
Solution for Loadings

Pu = 1.2D + 1.6Lr + 0.5W Section 203.3.1, NSCP 2015

Combination 203-3
At an interior joint,
Pu = 1.2(8.77) + 1.6(25.14)+ 0.5(-24.14) = 38.69 kN
At an exterior joint,
Pu = 1.2(4.82) + 1.6(12.57) + 0.5(-12.07) = 19.34 kN

Determination of Reactions

ΣMI = 0 = (38.69)(1)+(38.69)(2) )+(38.69)(3) +(38.69)(4) )+(38.69)(5) +(38.69)(6)

+(38.69)(7)+(19.34)(8.3) –R Ay (8.3)
RAy = 149.86 kN

ΣFy = 0 = –19.34(2) – 38.69(7) + 149.86+RIy

RIy = 159.65 kN

2.5
sin=( √ 75.14 )
8.3
cos=(
√ 75.14 )
Method of Joints
@B

Σ F Y =0=BQ

BQ=0
ΣF x=0=BC − AB
AB=433.34 kN (Tension)
@Q

8.3 8.3 8.3

ΣF x=0=PQ ( √ 75.14 )−AQ ( √ 75.14 )+ PQ ( √ 75.14 )
2.5
Σ F Y =0=OP ( √75.14 )−CQ ( 0.39
1.07 )− AQ (
2.5
√ 75.14 )
−38.69−BQ

8.3 8.3 8.3

ΣF x=0= AQ (
√ 75.14 ) =PQ (
√ 75.14 ) + PQ (
√ 75.14 )
2.5 2.5 0.39
Σ F =0= AQ (
√ 75.14 ) ( √75.14 ) 1.07 )−38.69
(
Y + BQ=OP −CQ

Solving by elimination
AQ = 452.57 kN (Compression) BQ = 0
@C

Σ F Y =0=CP+ CQ ( 0.39
1.07 )
CQ=59.98kN (Compression)

ΣF x=0=CD−BC −CQ ( 1.071 )

DE=433.34 kN (Tension)

@P

8.3 8.3
ΣF x=0=OP ( √ 75.14 )−PQ( √75.14 )+ DP( 1.221 )
2.5 0.7 2.5
Σ F =0=OP (
Y
√ 75.14 )−DP (
1.41 )−(
√ 75.14 )
−38.69−CP

8.3
ΣF x=0=PQ (
√ 75.14 )
+377.48

2.5
Σ F =0=PQ (
√ 75.14 )
Y + CP+ 91.83

Solving by elimination
PQ = 394.24 kN (Compression) CP = 21.87 kN (Tension)
@D

0.7
Σ F Y =0=EN + EO ( 1.41 )
EO=88.07 kN (Compression)

ΣF x=0= EF−DE− EO ( 1.411 )

DE=316.56 kN (Tension)

@O

8.3 8.3
ΣF x=0=NO ( √ 75.14 )−OP( √ 75.14 )+ EO ( 1.411 )
2.5 1.0 2.5
Σ F =0=NO (
Y
√ 75.14 )−EO (
1.41 )−OP (
√ 75.14 )
−38.69−DO

8.3
ΣF x=0=OP (
√ 75.14 )
+316.56

2.5
Σ F =0=OP (
√ 75.14 )
Y + DO+53.14

Solving by elimination
OP = 330.60 kN (Compression) FM = 42.21 kN (Tension)

@E

1.0
Σ F Y =0=EN + EO ( 1.41 )
EO=88.07 kN (Compression)

ΣF x=0= EF−DE− EO ( 1.411 )

DE=316.56 kN (Tension)
@N

8.3 8.3
ΣF x=0= MN ( √ 75.14 )−NO( √ 75.14 )+ FN ( 1.641 )
2.5 1.3 2.5
Σ F =0=MN (
Y
√ 75.14 )−FN (
1.64 ) −NO(
√ 75.14
)−38.69−EN

8.3
ΣF x=0=NO (
√ 75.14 )
+258.697

2.5
Σ F =0=NO (
√ 75.14 )
Y + EN +14.45

Solving by elimination
NO = 265.37 kN (Compression) FM = 62.08 kN (Tension)

@F

1.3
Σ F Y =0=FM + FN ( )
1.64
FN =103.29kN (Compression)

ΣF x=0=GF−EF −NF ( 1.641 )

EF=254.10 kN (Tension)
@M

8.3 8.3 1
ΣF x=0= LM ( ) ( )
√ 75.14
−MN
√ 75.14
+ MG (
1.88
)

2.5 1.6 2.5

Σ F =0=LM (
Y
√ 75.14 )−MG (
1.88 )−MN (
√ 75.14
)−38.69−FM

8.3
ΣF x=0= MN (
√ 75.14 )
+127.19+105.94

2.5 2.5 1.6

Σ F =0=MN (
√ 75.14 ) ( √75.14 ) 1.88 )
(
Y + FM +38.69−L M + MG

Solving by elimination
MN = 199.44 kN (Compression) FM = 81.76 kN (Tension)

@G

1.9
Σ F Y =0=LG+ MG ( 2.14 )
MG=119.57kN (Compression)

ΣF x=0=GH−MG ( 1.881 )−FG

FG=190.97 kN (Tension)

@L
8.3 8.3
ΣF x=0= KL( √ 75.14 )−LM ( √ 75.14 )+ HL( 2.141 )
2.5 1.9 2.5
Σ F =0=LK (
Y
√75.14 )−HL (
2.14 ) −LM (
√ 75.14
)−38.69−LG

8.3
ΣF x=0= LM ( )+63.82−63.81
√ 75.14
2.5
Σ F Y =0=LM ( √75.14 )+ LG−19.22−120.84
Solving by elimination
LM = 133.15 kN (Compression) LG = 101.33 kN (Tension)

@H

1.9
Σ F Y =0=HK + HL ( 2.14 )
HL=136.59kN (Compression)

ΣF x=0=−HI−GH −HL ( 2.141 )

GH =127.49 kN (Tension)

@K
8.3 8.3
ΣF x=0= KJ ( √75.14 )−KL ( √75.14 )+ IK ( 2.421 )
2.2 2.5 2.5
Σ F =0=−38.69−HK −IK ( ) + KJ (
Y
2.42 √ 75.14 )−KL(
√75.14
)

8.3
ΣF x=0=−KL (
√ 75.14 )
−63.82

2.5
Σ F =0=−KL (
√75.14 )
Y −HK +101.62

Solving by elimination
KL = 66.64 kN (Compression) HK = 120.84 kN (Tension)

@I

2.2
ΣF Y =0=IJ +159.65+ IK ( 2.42 )
IK =154.14 kN (Compression)

ΣF x=0=−HI−IK ( 2.421 )
HI =63.81 kN (Tension)

@J
8.3
ΣF x=0= KJ ( √75.14 )

KJ=0
2.5
Σ F Y =0=−19.34−IJ−KJ ( )
√ 75.14
IJ= 19.34 kN (Compression)
Summary of Results

Bottom Member

Member Axial Force

AB 433.34 kN (T )
BC 433.34 kN (T )
CD 377.48 kN (T )
DE 316.56 kN (T )
EF 254.10 kN ( T )
FG 190.97 kN (T )
GH 127.49 kN (T )
HI 63.81 kN ¿)

Vertical Members

Member Axial Force

BQ 0
CP 21.87 kN (T )
DO 42.21 kN (T )
EN 62.08 kN (T )
FM 81.76 kN (T )
LG 101.33 kN (T )
HK 120.84 kN (T )
IJ 19.34 kN (C)
Diagonal Members

Member Axial Force Member Axial Force

CQ 59.98 kN (C ) AQ 452.57 kN (C)

DP 74.12 kN (C) PQ 394.24 kN (C)
EO 88.07 kN (C) OP 330.60 kN (C )
FN 103.29 kN (C ) NO 265.37 kN (C)
GM 119.57 kN (C) MN 199.44 kN (C)
HL 136.59 kN (C ) LM 133.15 kN (C )
IK 154.14 kN (C) KL 66.64 kN (C)
JK 0
DESIGN OF BOLTED CONNECTIONS

Use A325 10-mm diameter bolts

Minimum Tensile Strength NSCP 2015, Table
510.3.2
F nt=620 MPa
For Design Tension

P= A bolt F nt n

@Point A
Member AQ
Tensile Strength
π
452.57= ( 10 mm )2 ( 620 MPa ) ( 2 ) nn=4.650 boltsUse 6 bolts
4
Member AB
Tensile Strength
π
433.34= ( 10 mm )2 ( 620 MPa )( 2 ) nn=4.450 boltsUse 6 bolts
4
@Point B
Member BC
Tensile Strength
π
433.34= ( 10 mm )2 ( 620 MPa )( 2 ) nn=4.450 boltsUse 6 bolts
4

@Point Q
Member CQ
Tensile Strength
π
59.98= ( 10 mm )2 ( 620 MPa )( 2 ) nn=0.6160 boltsUse 1 bolts
4

Member QP
Tensile Strength
π
394.24= (10 mm )2 ( 620 MPa ) ( 2 ) n n=4.048 boltsUse 6 bolts
4

@Point C
Member CP
Tensile Strength
π
21.87= (10 mm )2 ( 620 MPa ) ( 2 ) nn=0.2250 boltsUse 1 bolt
4
Member CD
Tensile Strength
π
377.48= ( 10 mm )2 ( 620 MPa )( 2 ) nn=3.876 boltsUse 4 bolts
4

@Point P
Member OP
Tensile Strength
π
330.60= ( 10 mm )2 ( 620 MPa )( 2 ) nn=3.394 boltsUse 4 bolts
4

Member DP
Tensile Strength
π
74.12= ( 10 mm )2 ( 620 MPa )( 2 ) nn=0.7610 boltsUse 1 bolt
4

@Point D
Member DE
Tensile Strength
π
316.56= ( 10 mm )2 ( 620 MPa ) (2 ) nn=3.250 boltsUse 4 bolts
4
Member DO
Tensile Strength
π
42.21= (10 mm )2 ( 620 MPa ) ( 2 ) nn=0.433 boltsUse 1 bolt
4

@Point O
Member NO
Tensile Strength
π
265.37= ( 10 mm )2 ( 620 MPa ) ( 2 ) nn=2.725 boltsUse 3 bolts
4
Member EO
Tensile Strength
π
88.07= (10 mm )2 ( 620 MPa ) ( 2 ) n n=0.904 boltsUse 1 bolt
4

@Point E
Member EF
Tensile Strength
π
254.10= ( 10 mm )2 ( 620 MPa )( 2 ) nn=2.609 boltsUse 3 bolts
4
Member EN
Tensile Strength
π
62.08= ( 10 mm )2 ( 620 MPa ) (2 ) nn=0.637 boltsUse 2 bolts
4

@Point N
Member FN
Tensile Strength
π
103.29= ( 10 mm )2 ( 620 MPa )( 2 ) nn=1.060 boltsUse 2 bolts
4

Member MN
Tensile Strength
π
199.44= (10 mm )2 ( 620 MPa ) ( 2 ) n n=2.048 boltsUse 3 bolts
4

@Point F
Member FG
Tensile Strength
π
190.97= ( 10 mm )2 ( 620 MPa ) (2 ) nn=1.960 boltsUse 3 bolts
4
Member FM
Tensile Strength
π
81.76= (10 mm )2 ( 620 MPa ) ( 2 ) n n=0.839 boltsUse 3 bolts
4

@Point M
Member LM
Tensile Strength
π
133.15= ( 10 mm )2 ( 620 MPa )( 2 ) nn=1.367 boltsUse 2 bolts
4
Member GM
Tensile Strength
π
119.57= ( 10 mm )2 ( 620 MPa ) ( 2 ) nn=1.228 boltsUse 2 bolts
4

@Point G
Member GH
Tensile Strength
π
127.49= ( 10 mm )2 ( 620 MPa )( 2 ) nn=1.310 boltsUse 2 bolts
4
Member LG
Tensile Strength
π
101.33= ( 10 mm )2 ( 620 MPa )( 2 ) nn=1.040 boltsUse 2 bolts
4

@Point L
Member KL
Tensile Strength
π
66.64= ( 10 mm )2 ( 620 MPa ) ( 2 ) nn=0.6840 boltsUse 1 bolt
4
Member HL
Tensile Strength
π
136.59= ( 10 mm )2 ( 620 MPa )( 2 ) nn=1.402boltsUse 2 bolts
4

@Point H
Member HK
Tensile Strength
π
120.84= (10 mm )2 ( 620 MPa ) ( 2 ) n n=1.241boltsUse 3 bolts
4
Member HI
Tensile Strength
π
63.81= ( 10 mm )2 ( 620 MPa )( 2 ) nn=0.655 boltsUse 1 bolt
4

@Point K
Member JK
Tensile Strength
π
0= (10 mm )2 ( 620 MPa ) ( 2 ) nn=0 boltsUse 1 bolt
4
Member IK
Tensile Strength
π
154.14= (10 mm )2 ( 620 MPa ) ( 2 ) n n=0.655 boltsUse 1 bolt
4
@Point I
Member IJ
Tensile Strength
π
19.34= (10 mm )2 ( 620 MPa ) ( 2 ) n n=0.199 boltsUse 1 bolt
4

Summary of Results for Bolted Connection

Bottom Member

Member Number of Bolts

AB 6

BC 6

CD 4

DE 4

EF 3

FG 3

GH 3

HI 1

Vertical Members

Member Number of Bolts

BQ 1
CP 1

DO 1

EN 2

FM 3

LG 1

HK 3

IJ 1

Diagonal Members

Member Number of Bolts Member Number of Bolts

CQ 1 AQ 6

DP 1 PQ 6

EO 1 OP 4

FN 2 NO 3

GM 2 MN 3

HL 2 LM 2

IK 1 KL 1

JK 1
Design of Tension Members

Maximum Tension Load = 433.34 kN (Member AB)

At these Member (Member AB), Use 6-bolts, 2-line

Use A36 Steel; ( F y =250 MPa ; F u=400 MPa)

For the gross section,

F 433.34 kN
Required A g= = =1925.96 mm2
0.90 F y 0.90 ( 250 MPa )

Assume a conservative value of U =0.60

Required A e =A g U= ( 1925.96 mm2 ) ( 0.6 )=1155.57 mm2

Try WT 5x11 ASEP Handbook of Structural Steel Shapes and Sections

Properties: Ag = 2090 mm2 ry = 33.72 mm rx = 37.02 mm

bf = 146.1 mm d = 129 mm tw = 6.1 mm

W = 16.4 kg/m tf = 9.1 mm

A g=2090 mm2 >1925.96 mm2 (OK ! )

Shear Lag Factor: Case 7 Table 504.3.1, NSCP 2015

2 2
b f ≥ d( 0.1461 m ) ≥ ( 0.129 )0.1461 m> 0.086 m∴ UseU =0.90
3 3
2 2
Ae = A g U=( 2090mm 2 ) ( 0.9 ) Ae =1881 mm >1155.57 mm ( OK ! )

CHECKING
For Yielding

Pu ≤0.90 F y A g452.57 kN ≤0.90 ( 250 MPa ) ( 2090 mm2 )452.57 kN <470.25 kN ( OK ! )

For Fracture

Pu ≤0.75 F u A e452.57 kN ≤0.75 ( 400 MPa ) ( 1881 mm2 )452.57 kN <564.3 kN ( OK ! )

∴ UseWT 5 x 11 for Tension Members

Design of Compression Members

Maximum Compression Load = 452.57 kN (Member AQ)
K= 0.8 L= 1.358m

Use A36 Steel; ( F y =250 MPa ; F u=400 MPa)

E = 200 GPa
Use an arbitrary choice of two-thirds Fy for Fcr
2
F cr = ( 250 MPa )=166.67 MPa
3
For the gross section,

F AQ 452.57 kN
Required A g= = =3017.07 mm2
0.90 F cr 0.90 ( 166.67 MPa )

Try WT5x16.5 ASEP Handbook of Structural Steel Shapes and Sections

Properties: Ag = 3129 mm2 ry = 49.34 mm rx = 32.02 mm

bf = 202.2 mm d = 123.4 mm tw = 7.4 mm

W = 24.6 kg/m tf = 11.0 mm

A g=3129 mm2 >3017.07 mm2 (OK ! )

π 2 E π 2 ( 200000 MPa )
KL (0.8)( 1.358) F e= = =1714.60 MPa
= =33.93<200 ( OK ! ) KL 2
33.93 2
r min 0.03202m
r ( )
E 200000 MPa
4.71
√ Fy
=4.71
√250 MPa
=133.2189

KL E
Since
r
<4.71
√
Fy
Fy 250
=( 0.658 ) F =( 0.658 ) 250 MPaF
Fe 1714.60 =235.20 MPa
F cr y
cr

CHECKING

Pu ≤0.9 F cr A g452.57 kN ≤0.9 ( 235.20 MPa ) ( 3129 mm2 )452.57 kN <662.35 kN

∴ UseWT 5 x 16.5 for Compression Members