(Anne Davis Basting) Forget Memory Creating Bette (BookFi)
(Anne Davis Basting) Forget Memory Creating Bette (BookFi)
M e mo r y
Forget M e m o r y
C re a t i n g B etter Lives for P
e ople
with D e m e n t i a
A N N E D AV I S B A S T I N G
The Johns Hopkins Uni v e r si t y Press
B a l t i m o re
© 2009 The Johns Hopkins University Press
All rights reserved. Published 2009
Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Basting, Anne Davis, 1965–
Forget memory : creating better lives for people with dement
ia / Anne Davis
Basting.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-8018-9249-3 (hardcover : alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 0-8018-9249-X (hardcover : alk. paper)
ISBN-13: 978-0-8018-9250-9 (pbk. : alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 0-8018-9250-3 (pbk. : alk. paper)
1. Dementia. 2. Memory disorders in old age. I. Title.
[DNLM: 1. Dementia—psychology—Personal Narratives.
2. Quality of
Life—Personal Narratives. WT 155 B326f 2009]
RC521.B376 2009
616.8 3—dc22 2008037842
A catalog record for this book is available from the British Libr
ary.
The Johns Hopkins University Press uses environmentally frien
dly book
materials, including recycled text paper that is composed of at l
east 30 percent
post-consumer waste, whenever possible. All of our book
papers are acid-free, and
our jackets and covers are printed on paper with recycled conte
nt.
To my memory—
Brad, Ben, Will, Tom, Sally, Ellen, Tom Jr., Set
h, Susan,
Alice, Abe, Alice, Arthur, Grace, Bob, Jane, Eri
c, Mark,
Brenda, Harriet, David, Ken, Katherine, Elinor,
Trey, Art,
Kelly, Jay, Kathy, Susan, John, Rick, Tom C.,
Gülgün,
David, Kate, Tim, Skip, Eric, Diane, Jim, Judy,
Mark,
Manya, Howard, Stacy, Jasmine, Aims
and so many more
Contents
Preface ix
Introduction: Dementia Is Hard, but It Needn’
t
Be This Hard 1
8 StoryCorps and the Memory Loss Initiative
71
9 Memory Bridge 80
10 To Whom I May Concern 87
11 TimeSlips Creative Storytelling Project 94
12 Songwriting Works 104
13 Dance: “Respect” and “Sea of Heartbreak”
111
14 The Visual Arts 117
15 Duplex Planet: The Art of Conversation 127
16 The Photography of Wing Young Huie 134
17 Autobiographies by People with Dementia
145
Conclusion: How and Why to Move through
Our
Fears about Dementia 155
Appendixes
A Program Description and Contact Informatio
n
B Recipes from Chapter 1 176
C Images and Stories of Dementia 178
D Timeline of Stories and Events in the Recent
History of
Dementia 181
Notes 187
Index 201
Preface
The ideas and stories you’ll encounter in these pages em
erged from my
experiences over the last 15 years working in the fields
of the arts and
aging. During these years, I have been an artist, a teache
r, a writer, and
the director of a center on aging. I hope that the stories
and thoughts
collected here are of use to the broad range of people wi
th whom I’ve
worked. My ideal reader is anyone invested in improvi
ng the lives of
people with dementia—from health care professionals an
d those study-
ing to become health care professionals, to families and fr
iends of people
with dementia, to people with dementia themselves.
My heartfelt thanks go out to all those who shared the
thoughts and
experiences that form the substance of much of this bo
ok. I want to
thank a few in particular whom I might not quote directl
y in these pages
but whose support has given me the courage to think out
side the box.
Kathleen Woodward. Kathy’s advice, support, and th
ought-provoking
questions have kept me from falling between the academi
c cracks. Susan
McFadden. I treasure our lunches at a little family resta
urant in Lomira,
Wisconsin, exactly halfway between our homes in Appl
eton and Mil-
waukee. Peter Whitehouse. Over lunches at anonymo
us restaurants in
anonymous conference hotels, Peter and I tumble into
conversations
that blend medicine, media, art, history. Stephen Katz.
He’s not just a so-
ciologist of aging; he’s also a jazz drummer and plays in
a rock-and-roll
cover band. Rhonda Montgomery. When we both hap
pen to be in the
office, we catch a few precious minutes together to talk a
bout our latest
ideas. I’m thankful for the savvy model she’s provided o
f how to make
the system work for me. Robin Mayrl and all those
at the Helen Bader
Foundation. This family foundation and their dedicate
d program offic-
ers supported me when all I had was an idea and some p
assion. I can’t
thank them enough for the risks they take in supportin
g some of the
edgiest work in dementia care. When the foundation sun
sets, it’ll leave
an amazing legacy in the field of aging. Beth Meyer A
rnold. Her vision
x Preface
and courage to try ideas outside her expertise are a daily i
nspiration. Jed
Levine. He’s one of the people who just gets why the arts
work. Jim Her-
rington. He has photographed the Rolling Stones, Cor
mac McCarthy,
and Roger and Rocille McConnell. The field of aging is l
ucky to have him.
Rick Moody. He presses the acceleration pedal on any id
ea. Tom Fritsch.
His patience and insightful readings of draft versions of t
his book made
it all possible. Roger and Rocille McConnell. I’m dee
ply grateful for their
trust and inspiration. And, finally, a heartfelt thanks to al
l my partners,
philanthropic, academic, and community based, who ar
e open to my
crazy ideas. Wendy Harris. Thank you for helping make
it all happen with
such grace.
Forget M e mo r y
Introduction
Dementia Is Hard, but It Needn’t Be
This Hard
Roger and Rocille McConnell sat uncomfortably in the
doctor’s office.
They knew something was wrong with Roger. They wer
e afraid to hear
it named, but they wanted an answer—and to know if
there was some-
thing they could do about it. They are doing kind of peo
ple. Roger is an
active member of county committees, and Rocille is dee
ply involved in
her synagogue’s efforts to promote social justice. So they
made the ap-
pointment and opened themselves to bad news. Theirs wa
s not an ideal
encounter with the medical establishment. “I was not ha
ppy . . .
after he told us,” says Rocille with a clear edge of anger i
n her voice, “the
psychiatrist walked out. He said, ‘My nurse will bring
you a packet.’
Well, the next day I told him how I felt. I said, ‘I can’t be
lieve you people
deal this way.’ ” Roger tumbled into depression.
Alice lives in a nursing home. She has little awarene
ss of the last 50
years of her life. When her husband, Bob, visits, she r
ecognizes him
as someone she cares for. But when Bob steps back into t
he elevator, he
is wiped clean from her consciousness. For years, Alice
and Bob took
long walks together. In the nursing home, Alice finds a
new friend, a
man who walks with her down the hallways, often arm i
n arm. One day,
when Bob visits, he sees Alice and her walking comp
anion strolling
down the hall together and becomes irate. “I can’t believ
e you allowed
this to happen!” he yells at the staff, insisting that they s
eparate them.
Staff members put a care plan into effect to keep the t
wo apart, and
Alice’s spirits clearly suffer.
Gil cares for Victoria at home. He talks glowingly of
their long life
together, of raising children, bowling in leagues, ballroo
m dancing, and
going to movies. They were a couple rich with friends.
Even with Vic
deep in dementia, they dance around the living room w
hen Lawrence
Welk comes on the television. Only now, Gil and Vic ar
e alone. Their
friends stopped visiting years ago. Gil says he can und
erstand it, can
2 forget memory
Roger and Rocille McConnell, 2006. Photo by www.jimherr
ington.com.
understand that people feel awkward around them. But t
he depth of his
loneliness is palpable. He lies awake at night thinking a
bout it.
On an individual level, the physical and psychologic
al challenges of
dementia can knock the wind out of you. Whether the dia
gnosis is yours,
your spouse’s, your friend’s, or your parent’s, when deme
ntia comes into
your life it can seem to deprive you of every last ounce of
your strength.
On a societal level, the financial and practical challeng
es of providing
care for someone with an illness that can last up to 15 y
ears may well
leave us with few resources to pay for anything else. Cer
tainly, the sto-
ries we read about dementia in newspapers, books, and
magazines and
that we hear about in films and on television and radio ri
ng the alarm,
pointing to the catastrophe that will strike when the me
mbers of the
baby boom generation reach their mid-80s. It is possible
that dementia
might affect more than half of them—estimates of the
numbers of
people who will develop dementia by 2050 range from 11
to 16 million.
This book emerges from a single basic question: to wh
at extent do our
Int
ro
du
cti
on
3
Victoria, 2007. Photo by Wing Young Huie.
fears about dementia and aging contribute to the tragic co
nditions of liv-
ing with dementia and the catastrophic economic story of
dementia? We
all eagerly await a “cure”—if such a thing is possible. We
can perhaps more
safely place our hopes and research dollars in scientificall
y informed paths
to prevention. But there is another tool we can use to impr
ove the lives of
people with dementia and all those who care for them. It i
s something we
can use now, while the scientists work on paths to prev
ention. We can
change our attitudes and our care practices. We can w
ork to reduce the par-
alyzing stigma and fear that wrap themselves around
dementia and
Alzheimer’s disease, the most prominent form of dementi
a.
Dementia has always been and probably always will
be a frightening
experience. But it can also be much more. I was a playw
right and first-
year PhD student when I began volunteering with people
with demen-
tia in 1990. And in the years since then, I have seen p
eople with de-
mentia and people who love them alike nearly drownin
g in fear, grief,
anxiety, and anger. And yet, I’ve also seen much more.
I’ve seen both
4 forget memory
people with dementia as well as those who care for them
move through
their fears and come to feel fierce pride and overwhelmin
gly joy, to show
compassion and selflessness, and to express bawdy humo
r and dry wit.
I hold out hope that sharing stories of people who succe
ed in moving
through fear and learn to live with stigma, who find mea
ning in the ex-
perience of dementia, might help inspire more people to
do the same—
to see dementia as more than a death sentence. Would tha
t doctor have
treated Roger and Rocille the way he did if he had come
to terms with
his own fears of and discomfort with people with dem
entia? Would
Bob have forbade Alice to walk the halls with her compa
nion if he had
more fully understood and accepted Alice’s world? Wou
ld Gil and Vic
be subject to such paralyzing loneliness if their friends ha
d a better grasp
of dementia?
We fear dementia. Some of that is natural. Human b
eings have an
innate fear of death that serves us well by making us ca
utious. Famed
neurologist, psychiatrist, and Holocaust survivor Viktor
Frankl suggests
that we also have an innate fear of meaninglessness. Beca
use a diagnosis
of dementia triggers thoughts of both, we avoid thinkin
g about it. We
delay seeking diagnosis for ourselves or for our loved one
s. We slowly stop
visiting friends who are experiencing it. We don’t want to
think about it,
so we satisfy ourselves with a thin layer of general infor
mation. A 2006
poll by Harris Interactive showed that while 93 percent
of the people
they polled had heard of Alzheimer’s disease, 74 percent
said they knew
little or nothing about it.
But ultimately, the fear reflex is making the experien
ce of dementia
worse. We are living in the time of dementia. As we live l
onger than ever
before, dementia touches the lives of more of us than eve
r before. This
book aims to burrow into that fear, to directly confront i
t and thereby
come to understand it more fully so that it won’t interfer
e with living a
full life with dementia or fully living with and loving p
eople with de-
mentia. By coming to know about and make use of servi
ces that might
help them, people will be better able to work through thei
r fears and alle-
viate the tragic social conditions of the disease—the
isolation, the stress,
the depression. The hope is that doctors will develop a bet
ter understand-
ing of the complexity of the dementia experience and s
o never again
say, “My nurse will bring you a packet.” That spouses wi
ll come to work
through their grief in support groups so Alice can still
walk down the
hallway and feel supported by her new friend. That peopl
e will learn not
Int
roduction 5
to feel awkward around loved ones with dementia so Gil
and Vic do not
have to dance alone.
How can we get to such a place? To a world in which
the flash of heat
that rises from deep within us when we forget where we
put the keys for
the third time in a week doesn’t keep us from being fully
present in the
company of our neighbor with dementia? A world in whi
ch our fears of
dementia don’t stop nursing, medical, and social work
students from
studying how to work with people with dementia? A
place in which
daughters and sons, granddaughters and grandsons, migh
t look forward
to spending time with their parent or grandparent with d
ementia?
Part 1 looks at the root of our fears about dementia. H
ow are people
describing their fears? Exactly what is it that people afrai
d of ? Chapter 1
endeavors to address fears of memory loss by clearing
up misunder-
standings of how memory works. Cultural pressures to r
emember have
given us unrealistic expectations as to how memory shou
ld work. We are
taxing our memories to the limit at a time when we are
living longer
than ever. The anxiety over our overworked memories is
spilling over,
leading us to fear and stigmatize dementia. Chapter 2 div
es deeper into
just how bias—born of fear, stereotypes, and stigma—
might affect those
experiencing dementia.
Part 2, chapters 3 through 7, looks at popular culture t
o see what sto-
ries about dementia we’re hearing and asks whether those
stories capture
the complexity of the dementia experience or simply a
dd fuel to our
fears. Part 3, chapters 8 through 17, offers brief, alternativ
e stories of de-
mentia, stories in which people are moving through fears
of dementia to
find meaning within the disease experience. Each of the
se chapters fo-
cuses on a different approach to connecting and commun
icating when
rational language breaks down. These range from danc
e to painting,
from songwriting to the art of conversation. I hope that th
ese 10 unique
approaches might provide models for people struggling t
o find a way to
be in the company of loved ones experiencing dementia
—or for readers
with dementia struggling to find a way to express themse
lves to others.
Finally, the conclusion outlines some concrete steps f
or changing at-
titudes toward and care practices of people with dementia
on a national
scale. Just what we can do to improve the lives of people
with dementia
today? We all wait for a pill that will ensure that no matt
er how long we
live, we will have the ability to live meaningful lives
surrounded by
people who care about us. But while we wait for the scie
ntific discover-
6 forget memory
ies, there is a great deal we can do right now to enrich ou
rselves and the
lives of others. We can only do so, however, if we learn
to respond to
people with dementia with more than just fear.
Just what is it that we are afraid of ? I asked the
question of more than
30 people: doctors, family care partners, people with dem
entia, and col-
lege students who had barely heard the term. What did t
hey say?
Part One
U N D E R S TA N D I N G O U R
F E A R S
ABOUT DEMENTIA
F This is why I call this a time capsule. . . . If someone
digs it up in the
future, they are bound to say: look at what they didn
’t know. Look at
what they failed to understand. Look at these curious
creatures. Why
were they so afraid?
Michael Ignatieff
To better understand the roots of our fears about dementi
a, I led a team
of researchers through a series of interviews with people
with dementia,
people who have friends or parents with dementia, and
professionals
(doctors, nurses, social workers) who work in dementia
care. How did
these folks explain their fears? And what seems to be und
erneath them?
Fear of Being a Burden
By far, the fear of being a burden was the most common
response. We
hear this a lot, but what exactly does it mean? Joan is
an energetic,
middle-aged woman with two college-aged daughters.
When asked what
scares her about dementia, she quickly pinpoints “being
a burden”: “I
especially fear being a burden to other people. Because i
t’s just not the
way I have ever seen myself. I’m a very independent pe
rson, and I like
doing things for myself. I’m used to being the mom an
d the wife and
the person who takes care of everything for everybody
else. That’s my
role in life. That’s who I am. And to lose that would be t
o lose myself,
lose my identity. And that terrifies me.”
Mary, whose mother is experiencing increasing tro
ubles with her
memory, said much the same thing: “Generally, I don’t
think anyone
looks forward to getting old and being dependent. I mean,
we’re all going
to die of something. . . . You just want it to be quick
and not a burden.”
8 u n d e r s t a n d i n g o u r f ears about dementia
Billy, whose mother also had dementia, was even less su
btle. “I hope I
die in my sleep,” he said. “I hope not to be a burden to a
nyone.”
The people we interviewed described a fierce pride
in being “in-
dependent” and in enabling their children, friends, and
spouses to live
full, independent lives. In their view, if you had dementia,
you were emo-
tionally, physically, and financially enslaving those you l
ove to your care.
They saw shame in such “dependency.” No one described
the experience
of dementia as positive in any way, for either the person
going through
it or the family members. No one imagined the caregivi
ng experience
had the potential to be reciprocal. Instead, all the respons
es about being
a burden assumed that the person with dementia takes
while the care-
giver gives and gives and gives.
Fear of the Unknown
Marilyn, who works as an aide in a nursing home, talked
of her fears in
terms of the randomness of who dementia strikes. “It’s sa
d to me,” says
Marilyn in soft tones. “It hurts my feelings. It makes yo
u feel that one
day, I could wake up and it could be me, it could be on
e of my loved
ones. Your body is a mystery, and I guess we will never tr
uly understand
how the body really works.” Rocille worded it slightly d
ifferently: “My
biggest fear is the unknown. No one is able to predict ho
w long Roger
will be able to function to the point that I don’t need to
be with him
24/7. When that time comes, I will lose my best friend an
d partner. We
have such a loving, caring, wonderful relationship and li
fe, and I dread
when that vanishes.”
Darren, who works as an aide in a long-term care
setting, brought
up another component to fearing the unknown—that
people experi-
encing dementia can look at a face or object and not kno
w who or what
it is. In dementia, what is unknown encompasses not j
ust the future
(“What will happen tomorrow?”) but the present (“What
is that thing?
Why am I feeling this way?”). “We take a lot of things
for granted in
life,” said Darren, “something as simple as waking up
and knowing
where the bathroom is. Knowing where the car is, wher
e to get break-
fast. I think the biggest fear is of the unknown.” This part
icularly fright-
ened Darren when he thought about his young family.
Forgetting the
faces of his wife and children seemed incomprehensible t
o him.
The “not knowing” of dementia can drive us to distrac
tion. Will I get
it? Will it get worse? How much worse? When? The sh
ifting sands of
u n d e r s t a n d i n g o u r f ears about d
ementia 9
medical research and advice, the uniqueness of each pat
hway through
the dementia experience, and the creep of the unknown i
nto the people,
objects, and feelings we take for granted are clearly at t
he root of our
fears of getting it or watching a loved one move through
it.
Fear of Being Out of Control
For Billy’s mother, dementia was, in some ways, a blessi
ng. She had al-
ways been a difficult and bitter person, wounded by ye
ars of little be-
trayals. Dementia eased her anger, and Billy found he enj
oyed her com-
pany more after the illness than before. But he was still
haunted. “She
didn’t seem to be in control of herself,” he said. The de
mentia experi-
ence seems to sever a person from his or her intentions.
“That’s not him, it’s the disease,” we say, when a ma
n with demen-
tia shouts out in anger. “That’s not her, that’s the diseas
e,” we say if a
woman with dementia peppers her conversation with vul
garities. Sepa-
rating the person from the actions can help us cope wit
h some signi-
ficant personality changes in ourselves and those we love.
But staff mem-
bers of a nursing home might also say, “That’s not h
im, that’s the
dementia” if a man cries out in pain and asks for help.
Or insists on
waffles instead of pancakes. Or asks to call his son. “It’s t
he disease” sev-
ers intentionality from both unusual behavior and everyd
ay actions alike.
We fear this global dismissal of intention and the subs
equent inabil-
ity to affect the course of our day-to-day lives. Those
with dementia may
lose control over their lives no matter where they live,
but it is more
likely to happen in a facility setting. Even though it sh
ouldn’t, institu-
tional living can mean sacrificing your autonomy for the
ease of the sys-
tem that is attending to your physical needs. For example
, you might be
able to go to the bathroom with the help of an attendant,
but when that
attendant has eight people to get up and dressed, chances
are good that
you’ll be in diapers. People we interviewed likened
living without
choice, without autonomy, to “not really living.”
The experience of dementia can also mean the loss
of simple free-
doms that give us a certain dominion over our lives. Li
ke a driver’s li-
cense. In the United States, where daily life is organized
around the au-
tomobile, losing the ability to drive can seem catastrop
hic. Suddenly,
someone who has been able to get to doctor appointment
s, the grocery
store, pharmacy, senior center, and friends’ houses must
endlessly ask
and wait for rides. Or stay home. Simply crossing a par
king lot to get
10 u n d e r s t a n d i n g o u r f ears about dementia
from one big box store to another can be impossible for ol
der adults with
physical and cognitive disabilities. A survey of 335 olde
r adults showed
that the fear of losing their driver’s license was a key reas
on they put off
seeing a doctor about their memory loss.
Fear of Being Violated or Robbed
“It saddens my heart that you could be robbed of somet
hing that you
had worked for all of your life,” said Marilyn. We have c
ome to see our
memories as things that we have, collect, and build on to
create a unique
sense of self. When someone begins to lose access to me
mories, it can
feel as though something that is rightfully his or hers is
being unfairly
taken away. On a more practical level, caring for someon
e with demen-
tia in our broken health care system can mean financial i
mpoverishment
not just for individuals but for entire families. It’s easy to
feel “robbed.”
The people we interviewed expressed both anger and fea
r over working
hard to plan and save, only to have it all go toward the c
osts of demen-
tia care, which can go on for many years. Spending one’s
savings on de-
mentia care can be especially painful because good care i
s so hard to find.
In that same survey of 335 adults, 40 percent said they fea
red that a diag-
nosis of dementia would mean losing their insurance—
something that
would lead to impoverishment or, at the very least, poor c
are options.
Fear of a Meaningless Existence
“He who has a why to live for can bear with almost a
ny how,” wrote
philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche in 1895. Viktor Frankl
includes this
quotation in Man’s Search for Meaning, his 1946 eye
witness account of
how a sense of purpose and faith in the future enabled pe
ople to survive
the horror of the concentration camps. The people we int
erviewed de-
scribed dementia, particularly the end stages, as void of
meaning. One
of the young people put it this way: “I feel it [Alzheimer’
s] is possibly the
worst thing that could happen to a person given . . . the
way our society
is, at least, the Western society. Everything is about bei
ng productive
members of society, about being active with friends an
d family, your
church, everything. The brain is what makes [people]
go and enjoy
things in life. It’s all because of memory.” If you lose yo
ur memory, his
logic flowed, “it’s probably really, really frustrating.” In t
he survey of 335
older adults, 50 percent said they feared becoming depres
sed and 45 per-
u n d e r s t a n d i n g o u r f ears about d
ementia 11
cent feared becoming anxious. With cultural attitudes t
hat tell us that
caregivers give and people with dementia take, endlessl
y and pointlessly,
their fears are well founded.
Scientists are working hard to discover how dement
ia works, who
gets it, why, and what might stop it. They are working to
identify people
with memory problems earlier and earlier in the hope of f
ollowing them
through the disease process and seeing what kinds of trea
tment are most
effective. This work must continue. But these core fear
s—of being a
burden, of being out of control, of being violated or rob
bed, and of a
meaningless existence—can be eased by changes in
attitude, awareness,
and care practices and policies. I don’t pretend that we ca
n eliminate the
fear of dementia. We are human, after all. We can, thoug
h, learn to feel
more than fear. We can learn to feel and act with respect
and compassion
and to believe in purpose for those with dementia and th
ose who love
and care for them.
To work through fear and confront head on its compa
nions, stigma,
denial, and stereotype, we first need to better understand
the nature of
memory. What can and should we expect of memory?
How did we
come to view memory as the center of our identity?
This page intentionally left blank
1
What Is (and Isn’t) Me
mory?
How a Better Understanding of Me
mory
Might Ease Our Fears about Its Loss
F But what I am getting at is that re-membering is
essentially not only
an act of retrieval, but a creative thing, it happens in t
he moment;
it’s an act, an act . . . of the imagination.
Mnemonic
Memory loss is just one of the symptoms of dementia, b
ut it is the one
that most grabs our attention, particularly in the early sta
ges. When the
face of someone at a party offers no clues to a name or w
hen we stand,
blank faced, in a parking lot with no idea where we left
the car, worry
rushes through us.
What can we expect of memory? What’s normal? A
re some of our
fears based on unrealistic ideas of what memory is ca
pable of ? The
boundary between normal memory loss and dementia,
particularly in
the early stages, can be blurry. How we understand and
how we value
memory can contribute to our fear of its loss. Contempor
ary American
culture puts great pressure on us to remember that exacer
bates our fears
of memory loss. My aim here is to alleviate some of that
pressure by put-
ting memory into historical context. And, because I beli
eve that mem-
ory is story, I pepper tales of my own throughout the cha
pter by way of
example.
Memory is how we store and retrieve our experien
ces, from the
mundane to the profound. When we retrieve memory, w
e create story.
We come to understand ourselves, others, and the world
around us by
listening to and telling stories. This process of storing
and retrieving
and retelling experiences enables us to respond to ne
w experiences,
apply what we know, and learn and grow from such enc
ounters. It en-
ables us to track our experiences across time, form a n
arrative about
what those experiences mean, and create a sense of “self
” in time, based
on that narrative.
14 u n d e r s t a n d i n g o u r f ears about dementia
I have memories of playing elaborate, solitary ima
gination games
when I was a kid. In “wild animal veterinarian,” for exa
mple, I would
boldly push through two honeysuckle bushes in the lon
g line of them
that bordered our house and a neighboring field and ima
gine I was en-
tering the savannah to tend to a sick zebra. Enter betwe
en two other
bushes, and voila, a wounded elephant that urgently nee
ded my atten-
tion. In college, I found my passion in Jim Yaffe’s creativ
e writing class,
held around a table in the second floor of a white clapbo
ard house. In
graduate school and beyond, I let my imagination fly
out my fingers
click-clacking on the computer keyboard. Out of those
separate memo-
ries, I build a story of self—that of a writer. In turn, I ask,
“What’s your
story?” (perhaps not so overtly) as a way to understand
and relate to
other people. Memory is story, and storytelling is the pr
ocess through
which we know and grow ourselves and our communit
ies, small and
large.
We attempt to understand memory in many ways. W
e study mem-
ory on a molecular level through neuroscience research.
We seek to grasp
how the mind functions through cognitive psychology. W
e explore ways
to make memory more efficient by inventing “external”
memories like
computers, palm pilots, or something as simple as post-it
notes. We look
at social and historical trends in the valuation, facilitatio
n, and shaping
of memory in different places and times. We study memo
ry by represent-
ing—telling stories about—what it feels like to
experience it or to lose it.
We have ample proof that memory has fascinated hu
mankind since
the days of the early Greeks. That fascination has not onl
y persisted but
is today raging. In the last 25 years, writing and research
about and rep-
resentation of memory has surged. The United States is
obsessed with
memory. Perhaps this is because, as a young country, we
have so little of
it. Or perhaps because as a country of immigrants that w
as built largely
through the destruction of native cultures and on the ba
cks of people
stolen from their homes, we have a lot of memories to
reassemble. A
century of world wars and genocide that threatened to d
estroy the col-
lective memory of entire cultures has also launched multi
ple imperatives
to remember as a way to heal and guard against horrors o
f such magni-
tude happening again. Certainly, technological advances
have fueled the
study of memory. Collaborations among biologists, ne
urologists, and
cognitive psychologists, spurred on by the developme
nt of imaging
techniques that enable us to see activity in the brain (P
ET, MRI, CT,
etc.), have pushed our understanding of memory to ne
w levels. This
What Is (and Isn’t)
Memory? 15
burst of memory research across the disciplines has help
ed paint a new
picture of what memory is and isn’t.
So, just what is and isn’t memory? And how do our
cultural views
about memory contribute to our attitudes and fears about
dementia?
A Single Memory Is Not Encoded into a Single Ne
rve Cell
On the molecular level, we now know, memories are store
d and transmit-
ted through nerve cells, and different parts of the brain su
pport different
components of a given memory. My friend Gülgün make
s a shepherd’s
pie that, try as I might, I cannot replicate. My memory
of her making
shepherd’s pie includes the smell of browning turkey sau
sage; the colors
of the carrots and peas; my emotional response (which i
s weak-kneed
envy and gratitude); my understanding of the physical pr
ocedures (even
though it doesn’t taste the same when I prepare it); and,
above all, the
taste. These elements of my memory of Gülgün’s shepher
d’s pie are not
all encoded into one nerve cell but dispersed in variou
s parts of the
brain.
There Is Not Just One Kind of Memory
Memory takes many different forms. There is “long-
term memory,”
which is memory of events in the past. “Short-term
memory” is of events
that occurred recently (in approximately the last 18 seco
nds). “Working
memory” is the shortest of all; it encompasses the details
and numbers
we keep for only a few seconds until our brains decide t
hey won’t need
them anymore. We also have “episodic memory” (specific
events, people,
and information), “semantic memory” (relating to gener
al knowledge),
and “procedural memory” (relating to how we do things
). “I gave you
an apple yesterday” is an episodic memory, while “apples
are red” is a se-
mantic memory. Knowing what to do with an apple one i
s holding (eat
it, in most contexts) is procedural memory. Finally, we
have “implicit
memory” (or subconscious memory) and “explicit memor
y” (conscious).
Each one of these types of memory is stored in a different
way and in a
different place in the brain, so different disease processes
affect them in
unique ways. The result is that some people in the adva
nced stages of
Alzheimer’s disease, for example, can demonstrate learni
ng through im-
plicit and semantic memory even when their explicit a
nd/or episodic
memory is severely limited.
16 u n d e r s t a n d i n g o u r fea rs about dementia
What We Remember Is a Balance of Outside
and Inside Influences
“There is no point,” writes Maurice Halbwachs, “in seeki
ng where [mem-
ories] are preserved in my brain or in some nook of my
mind to which
I alone have access: for they are recalled by me externally
, and the groups
of which I am a part at any time give me the means
to reconstruct
them.” My maternal grandmother was a strong influen
ce on my life,
and I tell many stories about her. She taught me to ride h
orses, to make
a bed with hospital corners, and to love both the McNe
il-Lehrer news
show and Omar Sharif in Dr. Zhivago. But I notice that
when I’m talk-
ing with strangers, the stories I tell about Grandma Cant
well are quite
different from the ones I tell when I’m in the presence of
my mother or
my cousin—both of whom experienced a different
version of my grand-
mother, who could be, well, not so nice. In fact, she had a
healthy mean
streak. I want to be sensitive to their experiences, s
o I remember
Grandma slightly differently when I’m with them. I tell
stories that fit
their memories of her. Like the one about how after she
died, the fam-
ily found a small box with a hand-scrawled note that
said, “Congratula-
tions, you found my gold!” It contained her gold-filled
molars. That first
time I rode horses with Grandma, the encoded memor
ies physically
changed my brain. But every time I recall that story—
of how I ended
up in a pile of manure after she “encouraged” the horse t
o rear up and
then dared me to get back on—I create a new memory
that also physi-
cally changes my brain. And thus, the biological and soci
al components
of memory cannot be separated.
Similarly, I sometimes feel like I never went to colleg
e. I find it tough
to remember specific events during my 4 years there, whi
ch were, on the
whole, quite fulfilling. But when I went back to Colora
do Springs for
my twentieth college reunion in 2007, and my eyes trace
d the landscape
of red rocks and gnarled pines against the backdrop of Pi
ke’s Peak, I was
suddenly flooded with specific names, faces, and moment
s I had no idea
that I had retained.
My mother tells a story that demonstrates another
way in which
memory is a social process. Every year a friend of the fa
mily would give
us an amazing cheesecake for Christmas. Every year my
mother asked
for the recipe so we wouldn’t have to wait another 12 mo
nths to taste it,
and every year he said no. Out of desperation (she has
a serious sweet
tooth), my mother told him a story about two elderly sis
ters, both ex-
What Is (and Isn’t)
Memory? 17
My grandmother Alice Davis Cantwell. Photographer
unknown.
cellent cooks. Every time one of the sisters brought food t
o a sick friend
or a new mother in their neighborhood, she’d slip in a
meticulously
printed copy of the recipe. The other sister was equally
generous with
her cooking but never included the recipes. She preferred
to be needed.
Then, through an unfortunate act of fate, their house cau
ght fire. They
lost everything. With the help of friends, the sisters set
up house in a
new apartment. Slowly, their new home filled with food
, and attached
to each pot or pan were the recipes that the one sister ha
d so carefully
written out. The other sister’s recipes, however, disappear
ed in the fire.
I could tell the same story about backing up my c
omputer more
often, but you get the point. And so did our friend, who p
romptly gave
us the cheesecake recipe. And I remember him fondly e
very time I see
that sour cream topping crack golden brown. We rely on
external mem-
ory aids—other human beings, objects, or the
landscape—to process
18 u n d e r s t a n d i n g o u r f ears about dementia
and remember things we cannot successfully store and
retrieve our-
selves. Memory and story, and the selves we build with t
hem, are crafted
in relationship to the world around us—the people, the
places, and the
cultural influences. The world around us significantly i
nfluences how
we encode our experiences, how (and if ) we retrieve the
m, and how we
make meaning of them. Memory is, in other words, a rel
ational process.
Memory Is Not a Camera Aimed at the Past
In some ways, technology has provided us with mislead
ing metaphors
for memory. Thanks to the computer, the camera, and the
museum, we
have a tendency to think of a memory as a bit of infor
mation that is
stored away and can be retrieved on demand, as a photo
graph or video
that objectively captures all details of a moment, or as a
n artifact that,
with the right care, will remain intact for centuries. B
ut in reality, a
memory is none of these things. When information is en
coded, it does
create a physical change in the brain. But we filter retri
eved memories
through who we have become and all the subsequent exp
eriences we’ve
had since the moment that piece of information entered
our minds. A
memory is not an object preserved in the museum of our
minds. It is a
living, changeable thing that is shaped by who we are w
hen we encode
it and by who we are when we retrieve it. For example, I
remember the
game of “wild animal veterinarian” differently now, wit
h a lens of 42
years, from when I was 15.
Some Memory Loss Is Normal, Even Necessary
No one’s memory is perfect. Stories of those who have ne
arly perfect re-
call (“S” in A. R. Luria’s Mind of a Mnemonist, for
example, could re-
member extensive, random strings of numbers years a
fter he’d read
them) also describe these folks as being unable to functio
n normally in
society. Because our minds must process so much of our
daily lives, our
brains make calculated bets. They filter out what is not li
kely to be im-
portant to us later and retain what is. In The Seven Sins
of Memory: How
the Mind Forgets and Remembers, Daniel Schacter p
oints out the follow-
ing categories describing how human memory fails us. T
ransience is the
weakening of our memory over time and is to blame for t
he majority of
our memory problems. Absent mindedness keeps us fro
m paying enough
What Is (and Isn’t)
Memory? 19
attention to something to enable it to be properly encode
d in our mem-
ory. In this case, it’s not that I forget where I put my keys.
It’s that I was
so distracted by talking on my cell phone that I never put
the informa-
tion into my memory. Blocking refers to being unabl
e to retrieve a
specific piece of information. Transience, absent mindedn
ess, and block-
ing are all “sins” of omission. Schacter’s remaining four a
re sins of com-
mission in which the information is present, but as he wr
ites, it is either
“incorrect or unwanted.” These four “sins” include mi
sattribution, in
which we assign a memory to the wrong source; sugges
tibility, in which
a memory is implanted by someone else; bias, in which
current beliefs
influence how we retrieve a memory; and persistence, i
n which a disturb-
ing memory seems to haunt us. He argues, however, that
these “sins” are
not a fall from a state of memory perfection. Instead, thei
r purpose is to
keep us from remembering everything—and, in the pr
ocess, getting
hopelessly lost in the details of life. A certain amount of
forgetting is a
necessary and positive feature of our humanity.
Some age-related memory loss is normal. “It would
actually be quite
abnormal for someone not to have increasing memory
challenges in
their seventies, eighties, and beyond,” writes Peter Wh
itehouse. Still,
even if it is normal, that might not stop us from trying t
o conquer it.
Normal, age-related memory loss could become the new
wrinkles. Botox,
skin creams, and cosmetic surgery sprung up around o
ur disdain for
normal, aging skin, and now it seems the cognitive equi
valent of calis-
thenics is being touted as is the way to eliminate or hid
e normal, age-
related memory loss.
Memory Has a History
I counted no fewer than 20 books written in the last 5 yea
rs that offer to
improve your memory. Gaming companies have also
discovered the
“memory” market. “Give your brain the workout it needs
” reads the ad-
vertising for Brain Age and Brain Age2, the new “brain t
rainer” by Nin-
tendo. According to Schacter, the theories on which these
books rely are
largely the same as those that informed the visual mnemo
nics (or mem-
ory systems) of the early Greeks and inventions like Ca
millo’s Memory
Theatre in late medieval Italy. Simply put, the more we a
ssociate our ex-
periences with stories and images, the better we’ll be able
to encode and
retrieve them. “S” in Luria’s Mind of a Mnemonist cr
eated elaborate vi-
20 u n d e r s t a n d i n g o u r f ears about dementia
sualizations of stories that enabled him to recall those lo
ng lists of ran-
dom numbers, sometimes years later. But what has ch
anged between
Greek epic poems (recited from memory) and today’s Bl
ackberries?
Historians have dedicated entire careers to tackling
small pieces of
the great puzzle of memory and its partner, forgetting. N
o single book
can answer the multitude of questions that memory r
aises. How is
memory valued? How is memory practiced? How is
memory under-
stood? And each of these questions also begs to be answ
ered for every
cultural moment and every cultural context. I find Fre
nch historian
Jacques Le Goff ’s ideas helpful as an overarching fra
mework (even
though he looks at only Western culture, he aims his len
s primarily on
the fields of history and anthropology, and his view of the
earliest forms
of memory seems a little romantic). Le Goff identifies fi
ve major shifts
in how memory has been perceived during the course of
Western cul-
ture. In the first phase, which occurred before written lan
guage, memory
was creative, vital, free flowing, and alive. Exalted elder
s were charged
with being the memory of their tribes, groups, or famili
es. In the ab-
sence of externalizing devices (like the written word),
memory existed
in people’s minds and between them, and it was transpose
d onto nature
through ritual and spoken stories. Since there was no w
ritten form of
language at the time, we don’t know much about this ti
me period. It is
likely, however, that their ideas did filter down to those w
ho could cap-
ture them on paper.
Le Goff ’s second phase was initiated with the develo
pment of writ-
ten language and the externalization of memory—that is,
the storing or
recording it outside of our minds and spoken words. Wr
iting brought
with it the ability to inscribe meaning onto monuments. I
n this time pe-
riod, a king now had more control over how the story
of a particular
battle or of his life was told. Libraries, archives, and mus
eums began to
emerge as repositories for safeguarding the stories of urba
n, royal life. In
Greek culture, memory entered the realm of the divine i
n the form of
the goddess Mnemosyne (Memory), the mother of the ni
ne muses con-
ceived in nine nights spent with Zeus. As Greek philoso
phers wrestled
with the secular meaning of memory, the myth of Mne
mosyne tapped
into the human longing for immortality. To drink of the ri
ver Lethe, fed
by the springs of Oblivion, was to forget all earthly know
ledge—of pain
and pleasure alike. But to drink of the fountain of Mem
ory was to be-
come immortal. While they were still among the living,
mortals could
improve their memories through “mnemotechnology”—
mnemonic aids
What Is (and Isn’t)
Memory? 21
that enabled the great rhetoricians and poets of the day t
o speak with-
out notes.
Le Goff ’s third phase developed during the medieval p
eriod, in which
memory, particularly in Western Europe, became “Chris
tianized.” He
points to the Judeo-Christian roots of concepts of
memory and forget-
ting, in which forgetting God’s teachings is akin to aban
doning God and
to being abandoned by God in turn. The medieval perio
d also sees the
beginning of the memorializing of the dead, particularly
of dead saints.
Jewish and Christian communities alike kept libri mem
oriales, in which
the stories of important community members were record
ed. Much like
drinking of the fountain of Memory, being recorded in th
e libri memo-
riales was a means to becoming immortal, a way to live
on in the mem-
ory of your community for generations to come. Those
who were ex-
communicated were struck from the book and from the o
fficial memory
of the community. What I found most intriguing about
the medieval
period was the flowering of mnemotechnology. Elabor
ate maps and
symbolic systems that Frances Yates so beautifully captu
res in her 1966
book The Art of Memory make our contemporary co
mputer programs
and books on improving memory look crass and void of
imagination.
Yates tells of Camillo’s Memory Theater, which was a ro
om purposefully
and elaborately arranged with occult images. Supposedl
y, these images
told the story of the history of the universe, and if you co
ded your per-
sonal memories according to these symbols, you could r
emember your
entire life in a single moment.
Le Goff sees the fourth phase as nothing short of a tot
al revolution
in memory. During the Renaissance, the advent of the
printing press
transformed memory by making it more external than it
had ever been
before. More and more, memory was something you res
earched, com-
piled, and archived, not something you held in your m
ind. After the
printing press, one didn’t need Camillo’s Memory Theat
er to organize
one’s mind—one needed an assistant to organize one’s
filing cabinets
and mementos. The sheer volume of information to
which regular
people (i.e., not priests or kings) had access swelled to an
enormous pro-
portion in comparison to what information people could
expect to keep
in their heads alone. Archives sprang up. The number
of memorials,
museums, and commemorative events all increased dra
matically, sug-
gesting that we needed help to remember what we would
otherwise for-
get. Aristocrats began to write memoirs in the mid-
1500s. Dictionaries
and encyclopedias were developed to catalog and captur
e the meaning
22 u n d e r s t a n d i n g o u r f ears about dementia
of words and ideas. A series of revolutions (French, Ame
rican, Russian)
encouraged the opening of the doors of private museum
s and libraries
to the public.
In the twentieth century, Le Goff points to two import
ant develop-
ments in how we understand memory. First is what he s
ees as the pin-
nacle of honoring the dead—the creation of the Tomb of
the Unknown
Soldier. This elaborate marking of a nameless individual
was meant to
bring together a nation through one symbolic act of colle
ctive memory.
Second is photography. Suddenly, what we could see
hazily in our
mind’s eye, we could now compare to the eye of the cam
era. Suddenly,
memory was visual. Photography has completely revolut
ionized the way
we think about and practice individual and family memo
ry, just as it has
radically transformed our expectations of memory. As ca
meras and film
went down in price and photography became more access
ible to middle-
class families, people came to expect photographs of
the significant
events of their lives, as well as the everyday moments th
at would other-
wise be filtered out by our mind’s selective processes.
The fifth phase Le Goff outlines is our own time perio
d. Today, elec-
tronic media create a flood of “data” that we struggle to
“manage.” Le
Goff characterizes technological innovations after 1950 a
s engendering
another radical transformation in memory, and I agree.
Computers get
smaller and smaller and their chips store more and more
memory. What
we have the capacity to remember outside of our individ
ual brains now
seems endless. What does this ability do to our desire to r
emember? How
does it affect our expectations of individual memory? In
my own life I
have countless objects that might be considered memory “
prosthetics”—
computers, journals, photo albums, scrapbooks, flash dri
ves, Palm Pi-
lots, even old-fashioned, hand-drawn calendars that I
hang on my re-
frigerator in a desperate attempt to make sure I am wher
e I need to be
when I need to be there. In the last decade, big box store
s such as Tar-
get and Wal-Mart have added entire aisles dedicated to
scrapbooking,
enabling young and old alike to creatively select, arrang
e, and preserve
the moments of their lives. A new field has been invented
: “personal his-
torians” now have a professional organization to help
them market
themselves to people who don’t want to (or don’t feel the
y can) write the
story and gather the artifacts of their own lives. Cameras
are a standard
feature on our cell phones and can take still or moving pi
ctures that can
be instantly emailed to friends or uploaded to YouTube.
Retired com-
puter engineer Gordon Bell is hard at work storing hi
s entire life—
What Is (and Isn’t)
Memory? 23
everything he sees, everything he does—in a computer
program called
MyLifeBits that Microsoft hopes will appeal to aging
baby boomers.
There are now companies that will even make video colla
ges of your life
and embed them in your gravestone. Perhaps soon we’
ll need “quiet
zones” in cemeteries like we now need “quiet cars” on tra
ins.
It seems that we now have both the tools and the desi
re to remem-
ber everything. But why? And do we really need or wa
nt to? Have we
come to focus so much on the collection and preservation
of the data of
our lives that we’ve lost the ability to live in the moment
? The amount
of information available and the speed with which is it pr
oduced in the
early twenty-first century has been the topic of much talk
among schol-
ars and writers. Some see it as being accompanied by a
decay of “tradi-
tion,” of the large, mythic stories that used to help us org
anize ourselves
and our individual identities and to establish our purpose
and our paths
in life. Without these epic stories, the massive flow of in
formation can
seem like musical notes without a score—without
rhythm or harmony.
How can we be expected to order all this information? H
ow can we pos-
sibly remember things if they are without form? The Gre
eks used rhyme
and meter to commit their enormous epic poems to me
mory. Camillo
used occult images to organize memories in his Memor
y Theater. In-
formation is almost impossible for us to retain if it do
es not form a
pattern. Indeed, our period, sometimes called “postmod
ern,” is often
described as one in which people are suffering from “so
cial amnesia.”
Ironically, some have even equated it with the conditions
of dementia or
schizophrenia.
Over the long sweep of Western history, we have mov
ed from expe-
riencing memory as a vital living thing existing inside of
and between us
toward thinking of it as something outside of us that we
purchase and
maintain. Perhaps one thing has stayed the same. Wheth
er we drink of
the Greek fountain of Memory, whether we get ourselve
s written into
the medieval libri memoriales, or whether we record ou
r lives using Micro-
soft’s MyLifeBits, memory seems to promise us a way ou
t of our shrink-
ing brains and frail bodies and into immortality. As we f
ocus our labor
on the act of remembering, both for ourselves and for f
uture genera-
tions, we also exacerbate the shame and fear surrounding
forgetting and
the human frailty, dependency, and mortality with whic
h forgetting is
linked.
Memory is nothing if not complex. The “seven sins”
of memory en-
able us to select the most important things to remember
from among
24 u n d e r s t a n d i n g o u r f ears about dementia
the flood of information that washes over us in any given
moment. We
encode and distribute these experiences in multiple wa
ys throughout
our brains and bodies. What we select to remember will
depend on who
we are. Who we are, in turn, is built out of what we have
selected to re-
member. The cultural moment, the environment, and th
e reasons we
want to recall a piece of information all influence how
we will arrange
and interpret those memories.
The formulas “self memory” and “loss of memory
loss of self,”
which inform so much of our thinking about people with
dementia and
determine how we care for them, seem terribly simplisti
c once we rec-
ognize the intense complexity of memory. Can a me
mory truly be
“lost”? Or is it simply inaccessible? Can a portion of a
memory be re-
trievable while other parts are not? Just how much mem
ory loss means a
loss of self ? And how can we tell? Aren’t some kinds of
new memories
possible for people to encode and access even in late sta
ges of what we
call Alzheimer’s disease? It seems, given the remaining m
ysteries and in-
tense complexity of memory, that it would be wise to rig
orously exam-
ine our obsessions with memory, adjust our expectati
ons, and help
people with memory loss better encode, trigger, and expr
ess their mem-
ories before we declare them lost.
When we look across history, we can see how our soci
ety has increas-
ingly put pressure on us to store an ever greater number
of memories
and to have them at the ready for recall. To more fully u
nderstand this
pressure to remember and the anxiety that forgetting eng
enders, I look
at specific cultural evidence—the stories we tell about
memory loss in
the mainstream, in film and on television. What do the
y tell us about
how we value memory? What do they tell us about memo
ry loss? Under-
standing the stories we tell about memory loss, and ho
w those stories
affect us, is the next step on the journey of working throu
gh our fears of
memory loss and improving the quality of life of those
who have de-
mentia and those who care for them.
2
The Danger of Stories
How Stereotypes and the Stigma of
Aging
and Dementia Can Hurt Us
F If not turned round when we entered, answered whe
n we spoke, or
minded what we did, but if every person we met “cut
us dead,” and
acted as if we were non-existing things, a kind of
rage and impotent
despair would ere long well up in us, from which the
cruelest bodily
tortures would be a relief; for these would make us fe
el that, how-
ever bad might be our plight, we had not sunk to suc
h a depth as to
be unworthy of attention at all.
William James
Think about the words “memory loss.” What images co
me to mind?
How about “dementia”? “Alzheimer’s disease”?
Where do those images come from? Personal experie
nce? The expe-
rience of friends? The public image machines of televisi
on, film, radio,
web, or print media? If you don’t have strong, immediat
e memories of
you, your family, or friends going through the experien
ce, it might be
hard to think of a source. That’s because popular culture
belongs to the
world of implicit memory. You can’t recall it consciou
sly, but it still
influences you. You might even adopt it as your own e
xperience. For
years I was convinced I had been to the bottom of the G
rand Canyon.
Then, by happenstance, I caught a glimpse of a rerun of T
he Brady Bunch,
and I realized, watching them bouncing down the trail on
donkeys, that
my memory of my Grand Canyon trip wasn’t mine at all.
Pop culture is
the background noise of our lives. But this begs a bigger q
uestion. If pop
cultural images of aging and dementia aren’t in our consc
ious memory, do
they have any impact on our lives or on the lives of others
?
The answer is, “Yes.” From the fodder of popular cu
lture, we can
form stereotypes of older people, which include stere
otypes of people
with dementia. We apply those stereotypes to others an
d to ourselves
(self-stereotypes). If we hold fast to stereotypes of aging,
even when we
26 u n d e r s t a n d i n g o u r f ears about dementia
see evidence to the contrary, we develop a bias against
older people. If
we act on those biases, avoiding older adults, treating th
em disrespect-
fully or worse, we are practicing discrimination. Bias a
nd discrimination
are evidence of stigma. In his 1963 book, Stigma: Not
es on the Manage-
ment of Spoiled Identity, Erving Goffman takes us back
to the early Greek
use of the term, which referred to the marks that were cut
or burned into
the flesh of people to show that they were slaves, crimin
als, or traitors.
In contemporary usage, “stigma” refers to an attribute th
at deeply dis-
credits a person, marking him or her as thoroughly bad,
dangerous, or
weak. In Goffman’s words, a stigmatized person is “reduce
d in our minds
from a whole and usual person to a tainted, discounted o
ne.”
Little research has been done that specifically explore
s the stigma of
and bias against people with dementia. There isn’t even a
good word to
describe the expression of bias against someone with de
mentia, other
than the general term “ageism,” the demonstration of bias
against older
adults. The general categories of “healthism” and “able
ism” get some
play among people who study disabilities. There are the
awkward terms
“athazagoraphobia” (fear of forgetting) and “dementoph
obia” (fear of
insanity), but “athazism” and “dementism” don’t exact
ly roll off the
tongue. So for now, we must study the bias against peopl
e with demen-
tia through two lenses: ageism and the stigma of mental
illness.
Compared to racism and sexism, we know little about
the roots and
mechanics of ageism. Because a fear of and prejudice agai
nst older people
is still assumed to be normal (“of course, we’re afraid of
that!” goes the
logic), it is wildly understudied. Some theorists explain a
geism by suggest-
ing that it has an evolutionary function and that negative
feelings about
old people are rooted in our primal instincts to avoid
death. We do
know a few things about ageism. On the whole, people s
ee older adults
as “warm” but “incompetent.” We like them but find the
m useless—a
sentiment dangerously close to pity. Amy Cuddy, Micha
el Norton, and
Susan Fiske, the researchers who uncovered this deme
aning attitude,
had hoped that it would be limited to Western cultures,
which revere
physical appearance and individual independence. But w
hen they stud-
ied Asian cultures, in which an individual is more fully
knitted into a
community or collective identity, they were disappointe
d to find that
even in these more collective cultures, the stereotypes of
old people were
the same: warm but incompetent. It seems that negati
ve stereotypes
about aging accompany globalization—at least among
the people who
responded to Cuddy, Norton, and Fiske’s surveys.
The Danger
of Stories 27
Mary Lou Hummert’s work in stereotypes of aging la
id the ground-
work for the field. In a study published in 1990, Hum
mert outlines
common positive and negative stereotypes of older peop
le held by the
young and old alike. On the positive side, stereotypes of a
ging include the
“Golden Ager,” the “Perfect Grandparent,” the “Activist,
” the “Small-
Town Neighbor,” and the “John Wayne Conservative.” O
n the negative
side, stereotypes of aging ranged from the “Shrew/Curmu
dgeon” and the
“Elitist” to the “Mildly Impaired,” the “Severely Impair
ed,” the “Vul-
nerable,” and the “Despondent” older person. Hummert f
ound that the
older the person, the more likely it is that he or she will b
e seen through
the lens of negative stereotypes.
How do older adults themselves describe the experie
nce of ageism?
Erdman Palmore, who has done extensive research on agi
ng and stereo-
types, found that when he polled older adults, they report
ed that incidents
of ageism are widespread and frequent in their lives. Pa
lmore’s surveys
show that ageism manifests itself in disrespect or the as
sumption that
older people are disabled in some way by their age (that
they have, for
example, hearing loss or dementia).
Clearly, negative stereotypes about aging are resulti
ng in bias and
discrimination. And how does the stigma of age and d
ementia affect
those confronted with it? For one thing, it might shorten
their lives. A
study by Becca Levy, Stanislaw Fasl, and Suzanne Kun
kel found that
negative self-images about aging among elderly people
were associated
with an average loss of 7.5 years from their life expectanc
y. The research
team seemed shocked by these results. In the conclusion
of their article,
the researchers suggest that if this loss of 7.5 years was
due to a virus,
there would be major research dollars fueling a high-
stakes search for a
cure. But because negative attitudes about aging are assu
med to be “nor-
mal,” we seem resigned to give up 7.5 years of life.
Other studies suggest that a certain amount of cogniti
ve loss might
be triggered by the way other people treat you. In a study
of people liv-
ing in nursing homes, a group of older people were give
n a puzzle and
told that, because it was hard, they would receive “help” t
o complete it.
Those who were “helped” with the puzzle had more probl
ems complet-
ing it than those who weren’t.
In another study, Becca Levy found that people in cu
ltures isolated
from negative imagery about aging showed higher cogn
itive function-
ing. And in yet another study, Levy and colleagues fo
und that when
older adults were exposed to positive images about ag
ing, they per-
28 u n d e r s t a n d i n g o u r f ears about dementia
formed better on cognitive tests. When older adults were
exposed to neg-
ative images about aging and cognitive abilities, howev
er, their scores
dropped. In the conclusion to this last study, Levy’s team
toys with two
interpretations: “The pessimistic one is that older indivi
duals’ memory
capabilities can be damaged by self-stereotypes that are
derived from a
prevalent and insidious stereotype about aging. Specific
ally, the stereo-
type that memory decline is inevitable can become
a self-fulfilling
prophecy.” The optimistic reading of the study is that “m
emory decline
is not inevitable.” Sticks and stones may break our bones
, but names, it
seems, can drop our scores on cognitive tests.
This is not to say that stereotypes cause dementia.
The “memory de-
cline” that Levy’s research team refers to is not a disease
but falls within
the realm of “normal” aging. It is clear, however, that s
tereotypes can
influence the way a person experiences both aging and
dementia. Age
stereotypes can yield patronizing behaviors like speaking
in a high perky
voice, talking only of simple subjects (“How about th
at weather!”),
using overly simple words in a singsong pitch, giving ex
aggerated praise
(“Oh! That’s so good, Mr. Miller!”), or ignoring, dismis
sing, or outright
avoiding an older person. People with dementia common
ly describe the
experience of doctors and nurses talking past them, inste
ad addressing
their spouse or care partner. Not surprisingly, residents
in long-term
care respond to being patronized by withdrawing from
activities, and
they report having less personal control and less self-
esteem.
The stigma surrounding dementia can also keep peop
le from asking
about and getting the services that might make their lives
better. A 2006
survey sponsored by the Alzheimer’s Foundation of Amer
ica and Forest
Pharmaceuticals asked caregivers if and when they took t
heir loved one
to be diagnosed. The survey found that typical patient
s experienced
symptoms for just over 2 years before receiving the Alzh
eimer’s diagno-
sis. In some cases, it was as long as 6 years before a diagn
osis was sought.
Why the delay? Just over half of all caregivers in the sur
vey (57 percent)
mentioned that fear of stigma, including “their own fear
of stigma, the
patient’s fear of stigma, the patient not wanting to see the
doctor, and/or
the caregiver not wanting to think something could be wr
ong with their
loved one” contributed to the delay in diagnosis. Those c
aregivers who
specifically mention their own and/or their loved one’s fe
ar of stigma (14
percent of a total of 539 caregivers interviewed) reported
that their loved
one waited even longer than the average 2 years for diag
nosis. Instead,
this group waited 39.5 months on average to receive a di
agnosis.
The Danger
of Stories 29
Researchers still have not found a way to tell us if a
nd how fear of
and negative attitudes toward dementia directly affect th
e daily lives of
people with dementia. But a concept known as “identity
threat,” bor-
rowed from more general studies of how stigma affects u
s, can be help-
ful here. Identity threat is just what it sounds like. It
happens when
someone’s identity is threatened by stigma, either from
the outside or
from their own self-doubts that lead them to tumble t
oward a self-
fulfilling prophecy. The damage can happen when the th
reat is greater
than what the person’s coping skills can handle. Things
like being ex-
posed to media images that reinforce stigmas (by, for exa
mple, watching
a movie in which people with dementia are seen solely as
objects of pity)
or being compelled to reveal a stigmatized condition (b
y, for instance,
being asked to take a cognitive test) can raise the identi
ty threat level.
When someone threatens our identity, our stress levels go
up. For people
with dementia, increases in stress can mean that valuab
le and already
taxed cognitive resources get used up. People who are sti
gmatized are at
greater risk for depression, hypertension, coronary hea
rt disease, and
stroke than people who aren’t stigmatized.
How do we learn to stigmatize dementia? How do w
e learn negative
attitudes toward aging and dementia? The same way we
learn anything
else—by watching and repeating. In still another study
with Becca Levy
on the team, researchers found that older adults who watc
hed television
had significantly worse attitudes about aging than those
who did not.
The good news is that Levy and colleagues also found t
hat simply by
thinking critically about what they were seeing, those
same older adults
could break television’s spell. Those older viewers who k
ept a journal of
their reactions to what they saw had less negative attitud
es about aging
and more negative attitudes about television itself. Some
even vowed to
stop watching it.
Encouraging media literacy about aging might wel
l mitigate the
health hazards of watching television. Encouraging peo
ple to turn off
the television might just get a few more people out wal
king (and im-
proving their physical and cognitive health) as well. But
some care part-
ners rely on the television to absorb the attention of their
loved one with
dementia, thereby allowing them critical moments of
focus and rest
during the day. Television can also be a vital source of n
ews and infor-
mation. Completely turning off the television might not
be the right so-
lution. I hold out hope that the images of aging and dem
entia in mass
media can become more balanced. Much of this book i
s dedicated to
30 u n d e r s t a n d i n g o u r f ears about dementia
face remind you
of the grim specter of Death?
homer: (pause) Yes, but there’s more. (sits down on the
couch)
Dad, I love you, but—(angry) you’re a weird, sore-
headed old crank
and nobody likes you!
abe: Consarn it! I guess I am an old crank. But what am
I going to do
about it?
(On TV, mellow music plays and three old people dri
nk Buzz Cola. Suddenly,
they’re transformed into partiers. An old man wi
th an H. R. Beck guitar
wears Hawaiian shorts.)
old man: One sip and I’m totally hip!
a n n o u n c e r : Buzz Cola. There’s a little boogie in every b
ottle.
abe: Holy smokes, that’s it! From now on I’m thinkin’, act
in’, and lookin’
young, and I’m gonna start with a bottle of Buzz Cola.
(grabs it from Homer, starts to chug)
Oh! Ah! Ow! The bubbles are burning my tongue! O
w! Oh! Water!
Water!
Part Two
T H E S TO R I E S W E T E L L
ABOUT DEMENTIA IN
P O P U L A R C U LT U R E
F The most erroneous stories are those we think we kno
w best—and
therefore never scrutinize or question.
Steven Jay Gould
The stories we tell about dementia in the mainstream m
edia create the
backdrop against which we forge our understandings of
and attitudes
toward it. So what exactly are we seeing and hearing ab
out memory loss
in the mainstream media? Not much. In fact, there aren’t
many images
of older people at all in popular culture. Estimates tell
us that people
over 65 are 17 percent of the population, yet they make
up only 2 per-
cent of characters on television. These 2 percent of chara
cters are largely
a blend of extremes; the absurdly fit, funny, and sexy or t
he severely dis-
abled. Although the numbers of older characters will incr
ease (and likely
have since the 2 percent figure was derived) as marketers
vie for the buy-
ing power of the growing numbers of people cresting 65,
the way older
people are depicted will likely remain the same, with th
e most extreme
images appearing in commercials. The disparity in repr
esentation and
the stereotyping on television are mirrored in popular fi
lm and main-
stream magazines. One television studio executive ratio
nalized the low
percentage of elderly characters by explaining that youn
g people don’t
want to watch older people, but older people remember
being young
and will watch younger people.
There is little information on the prevalence of imag
ery of demen-
tia. Those numbers are hidden inside the figures of “negati
ve” images and
stereotypes of aging. But my interest isn’t in the numbers.
It doesn’t take
a hundred stories about dementia to create a paralyzing f
eeling of dread
and to atrophy public will to change our broken system
of long-term
care; a few horrible images or the general absence of im
ages can do the
job just as effectively.
32 the st o ri es we tell about dementia
Dementia, particularly the most common form of d
ementia, Alz-
heimer’s disease, began to appear on the public radar afte
r the formation
of the first national Alzheimer’s association in 1980. T
he Alzheimer’s
Disease and Related Disorders Association (ADRDA), wh
ich changed its
name to the Alzheimer’s Association in 1988, took as one
of its charges the
challenge of raising public awareness of Alzheimer’s
disease. Their
efforts bore early fruit in public service announcements
with celebrities
(like Jack Lemmon in 1982), Senate hearings, trade b
ooks, a pivotal
“Dear Abby” column in 1980 (which generated more th
an 30,000 re-
sponse letters), and mainstream magazine articles. The
se early efforts
were meant to crack open a public space for the long, st
range, almost
unpronounceable word “Alzheimer’s.” If the associatio
n was to serve
families (another goal), those families had to know the
name of what
they had and whom to call for help. If it was to raise m
oney to find a
cure (another goal), policy makers had to know it was a
disease with dire
individual, familial, and societal consequences.
Before the 1980s, as Jesse Ballenger adroitly shows i
n Self, Senility,
and Alzheimer’s Disease in Modern America, what
we now know as de-
mentia was largely thought of as “senility.” In the scienti
fic community,
Alzheimer’s disease was commonly thought of as a dise
ase only if it hit
someone in his or her 40s, 50s, or 60s, what is now consi
dered the prime
years of one’s working and family life. To turn this ship a
round—to pen-
etrate the American consciousness, to engage the country
’s political will,
and to challenge scientific tradition—the message abo
ut Alzheimer’s
disease would have to be strong indeed.
And it was. “The Agony of Azheimer’s Disease” rea
ds the cover of
Newsweek in 1984. The accompanying article is called “
A Slow Death of
the Mind.” The Senate Subcommittee on Aging hearin
g in 1983 was
called “Endless Night, Endless Mourning: Living with Al
zheimer’s.” The
tone of these early messages reverberates today. These sto
ries figured de-
mentia wholly as a tragedy, a tragedy for the persons wi
th the disease,
for families, and for society at large. They painted the di
sease with the
largest brushes they could find, representing it as an e
pidemic with
enormous financial costs that threaten the economic s
ecurity of the
country. Because the cost of care was imagined to be eco
nomically cata-
strophic, massive investment in a scientific solution was s
een as the only
real hope. Further, as Ballenger points out, the Nationa
l Institute on
Aging (NIA), founded in 1974, was deeply invested in th
ese stories. NIA
founders needed to separate normal “aging” from diseas
e so that they
the st o ri es we tell about d
ementia 33
Fifteen years
ago, there were approximately 500,000 Americans wi
th Alzheimer’s.
Today there are 5 million.” Produced and directed by Eliz
abeth Arledge,
The Forgetting played to eight million viewers and dr
ew an estimated
one million people to the corresponding Web site in the
first year. This
is far more than the estimated 100,000 copies of the book
in circulation.
36 the st o ri es we tell about dementia
We’re in the mid-
dle of an epidemic. We absolutely have to stop this disea
se. There’s just
no choice. As a nation, as an economy, as a civilization,
we have to end
it now.” The film’s language and use of numbers can be a
little mislead-
ing. “Epidemic” has multiple meanings. It can mean “c
ontagious.” It
can also mean “excessively prevalent.” Certainly Shenk
means the latter,
but the panic associated with the first meaning lends we
ight to his de-
scription (and the subtitle of his book: Portrait of an E
pidemic). Further,
the claim that 15 years ago there were only 500,000 cases
and now there
are 5 million doesn’t take into account the fact that 15
years ago, Alz-
heimer’s disease was largely considered “senility” or seni
le dementia and
was not widely diagnosed. Most researchers agree that thi
s dramatic boost
in the numbers is due to a combination of more people liv
ing longer and
a greater willingness among doctors to diagnose the condi
tion.
The Forgetting’s story of the scientific race for answ
ers is riveting. The
film follows Dr. Steven DeKosky, then at the University
of Pittsburgh,
from his visits with patients, to his lab, and through his
quest to find a
substance that helps researchers see the impact of the
disease on the
brain via neuroimaging. The stakes are clearly high—
families are suffer-
Memory Loss in the M
ainstream 37
however, 17 articles appeared, which was the same perio
d during which
the FDA approved the drug Exelon and just a few years af
ter Aricept was
approved to treat mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease
(1996). The 25
articles that appeared between 1991 and 2001 were told
almost exclu-
sively from the medical perspective. The disease was des
cribed as “fear-
some, relentless, and aggressive.” Not one article feature
d the perspec-
tive of the person experiencing the disease.
This was a time of battle cry, of ringing the alarm abo
ut Alzheimer’s
disease as loudly as possible. As I’ve said before, the e
xperience of de-
mentia is hard. It can take a heavy emotional, physical, a
nd financial toll
on families. Certainly, getting the word out about the dis
ease is crucial
if our goal is to raise funds to study it and to encourage
people to find
their way get to help. But it’s important that we see what
gets left on the
cutting room floor during the making of such tragic stori
es. And it’s im-
portant to acknowledge that the tragic story, in which
science is the
white knight, tells only part of it.
There is another kind of tragic story, one that doesn’t
focus on sci-
ence for hope. How do these stories work? How do the
y differ from
those situated within a medical framework?
4
Tightly Told Tragedies
of Dementia
Then versus Now
F [Alzheimer’s] robs not only the person who has it but
the family
members—their memories of who that person was
are threatened to
be replaced by the stranger that comes to live in that
body.
Leeza Gibbons
The story of dementia as tragedy also appears in books, t
elevision shows,
and movies that aren’t focused on the scientific promise f
or cure. In this
group of stories, like in the film version of The Forgetti
ng, there is a sharp
contrast between who the person was then, and who the
person is now.
These stories climax in a moment when the two worlds (t
hen and now)
come together to reach some sort of harmony. This clima
x is commonly
a moment of sudden lucidity—in which a woman
suddenly recognizes
her husband, or a father clearly expresses himself to his
son—but can
also be a moment of clarity for the caregiver about his or
her perspective
on the disease.
As in Greek and Shakespearian tragedy, in which a fa
ll is more pro-
nounced when taken from the height of kings, these stori
es most com-
monly involve people who stand out, people with extrao
rdinary hearts
and minds. “Alzheimer’s has hit Hollywood in the heart”
was the pitch of
the commercial break of the Maury Povich show in 1992,
which featured
actresses Shelly Fabares and Angie Dickinson. “They n
ever thought it
could happen to them,” said Povich, suggesting that c
elebrities, our
modern-day kings and queens, thought their status
would keep them
arm’s length from dementia. Instead, it hit Fabares’s mot
her and Dick-
inson’s sister.
On a 1987 episode of Oprah, a husband and his child
ren shared their
story of losing his wife and their mother on a trip to New
York City. It’s
terrible to imagine the elegant Mr. Gilbert, methodicall
y walking the
streets, taping up posters, looking for his wife, replayin
g the words of
Tightly Told Tragedies of
Dementia 41
police that the longer it takes, the less likely it is she’ll b
e found alive. A
random stroke of luck (and the help of a homeless woma
n) led him to
his wife, who was resting in a park, miles from where she’
d last been seen.
Mr. Gilbert was careful to establish that his wife was very
intelligent, that
she worked at the Library of Congress. His emotions wer
e raw, and as a
viewer, I thought he was simply pointing out that he neve
r expected this
to happen to her, to him, to his family. Certainly dement
ia is no easier
when it strikes someone less conventionally “smart”—
someone, say, with
developmental disabilities or with Down syndrome, for e
xample. But sto-
ries of everyday folks with everyday lives and intelligen
ce aren’t as dra-
matic and their prime-time appeal isn’t as high, so we
seldom see them.
Perhaps the most dramatic mainstream story of this k
ind—empha-
sizing a Shakespearian fall from great heights—came in
1994, when the
Reagan family shared the news that former President R
onald Reagan
had been diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease. This story
barely needed
explanation. It was enough to say “President Reagan” an
d “Alzheimer’s”
in the same sentence to convey the magnitude of his tr
agic fall. The
news coverage—national, local, urban, rural—did mor
e to bring the
term “Alzheimer’s” into the consciousness of Americans t
han any movie,
magazine article, public service announcement, or boo
k. The major
news coverage burst forth again in 2004, when Reagan
died and the
Alzheimer’s Association was designated as one of the thr
ee official me-
morial charities.
One of the first mainstream films about Alzheimer’s f
ollows a high-
stakes then/now tragic storyline. Starring Joann Woodwa
rd, Do You Re-
member Love? appeared on television in 1987. Bright p
iano music opens
the film behind images of Barbara (Woodward) and
George Hollis
(Richard Kiley) out for a vigorous, uphill bike ride thr
ough lush, late
summer foliage. The opening collage of images establish
es their lives as
filled with fun (they joke about fishing), romance (com
plete with fire-
side sexual innuendo: “I’ll keep you warm”), and intell
ectual challenge
(they recite poems to each other over wine). The first si
gn of difficulty
comes early in the film, when a friend points out that Bar
bara, a professor
of poetry, is headed the wrong way to her classroom. In th
e next scene, we
learn that Barbara is exceptional—she’s up for tenure
(without a PhD!)
and is being considered for a prestigious Longfellow Aw
ard for poetry.
Right away, we know these two themes—her increasing
confusion and
her increasing professional recognition—are headed for
collision.
And in the final moments of Do You Remember Lo
ve? they do. Hav-
42 the st o ri es we tell about dementia
ing lost her job, been taken into custody for making a sp
ectacle of her-
self in a public park, and alienated her closest friends, Ba
rbara wins the
Longfellow Award. Her family rallies around her, sitti
ng in support
while she goes up to accept the award on her own. Whe
n she fumbles,
her husband joins her onstage, explaining his wife’s chall
enges to the au-
dience without a trace of shame. Written and produced
before science
had made much progress on Alzheimer’s, Do You Reme
mber Love? is the
tragic story of a bright, poetic light burning out before it
s time and her
family’s journey toward acceptance. It edges toward m
elodrama in its
predictably drawn characters (there’s a good professor an
d a bad profes-
sor), but it was also enormously brave—it tackled an
illness almost un-
heard of at the time and included a scene in the couple’s
bed in which
Woodward screams at her husband, “Give it to me!” The
blend of raw
anger, sexual desire, illness, and older actors should hav
e been enough
to make most networks pull the plug.
John Bayley’s memoir Elegy for Iris and Nicholas S
parks’s novel The
Notebook, both published in 1999, share similar storylin
es. Bayley’s book
tells of a woman elevated by a great mind (Iris Murdoc
h) and Sparks’s
of a woman, Allie, filled with a great love (for The No
tebook’s fictional
husband, Noah). Both books were also made into majo
r motion pic-
tures. Iris premiered in 2001 (the year the book version
of The Forget-
ting was published), and The Notebook premiered in 20
04 (the year The
Forgetting appeared on PBS).
Iris juxtaposes the philosophical language and deep
thought of the
young Iris as she navigates her world of classrooms, dinn
er parties, and
gatherings of great minds with the older Iris, enrapt by t
he Teletubbies
and reading for a doctor as her words drop “like dead bird
s.” The film is
beautifully made and acted (by Kate Winslet, Judi Dench
, and Jim Broad-
bent, among others). It tells the story of Murdoch’s life an
d recounts Bay-
ley’s struggle to find reason or meaning—some sort of
sense—in the dis-
sonance between her life before and her life with Alz
heimer’s. John
Bayley’s character in the book and in the film ultimately
concludes that
Iris was always a mystery in his life. She would disappe
ar for periods of
time, had affairs with figures (men and women) who rem
ained shadowy
to him. Murdoch’s Alzheimer’s seems to perpetuate that
mystery. Except
rather than hiding behind closed doors, Iris hid deep in t
he recesses of
her mind. The story of Iris is one of tremendous loss, n
ot just for the
person of Iris Murdoch but also for humankind—who
lost what she
might have created had she not developed Alzheimer’s. F
or John Bayley,
Tightly Told Tragedies of
Dementia 43
however, the book and the film tell the story of a growing
clarity. As Iris
moved deeper into Alzheimer’s and her world narrowed
, her need for
him and his role in her life finally became clear to him.
This free spirit
and great mind finally needed his care.
Science provides little help for Iris, and neither the bo
ok nor the film
expresses hope. The doctors have no medicines to offer, a
nd their only
advice is a cold slap of reality—“and it will get
worse.” The book and
film are particularly sobering in light of the latest scienti
fic messages—
that cognitive exercise and social networks can help buil
d “cognitive re-
serves” to stave off the effects of dementia. One can’t ima
gine someone
more cognitively fit or socially supported than Iris Murd
och.
I had a love/hate relationship with the film The Not
ebook. I vividly
remember standing in the line for tickets for a Tuesday af
ternoon mati-
nee. The teenage girls at the front of line asked for ticket
s to The Note-
book. The people behind them, who looked to be a 60-
year-old man and
his 80-year-old mother, asked for tickets to the same
film. I got my tick-
ets and made my way down the winding corridors to the
theater. There
were maybe 20 people there. Half were high schoolers, dr
awn to the film
to see Ryan Gosling and Rachel McAdams, two young ri
sing stars. The
other half were over 60, drawn to the film, I imagine, t
o watch James
Garner and Gena Rowlands play the older counterparts t
o Gosling and
McAdams, whose love perseveres through class differenc
es, family pres-
sures, and what the film calls “senile dementia.”
And then there was me. I went to The Notebook to
see how it por-
trayed the experience of dementia. What story was it telli
ng? I loved the
fact that there were equal numbers of people under 20
and over 60
crunching overpriced popcorn at the same afternoon
matinee. Such
common meeting grounds are rare. But with what story
would the au-
dience walk away?
In The Notebook, a dapper, elderly gentleman ( Jam
es Garner) reads
to a well-coifed but somewhat blank-looking woman
(Gena Rowlands)
in a stunning, white plantation-like nursing home. The
story he tells her
chronicles a passionate love affair between a young cou
ple, Noah and
Allie, who must cross the tracks several times to find eac
h other. As the
film shifts between the young lovers and the older couple
, we gradually
realize that the older Noah is reading the story of their li
ves to Allie in
the hopes that the strength of their passion will bring her
out of the fog
of dementia. Noah’s story seems to entertain Allie, but he
r eyes show she
has no memory of her husband—then or now.
44 the st o ri es we tell about dementia
The Notebook stretches our understanding of demen
tia to the limit.
The older Allie is gorgeous (at least 2 hours of primping
per day would
be my guess), and she follows the story Noah reads to h
er quite easily.
She asks coherent questions. She doesn’t stumble over wo
rds. She simply
can’t remember him. The film suggests that the strengt
h of her hus-
band’s love is enough to pull her out of her confusion fo
r several brief
moments and one rather extended moment. At film’s end
, the strength
of the love they share is enough to pull them both, sim
ultaneously it
seems, into a peaceful sleep from which they never awak
en. This heav-
ily sentimentalized film was hard for me to watch. But
at least it was
democratic. We view the young couple’s story through t
he same rose-
tinted lens as that of the old couple. The hope here was n
ot in a cure but
rather that a tremendously powerful love could bring abo
ut one last mo-
ment of clarity and then pull one into death and relieve o
ne’s suffering.
The storylines of these three films (The Notebook, I
ris, and Do You
Remember Love? ) are similar. They tell a tragic tale
of loss, a fall from
heights of greatness (intellect, talent, and/or love). The
husband faces
the challenge of helping his wife through this loss. Wil
l he be able to
handle it? Will he protect or even “rescue” her, as James
Garner does?
None of the husbands is a saint. John Bayley’s housekee
ping habits are
downright disgusting. But each finds nobility in the fin
al moments of
these loss stories. The assumption is that these great mi
nds and great
loves have been violated. And we have been violated al
ongside them.
They’ve lost their dignity, and we’ve lost the creative con
tributions they
could have made if they had aged into a natural death in
late life with-
out dementia. Let me note here that I admire some of th
ese films and
that I agree that the experience of dementia can be tragic,
for many rea-
sons. My goal in looking closely at the narrative structu
re of these sto-
ries is to discover what is left out of the stories. Is the ex
perience of de-
mentia only a tragedy?
The tragedy narrative has a visual counterpart in adv
ertising. In the
national Alzheimer’s Association’s highly visible “Warni
ng Signs” cam-
paign from 1993, a graying woman who appears to be i
n her late 60s
looks downward at nothing in particular. She is alone. S
he stands next
to a mirror, but her reflection is deliberately blurred—
the washes of
light and dark just barely suggest a human image. The a
d’s story is that
Alzheimer’s is a lonely, alienating experience in which t
he body is pres-
ent but the ability to “reflect” is gone.
Another series of ads for the Alzheimer’s Association
emphasizes the
Tightly Told Tragedies of
Dementia 45
tragedy of forgetting pivotal moments in our lives. “I
magine not re-
membering your own daughter’s name. For thousands o
f women each
year, it’s becoming a reality.” The text is accompanied b
y an image of a
young, beaming bride standing next to her mother. “W
ho doesn’t re-
member the sight of that 3-year-old boy saluting his
father’s casket as it
passed? At last count, about 4 million people,” reads the t
ext of another
ad that is accompanied by an image of a young John K
ennedy at the
bottom of the page in a spotlight that looks like it is disa
ppearing before
our eyes. In these ads, forgetting is itself a tragedy.
In contrast, another series of ads from the Alzheimer’s
Association in
2005 tells a different story. An image of a mother and two
grown daugh-
ters playing with a dog is captioned “Alzheimer’s doesn’t
mean you for-
get how to care.” Here, it is clear that memory loss is co
mplicated and
that some kinds of memory, and one’s sense of self, rema
in. Other cap-
tions in this series include “Alzheimer’s doesn’t mean yo
u forget how to
hug,” with a photograph of an older couple relishing a
warm embrace,
and “Alzheimer’s doesn’t mean you forget how to play,”
with a photo-
graph of an African American grandfather, father, and s
on on a boat,
laughing and fishing. This ad campaign tells a different st
ory about mem-
ory loss; one that suggests that tragedy might not capture
the whole story
of dementia. After 2003, more complex stories of memor
y loss and de-
mentia begin to appear in mainstream media. Some of
them feature
older people—some of them, surprisingly, feature fish.
5
Not So Tightly Tragic
Stories That Imagine Something M
ore
F I think all we can aspire to in this situation is a little
bit of grace.
Away from Her
The experience of dementia entails significant losses. Th
ere can be fear,
anxiety, confusion, personality change, and sometimes h
allucinations. It
is the stories of these many losses that we hear most ofte
n. But is there
more than loss in dementia? Are there experiences in de
mentia that don’t
fit into the tightly told tragedies? In my conversations w
ith Roger and
Rocille, I am struck by their determination to remain dee
ply engaged with
life. They attend meetings, services, classes, parties. They
traveled to Sicily.
“Roger and I have not changed our philosophy of life,
” said Rocille.
“We’re still going on.” There are pop culture stories and i
mages that cap-
ture the everyday moments that can be deeply meanin
gful and that
focus on the possibility of growth in the midst of an expe
rience riddled
with loss. These stories suggest that one’s sense of “self ”
is greater than
the sum of one’s memories.
David Shenk’s book The Forgetting: Alzheimer’s,
Portrait of an Epi-
demic (2001) deftly weaves a story of scientific discovery
and anguish with
mankind’s epic quest for meaning in the face of loss. Sh
enk shares elo-
quent observations of people with dementia as well as tho
se of caregivers,
scientists, and some of Western culture’s great philosoph
ers and literary
minds. In doing so, he sets what we now understand to
be Alzheimer’s
disease in the well-laid tracks of Plato, Plutarch, St.
Augustine, William
Shakespeare, Jonathan Swift, Mark Twain, Henry David
Thoreau, Ralph
Waldo Emerson, Friedrich Nietzsche, Frederick Olmste
d, and Viktor
Frankl. The result is comforting. Shenk shows us that t
his awkward-
sounding disease, first “diagnosed” in 1906, isn’t new a
t all. And over
several continents and several thousand years, it has inspi
red some of the
deepest thinking about the meaning of human existence.
Not So Tight
ly Tragic 47
This phrase captures a significant shift in mainstream sto
ries about de-
mentia. Rather than focus on tragic decline, Away fro
m Her looks for
moments of grace, eschewing the linear plot line that se
eks climax and
resolution. “Grace” has a variety of meanings—
depending on your reli-
gious framework (or lack thereof). In one sense of the wor
d, to have grace
is to be sanctified by God. In turn, “sanctified” means to b
e “set apart to
a sacred purpose or religious use.” If dementia (or other
earthly condi-
tions) discourages you from believing in God, this definit
ion can still be
useful—moments of “grace” might also be seen as those
that provide a
sense of purpose or that can be of use to one’s self and ot
her people.
Away from Her has its share of loss. Fiona loses her
conscious mem-
ory of her family history. “They’ve kept it just as it was,”
she says of her
grandmother’s cabin, in which you can feel the presen
ce of multiple
generations in the old woodwork. She has forgotten that
she has lived
there for the past 20 years. Fiona also seems to forget he
r life with her
husband, whom she mistakes for a new resident at the nu
rsing home—
trying to comfort him, she says, “You’ll get used to it.”
Grant loses the
intimacy he and Fiona shared. Other than occasionally c
utting to hazy,
romantic images of Fiona as a young woman (made to
look like old
home movies), the film doesn’t spend much time on Fio
na as she was
“then.” It’s not clear if she worked at all, and her family
stories are not
even broadly sketched.
Instead, director Sarah Polley focuses on the now,
which is like an
alien planet on which we must learn not to look into the f
uture for any-
thing—narrative meaning, progress, or hope. Instead, in
this world in
which the present and past overwrite each other, we find
grace in beauty,
wonder, kindness, and raw human connection. On a wal
k with Grant,
Fiona bends down to look at a bright flower and laughs.
“When I turn
away, I forget yellow. Yellow is new every time. There’s
something deli-
cious in oblivion,” she marvels. And later, having beco
me lost in the
snowy woods, Fiona collapses. Facing the sky, she relaxe
s and appears on
the verge of making a snow angel. Her expression is a co
mplex swirl of
both fear (How will I get home? What is happening to m
e?) and accept-
ance (Look at the beauty around me). Grant reveals a si
milar complex-
ity. Rather than succumb to his jealousies, Grant encou
rages the inti-
macy between Fiona and another resident named Aubr
ey, because it
clearly comforts her. Grant himself finds a frenetic comf
ort in a sexual
relationship with Aubrey’s wife.
I was surprised that the film, which takes such pains t
o avoid tradi-
Not So Tight
ly Tragic 49
tional plot lines in the dementia story, ends with a mome
nt of lucidity.
Grant, who has fought to return Aubrey to the nursing
home in the
hope that that might bring Fiona out of her depression,
is shocked to
find that Fiona suddenly recognizes Grant as her husban
d. As Aubrey
sits outside the door of their room, the couple suddenly
seems back to
“normal.” But this is just another moment of grace; a g
ift perhaps to
Grant but not a return to their relationship. The screen f
ades to black
rather than resolve the moment.
Away from Her caught fire in the press. Prominent
articles and re-
views appeared in every major newspaper and extensive
television and
radio interviews were conducted with the film’s director
, Sarah Polley,
and the film’s well-known stars like Olympia Dukakis.
The story of the
film in the press revolves largely around the fact that Pol
ley, still in her
20s when she made it, chose the subject matter of Alzhei
mer’s for her di-
rectorial debut. “What could possibly have interested suc
h a young, tal-
ented woman in that? ” is the subtext of the press cover
age. Polley’s re-
sponse is that she read the short story just after she’d gotte
n married. The
early days of a relationship, when both partners are wooz
y with passion,
didn’t seem nearly as rich to her as the later days, when a
lifetime of hopes,
hurts, dreams, regrets, and habits play themselves out. Alz
heimer’s is more
a complicating factor in the story of Fiona and Grant’s lif
elong relation-
ship than a story in and of itself.
There is something more to the story of Away from
Her than demen-
tia. One critic described the film as “less a drama about A
lzheimer’s dis-
ease than a cinematic poem of love and loss.” Away fr
om Her is also a
story about how young people should take interest in the
lives of the old.
6
Not Tragic at All
Stories about Memory Loss without
the Old
F henry: And now, l would like to introduce to you ou
r most distin-
guished clinical subject . . . Tom.
tom: Hi. I’m Tom. Cool flip-flops. Where’d you get
them?
henry: You like those? It’s interesting. I was on the N
orth Shore—
tom: Hi, I’m Tom.
henry: Hi.
doctor : Tom lost part of his brain . . . in a
hunting accident. His
memory lasts 10 seconds.
tom: I was in an accident? That’s terrible.
doctor : Don’t worry. You’ll get over it in seconds.
tom: Get over it? I mean, what happened? Did I get s
hot in the
brain—? Hi, I’m Tom.
50 First Dates
There are stories that focus on the tragic components of
dementia and
memory loss. There are stories, like Away from Her, tha
t look for some-
thing more than tragedy in memory loss. Then there a
re those stories
that look for something more than tragedy in memory los
s—but forget
something crucial: older people.
We’ve all seen them. Gilligan gets hit on the head w
ith a coconut.
Any number of soap opera stars wake up after some sort
of accident to
find they have no idea who they are or with whom they’v
e had sex. The
trope of amnesia is common in any era. It enables writ
ers (good and
bad) to ask the age-old question, “Who am I?” (or “Who
is my family?”
or “Who is my community?”) in a plot line in which the
audience and
the main character are on a parallel path of discovery. Ne
ither the audi-
ence nor the main character knows the answer. Amnesi
a also serves a
classic American plot line—leaving behind the past (t
he old country
and the old self ) and remaking one’s self in a new land.
Susan Sontag
Not Tra
gic at All 51
puts it another way, describing America as “an evangelic
al church prone
to announcing radical endings and brand-new
beginnings.” But the over-
whelming numbers of mainstream films in the last 20 ye
ars predicated
on memory loss is enough to make you think American
s should wear
helmets 24/7. What’s behind this wave of amnesia films?
Are the stories
about young people with memory loss different from thos
e about older
people? If so, why?
There have been two significant waves of memory l
oss imagery in
U.S. culture in the last 65 years. Around the time of W
orld War II, a
cluster of films were produced in which the trope of me
mory loss was
associated with imagining how we might “forget” the br
utal memories
of war and move on, as individuals and as a country. War
-era films with
this theme include Random Harvest (1942), Spellb
ound (1945), Blue
Dahlia (1946), Deadline at Dawn (1946), Somewher
e in the Night (1946),
and The Great Dictator (1940). The memory loss in th
ese films typically
stemmed from a rough knock on the head, an emotion
al trauma, or
possibly both.
The more recent wave of memory loss imagery has i
ts roots in the
1980s but hit full force beginning in the mid-1990s.
These films range
across numerous genres, from comedy (50 First Dates
[2004]) to indy/
cult (Desperately Seeking Susan [1985]; Memento [20
00]; Eternal Sunshine
of the Spotless Mind [2004]; Mulholland Drive [2001
]; Nurse Betty [2000])
and from action (The Long Kiss Goodnight [1996]; T
he Bourne Identity
[2002]; The Bourne Supremacy [2004]; The Bourn
e Ultimatum [2007])
to science fiction/fantasy (Total Recall [1990]; The Mat
rix [1999]; Vanilla
Sky [2001]; Paycheck [2003]) to drama/romance (The
Majestic [2001]; A
Very Long Engagement [2004]).
What is triggering this current fascination with mem
ory loss? Writ-
ers who take notice of the phenomenon, like John Lela
nd (New York
Times [2001]), Lev Grossman (Time [2004]), Andy Se
iler (USA Today
[2002]), and Terrence Rafferty (New York Times [2003]
), credit a wide
variety of cultural influences. Leland points to the dizzy
economic ex-
cesses of the 1990s: “Dot-com diehards crowed that the
business cycle
no longer existed, and the exuberance of the market allo
wed anyone to
believe the past was irrelevant.” Leland also suggests that
new technolo-
gies are making us anxious about our identity, describing
how “identity
became fluid, as anyone who has ever gone into a chat
room knows.
Memory could be erased with the stroke of a computer k
ey.” Similarly,
Grossman asks, “If our minds are rippable, mixable and
burnable as an
52 the st o ri es we tell about dementia
MP3, how can we ever be sure we know who we are? Th
ere’s something
profoundly sinister and infectious about the idea, and i
t’s a virus we
caught from our computers.” Leland sums it up well: “In
a culture ob-
sessed with individuality, what could be more horrifyin
g than to lose
one’s identity?” Rafferty also credits our tendency as a co
untry to ignore
the past in our obsession with instant gratification: “It’s at
least arguable
that the movies’ current fascination with amnesia reflects
a growing sen-
timent that living ahistorically is not all it’s been cracked
up to be—that
our past, as [Philip K.] Dick warned, has been hijacked,
and we want it
back. After the long, rough night that this new millenni
um has so far
been, maybe we’re all desperately trying to remember w
ho we are.”
I agree with their observations. But there is also an e
lephant in the
room that none of these astute cultural critics even menti
ons in passing:
the dramatic increase in both the number of people di
agnosed with
Alzheimer’s disease and our awareness of the disease sinc
e the 1980s. Nor
do these critics point to the aging of the baby boomers an
d their poten-
tial connection to memory loss. Many producers, directo
rs, and writers
are likely dealing with aging parents. Some of them are
no doubt, con-
sciously or subconsciously, questioning the state of their
own cognitive
abilities. The films, which do not treat the theme of me
mory loss as an
age-related issue, might be avoiding direct
representation of a phenom-
enon that frightens so many people so much.
In the contemporary wave of memory loss films, as i
n their World
War II–era counterparts, memory loss is most commo
nly caused by
physical or emotional trauma. Second most common are s
cience fiction–
oriented films, which tend toward scenarios in which
memory loss is
forced on characters by technological innovation or oppr
essive regimes
(The Matrix series, Total Recall, etc.). In Eternal Sun
shine of the Spotless
Mind, for example, characters “elect” to undergo memo
ry loss by hav-
ing an ethically nebulous outpatient surgical procedure
performed on
them.
Sci-fi images aside, how common is amnesia?
Memory loss associ-
ated with a bump on the head or psychological trauma, t
he most com-
mon type of memory loss depicted in this recent wave, c
an be “antero-
grade” (forgetting what takes place after the injury) a
nd “retrograde”
(forgetting what took place before the injury). It is de
batable whether
retrograde amnesia exists. Anterograde amnesia related t
o head trauma
is uncommon, possibly limited to several hundred cases
per year in the
United States. Transient global amnesia is the tempor
ary loss of all
Not Tra
gic at All 53
memory. It is extremely rare in the case of head injury an
d usually clears
up in several hours. “Most of what I see in the movies on
amnesia is pre-
posterous,” said David A. Hovda, director of the UCLA
Brain Injury
Research Center. “The odds of a really widespread memo
ry loss from in-
jury are minuscule. From an injury that leaves the perso
n otherwise all
right, that’s pretty much unheard of.”
Although amnesia is rare in everyday life, it is ramp
ant in pop cul-
ture imagery. Dementia, on the other hand, which affect
s some 5 mil-
lion people in the United States alone, is a major theme
in only three
mainstream films. As opposed to amnesia, Alzheimer’s is
neither sudden
nor uniform, making it distinctly lacking in “cinematic fl
air.” Of course,
dementia also most commonly affects older adults, whom
the entertain-
ment industry tends to view as the third rail of blockbust
er appeal. And
while young people with amnesia can suddenly “wake u
p” for a happy
ending, those in late life have limited time to undergo the
potential pos-
itive transformation that a clean start can bring.
In the recent wave of mainstream films, amnesia o
perates on the
level of cultural metaphor. But what does it stand for? Th
ere is a group
of films that worry over our ability to manipulate hu
man memory
through technology. There are films that see memory los
s as a positive
opportunity for a fresh start in life and for living fully in
the present—
Sontag’s “brand-new beginnings.” There are films that lo
ok for the pur-
pose of a life without memory and others that see memor
y loss as comic
and frustrating but ultimately not debilitating. And of
course, some
films mix their metaphors.
What are the films? The Bourne Identity (2002),
The Bourne Su-
premacy (2004), and The Bourne Ultimatum (2007)
are action films in
which Jason Bourne (Matt Damon) is a government-
trained assassin
who, thanks to a traumatic blow to the head (possibly
several), has a
chance to untangle the ethical snarls of his job by doing t
he right thing
as he simultaneously uncovers his old identity and build
s a new one.
The Majestic is a drama in which a car accident give
s Peter Appleton
( Jim Carrey), a B-movie writer of questionable
character, the chance to
start life over after he forgets his identity and is warml
y taken in as a
small town’s long-lost son and war hero. After his
memory returns, he
struggles with his guilty secret and his desire to keep hi
s new identity.
Eventually, he comes clean, gets the girl, and regains t
he trust of the
town, integrating his old and new lives in the process.
50 First Dates is a romantic comedy in which a car
accident renders
54 the st o ri es we tell about dementia
a young woman named Lucy (Drew Barrymore) una
ble to process
short-term memory (anterograde amnesia). She lives in a
24-hour cycle
before her memories of the day are wiped clean as she sle
eps, beginning
her own Groundhog Day the next morning. With the h
elp of the clever
and love-struck Henry Roth (Adam Sandler), Lucy
discovers the joy of
living in the present.
Compare these films with those that present memory
loss as a trag-
edy, like Iris and The Notebook. In these films, the mai
n character begins
as a whole person, the product of a lifetime of experienc
es and accom-
plishments, and slowly unravels, sometimes taking t
hose who care
for him or her along for the downward ride. Without th
e promise of
“new beginnings,” this plot line is the antithesis of the cl
assic American
narrative.
One popular mainstream film creates its own genre. It
is a tragedy in
which the main character loses himself when he loses hi
s memory. But
he finds a unique way to link his past, present, and future
—revenge and
murder. Whenever I tell people that I write about imag
es of memory
loss, they ask: “Have you seen Memento? Isn’t it great? I
loved it!” I don’t
understand why people love this movie. It’s not that I’m
a snob; I loved
the Bourne trilogy. It’s not that I’m too serious; I truly
enjoyed 50 First
Dates. Memento is the story of Leonard Shelby (Guy Pe
arce), a man who
loses his memory after a blow to the head during a robb
ery attempt in
which his wife is raped and killed. He vows revenge but
has no memory
of anything after the crime (anterograde amnesia). How
can one solve a
crime and exact revenge without memory? How can he t
rust his mem-
ory of the crime itself ? Might he have done it? Did he i
magine it? Did
his wife just leave him? The movie is cleverly crafted. It
begins at the end
of the story and moves backward until the opening scene
of the film—
which was so confusing to the audience and Shelby alike
—makes sense.
The plot structure brings the audience into the experien
ce of memory
loss.
Each scene of Memento starts with Shelby waking u
p. When he looks
around the room, neither he nor the audience knows how
he got there,
where he is, or what day it is. Shelby tattoos key facts an
d feelings on his
body—in a sort of extreme post-it note reminder
system. At a certain
point in the course of the film, we realize Shelby has al
ready killed the
man responsible for his wife’s death. And then Shelby a
nd the viewers
realize something else. Living without memory is beara
ble only if one
has a strong sense of purpose. Shelby deliberately manip
ulates the facts
Not Tra
gic at All 55
(his tattoos) to point to another perpetrator. By planting
hints suggest-
ing that another person was responsible for his wife’s deat
h, Shelby keeps
his purpose—to exact revenge. And he kills again. Essent
ially, Memento
tells us that living a life without functional memory is w
orse than being
a serial killer.
Finally, one mainstream film sees memory loss not as
neither tragedy
nor as a celebration of new beginnings (for young peopl
e) but as a dis-
ability that brings some benefits along with some plot
complications.
Again, however, the character with memory loss is not
an older adult.
It’s not even human. It is an animated blue fish named D
ory.
In Pixar’s Finding Nemo (2003), Dory describes
her ailment as
“short-term memory loss,” which is something that she
thinks runs in
her family. But she can’t quite remember if that’s true. Do
ry’s positive at-
titude and lack of inhibitions (it seems that she forgets
to be afraid)
make her the better half of a team whose mission is t
o find Nemo.
Dory’s short-term memory loss is a complicating factor,
one of many
obstacles to the completion of the film’s classic hero’s jou
rney plot line.
But it does not threaten her sense of self or stop the forwa
rd progression
of the plot. Instead, Finding Nemo casts memory loss
as a disability to
be managed.
Dory is blue, with no visible signs of gender or age, o
ther than those
suggested by her association with the actress who pla
ys her “voice,”
Ellen DeGeneres. In fact, the only visible references to a
ge in the film
come in the form of offspring, who are small and somew
hat pudgy com-
pared to their parents, and the well-known actors we see
in our mind’s
eye who play the parents and other adult fish, including
Albert Brooks
(Nemo’s father, Marlin), Willem Dafoe (Gil), and Allison
Janney (Peach),
to mention a few. Even Crush, a sea turtle said to be 150 y
ears old, bears
no telltale, anthropomorphized markings of age such as
a slow gait, a
wobbly voice, or outdated speech or appearance (in c
ontrast to the
stooped and wrinkled aging ants in A Bug’s Life, anot
her Pixar film).
Marlin, Nemo’s father, is haunted by his memory of the l
oss of his wife
and all but one of what appeared to be hundreds of eggs
(“kids”) to a
barracuda. The experience makes Marlin a hypercautiou
s parent, filled
with fear that another mishap will destroy what remains
of his two-fish
family. Because Dory has no memory of fear, she mak
es the perfect
comic foil to Marlin. While Dory’s constant repetition
drives Marlin
crazy, her lack of inhibitions and her trusting nature e
nable them to
progress in their quest. They are a team. They rescue ea
ch other. They
56 the st o ri es we tell about dementia
push each other along on their journey until they witness
what they be-
lieve is the death of Nemo. His hopes squelched, Marli
n thanks Dory
and heads home.
m ar l i n : Dory, if it wasn’t for you, I never even would ha
ve made it here.
So thank you.
dory : Hey, hey wait a minute. Wait, where are you going?
m ar l i n : It’s over Dory, we were too late. Nemo’s gone and
I’m going home
now.
dory : No, no, you can’t! Stop! Please don’t go away, pleas
e? No one’s ever
stuck with me so long before. And if you leave, if yo
u leave—I, I re-
member things better with you. I do, look, P. Sherman,
42, 42 . . .
member it, I do, it’s there, I know it is, because when
I look at you, I
can feel it, and I look at you and I’m—home. I don’t
want that to go
away. I don’t want to forget.
m ar l i n : I’m sorry, Dory, but I do.
Marlin ignores Dory’s plea and swims on. Alone,
confused, and
swimming in circles, Dory encounters Nemo, who was
, after all, just
pretending to be dead to escape his fate as the pet of th
e dentist’s sadis-
tic niece, Darla. “Nemo. That’s a nice name!” she says, w
ith no recogni-
tion that she just traveled half the ocean to find him. Lat
er, Dory does
have a flash of lucidity—remembering Nemo and
pushing him on to
find his father.
In Finding Nemo, short-term memory loss is
challenging but not de-
bilitating when one is surrounded by supportive friends.
In fact, Dory
is an indispensable part of the team here, and Nemo w
ould not have
been found without her. Her flash of lucidity, in which s
he remembers
that she was looking for Nemo, is a realistic and tempora
ry flash, unlike
the fantasy of extended lucidity in The Notebook. By th
e end of Finding
Nemo, Dory has once again forgotten Nemo’s name. Th
e viewer is in-
vited to identify with Dory as more than her disability.
She has a com-
plex personality. She is courageous and naïve at the same
time. Although
her future is not imagined in the film, she clearly has a
valued place in
the clownfish family. She’s ready for a sequel.
The humans in Finding Nemo are marked with age
—the dentist, for
example, has gray hair. The absence of age markings on t
he fish does not
make them ageless—they are marked with perky energy
and the ages of
the voices of the actors who play them—a healthy, early
middle age, the
wide window of “parenthood.” But the simple fact that th
ese are fish al-
Not Tra
gic at All 57
lows us to set aside our fears of aging and age-related
memory loss long
enough to identify with a main character with “short-
term memory
loss” whose experiences parallel those of so many older a
dults. Dory has
short-term memory loss. She has no personality
changes, no hallucina-
tions, no long-term memory loss, no loss of physical
function. But Dory
gives us a way to start seeing people with memory loss
as experiencing
more than just loss.
When I sat down to write about Nemo, the dialogue
poured out of
my fingertips. Like my son, Ben, I had memorized ever
y line. Ben has
since moved beyond Nemo. His latest favorite is a doubl
e DVD collec-
tion of Super Friends episodes featuring Wonder Wo
man, Superman,
Batman and Robin, Aquaman, and the Wonder Twins (a
nd their space
monkey, Gleek) that I watched religiously as a child. I
watched it on
television—DVDs had not been invented yet. When
Ben and I share
popcorn side by side on the couch, I know before it hap
pens that Sin-
bad the Space Pirate will steal the loot from Easter Island
, in a final, evil
act before the Super Friends figure out how to defeat him
. (Note to my
eventual caregivers: I might show some physical respon
se to the Super
Friends, but I much prefer Nemo.)
In an ad campaign from 2005, the Alzheimer’s Asso
ciation took a
“Nemo”-like approach to memory loss. The “Maintain
Your Brain” ad
campaign did not feature any older adults. In one image,
a young, smil-
ing African American woman is speed walking across t
he tall, narrow
space of the ad. “Think Fast” appears multiple times on a
banner behind
her. The image is slightly blurred, as though she’s walk
ing so fast the
camera can barely catch her. The effect is compounded b
y the fact that
she’s walking to the left and we read to the right—
making our eyes
zigzag to take in the image. “Think Fast” is the only ad i
n this series that
features a person. Other ads include “Think Round,” wi
th a close-up
shot of a plate full of plump blueberries, and “Think S
quare,” with a
close-up of freshly sharpened pencil about to fill in 22
down of a cross-
word puzzle. These ads take a “Nemo” approach—
memory loss and de-
mentia are everyone’s (every species?) concern, not just o
lder adults’. We
should all be exercising our brains, our bodies, and our
minds. The ads
tell us that we don’t need to see older adults to understan
d that memory
loss is a problem we should all address.
The 2007 advertising push by the Alzheimer’s Associ
ation continued
this train of thought. The $8 million campaign took a tw
o-pronged ap-
proach. First, the association made an effort to move beyo
nd public ser-
58 the st o ri es we tell about dementia
vice announcements, adopting a strategy similar to the tra
ditional media
blitz by buying space in major magazines such as News
week, Parade, and
Time and online at aol.com, msn.com, oprah.com, and pr
evention.com.
The ads featured an abstract image of a person (unreadab
le for age, eth-
nicity, or gender). Text, writ large, appeared on the bott
om half of the
image, with one word singled out for emphasis. There w
ere three vari-
eties. The first stated: “Many Alzheimer’s sufferers will s
lowly lose con-
trol of their bodies. They need you to move their cause f
orward.” The
second stated: “Someone suffering from Alzheimer’s will
lose the ability
to form thoughts, remember simple words, and ultimate
ly communi-
cate. You can be their voice .” Finally, the third ad in t
his campaign
stated: “As their brains continue to shrink people with A
lzheimer’s will
feel trapped in their own minds. They need you to o
pen everyone
else’s.” The campaign emphasizes the emergency of Alzh
eimer’s to urge
the general public toward committed action. This is clear
ly a very good
thing. Yet somehow, the ads also insinuate something that
can seem both
demeaning and frightening to the many people in the
early stages of
memory loss—that people with Alzheimer’s are
incapable of advocating
for themselves.
The second prong of the 2007 public relations camp
aign featured
“Alzheimer’s champions,” celebrities who put their ima
ge, charm, and
stories behind the cause. The idea was that celebrity cha
mpions would
pique the interest of major television shows—and it work
ed. According
to public relations director Mary Schwartz, the campai
gn landed the
Alzheimer’s Association slots on The View, The Mart
ha Stewart Show,
and Today. In the Web images, the stars appear in relati
ve close-up, in
purple T-shirts with one of the three key words of the
campaign—move
(toward a cure), open (your eyes), voice (your opinion
)—written on
them. Peter Gallagher, Olympia Dukakis, Vivica Fox,
“Dear” Abby,
Brent Spiner, Dick Van Dyke, Kate Burton, Steven P
asquale, Ricki
Lake, David Hyde Pierce, Shelley Fabares, Victor Garbe
r, Lea Thomp-
son, Jack Ford, Kate Mulgrew, Dominic Chianese, Na
talie Morales,
Bob Goen, Sarah Polley, Tracie Thoms, Jean Smart, and
Phyllis George
are the human celebrities. The gallery of photos on the W
eb site also fea-
tures Diamond Jim, the 2007 Westminster Dog Show–
winning English
springer spaniel, with a purple bandana around his neck.
News releases
explain that Diamond Jim is a pet therapy dog for people
with demen-
tia. The video that accompanies the photo gallery on th
e alz.org Web
site shows the stars posing for their photos and shares sh
ort snippets of
Not Tra
gic at All 59
interviews with each in which they share their personal e
xperience with
the disease. Alzheimer’s has affected their mothers, father
s, grandfathers,
stepfathers, and friends. Traci Thoms says, “It can hit pe
ople as early as
their 30s. I think if more people knew that, they’d join t
he fight.” The
copy of the paid ad with the move slogan likewise empha
sizes the early-
onset form of Alzheimer’s. The smaller type reads “More
than 250,000
people under 65 won’t be able to stop the progression o
f Alzheimer’s.
Maybe you will.”
Will including young, celebrity spokespersons in th
e promotional
campaign and understanding that dementia can strike “
young” people
make more people join the cause? Knowing the depth an
d mechanisms
of ageism in the United States, I think the answer is prob
ably “yes.” Un-
like Nemo and the other films in which older people wer
e missing from
the memory loss plots, the 2007 celebrity champions
campaign did
feature older men and women. Abby, Dominic Chianese,
Dick Van Dyke,
and Olympia Dukakis wear their age beautifully. The 2
007 campaign,
paid or unpaid, just didn’t feature any older men and
women with
dementia. As of this writing, the Alzheimer’s Associatio
n has never fea-
tured a person with the disease in a national advertising
campaign. Its
public relations team does have an extensive list of spo
kespeople with
dementia and their caregivers whom it connects with re
porters doing
stories about the disease experience. But in the paid adve
rtisements and
high-profile celebrity campaign, the images are
cleansed of dementia.
This is tricky territory, and in some ways, the association
is damned if it
does and damned if it doesn’t. The disability rights
movement has
sharply criticized the “poster child” approach to disease a
wareness cam-
paigns. Such campaigns hold up a person with a disease
or disability as
an object to be pitied. On the other hand, a spokesperson
with demen-
tia who was more than an object of pity, one who passion
ately spoke for
him- or herself, for example, might leave the public sayi
ng, “Well, that
disease isn’t so bad.”
The Alzheimer’s Association has a challenging line
to walk. How
does it try to raise awareness among the general popul
ation, most of
whom have heard of Alzheimer’s but few of whom know
much about it,
and get out the message that there is an association to
support those
with the disease? How does it address the needs and ac
knowledge the
abilities of people diagnosed before age 65? How does
it cut through
ageism and fear of dementia to create empathy without
making people
with dementia seem completely helpless? The associatio
n is starting to
60 the st o ri es we tell about dementia
address this quandary—of how to be a voice for the man
y thousands of
people being diagnosed earlier while they are still able
to live normal
lives, of how to compete with the constantly sounding al
arm bells in our
24-hour news cycle, in which the terror alert level
seems stuck on red.
In 2007, the association created a place on the national b
oard for some-
one with dementia. As the biggest generation in our histo
ry advances to-
ward the age of dementia, this quandary will only get tri
ckier.
7
All of the Above
Denny Crane as the Clown of Dem
entia
F brad chase: You’re now becoming something to par
ody. . . .
a complete joke. . . . I adore you, but it hurts to
see you deterio-
rating into a . . .
denny crane: Get the hell out of my office.
Boston Legal
William Shatner, barrel chested and slightly bloated, bur
sts through the
doors of a conference room. “Denny Crane!” he declares
and waits, po-
litely, for his audience of fellow attorneys to absorb the
shock and awe
of the moment. Crane is a named partner in the fiction
al Boston law
firm of Crane, Pool, and Schmidt on ABC’s Boston L
egal, which pre-
miered October 3, 2004.
Boston Legal revolves around several core character
s. Denny Crane
(Shatner) is a living, legal legend. He is outrageous in all
respects; in his
courtroom antics, sexual appetite, flexible ethics, and hi
s conservative
politics, which includes a rabid love of guns (which alw
ays seem to be
loaded). Crane’s doppelgänger is Alan Shore ( James Spa
der), an attorney
some 20 years his junior, and yet his equal in outrageous
ness. Other at-
torneys, like Shirley Schmidt (Candice Bergen) and Bra
d Chase (Mark
Valley), have been dispatched to “control” Denny. Sho
re and Crane
bond in a mission to thwart their partners at every turn.
I had heard that Boston Legal addressed dementia
but was unpre-
pared for just how deeply it ran as a theme. Initially, I ca
ught a few epi-
sodes from the 2007 season. Intrigued, I ordered the disc
sets of seasons
1 and 2 and started watching. I was incredulous. This w
as some of the
best imagery of memory loss I’d seen in mass media. Al
most the entire
first season is perched on the precarious line between san
ity and insan-
ity. In the opening scene of the first episode, Edwin P
oole (another
named partner) arrives for a meeting without pants. “De
magnetize his
62 the st o ri es we tell about dementia
parking pass,” says Crane coldly after Poole is hauled
away by para-
medics. “I know when a man is gone.” But does he? Is h
e?
Boston Legal gives us lawyers on the verge of sna
pping as they are
pushed to the limits of sanity, ethics, morality, and billabl
e hours. Crane
begins the series convinced he has Alzheimer’s. His co
lleagues agree.
“The partners will not allow you to dismantle [the fir
m] with your
buffoonery!” scolds Paul Lewiston, an unnamed and u
ptight partner
played with delicious rigidity by René Auberjonois. Den
ny suspects that
there might be something wrong with him but steadfastl
y refuses to let
them see him sweat. In between Tourette-like outbursts
on the topics of
guns, sex, and breakfast cereals (“Cuckoo for Cocoa Puff
s,” he mutters
under his breath in one scene in “Schmidt Happens” [sea
son 1, episode
11]), Denny insists on his dignity and relevance. Alan S
hore, who sees
Crane for all that he is, lovingly helps him cover his trac
ks while hold-
ing his feet to the fire.
It might sound crazy, but I believe that a team of Dory
, the little blue
fish from Finding Nemo, and Denny Crane, at least as h
e appears in the
first season of Boston Legal, could help usher us into a
new mainstream
cultural understanding of memory loss. This new conce
ption is one in
which people with memory loss are a vital part of plot an
d family and in
which seeming opposites—growth/loss, humor/tragedy,
wisdom/foolish-
ness, disease/vitality—live as equals.
Crane embodies all these contradictions. In “Still
Crazy after All
These Years,” the second episode in the first season, Bra
d Chase flatly
tells Denny what’s happening around him. Brad was
brought in to
“manage” Denny and save the firm from embarrassment
. “You’re now
becoming something to parody,” says Brad. “You’re a co
mplete joke . . .
I adore you, but it hurts to see you deteriorating into a .
. .” “Get the
hell out of my office,” snaps Denny. Denny might ente
rtain his own
fears, but he won’t entertain the doubts of others—
unless he can use
those doubts to his advantage.
Later in the same episode, the partners decide to let
Denny argue a
case by himself—in the hope that he will humiliate
himself so badly that
he’ll finally have the wisdom to retire. As Denny enters t
he courtroom,
the background music is a strong bass beat with the lyrics
“Bring it on.”
Crane redeems himself and wins the day with a closing t
hat seems both
crazy and purposeful. When Brad Chase comes in to con
gratulate him,
Crane says, “I don’t need your praise. . . . I want your
respect! I’m a sen-
All of t
he Above 63
ior partner. Respect goes with the job. Not to mention I
’ve earned it.
Don’t you think I feel the wagons circling?”
In this same episode, Crane confronts his partner Pa
ul. “I’m still a
good lawyer,” he insists. “Yes. You are,” confirms Paul, w
ho then recalls
how Muhammad Ali got creamed in his last fight. “Th
e tragedy that
night, Denny, wasn’t that he couldn’t still box. He coul
d. The tragedy
was that he still thought he was Ali. You’re still a good la
wyer, my friend.
You’re just not Denny Crane.”
At the end of “An Eye for an Eye” (season 1, episode 5
), Denny Crane
and Alan Shore share a scotch in a jail cell after Crane ha
s been cited for
contempt of court. Alan compliments Denny on his the
atrical closing
that earned him a mistrial to the advantage of their client
.
denny: I wasn’t clever. I forgot.
alan: I beg your pardon?
denny: I stood up, armed with all the facts of our client’s b
illing practices,
and . . . I went blank in front of the jury. I couldn’t
remember a damn
thing.
alan: Well, that can happen sometimes.
denny: You once said you suspected I had Alzheimer’s. H
ow does a person
know?
alan: Well, there’s no exact diagnostic—they can do
certain tests. Denny,
you may have gone up on an opening, but to recover li
ke that and go
for a mistrial—that’s evidence of a man thinking
quickly on his feet.
denny: I want to take the test.
The episode closes on this quiet, serious note, as Alan
rubs Denny’s
shoulders to comfort him. Denny is no buffoon here. He is
like countless
others whose heartbeat races when they speak the word
—“Alzheimer’s”—
out loud.
In the sixth episode of season 1 (“Truth Be Told”), De
nny goes to the
doctor. He is pure peacock. But we aren’t quite sure what
the bright col-
ors are hiding.
doctor: Now, I’m going to ask you a series of . . .
denny: Denny Crane!
doctor: Why did you just say that?
denny: Well, isn’t that how you guys usually begin a men
tal-status exam-
ination, by determining if the subject knows his own n
ame?
doctor: Well, yes.
64 the st o ri es we tell about dementia
denny: Denny Crane.
doctor: Got it. And who am I, Mr. Crane?
denny: (reading his nametag) You are Doctor Thomas
H. Lee, neurologist.
doctor: Good. Can you tell me what day of the week this
is?
denny: Monday. And a particularly crisp and beautiful o
ne, too, I might
add.
doctor: Good. And who is the current president of the U
nited States?
denny: That would be Ernest Borgnine.
(There is a pause.)
denny: Ah. I’ll bet you get lunatics in here everyday tha
t—that say that
stuff for real, right? The current president of the United
States is George
Walker Bush, son to George Herbert Walker Bush, wh
ose father was
the late United States Senator Prescott Bush, who, as an
undergraduate
at Yale, once wrestled my father in the nude. But that’s
a story for an-
other day. Let’s stick to the issues at hand.
He ends with his typical exclamation point, a strong, con
fident affirma-
tion of who he is: “Denny Crane.”
The rest of the episode could be a promotional vide
o for the Alz-
heimer’s Association’s “Maintain Your Brain” program.
Denny enthusi-
astically exercises his brain. He preaches to his partn
ers about the
benefits of keeping yourself challenged. When Paul pay
s him a visit to
chide him about not bringing enough money to the fir
m, Denny en-
courages him to do crossword puzzles. Another colleagu
e catches him
on the computer. “Have you ever used a computer before?
” she asks. “An
entirely new experience!” he says in delight. Later, Paul
again confronts
Denny about this new, bizarre behavior.
paul: Denny, I’m worried about you. You’re speaking Fre
nch to the mes-
sengers. You’ve got crosswords spread out all over the c
onference tables.
You walk into a reception, hijack one of Sally Heep’s
clients, actually
have a meeting with him in your office!—did you
even know what his
case was about?
denny: I took that test the other day. The one where they a
sk you a bunch
of questions to see if you’ve turned into an imbecile.
Then they do a
scan of your brain. You know what they found out? Tha
t I have a lot of
blue and yellow and red stuff colliding up there. The da
mn MRI photo
looks like a hurricane. I don’t remember what was the
good color and
what was the bad color, but the point is this. They disco
vered that I re-
member some things, and I forget others.
All of t
he Abo
ve 65
My Denny Crane “bobble-head”sits by my computer. Photo
by Anne Basting.
tomorrow. I don’t live for tomorrow. Never saw the fun in
it.” Crane also
refuses the label “Alzheimer’s.” Instead, he calls his mal
ady “mad cow,”
as if to mock it, himself, and the medical framework for
what is happen-
ing to him. He ridicules his condition: “May I express a
thought? I so
rarely get one,” he says in episode 8.
Denny Crane is every storyline on memory loss swir
ling about in the
body of one man. This is a remarkably complex achieve
ment for prime-
time television. The usual in mainstream stories is simpl
icity. Good or
bad. Comic or tragic. Stories that live in the gray area bet
ween these po-
larities tend to land in the ghetto of independent film
and/or PBS,
where the audience numbers are much smaller. It proved
difficult to sus-
tain the complexity and dynamism of Denny Crane’s
wrestling with
Alzheimer’s past the first season. There are moments
in subsequent
shows in which Denny shines, but nothing like the manif
esto of the first
season. He slips into progressively sillier scenarios (shoot
ing a fish and a
duck in two separate shows).
But even in the 2007 season, Crane stands as a model
for the strug-
gle of older men and women, regardless of their cognitiv
e health, to find
a reason for being. As Crane says to Shirley Schmidt aft
er she admon-
ishes him for shooting the duck: “Shirley, you’re a beaut
iful woman—
smart, still relevant, really. But you’re old. You’re closin
g in on the end.
Not as fast as I am, but . . . ah, we’re rich. We
certainly don’t need to
work, but we do so, not only because we love it, but bec
ause we’re des-
perate for distraction—like running around shooting a
shotgun. It can
be more fun than sitting in your office acting your age.”
Part Three
MOVING THROUGH FEA
R
Stories about Dementia That Inspire
Hope
F With the past as past, I have nothing to do; nor with
the future as
future. I live now.
Ralph Waldo Emerson
The week after Roger was diagnosed with dementia, he f
ell into depres-
sion. “We were both very scared,” said his wife, Roci
lle. And then,
miraculously, an article appeared in their hometown pap
er about a sup-
port group starting up for people in the early stages of m
emory loss. “I
couldn’t believe it,” said Rocille. “I called immediately, t
alked to the fa-
cilitator, and she told me she had 10 members now and sh
e was going to
take only three more. So we made an appointment imm
ediately to see
her.” The group made all the difference in the world.
Roger found
strength in numbers. “There’s nobody there that’s uppit
y-uppity,” he
said. “It’s all just people my age.” Rocille took hope in R
oger’s newfound
confidence. “I must tell you he was a different person co
mpletely,” she
said. “He came home that day with a big smile on this fa
ce. He was with
people who he knew had similar problems to him and
yet they were
coping, and it gave him hope.”
After 2 weeks in the program, Roger tested his mettle.
His colleagues
on a county committee were talking about the article and
the new sup-
port group. He told them that it was a great program—
and that he was
a member. “I was so proud of him,” said Rocille, “beca
use one of the
things I’ve learned is that one of the biggest problems is g
etting the per-
son accepted.” Roger started telling everybody. They’ve
been lucky—
they have been embraced by friends and family. “The on
ly thing I no-
tice is that people don’t like to talk about it,” said Roger.
By moving through our fears, we can find hope—
hope that em-
braces the person as he or she is rather than looking solel
y to the future
(for a cure) or the past (exalting who the person was). I
n the following
68 moving through f e a r
Roger McConnell. Photo by www.jimherrington.com.
chapters, I profile 10 different approaches to moving th
rough fear to
find hope in the moment of dementia, be it early, middle,
or late stage.
These chapters tell the stories of the people who created
the programs
and of people who found hope and meaning in them. Th
ese programs
don’t shy away from the serious challenges dementia can
raise. Loss is a
core part of the experience of dementia. But these progr
ams also find
value and meaning in human connection in the present
moment. In
these stories, people find each other through the simpl
e grasping of
hands, the movement of a paintbrush, the asking of ques
tions, and the
patient listening for answers—in whatever way they
come.
Alzheimer’s is not only a disease of the mind but also
of the environ-
ment. We live in a culture that prizes independence and t
he rugged in-
dividual capable of doing for him- or herself. We live in
a time when the
markings of age are a source of embarrassment and a si
gn of a lack of
power (or the will and financial means to remove the
m). A youthful
appearance has become the ultimate consumer product. “
Antiaging” mo-
tifs decorate moisturizer labels and the business cards of
doctors alike.
moving throu
gh f e a r 69
And yet our time is also one in which more people tha
n ever are liv-
ing long, healthy lives. And more people than ever are ex
periencing de-
mentia.
The 10 programs I profile in this section all take a st
ep toward re-
defining the cultural environment of dementia and mem
ory loss. They
deemphasize the give in caregiving and instead stress the
extent to which
it is a reciprocal partnership. There is something to be le
arned, gifts to
be exchanged, in every partnership. In the introduction t
o part 1, I de-
scribed the fears attached to the experience of dementia;
by far the most
common is the fear of being a burden. We fear becoming
a burden be-
cause we imagine that caregivers give and people with
dementia take
and take and take until there is nothing left to give—
financially, physi-
cally, or emotionally. In the programs I profile here, peop
le with demen-
tia are seen as having a great deal to offer those who sup
port their care,
including audiences of people whom they’ll never mee
t—the general
public. In these profiles, we find people who happen to h
ave dementia
teaching young adults about what is important in life.
We hear their
voices and original lyrics on professional recordings. We
see them cap-
turing the world around them in photographs. We see the
m dancing to
original choreography. We read their original stories—
both fiction and
nonfiction. We become aware that they provide positive
models for our
own old age. People with dementia offer all of us their vis
ion of the world
in images, movements, songs, stories, and phrases. It is a
vision both com-
plex and contradictory at times, ranging from the lifting e
nergy of humor
to the ache of despair. It is a vision that can teach us abou
t resiliency and
the human drive for meaning and recognition regardless
of disability. It
is a vision that can compel us to reexamine our care pract
ices, our long-
term care policies, our attitudes toward aging and demen
tia.
The programs I outline emphasize the value of being
in the present
moment.
They emphasize memory as relational, as existing b
etween people,
not as belonging to one person or another.
They offset our fears of meaninglessness by filling t
hat void with
meaning and providing the tools for making it.
The use of fear in marketing grabs our attention. But
it can also in-
vite despair and fuel stigma. Canny marketing approache
s, storytelling,
and the creation of programs that inspire action and hope
for meaning-
ful human connection might bring us closer to a world
in which the
70 moving through f e a r
estimated five million people with dementia today, and t
heir 19 million
friends and family, might find the strength to carry on.
As we wait for
scientists to bring us a cure, or, at the very least, clear st
eps for preven-
tion, programs like these begin to cure the cultural conte
xt in which we
experience dementia.
8
StoryCorps and the
Memory Loss Initiative
F I was diagnosed in 2004 with Alzheimer’s. I was 50. A
friend of mine
sent me an e-mail right after my diagnosis, she said
this is terrible,
this isn’t fair, this is a horrible thing. And I wrote bac
k to her and I
said, well, it’s not that bad. It’s not like you’re in pain
all the time.
But it takes a toll on our family because I know that
when they see
my failing they get really sad and they don’t like to se
e that. I wish
they would try to understand that I may be a little diff
erent—there
is a time there where I will forget everybody’s name.
But inside, I’m
still here, I’m still me. Inside I’m thinking how much f
un I’m having
with them, and I as much as possible would like to be
treated as I
had been treated before.
Charles Jackson
Asking a question and listening to the response—really
listening—de-
mands time, focus, attention, and an acknowledgment th
at the person
is worthy of being heard. Listening—really listening—
is a lost art. But
it’s a simple concept. And it is the core of StoryCorps.
Wrapped around that core is one of the fastest-
growing nonprofit or-
ganizations in the country. StoryCorps is a national oral
history project
that encourages everyday people to share the stories of
their lives. A
StoryCorps interview is a son asking his mother about he
r childhood. It
is a young woman asking her grandfather about his fir
st love. It is a
couple reminiscing about their first or their fiftieth wed
ding anniver-
sary. When you set out for your StoryCorps experience,
a well-trained
facilitator greets you at one of the StoryCorps booths: a
sumptuously
designed permanent booth in New York City; semiper
manent story
booths in various locations; and mobile booths inside o
f two, sound-
proof Airstream trailers that crisscross the country. No
doubt, by the
time you read this, there will be many more.
72 moving through f e a r
I visited the StoryCorps booth in Grand Central St
ation in New
York City, in 2006. That majestic building itself is an a
dventure, with
the rhythmic rushing of commuters dodging tourists stop
ped and star-
ing slack jawed up at the domed ceiling. I joined the flo
w of traffic and
went to the central information booth, with its old-
fashioned clock, and
asked directions to the StoryCorps booth. They guided
me in detail,
and, surprisingly, slowly enough for me to hear and reme
mber. I wound
my way back toward the tracks, turned a corner, and c
ame upon an
orange and silver booth. It was compact and luminous. A
friendly facil-
itator welcomed me. I was supposed to have met a friend,
but like many
New Yorkers, he got swept away by meetings. One of the
StoryCorps fa-
cilitators would have to stand in and ask me meaningful
questions about
my life. I ducked into the soundproof chamber, and the f
renetic world
of Grand Central disappeared. I sat down in front of an e
normous mi-
crophone, knee to knee with the facilitator and envelop
ed by the soft
light, warm colors, and round lines of the booth. “What
kind of child-
hood did you have?” she asked. I’d never thought about t
hat. What kind
of childhood did I have? And so it began.
A StoryCorps interview is a moving experience. The
size and qual-
ity of the microphone acts as an angel on your shoulder, c
ompelling you
set aside the “flexible” truths of our everyday conver
sations and to
dredge up stories, images, and thoughts with more fresh
ness and hon-
esty than you might otherwise. The coziness and sumptu
ous design of
the booth, as well as the earnest idealism of the StoryC
orps staff, en-
courages you to leave your cynicism at the door. I was he
re to be heard,
possibly for generations to come.
After the interview, the StoryCorps facilitator hande
d me a disc of
the interview to keep and share as I like. The stories I t
old about my
grandmother will be great to share with my own grandc
hildren. I also
gave permission for StoryCorps to use the interview ho
wever it might
like (possibly cutting it for public radio) and to send a c
opy to the Li-
brary of Congress’s American Folklife Center. Excerpts
of a slim per-
centage of the over 10,000 interviews StoryCorps has f
acilitated since
2003 are edited and broadcast on National Public Ra
dio as part of
Morning Edition. StoryCorps invites you to open your
self to the story-
sharing experience, and then, through its connections
with National
Public Radio and the Library of Congress, weaves your
story into the
fabric of American history.
The concept for StoryCorps was a bold dream, built
on the shoul-
StoryCorps and the Memory Loss
Initiative 73
ders of the Federal Writers Project of the 1930s. Story
Corps founder
David Isay is an accomplished radio documentarian whos
e striking works
on the residents of ghettos, flophouses, and prisons have
won multiple
awards. The idea for StoryCorps grew out of Isay’s belief
that documen-
tary can foster positive change in people’s lives, particul
arly those who
live where justice is scarce, when their stories are told tru
thfully, respect-
fully, and with stunning sound quality. Perhaps the Mac
Arthur Fellow-
ship he received in 2000 enabled him to take the next big
step: to realize
a project that would encourage Americans to be better li
steners and to
help us recognize the dignity and strength in neighbors w
e’ve never met.
In 2006, StoryCorps began working with a team of a
dvisors to make
the StoryCorps experience accessible to people with
memory loss. I
was one of them. It was a natural next step for StoryCorp
s. People of all
ages visit the booth, but it has a special draw for those wh
o feel their sto-
ries might soon be lost to age or illness. In the first year o
f what we called
the Memory Loss Initiative (MLI), we aimed to educate t
he StoryCorps
staff about the experience of memory loss, adapt the Stor
yCorps mate-
rials and guidelines for those with memory loss, promote
the StoryCorps
experience so that people with memory loss knew that i
t was open to
them, and evaluate the StoryCorps experience for visitors
who came to the
booth as part of the MLI. The goal was to conduct a mo
dest 40 inter-
views with people with memory loss.
The StoryCorps facilitators and general staff are an in
spiring group.
They are broadly diverse in age and economic and ethni
c background.
The earn very little, but they thrive on the mission and e
xperience. The
facilitators dutifully responded to surveys about their un
derstanding of
and attitudes toward dementia both before and after M
LI training in
July 2006. According to the surveys, basic training abo
ut memory loss
led to some significant shifts. The surveys detected signi
ficant increases
in their comfort level about interacting with people w
ith dementia,
their understanding of how to communicate with people
with demen-
tia, and their perception that one can connect with people
with dementia.
The surveys also suggested that the staff came away fro
m the training
with greater general knowledge about dementia and me
mory loss.
To help lay the groundwork for successful interviews,
the StoryCorps
MLI advisory group put together a list of interview tips.
People without
memory loss can be frustrating to people with memory l
oss. These tips
were designed to help reduce that frustration. In general,
interviews are
most successful if people shed their expectations of oral
histories filled
74 moving through f e a r
the surface. It will probably bring you much joy, but i
t also can
also evoke feelings of loss or sorrow.
Enjoy the opportunity to share the stories, thoughts, and
emotional
closeness that comes with this experience.
As of this writing, five MLI interviews have played o
n NPR. Two of
them in particular are textbook examples of good intervi
ewing and tell
full, complicated stories of memory loss that garner trem
endous empa-
thy. The national reach and emotional power of these sto
ries go a long
way toward helping ease the stigma of memory loss. T
hese two inter-
views received scores of e-mail responses from listeners o
f NPR’s Morn-
ing Edition. In one interview, played for Valentine’s D
ay in 2007, an
Arkansas couple, Bob and JoAnn Chew, talk about both
the challenges
of her Alzheimer’s and their deep love for each other.
The interview
flashes from lighthearted to deeply emotional and back a
gain. The diag-
nosis of Alzheimer’s has clearly shaken them both. But
JoAnn’s quick
and infectious giggle and Bob’s steady, affirming voice
also reveal their
inner strength. For example, JoAnn tells the story of the l
imited choices
for women when she was growing up. Her father told he
r she could go
to college if she took home economics (to learn to be so
mebody’s wife)
or secretarial training. She chose home economics and b
ecame a won-
derful cook.
bob: Are you still cooking today?
j oann : Not today, I have up to this point. But I have Alzhe
imer’s, the be-
ginning of it, so I hear. And my doctor told me he did
not want me to
cook. And that was music to my ears!
bob: (laughing ) Who is doing all the cooking?
j oann : (laughing ) This fellow across from me here. And
he’s turned out to
be quite a professional, too!
Later, Bob and JoAnn get more serious. Bob asks
her if she gets
down about her diagnosis:
j oann : A little bit . . . a little bit. (pause) A big bit.
bob: A big bit.
j oann : I’m sad.
bob: What’s making you sad?
j oann : Just not having control of everything, my thoughts
and my actions.
And I don’t think it’s fair to you either.
bob: You know I’m going to take care of you, don’t you?
76 moving through f e a r
j oann : I know, but you could have some little chick 10 yea
rs younger that
you could be running around with.
bob: But I have my princess right here.
j oann : Oh, you’re wonderful . . .
In another StoryCorps interview that played on N
PR’s Morning
Edition, Ken Morganstern was interviewed by his daugh
ters, Priya Mor-
ganstern and Bhavani Jaroff. They don’t directly address
Ken’s memory
loss. Instead, they talk about Ken meeting his wife and
their mother.
They talk about their family and the rhythm of his days.
They talk about
what they mean to each other.
priya: What’s your life like now, Dad?
ken: It’s a wonderful life. I get up in the morning, go to sle
ep at night, and
in between eat three meals.
(They all laugh.)
ken: What’s wrong with that?
(They all laugh.)
priya: It’s a nice thing that it’s so easy to make you happy,
Dad.
ken: I’m very much like my father; he was an easy-going
guy. People used
to call him “Happy Harry.” And I have a lot of his chara
cteristics, I think.
priya: Do you have any regrets, Dad?
ken: I’m sitting here thinking I have no regrets on anythi
ng. The impor-
tant thing is I have a family I love and they are loving p
eople. That’s the
biggest thing you can leave as a . . . a . . . a . . .
priya: Legacy.
ken: A legacy, yeah.
priya: I want to tell you, Dad, that I’ve always considered
you my guru and
teacher.
bhavani: I would say the same. You’ve been a role mode
l for all of your
family. People are constantly saying to us how lucky y
ou are to have all
of us, and I turn to them and I say: we are because of h
im. You’ve cre-
ated such love around you and we want to be with you.
ken: Thank you, honey. That’s awfully nice to hear.
priya: It’s the truth.
bhavani: We love you, Dad.
The e-mails that poured in to Morning Edition in
response to these
two clips were as moving as the stories themselves. They
came from older
couples who found inspiration in the Chews. They came
from a young
StoryCorps and the Memory Loss
Initiative 77
Ken Morganstern with daughters Priya and Bhavani. Photo
courtesy of
StoryCorps (www.storycorps.net).
woman, with no experience with dementia, who hoped th
at her new mar-
riage would blossom and endure like the Chews’. They c
ame from adult
sons and daughters who empathized with and admired the
Morgansterns.
In December 2006, Dina Zempsky joined StoryCorp
s as the coor-
dinator of the MLI project. Zempsky, a certified geriatric
social worker
based in Brooklyn, is a blend of infinite patience and ebu
llient passion.
Zempsky preinterviews every person who marks “mem
ory loss initia-
tive” on the online or 800-number reservation system to
help him or her
understand the mission of the project. She guided the
MLI toward a
near tripling of its original, first-year goal of 40
interviews in New York
and Milwaukee to 110 interviews nationwide and set t
he goal for the
subsequent 3 years of the initiative at over 400 interview
s a year. When
I asked her if she felt like the program was having an im
pact, she said:
78 moving through f e a r
Oh, I really do. The hope for the clips that are broadcast are
enormous. We
need them to educate people about how much dementia
we have in this
country, and to start thinking about how we’re going to ta
ke care of these
folks. We need people to think about this early stage a little
differently—as
a place where people can have some creativity and peace i
n their lives.
In the first pilot year of the MLI in 2006, StoryCorps
set out to learn
about how to improve the process for those with memory
loss. Univer-
sity of Wisconsin Milwaukee Center on Age and Com
munity (CAC)
scholar Marie Savundranayagam helped design a study
that included
phone interviews with the person with memory loss and t
he interviewer
up to 10 days after their StoryCorps experience. CAC re
searcher Lorna
Dilley also called again up to 3 months later to see if ther
e was any last-
ing effect. The response was overwhelmingly positive.
One hundred
percent of the people with memory loss and 100 percent
of the friends
or family interviewers said they would recommend the
experience to
others. After 3 months, 53 percent of family or friend int
erviewers said
the StoryCorps experience had enabled them to have mo
re meaningful
conversations, and 76 percent said they had used the CD.
Several themes
emerged in the evaluations of StoryCorps. The experience
helped people
appreciate the beauty of the present moment. The Story
Corps facilita-
tors, trained to model attention and respect, made an eno
rmous differ-
ence. One person said of her facilitator that she “was j
ust a beautiful
young woman—I mean she really—she had a major
impact on us. The
fact that she’s involved in that type of work, and just see
ms to enjoy it
so much, it was very touching. And she seemed very
affected by the
interview herself. I mean when we were laughing, she wa
s hysterical! She
had tears rolling down her face and then at the end when
my father [got]
kind of, you know, pretty emotional and sentimental, sh
e had tears in
her eyes, and you know, it just seemed like she’s doing
something she
loves. So that was very positive.”
The evaluations also showed that the StoryCorps exp
erience enabled
people to raise new issues, clarify existing issues, and fee
l as though they
were leaving a legacy to future generations. The only neg
ative responses
were that some participants felt odd about talking into su
ch a large mi-
crophone and some were haunted by thoughts that the
y could have
done better if they had another chance.
Zempsky says this feeling, that the participants faile
d in some way,
is one she hears about and tries to stamp out several time
s a day. People
StoryCorps and the Memory Loss
Initiative 79
hear the clips on NPR and think that they need to co
me in with a
charming or gut-wrenching, linear, and tightly told story.
“But the mis-
sion isn’t a linear interview. If that happens, that’s great,
but it’s not nec-
essary,” said Zempsky. She likes to use one interview in
particular as an
example. StoryCorps facilitators went out to do a serie
s of “door-to-
door” interviews, in which they take the equipment out
to particular
sites. At an adult day program in New York, they inter
viewed a man
named Mel. “Mel had one story,” said Zempsky, “whic
h he repeated
over and over again for 40 minutes. It made the facilitato
rs a little anx-
ious. But he was so happy. I use this as an example to sh
ow people that
it’s not about getting it right. This is a chance for them t
o use their 40
minutes to say whatever they want to say.”
I listened to the clip the StoryCorps production team
made to share
Mel’s story at conferences. He tells a story about playi
ng baseball in
his half-Jewish, half-Italian neighborhood as a kid an
d about being
asked to play the harmonica (that his father gave him)
at a neighbor’s
party. He couldn’t have been more proud. Mel even br
ought his har-
monica into the booth. “Do you have any requests?” he as
ks. “Play ‘The
Merry Widow,’” says social worker Lindsay Goldman on
the tape. “That
was my mother’s favorite!” he says, surprised that she w
ould know this.
His breathy and lively rendition of the song leaves yo
u yearning for
more—of him, of the song, of your parents, your
grandparents, and of
StoryCorps.
9
Memory Bridge
F “Do you have any children?” Jessica, herself a teenage
d mom, asks.
“Love love love love,”Annette says, kissing her hand.
www.memorybridge.org
In 2006–7, 344 high school and junior high students
befriended 332 res-
idents of dementia care facilities in the greater Chicago
area as part of
what’s called the Chicagoland Memory Bridge Initiative
(CMBI). There
are some incredible intergenerational programs across th
e United States.
Elders Share the Arts, in New York, engages school-
age children and
young adults in myriad storytelling and art-making
projects in its Gen-
erating Community programs across the expanse of the
city. St. Ann
Center for Intergenerational Care, in Milwaukee, serve
s older adults
and young children in innovative and integrated progra
mming under
one roof. Neighbors Growing Together, at Virginia Tech,
teaches profes-
sionals, conducts research, and provides programming to
multiple gen-
erations. There is even the Intergenerational School, in
Cleveland, a
K–8 school receiving national attention from press and
the Department
of Education for being a model of “spirited citizenship”
and “lifelong
learning.” The school is colocated with a senior center
and a chapter
of the Alzheimer’s Association and features a program
in which peo-
ple with memory loss read to fourth and fifth graders. Bu
t even among
the nation’s shining lights in intergenerational programm
ing, the CMBI
breaks ground in sheer numbers and the depth of its c
urriculum on
dementia.
In its inaugural year, the CMBI worked with 270 stu
dents ages 10 to
17. Students who take part in the initiative participate in
a 12-week pro-
gram centering on questions that flummox most adults.
What is iden-
tity? How can people connect across dementia? What can
we learn from
each other? The after-school program blends science,
arts, and service
Memo
ry Bridge 81
learning. Students learn about the brain and how memor
y works. They
learn how to communicate, particularly with people with
memory loss,
using the arts as a conduit. Poetry, storytelling, paintin
g, dance, and
letter writing are all part of the CMBI toolbox. People in
the early stages
of dementia visit the classroom to talk with students abou
t what it’s like
to live with memory loss.
The “buddy visits,” however, are the heart of the
program. The
CMBI staff members match students with a “buddy” at
a care facility
near their school and prepare the kids to meet their buddi
es by working
with social workers and family members to gather storie
s and pictures
of their buddies. Buddies meet four times over the 12
-week period.
Memory Bridge founder Michael Verde said he though
t the students
would bail out when they first saw the pictures of thei
r buddies. He
postponed this part of the project as long as possible.
But Verde was
happily surprised. The meetings with the older buddies
only made the
kids buy in to the program more deeply. “They bonded
,” said Verde.
The bonding happens on both sides. The buddy visits bri
ng people with
dementia back onto the stage of life: “These buddy visits
give these older
people an audience again,” says CMBI director Mary C
ohen. “It’s like
they get a new sense of purpose.”
The semester-long after-school program, currently
funded by the Illi-
nois Department of Human Services, culminates with the
students creat-
ing a gift for their buddy based on what they’ve learned a
nd experienced.
Jessica learned that her buddy, Annette, had been a cabare
t dancer in her
youth. For her final project, Jessica made a mobile with d
ancers and pic-
tures of the two of them dangling by ribbons so that Anne
tte could make
them spin with just the tap of a finger. Figuring out what
gift to give your
buddy isn’t always easy. Franchaun’s buddy, Jenny, never
spoke with her.
Instead, Jenny just stared at the birds in the nursing hom
e’s aviary. Per-
plexed, Franchaun made a scrapbook for Jenny with imag
es of birds and
photos of the buddies on various visits. Sharing the gift wi
th Jenny seemed
to break the spell, and for the first time, Jenny talked wit
h Franchaun—
about the book, the birds, and their time together.
CMBI teacher Darlene Hall, who started with the pro
gram in 2005,
said that she was deeply impressed by the students’ wor
k on their final
projects. The assignment challenges students to create a
gift that will
leave a “memory mark” with their buddies. The first gro
up of students
Hall worked with decided to orchestrate a formal, sit-
down dinner party
for their buddies:
82 moving through f e a r
They created an upscale restaurant, with reservations and e
verything. They
had dinner and then they created pictures as place cards
—one side was
them, the other side was their buddies. Then last year they
made vases filled
with all these different colored stones and marbles. Some p
ut their pictures
in the vases too. The buddies just loved it. The kids also sa
ng a Frank Sina-
tra song. I told them that if they were going to do that, they
needed to prac-
tice and they said, “We will—leave it to us.” They got up
there and they
sang their buddies a love song.
Both Cohen and Verde emphasize that their main conc
ern is the qual-
ity of the learning experience. What kind of learning ha
ppens through
this project? “Listening; empathy; understanding of ide
ntity and self-
hood and their complexities; practical knowledge like h
ow to take the
bus to the facility. All of it,” says Verde. Stories on the
Memory Bridge
Web site reveal lessons learned in empathy. In one classro
om discussion
on empathy, a video of buddy visits revealed a buddy w
ith a tracheos-
tomy. Students were curious. “What’s that hole in her nec
k?” one asked.
Students queried the teacher whether it would be rude to
ask about it.
According to the story on the Web site:
The teacher ponders this and then asks the kids, “Do you e
ver get zits?”
Everyone nods: yes, they do.
“Well,” she says, “how would you like it if somebody
asked you about
your zits?”
Their response is swift and unequivocal: They would no
t like it, not at all.
“There’s your answer,” the teacher replies.
Students participating in CMBI aren’t just suburban
high achievers
in search of an experience to write about on college appli
cations. Some
of the students’ “life maps,” created as part of a lesson pla
n, show a land-
scape of gangs, homelessness, and immigration nightmar
es. Some of the
skills the students learn in the program and some of the
buddy experi-
ences prove deeply useful to these at-risk students. On
e young man,
who had to struggle to cross rival gang territory to get to
the program,
asked if he could “use what I learned in Memory Bridge
when I talk to
the old people in my neighborhood.” Another student
spent several
years skipping school, drinking, and hanging out. She fi
nally switched
schools and began to excel, owing to her own tenacity an
d inner strength.
Her buddy turned out to be a woman who had had simila
r troubles, in
the same Chicago neighborhoods. The student says of he
r buddy, Alice,
Memo
ry Bridge 83
“She has white curls and a little mouth. Sometimes she d
oesn’t remem-
ber who I am but I just tell her that I came to keep her co
mpany. Being
in Memory Bridge and visiting Alice makes me feel goo
d. It just makes
me feel good at heart.”
Because CMBI is an after-school program, and
students don’t have
to do it, the program tends to draw kids who are deepl
y committed.
There is an incentive. Chicago public schools require 4
0 hours of ser-
vice learning, and CMBI satisfies 32 of those hours. Bu
t, says Cohen,
“There are kids who are seniors who don’t need that mu
ch credit, and
they do it because they want to. There is this populatio
n of kids out
there who don’t interact with older people and they are j
ust so curious.
So we haven’t really had any trouble recruiting.” Cohen
has been sur-
prised by the kind of students who thrive in the progra
m. The “good”
students, who focus on getting good grades, tend to get t
hrown by the
unexpected. Take, for example, the woman who didn’t li
ke the painting
that her buddy had made as a special parting gift. She tor
e it up in front
of her. Cohen said, “This particular girl wasn’t phased b
y it, but some
kids who are a little more academically oriented get
really upset by
something like that and take it personally.”
On occasion, CMBI has worked specifically with prog
rams or schools
that prepare students for the health and caring fields. Co
hen confessed
a disappointment with kids who are choosing the hea
lth care path.
“They seem to have more preconceived notions of care gi
ving and aren’t
as open to the Memory Bridge experience,” she said.
Teachers who participate in CMBI lead 12, 2.5-
hour class sessions
that meet after school once a week. As an incentive, teac
hers are paid a
small stipend, and they also get professional developm
ent credits for
their work. CMBI pays for the supplies. Still, it’s extra
work for the al-
ready overworked. What are the benefits for teachers?
Hall found the
program when her own mother started to experience de
mentia. “Some
friends told me about it and said I should do it to learn m
ore about de-
mentia,” she said. “And then I moved and found out my
new neighbor
had Alzheimer’s.” I asked her about the commitment on
top of her al-
ready demanding duties as a Chicago public school teac
her. “Oh, it’s a
commitment for sure!” she said.
But it gives me a whole different perspective. It’s made me
realize how im-
portant it is to stop and smell the roses. Like now, I’m takin
g my lunch and
relaxing, versus working through it. The smaller things in l
ife really are im-
84 moving through f e a r
portant. Even my neighbor—I was with her this weekend.
I see how she
looks at nature. The things we walk right by, she loves. “
Look at the way
the leaves blow in the tree,” she said, “Look at how blue th
e sky is”—things
we just take for granted. Now I see them.
Where did the program come from? Founder Michae
l Verde’s path
to Memory Bridge is full of curves. He’s proud of his east
Texas heritage
and his diverse talents, which include raising pigs, playi
ng football, writ-
ing, reading, and studying theology. His studies led him f
rom an MA in
literary studies at the University of Iowa to an MA in t
heology at the
University of Durham in England. For several years he ta
ught high school
and college English and then found himself in Washingto
n, D.C., work-
ing for A Place for Mom, a free advisory service for peo
ple looking for
guidance through the labyrinth of long-term care. As
luck would have
it, one of the people he helped provide answers for was
Carla Borden,
then program and publications manager of the Smithsoni
an Institution.
They began talking about the link between their passions
, for Verde, the
humanity of people with memory loss (sparked by Mi
chael’s grand-
father’s experience with dementia) and for Borden, the de
sire to preserve
the stories of all Americans as cultural artifacts. Togethe
r they forged a
series of meetings with advisors from all disciplines, all a
reas of medical
research, and all walks of care practice. The first manife
station of their
labor was the creation of an interview guide to help peo
ple participate
in the Library of Congress’s big Veterans History Project,
thereby ensur-
ing that veterans with dementia were not excluded from i
t.
In 2004, Verde and Borden formed Memory Bridge:
A Foundation
for Cultural Memory. Shortly after, Verde moved to the C
hicago area to
teach English at the Lake Forest Academy. There he infus
ed his interests
into the curriculum by launching the Lake Forest Aca
demy’s Alzhei-
mer’s and Multicultural Initiative. The initiative forme
d the roots of
what would become the CMBI curriculum. Initially, V
erde funded a
pilot of the curriculum himself. The State of Illinois s
ent out some
people to watch it in action. Shortly thereafter, the found
ation received
a subcontract to offer the curriculum on a larger scale. Th
e contract is a
stretch for the Department of Human Services in Illinois,
but according
to Cohen, it was especially taken with how well the prog
ram served two
at-risk groups: people with dementia and kids unlikely
to graduate from
high school.
Mary Cohen came to Memory Bridge from the world
of online and
Memo
ry Bridge 85
adult education. But two of her grandparents had dementi
a. So when col-
league Steve Gilbert, who was working with Verde to des
ign the CMBI
curriculum, approached Cohen to direct the project, she
was open to
the idea and embraced the new challenge of working wit
h younger stu-
dents. When I asked Cohen what she thought was the mo
st powerful as-
pect of the program, she talked about a new initiative M
emory Bridge
developed in the summer of 2007. Some students who g
o through the
program bond with their buddies so deeply that they wa
nt to repeat it.
But thus far, Memory Bridge has preferred to admit st
udents to the
CMBI program who have not done it before, which allo
ws more people
to participate in it. The staff had been looking for a
way to engage
alumni. That summer, they put together a program for 11
students called
Heart to Heart. Students met with people with early-
onset Alzheimer’s
and people in the early stages of the disease. The young
est was 38 and
the oldest was 69. These are people deeply engaged in lif
e, “normal” by
all appearances, but forced to sit back because of their c
ognitive chal-
lenges. They told stories of struggling to achieve their dr
eams, of work-
ing hard to get through school, to get the job, to support t
he family, only
to have the disease strip them of it all at a relatively yo
ung age. Now
what? What mattered to them? The discussions with the
students delved
deep into the core question of what makes a person. Is it
the trappings
of one’s life? Or the substance of one’s being, one’s relat
ionships? The
people with early-onset dementia “completely changed
what these kids
thought of themselves and what their purpose in life is,
” said Cohen.
“The kids now say they talk to other people differently be
cause they see
there is more to life than these superficial things that the
y are being ac-
culturated to.”
The Memory Bridge Foundation has taken steps bey
ond providing
a curriculum. In the fall of 2007, Verde produced a docu
mentary called
There Is a Bridge, which profiles a variety of case studi
es in which people
fairly far into the dementia experience connect with thos
e around them
through visual arts, validation therapy, and the Memory
Bridge curricu-
lum. The film dives deep into the late stages of dementia,
an experience
we’re most accustomed to seeing depicted as tragedy. An
d there is plenty
of sorrow in the film. A dedicated son talks about his lo
nging for just
a few more family Sundays with his once vibrant mothe
r. But There Is
a Bridge insists that we can reach people that the film
The Forgetting
frames as the living dead. “People with dementia,” says
Verde, “can re-
mind us of aspects of our own humanity that we are forg
etting.”
86 moving through f e a r
I met Verde for lunch in a busy, upscale bistro in dow
ntown Chicago
in February 2007. He shared big dreams of having the
Memory Bridge
curriculum take off across the country. I had no doubt his
plans would
come to fruition. Polished shoes and high heels clicked o
n the white tile
floors, waiters spun around with trays to avoid collisions
in the tightly
packed dining room of business people enjoying expense-
account lunches.
I had to lean forward to hear. The room seemed ready to l
ift up and take
flight. This was as far as we could possibly be from th
e quiet rooms
where students held the hands of people with dementia
to coax them
into communion. Still, as Michael talked, about his fa
ith, about the
sources of his inspiration—the writings of Martin Bub
er, Emmanuel
Lévinas, and Stanley Hauerwas—the sounds of the res
taurant muted
and I was in that room.
“Sam,” she asks him, crouching to eye level. “Do you kno
w the song ‘Sen-
timental Journey’?” As she sings the first line, her eyes tea
r. Later, she tells
me that her grandfather is dying; this is his favorite song.
“Gonna take a sentimental journey,” Kate begins.
Sam is now smiling. “Gonna set my mind at ease,” he j
oins in, his voice
clear and strong.
“Gonna take a sentimental journey, to renew old memo
ries,” they con-
tinue together.
10
To Whom I May Con
cern
F To Whom I May Concern,
Yes, the diagnosis and evaluations are difficult times t
hat don’t go
away. They’re confusing and painful. But most of us tr
y not to think
about it. I know some people who have learned how t
o beat the
tests. And there are some who have actually found so
mething posi-
tive about living with memory loss. Can you imagine t
hat?
John
To Whom I May Concern
Many of the projects that I describe in this section ende
avor to bring
people fully into the moment. The challenge these progr
ams face is to
find ways to capture the power of the moment so they ca
n share it with
others who weren’t there. With memory loss and dementi
a, repeating or
even expressing one’s thoughts or actions becomes the
quintessential
challenge. Family and caregivers might complain about
the opposite—
that people with dementia repeat themselves constantly.
But the mean-
ingful moments of exchange and self-expression can
seem to evaporate
in a heartbeat. Or by the time a person with memory loss
pulls together
thoughts and the courage to share them, the conversatio
n has already
moved so far downstream he or she doesn’t bother to ente
r it.
To Whom I May Concern is both a play and a tech
nique for creating
and presenting a play based on the words of people with
early memory
loss. It is also acted by people with early memory loss
. In essence, the
play is a mechanism that allows people with memory l
oss to recreate
moments in which they eloquently express a full range of
emotions and
ideas: humor, anger, longing, fear, frustration, love, and
hope. And it
does this through the power of the word, the very thing th
at so often be-
trays people with memory loss. The play also gives pe
ople with early
88 moving through f e a r
memory loss a chance to stop the rapid current for a mo
ment, to slow
down the speed of communication long enough to be hea
rd.
To Whom I May Concern emerged out of a dissert
ation by Maureen
Matthews, who graduated from New York University
with a PhD in
nursing in 2005. Matthews ran support groups for people
in early stages
of memory loss in the New York City area, and she interv
iewed the par-
ticipants to better understand their experiences. Hoping
to bring her
data to life and to encourage readers to empathize with
her subjects,
Matthews created a play out of the interviews.
Soon after earning her doctorate, Matthews suggested
that the New
York City chapter of the Alzheimer’s Association includ
e a play in its
Early Stage Forum, a remarkable conference geared spe
cifically toward
people with memory loss. The chapter was one the first i
n the country
to recognize the unique needs of people in the early stag
es of memory
loss, who are often deeply entrenched in “normal” live
s—filled with
work, friends, family, dreams of the future, and the expec
tation and am-
bition to achieve them. In 2006, the New York City ch
apter held its
eighth Early Stage Forum. At other dementia care confe
rences, profes-
sional caregivers gather to talk about best practices in pro
viding care. At
this conference, people with memory loss gather to talk
about things
like how to keep their jobs as long as possible. When
Matthews sug-
gested the play idea to the members of the conference pla
nning commit-
tee, they jumped on it. “The planning committee loved t
he idea,” said
Jed Levine, chapter vice president. “It was interesting, in
novative, enter-
taining, and educational.”
The chapter hired Matthews to create a new script b
ased on inter-
views with volunteers from two Manhattan support gro
ups and hired
New York–based theater artist Lauren Volkmer to direct
it. Matthews
visited the groups and found 10 people who wanted to p
lay. They met
with Matthews and Volkmer at the Alzheimer’s Associat
ion offices just
south of Grand Central Station once a week for 4 wee
ks. The group
shared their experiences with early memory loss, and M
atthews edited
their accounts into letter form.
In May 2006, the auditorium at the CUNY Gradu
ate Center in
Manhattan was filled with some 300 people gathered for
the conference.
The actors included one person with performing experien
ce, but other-
wise, they were all newcomers to projecting their voices
and conquering
stage fright. And, of course, they all had memory loss. Th
ey had rehearsed
for weeks. But Matthews and Volkmer weren’t sure what
would happen.
To Whom I M
ay Concern
89
To Whom I May Concern, performed at the Early Stage Foru
m of the Alz-
heimer’s Association, New York City chapter, in May 2006.
Photo by
Ronald L. Glassman.
The play opens with John, the narrator, sitting at a d
esk writing a
letter. An oversized and overflowing mailbag sits next to
him. John in-
troduces the “letters” framework for the play as he reads:
To whom I may concern:
I know, you think I’ve made a mistake. You think I mea
nt to write “To
Whom It May Concern.” But don’t worry. It’s not a mist
ake. This is not
just any letter to some unknown person or persons, a form l
etter that com-
plains or advises.
No, this letter is not about an “It” that may concern you
, but of an “I,”
that is, me. I am writing to you today to let you know wha
t it is like to be
me these days.
John was the only actor with professional performi
ng experience,
having done regional theater and even some Broadway.
“When John
came on,” said Volkmer, “he was sparkling. He was in th
e moment, in
90 moving through f e a r
his element.” Then about halfway through the play, he lo
st his place in
the script. “We could see it,” said Volkmer, “he was flippi
ng through the
script. But he was too far away for others to help him. H
e was starting
to panic. He knew it was his turn, but he had no idea wh
at he was sup-
posed to do.” Matthews said, “It was awkward. The a
udience didn’t
know if it was part of the play or not. You could feel the
tension in the
room.” Then a fellow performer walked over and pointe
d out his place
in the script. John stood up, looked out at the audience, a
nd said. “Sorry
about that. I have Alzheimer’s.” The tension melted. Lau
ghter and ap-
plause swelled.
In the first section of the play, the letters focus on diag
nosis. Margaret
thoughtfully compels her doctor to have a little more unde
rstanding.
Dear Doctor:
Today was terrifying. I felt so alone. I couldn’t believe th
ose words were
coming out of your mouth: “Margaret, you have probable
Alzheimer’s dis-
ease and you have to take all this medicine and we just hav
e to see what hap-
pens with it. And then come back in 6 months.”
I wish you could have told me more about what to expe
ct. What’s going
to happen to me? What should I do about it?
It was like my whole world fell apart. I was in a daze.
After I left your
office I just stood outside the hospital, wondering what
my next move
should be.
I’m enclosing the phone number of Alzheimer’s chapter
. When I asked
you for it, you couldn’t find it. It might be a good thing to
hang on to be-
cause it might be the only thing someone like me can hang
on to.
See you in 6 months.
Margaret
Richard, on the other hand, cuts current diagnostic pr
actices to the
quick:
Dear Doctor,
I just spent $5,000 to learn what I knew when I came int
o your office in
the first place: I have probable Alzheimer’s disease. Do yo
u think I got my
money’s worth?
Sincerely,
Your probable patient,
Richard
To Whom I M
ay Concern 91
Other letters are directed to God (give me strength), B
arnes and Noble
(you have books for caregivers, but where are the books f
or people with
memory loss?), the assessment team (be honest with
me), and col-
leagues. Margaret writes to the head of a professional org
anization in her
field:
When I received word today that I was no longer wanted, I
was devastated.
Of course, you didn’t use those words. You said that memb
ership was lim-
ited and you had already taken in your quota of new memb
ers for the year.
But I saw one of your members’ reaction when I shared wit
h her that I had
been diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease. How naïve I wa
s that she would
not be prejudiced and that she would not communicate thi
s to the mem-
bership committee.
I hope you will educate yourselves about the impact of
Alzheimer’s dis-
ease, especially for those in the early stages. I am still ver
y much a part of
the world and I’m not contagious.
The overall tone of the letters is a deft balance of hum
or, anger, anx-
iety, and hope. Says one man, “Sometimes I like to pict
ure the doctors
as Groucho Marx when he played Dr. Hugo Z. Hackenbu
sh, MD, PhD,
RFD, MD, PDQ, BYOB.” But overall, the effect is of a
shaken bottle
of soda being uncapped. Effervescent, sweet, unpredicta
ble, and a bit
explosive.
To Whom I May Concern had an enormous impact
on its audience.
The way the work was crafted, the integrity of the env
ironment that
Matthews and Volkmer created, has, in Jed Levine’s opini
on, enormous
potential to change attitudes of a wide range of people, i
ncluding fam-
ily members, people with memory loss, doctors, even
members of the
pharmaceutical industry. One story Levine told me was e
mblematic of the
response to the play. A gentleman with memory loss atte
nded the con-
ference with his wife. After the play, he told a staff
member of the
Alzheimer’s Association that the play showed him for
the first time
people with memory loss he didn’t dismiss as crazy or dy
sfunctional. For
the first time, he found people he could relate to. He and
his wife have
both since joined several groups at the association. Levin
e also told of a
neurologist who responded to the play by saying, “Every
doctor who di-
agnoses dementia should see this.”
The second production of To Whom I May Concern
, which took place
in 2007, was brought about by a grant from the Society
for the Arts in
Healthcare in collaboration with Artists for Alzheimer’s,
a program that
92 moving through f e a r
coordinates and nurtures artists who volunteer in deme
ntia care set-
tings, particularly in the New York City area. Matthews
and Volkmer
worked with an early memory loss support group in Little
Neck (Queens /
Long Island), this time producing the play themselves at
a community
center and then at the Long Island Alzheimer’s Foundati
on.
The second version of To Whom I May Concern
follows the same
basic format as the first, but the individual letters captu
re the unique
voices of the Queens participants. May writes to a mu
seum docent,
thanking her for taking her group’s request not to speak so
slowly to them
so well: “You were very gracious when someone in our g
roup spoke up
and assured you that you could speak to us like any o
ther group of
adults. You actually seemed relieved. We certainly were.
”
Adele reads a letter to her husband, who was in the a
udience.
I don’t mean to sound ungrateful or rude, but I have to tell
you that you’re
being overly helpful. Ever since the doctor said I might h
ave Alzheimer’s
disease, you have been watching over me like a hawk. No
w I’m not saying
that I don’t like the attention. Actually, it’s very nice beca
use you’re being
so thoughtful. But sometimes it can be infantilizing. I kno
w that’s not your
intent, but that’s how it feels. I know my memory isn’t goo
d. I’m forgetting
all kinds of things. I start a sentence and I can’t remember
what I wanted
to say. Sometimes you remind me and that can be very hel
pful. The prob-
lem is when you assume I’m going to forget.
While Adele was reading the letter, she looked direc
tly at her hus-
band. The content of the letter was difficult, and, accordi
ng to Volkmer,
Adele likely hadn’t said the words out loud before. “I fe
lt like we were
witnessing something special,” Volkmer said. In the po
stshow discus-
sion, Adele’s husband stood up. He thanked her, and the
play, for open-
ing his eyes to her feelings.
This moment of exchange between Adele and her hu
sband in par-
ticular crystallized Matthews’s thoughts about the pow
er of the play.
Having immersed herself in readings about theater eth
nography and
Augusto Boal’s Theater of the Oppressed, Matthews s
ees To Whom I May
Concern as a chance for people who are silenced to spea
k. “This is an op-
portunity for people who lose their voice to disease to e
nter into dia-
logue with those who accompany them,” said Matthews.
“The play it-
self is only a piece of it. A critical piece is the intera
ction with the
audience.”
Other letters in the Queens script both mock and si
ncerely thank
To Whom I M
ay Concern 93
Access-a-ride and testify to the life preserver that is their
support group.
Anne, the narrator of the Queens script, gets the final wo
rd: “I also try
to forget. I know that may sound funny . . .
forgetting is
at the heart of
my problem. But I do try to forget about dementia. I do
n’t want it to
define me. I’m more than my memory. Let’s have some f
un.”
Like StoryCorps’ Memory Loss Initiative (MLI), T
o Whom I May
Concern invites us to dam the rushing waters of our liv
es long enough
to allow people with memory loss to collect and share t
heir thoughts
with us. Both projects invite us to listen, really listen, an
d to see just how
often we waste our moments and opportunities for deep
ly connecting
to others. And like MLI, To Whom I May Concern
creates a tangible
mechanism for sharing those moments with others—in
this case a play.
Matthews and Volkmer dream of being able to creat
e To Whom I
May Concern plays all over the country. Surveys compl
eted by audience
members before and after the two Queens / Long Island
performances
suggest that the play has an impact on people’s attitudes
toward mem-
ory loss. Matthews is eager to do more interviewing abou
t the impact of
the project, and she sees potential in expanding it to peo
ple with other
disabilities. Volkmer dreams of making a film out of the
project so that
it can reach larger audiences. A film would reduce some
of the perform-
ers’ anxiety, but it would also drain a little of the power o
ut of the play—
power and tension that come from the magic of a live
performance,
where anything can happen. Even the radical act of liste
ning.
11
TimeSlips Creative
Storytelling Project
F Write this down. This story was made up by the old p
eople at the
Catholic Home, who don’t just sit here but we think.
Everyone has
an idea. You should publish this in the Reader’s Digest.
They should
publish this in the paper.
Gretchen
“His name is Piggy Wiggy,” says a man with a wry grin.
He sits in a half
circle of 20 chairs filled with participants of Luther Ma
nor Adult Day
Center.
“Where should we say this is?” asks a young woman
in the middle
of the half circle.
The group is looking at a black and white copy of a pi
cture of a polar
bear, sprawled on his stomach on the ice, with glasses p
ropped on the
top of his head. He appears to be reading a newspaper.
“What is he doing?” asks the young woman. Anothe
r woman with
smartly cut white hair stands next to her. Quickly and n
eatly, she cap-
tures every word in flawless cursive on the flip chart.
“I would feed him,” says a woman. “He would eat so
me chicken and
collard greens.”
“Bears don’t eat greens,” says another storyteller.
“Well, I would feed him greens,” says the first, laugh
ing.
“I would take him to church,” says another woman.
“People would run out,” laughs a man.
“Not the preacher—he has to stay!”
“Mmmm hmmmm!” say several storytellers.
“That’s right,” echo others.
The young woman is breaking a sweat as she moves a
bout, trying to
follow the energy flying around the room.
This scene takes place in June 2007, in Milwauke
e, Wisconsin. Eleven
TimeSlips Creative Storytelli
ng Project 95
years earlier, I had been the one sweating in the semicir
cle, juggling a
story born of asking open-ended questions about a
magical picture to a
dozen older men and women whom the world thinks ha
ve lost them-
selves. Then I would look up at the faces of the onlookers
—CEOs, nurs-
ing home administrators, family members—in the back
of the room and
see them frozen in that open smile/laugh, their eyes stuc
k in a squint:
“Is this really happening?” their eyes ask. “Do these peopl
e really have de-
mentia?” Now, I’m one of those people. I’ve been doing t
hese TimeSlips
storytelling workshops for 10 years. And when the stories
get flying, sto-
ries full of humor, sorrow, hope, and regret, it still feels lik
e a miracle.
I began TimeSlips in 1995 when I moved to Milwauk
ee for the first
time. I had been released into the world with a freshly
minted PhD in
theater studies. My dissertation lauded the ability of th
eater to trans-
form the lives of older adults. I interviewed and followed
countless men
and women involved in the “senior theater” movement
—the Geritol
Frolics from Brainerd, Minnesota, the Grandparents Livi
ng Theatre in
Columbus, Ohio, the Roots and Branches Theater Com
pany in New
York City. These performers had imagined that aging w
ould bring de-
cline, rigidity, and isolation. Instead, they found them
selves playing
Juliet or Lear. They received professional training and be
came comedi-
ans, dancers, or singers. They learned to shape their
memories into
monologues. They found a social network to catch them
if they fell and
praise them when they excelled. Playing a new role (
Juliet, Lear, or
themselves reborn) radically changed the experience of
aging for these
performers, their families, and their audiences.
When I moved to Milwaukee in 1995, I had a fellow
ship that gave
me the luxury of a full year to think and write about act
ing and aging
and acting one’s age. The question that haunted me wa
s whether the
power of performance could transform the lives of ol
der men and
women with dementia as it clearly did the lives of those
without cogni-
tive disabilities.
By happenstance, a cousin of my father’s arranged fo
r me to volun-
teer at a nursing home. Once a week I made the trek to th
e edge of town,
doubts and fears piling atop each other as my little Cor
olla rolled me
closer to the smells, yells, and alarms that I had come t
o dread. For 6
weeks I tried. I researched creative dramatics, but the
exercises that
seemed to work with other groups fell flat with my littl
e group at the
nursing home. They seemed shackled—by drugs, by
disease, by disin-
terest. Still, I tried. “Be a tree. Now be a tree in the wi
nd.” Nothing.
96 moving through f e a r
around our little table and noticed that, for the first time
in 7 weeks, a
couple of staff members had wandered over to see what t
he ruckus was
about. There had been a double transformation. Becomi
ng storytellers
had transformed the residents and the staff.
Of course, every week from then on I did the same th
ing, trying to
see if the magic could happen again.
Twelve weeks later, we had told more than a dozen sto
ries. I still had
to suppress the gag reflex each time I walked through t
he door of the
nursing home. The alarm still shattered our concentratio
n. But we also
laughed, sang, and told stories together. We’d found a wa
y to reach each
other. My weekly trip in the Toyota was now a blend of
apprehension
and eager anticipation.
It is April 2007. The polar bear sprawled out on the i
ce is “reading the
stock report,” said June. Five students from my storyt
elling class in
the Theatre Department at the University of Wisconsin–
Milwaukee are
asking the questions.
“What happens next?”
“He falls through the ice.”
“Oh! And then what?”
This bear had already survived two or three other falls
as he made his
way toward a sexy black bear just beyond his ice floe. “H
e dies,” says June,
one of the students’ favorite storytellers. She peers at the
m through her
enormous glasses with one dark lens and one empty len
s, dramatically
revealing a brilliant blue eye. The students seem heartb
roken. Beulah,
another storyteller, senses the students’ shock, and counte
rs, “He doesn’t
die. You have to have something to live for.” June close
s her eyes and
pauses for a moment. Then she starts to sing. “Que sera s
era, whatever
will be, will be.” The students and storytellers join in—
the hard reality
of death and loss softened by the joining of voices.
It is winter 1999. A woman wearing some sort of V
ictorian costume
is riding an ostrich. The storytellers, gathered in the base
ment of a syn-
agogue in midtown Manhattan, name her “Holding On
—because she’s
really just holding on.” She is a cancan dancer, comfort
able with herself,
contemplating the next move in her career. “She never
had children,”
says Betty, “and she thinks she might have missed some
thing. But she
has a complex sense of happiness.”
It is fall 2003. After a raucous storytelling session a
t Luther Manor,
we are all a little giddy from the humor and energy that
lingers in the
room. No one gets up. We don’t want it to end. One of th
e storytellers
98 moving through f e a r
leans forward and calls the group to attention. “Hey!” sh
e says, “we’re a
group here! And we’re really good!”
We’re in Brooklyn in 1999. In an old Robert Doisne
au photograph, a
woman dressed in a heavy winter coat sits reclined o
n a Paris park
bench. The painter standing in front of her has captured t
he essence of
her reclining figure but drawn her as an abstract nude. Th
e women story-
tellers at the Park Slope Geriatric Day Center begin to t
witter. “What
should we call the woman?” asks one of the New York
University stu-
dents leading the group. “Mildred!” “Betty!” “Ida!” The
three women
shout out their own names—suddenly and playfully trans
forming them-
selves into the young, curvaceous woman on the Parisian
bridge.
From my weekly journey in my Corolla in 1995 to to
day, TimeSlips
has grown quite a bit. In 1998, the Brookdale Foundation
and the Helen
Bader Foundation supported a 2-year evaluation of the
project, in which
we taught others to do it and interviewed staff, families, a
nd student fa-
cilitators about if and how it worked. We also shared th
e stories with
public audiences and asked them if it changed their a
ttitudes about
memory loss and dementia. I wrote and staged three
different plays
based on the stories. The first, staged in Oshkosh, Wisco
nsin, in 1997,
was based on those original stories gathered in the Milw
aukee nursing
home. Fred Astaire the cowboy was played by a man in
his 70s and an
8-year-old boy simultaneously. In 2000, we staged a
play based on sto-
ries from the Milwaukee storytelling groups, and in 2001
, we staged one
in New York based on stories that emerged there.
The plays were powerful experiences. Each one feat
ured characters
and storylines created by people with dementia. They see
med to conjure
the storytellers themselves, and each performance becam
e a kind of in-
cantation. This effect wasn’t as strong in the Oshkosh pro
duction, likely
because the stories had come from Milwaukee, and there
were no fam-
ily members at the production. But for the Milwaukee
production in
2000, we invited the staff, storytellers, and their families
to the profes-
sional theater production. One of the stories featured Eth
el Rebecca, an
octogenarian pilot flying to Seattle with Dizzy Gillespie
in the backseat
of her antique plane. A storyteller named Mary had give
n Ethel Rebecca
a song to sing with Dizzy, an Italian-American song, the
lyrics of which
took me several months to track down. In the Milwauke
e production,
Ethel was played by Adekola Adedapo, a local jazz sing
er. In the open-
ing moments of the show, Adedapo, wearing a bomber j
acket, leather
TimeSlips Creative Storytelli
ng Project 99
Mary tells a story about a pilot named Ethel Rebecca who
flies because
it makes her feel free. Photo by Dick Blau.
helmet, goggles, and a white flowing scarf, ran at full sp
eed up a ramp,
a white handheld fan acting as her propeller, and landed
in the middle
of the audience, where she belted out “Cera Luna Mezza
Mara Mamma
Mia Mi Mari Dari!” On opening night, I panicked w
hen I saw that
Mary’s husband was sitting in front of the ramp. Adekola
would shortly
be singing, at full lung capacity, right into his face. Lig
hts were going
down, there wasn’t time to let him know, to offer to let hi
m move to an-
100 moving through f e a r
other seat. After the show, I approached him sheepishly. “
What did you
think of the show?” “Mary was right there with me,” he s
aid. “Is it okay
if I come again?” He sat in the same seat for two other pe
rformances.
All three plays aimed to capture the breathless surpri
se of creativity
emerging from someone the world has written off. The
Oshkosh and
Milwaukee plays dove into the world of the characters
created by the
storytellers, relying on the play program and the “talk ba
ck” session that
followed the performance to provide context. In the ope
ning scene in
the Oshkosh performance, the 8-year-old boy playing
cowboy Fred As-
taire crawled out of the top drawer of a highboy dresser,
pulling a suit-
case behind him. He opened the suitcase, set it down, s
at in it, pulled
out his fishing pole, and began to fish, singing “One, tw
o, three, four,
five, once I caught a fish alive. Six, seven, eight, nine, te
n, then I threw
it back again.”
In the Milwaukee production in 2000, a man wearin
g a bathing suit,
flippers, and goggles with glow-in-the-dark lights around
the lenses and
fish in his hair walked on stage through one of a series of
doors, opened
a suitcase on the stage, and, literally, dove in. The directo
r of both plays,
Gülgün Kayim, created stage images that suggested that
there were no
boundaries to the world of the imagination.
The imagination didn’t go unchallenged in the play
s, however. In
the Milwaukee production, the first scene featured each
character play-
ing a bit of the storyline. An elephant juggles while tellin
g his story, fear-
ing that he’s repeating himself. Two nuns recount the tale
of their fishing
prowess. A artist paints while his model fights boredom
. A pilot races
upward into the “sky,” on her way to teach her grandda
ughter to fly.
And then the second scene repeats the first, almost exact
ly. Just as the
audience begins to shift in their seats, thinking—“Was
that a mistake?”
“Didn’t we just see that?” “How long will this repetition
go on?”—the
scene breaks, and small changes take place. Objects t
hat are heavily
identified with each character begin to circulate. The swi
mmer’s flippers,
for example, migrate to one of the nuns. During the third
scene, the ob-
jects are in a free-for-all. The elephant wears the artist’s
easel. The nuns
play with the swimmer’s beach ball. But somehow, their s
tories progress.
In the final scene, there are almost no words left. Simple
movements tell
the stories we’ve heard repeatedly and come to know.
The characters
help complete each other’s stories by filling in a word or
movement here,
an object there.
TimeSlips Creative Storytelli
ng Project 101
Like the experience of dementia itself, these character
s and their sto-
ries become distilled. Ideally, the audience, by learning
the characters’
unique languages, can understand them even when th
ey are beyond
words.
After each performance in Milwaukee and New York,
we held “talk
backs” as a way for people to process what they’d seen. O
ne evening, two
women, who were sitting next to each other, had powerfu
l and opposite
responses to the Milwaukee play production. The first w
oman answered
the facilitator’s call for reactions to the play. “When that
scene started to
repeat, I almost left,” she said, her voice shaking. “I cou
ldn’t stand the
repetition. There is no sense to Alzheimer’s. None.” H
er friend coun-
tered, in gentle tones: “I felt the opposite. When the scen
e started to re-
peat, I thought—oh no. But then I started to see things.
Even when they
were just making movements, it made sense to me. I felt
I knew them.”
I worried for their friendship, but I was thankful for th
eir deeply felt
responses. They seemed to capture the range of emotion
s surrounding
dementia. Anger and hopelessness, on the one hand. Ope
nness to mys-
tery and hope in human connection, on the other.
In the New York production in 2001, director Christ
opher Bayes,
nationally known for his work in clowning, turned in a
different direc-
tion. We put the storytelling process on stage to show peo
ple from whence
the fanciful characters and storylines came. Bayes’s prod
uction, with its
magical, luminescent folding and unfolding set by Dav
id Korins and
delicate live music (accordion and violin), grounded the
audience before
encouraging them to fly away into the world of the imag
ination. Char-
acters featured Holding On, the Parisian cancan dancer;
Thomas Rex
and Godfrey (God for short), a cowboy and his singing
horse; Book-
man, who is trying to make sense of all the books in the
world by “or-
chestrating an orchestra in his mind”; and a swimmer (
Marianne) try-
ing to break a record in the Hudson River. The character
s shared their
tales, but something kept them from completing their st
ories. Gradu-
ally, they filled in each other’s gaps. Marianne donned
Holding On’s
tutu and did the cancan. “God” played both parts when
Thomas Rex
began to lose his words. And in the final moments, all
the characters
picked up books fastened onto the end of long sticks and
moved them
together, in unison, like a flock of birds, to finally, finall
y, fulfill Book-
man’s dream—to make sense of them.
With hindsight, I can see that the message of all thre
e plays echoes
102 moving through f e a r
Godfrey (Jodie Lynn McClintock) and Thomas Rex (Michael
Shelle) in
the New York TimeSlips play, 2001. Photo by Tim Atkinson
.
the power of the group storytelling process itself. We all
help each other
to complete the stories of our lives. None of us, with or
without mem-
ory loss, can complete a story alone.
It’s June 2007. There are three storytelling sessions h
appening simul-
taneously at the Luther Manor Adult Day Center in Milw
aukee. They are
being facilitated by a blend of experienced TimeSlips trai
ners from across
the country (there are now 30 trainers covering 10 differ
ent states) and
staff and volunteers from Luther Manor. There is laughter
, song, shared
excitement, and energy. I’m just watching in the backgrou
nd, my mouth
half open, looking to the other observers around me for co
nfirmation—
“Is this really happening?” “Do they really have dementi
a?”
People with dementia are sewn into figurative straigh
tjackets by in-
stitutions (Luther Manor excepted, thankfully) that tell
them they are
diseased, inappropriate, challenging, passive objects in
need of care—
TimeSlips Creative Storytelli
ng Project 103
“the living dead.” And somehow, a black and white pictu
re, a marker, a
flip chart, and someone asking them what they think and
writing down
their answers is enough to break those seams.
I Don’t Look Like Him!
This is one tired teddy bear or snow bear. He is not blind,
but he is cold.
His name is Fritz. Fritz is resting because he is very tired, a
nd a teddy bear
wouldn’t be playing around anyway. He came from the ba
ckground. He is
trying to get some food. He fell through the ice, which sur
prised him. He
is pooped out from trying to get out of the cold water. It is s
pringtime, but
it doesn’t make much sense that a bear would be out there.
Fritz needs to
rest until he decides what to do next. But he’s glad to be at
this point. He’s
trying to get help from reading to find out how to save him
self. He got this
book from a friend from one of the buildings back there. E
ven though he
is very tired, he is going to pick himself up once he gets a
little bit of en-
ergy. There is a juicy animal right out there. It’s a little pe
nguin. Fritz gets
all excited, but he’s not going to catch him. He falls throu
gh another hole
in the ice. He dies. Oh, we don’t know if he’s going to die .
. .
you don’t just
let people die. “Que sera sera” (singing). He has to fight fo
r the privilege to
keep going. Fritz is fighting to live. We want it to end lovel
y.
12
Songwriting Works
F When they see— . . . it makes me cry and I can’t
talk. I’m going to
take this (songbook) home and show it to my childre
n so they can
take it to my grandchildren.
B. C., age 86
The day after the first Iraq war broke out, Judith-Kate
Friedman re-
turned to the Jewish Home in San Francisco, where she’d
been working
as a musician. Friedman is a talented singer and songwri
ter in her own
right, but when she works in a community setting, she ac
ts as a musical
mirror of sorts—establishing relationship and trust and
then reflecting
people’s thoughts through a combination of words and so
und. On that
particular day, she was working in a unit that serves peo
ple who are at
the end of life, most of whom have moved beyond ratio
nal language.
This unit, normally active with the sounds of bustling
staff and resi-
dents, was almost silent. “I’d been doing this work for s
o long, and I’d
never heard it so quiet,” she said. She wondered if the res
idents were re-
sponding to the war; certainly the staff would have bee
n aware of it.
Many would likely have relatives who would be calle
d to serve. She
wondered how to be most useful in this anxious setting.
So she began to
stroll and play a gentle instrumental to soothe the atmo
sphere. Fried-
man came up with a melody and continued walking and
playing, com-
ing to rest with a woman whose words rarely found an or
der that people
around her could understand. The woman looked eager
to engage, so
Friedman sat down by her and played, mindful to connec
t with the oth-
ers in the room as well. In the middle of their conversati
on of jumbled
words, “she looked at me and said, ‘And every life is p
recious in this
world.’” Friedman wove it into the melody she was playi
ng.
“Everyday!” added the woman.
Songwritin
g Works 105
“Everyday!” sang Friedman.
“And it’s a very wonderful world!” added the woman.
“And peace will find a way,” added Friedman.
For the next hour, Friedman played those four lines a
nd a verse to a
unit on a different floor that served people with Alzheime
r’s disease. She
asked the residents what they thought was missing from t
he song. Some-
one said, “You have to be thankful every day.” The song
has become a
classic in her repertoire.
At the age of 22, after studying music, poetry, and fol
klore at Ober-
lin, Judith-Kate Friedman made her way to the San
Francisco area, where
she stayed for 22 years. She knew she wanted to be a per
forming song-
writer after college, and in pursuit of this dream, she to
ok a variety of
part-time jobs. She accepted an invitation by friends wor
king in a nurs-
ing home to try playing music there and found she had
a nice rapport
with the residents. “I never knew my own grandparents,
and I thought
it would be nice to have relationships with older people,”
said Friedman.
She was also no stranger to disability. Born with a club
foot and sub-
jected to multiple surgeries as a child, Friedman was
accustomed to
fighting for the recognition of people with disabilities as
full citizens.
But in the beginning, Friedman sensed that somethin
g was missing
in the nursing home work. With hindsight, Friedman d
escribed most
nursing home musical work as “maintenance entertainme
nt,” which she
sees as a symptom of overworked staff in an institutional
setting with in-
stitutional “think.” In these scenarios, social programmin
g is distributed
like a sprinkler—to cover the largest area and the most
people as pos-
sible. Friedman describes it this way: “There are wonderf
ul teachers out
there doing incredibly engaging things. And there are ot
hers who have
crafted their interaction to keep people happy. It works fo
r everyone. It
seems to include people, but there’s not a fresh engage
ment that hap-
pens each time that allows for surprise. It’s not set up to d
raw out the in-
dividual intelligence.”
Certainly “sing-a-long” activities are enjoyable and
can build a sense
of community. I find myself deeply moved in moments w
hen voices join
together—like around the campfire at our annual
summer retreat to the
Adirondacks, where 30 friends sing show tunes and Pet
e Seeger songs
(hell to some, heaven to me). But Friedman knew s
he could, and
wanted to, go deeper. And the patchwork of part-time
sing-a-long gigs
was difficult to sustain (if she was to eat at the same tim
e), so she let it
106 moving through f e a r
go and turned her full attention to writing and recording
her own music.
Between 1986 and 1989, she recorded her first album and
began touring
the United States.
Then Robert Rice, at the time head of a California Ar
ts Council pro-
gram called ArtWorks, invited her to become one of
the program’s
teaching artists and to try something extraordinary. Ri
ce challenged
Friedman not just to entertain the people she was workin
g with but to
create a meaningful artistic experience for herself as we
ll. He posed a
thought-provoking question to her. “He asked me to . . .
dig deep as an
artist and figure out what would be the most exciting an
d cutting edge
for myself but could also be mutually beneficial for th
ese wonderful
people I didn’t even know yet. He asked ‘What would y
ou do?’ ”
The first program Friedman tried with this new chall
enge in mind
was at an adult day center in San Francisco. There was a
large dayroom
and an incredibly diverse group of seniors speaking mult
iple languages.
Two women in the group had walked with Dr. King in
Selma. “I sug-
gested to the group that our first song be about Dr. King.
” One of the
women invited Friedman back to her apartment. That
conversation,
now almost 20 years ago, was remarkable, she says; the v
isit was “one of
the most amazing [ones] with an elder that I’ve ever ha
d in my life.”
Working with the elders, Friedman wove the stories the
woman told her
into one of the verses in the song tribute to Dr. King:
We started each day with a vision
And ended each night with a prayer.
For if you put the Lord first, you stay true to work,
And the church of your heart is right here.
Martin Luther King changed our world.
Some people are still trying to live under the same old lies.
We can’t do that anymore.
Robert Rice’s challenge to Friedman evolved into what is
now known as
Songwriting Works (SWW). Founded in 1988, Friedman’
s program aims
to bring people of all ages together with professional son
gwriters to cre-
ate and perform original music and transform the qual
ity of life for
young and old alike.
Friedman built the program around several core philo
sophies about
which she is deeply fervent. SWW is intentionally inclu
sive. Friedman
always seats people in a circle so everyone can see and h
ear each other.
Songwritin
g Works 107
In every interaction, in the circle or beyond it, Friedman
projects a be-
lief that every human being has musical, creative, and
general intelli-
gence: “They are to be honored and respected for bei
ng intelligent
people. That’s baseline.” Participants in SWW share a
common chal-
lenge that brings them together on equal footing—that
of writing a
song together. There are a couple of additional ground ru
les. SWW ses-
sions aim to generate fully original material. The student
s and elders she
works with don’t write about cartoon or movie characters
. Only twice in
18 years and more than 250 original songs has she enco
untered a lyric
that was borrowed from an old poem. The participants ar
e making their
own art, expressing their own visions.
Once people have gathered in a circle, Friedman s
tarts out with
simple introductions. She explains who she is and why s
he’s there. Then
the brainstorming begins. Friedman might ask what the g
roup is think-
ing of or launch a provocative question, and a volunteer,
armed with a
marker and an easel, captures their responses on paper. “
Then I pick up
the guitar, and we figure out what the music is supposed t
o sound like,”
Friedman says. “We start jamming.” Throughout the pro
cess, Friedman
listens intently. She listens for nuances, particular style
s, rhythms, ca-
dences, patterns, and the meaning and inflection of their
words. She and
the group shape all these elements into a song. In one
group, for ex-
ample, there were a lot of veterans. She began by asking t
hem to “tell me
about your war experience.” But no one would talk. It wa
s too hard, too
direct. So Friedman found another way in. She asked, “T
ell me, what do
you love about this country?” “And this very dignified
black woman
said, ‘Well, you can serve your god under your own
fig tree here.’ ”
Friedman found the rhythm of the phrase, and the group
set it to a tune.
The phrase became the chorus to their song.
In 2001, Friedman worked with a prolific group of eld
ers at the Jew-
ish Home in San Francisco to create more than 40 songs.
That summer,
when she won a Best Practices Award from the Associa
tion of Jewish
Aging Services, a national organization for Jewish hom
es and housing
services in North America, the board of the Jewish Hom
e put enough
money behind the project to fulfill one of Friedman’s drea
ms—to “bring
in an engineer and musicians and record it in the home, l
ive, in the syn-
agogue.” San Francisco–based filmmaker Nathan Friedki
n began visiting
rehearsals September 3, building his footage into ’Spe
cially Wonderful
Affair, a film that has played the festival circuit. Funding
secured, film-
maker in place, engineers hired, elders having narrowed
their 40 songs
108 moving through f e a r
to 13 and at the ready to record, they were set to record
on September
12. The events of September 11 changed everything. Sho
uld they go on?
As she always does, Friedman asked the group for guida
nce. The oldest
member, Birdie Gintzler, who was then 97 and sharp as a
tack, gave the
definitive response: “If we stop, the terrorists have won.
” And so they
went on, recording the CD Island on a Hill with a
group of seniors
whose average age was 87.
Rabbi Sheldon Marder has been working with Fried
man at the Jew-
ish Home since 2002. Together he and Friedman facilita
te the Psalms,
Songs, and Stories Program, which uses the biblical poet
ry of the Psalms
to express and explore spiritual beliefs through the creati
on of original
songs. Together they meet with two groups of elders, one
with demen-
tia, one without. Marder is quick to point out that he’s
no musician;
rather, his aims for the program relate to his mission in p
astoral care. “I
know Judith-Kate says that we’re songwriters, and the
point is to write
a good song,” he says. “For me, the point is not perfectio
n, but signifi-
cance. And that’s exactly what we’re aiming for in our s
ongs. They are
meant to have significance. They are meant to have mean
ing or help dis-
cover meaning. The fact that they do it together makes it
more doable.
When people work in a group and give each other idea
s, what’s hard
work becomes fun and exciting. The relationships are at t
he heart of it.”
Marder also uses the songwriting process to learn as
much as he can
about people moving deeper into memory loss. “A good
deal of my work
is really just to learn as much about them as I can,” say
s Marder, “and
then I remind them of it later on. I know things about peo
ple that later
surprises them to hear. ‘How do you know that about m
e?’ And I tell
them, ‘You told me about that when we wrote that song t
ogether.’”
What is the impact of SWW? Theresa Allison (MD)
has been study-
ing SWW at the Jewish Home in San Francisco for sever
al years as part
of her dissertation research. Allison has been studying it n
ot as a medical
doctor, but, rather, as an ethnomusicologist, conducting un
structured in-
terviews with the residents. She has found that the musi
c that emerges
through SWW is deeply interwoven into the very fabri
c of the Jewish
Home. Music from the residents was used as part of the d
edication of the
synagogue, a ceremony that was reserved for the most ge
nerous donors.
Several of the residents’ songs have landed in the core rep
ertory of the in-
stitution. “Everyone on staff knows It’s Hanukah Tonight
,” said Allison.
Friedman is adamant that songs written by the groups
she serves be-
long to the group. “The woman who said, ‘You can serve
your god under
Songwritin
g Works 109
your own fig tree here,’ that’s her line, and it will remai
n her line for-
ever.” She tells a story of how when she tried to train ano
ther musician
to do the SWW process so more people could experience
it, the would-
be trainee heard someone utter a line he found inspir
ing and said,
“That’s a great line. I’m going to use that.” Friedman st
opped his ap-
prenticeship. Says Friedman, “I’ve got plenty of songs
on my own, I
don’t need [their songs] to be mine. All my skills, my m
usical skills, all
my teaching skills, all my humanities skills go toward as
sisting people to
find and explore and express their inner musicality, their
wisdom, and
whatever legacy they want to leave and [to] have fun i
n the process.”
The issue of ownership becomes especially heated whe
n songs begin
building in number and Friedman shares them with the
public. When
SWW uses the professionally recorded, original music to
foster connec-
tions between an aging community and the world at larg
e, who profits
from the CD sales? All proceeds go back into SWW.
In 2006, Friedman moved her home base to Port Tow
nsend, Wash-
ington. After 18 years, 40 different program sites, 250 son
gs, several CDs,
and a documentary film, Friedman started the process of
training oth-
ers to carry SWW forward. Winning a 2007 MindAlert
Award from the
MetLife Foundation and the American Society on Agi
ng has helped
raise awareness of the program. For now, all the song
writers she has
worked with have come out of classroom settings. But t
hat is starting
to change with the growth of organizations like the Natio
nal Center for
Creative Aging, based in Washington, D.C., and the S
ociety for the
Arts in Health Care, which also addresses aging as part
of its mission.
“Older arts is not known in the world, at least at this p
oint in time,
quite like the genre of children’s music.” “But,” insists F
riedman, “this
is a genre.”
She thinks it does take a special personality to be a S
WW facilitator.
“It takes a lot of patience to be willing to be still within o
ne’s self enough
to hear the voices of people with dementia. I don’t think i
t’s superhuman
patience; I think it’s an extremely natural thing to do.”
Peace Will Find a Way
Every life is precious in this world.
Every day—every day
In this very wonderful world peace will find a way.
Be thankful—be thankful,
Thankful every day.
110 moving through f e a r
Be thankful—be thankful,
Peace will find a way.
Every day is precious in this life.
Every day—every day
In this very wonderful life love will find a way.
Be thankful—be thankful,
Thankful every day.
Be thankful—be thankful,
Love will find a way.
Be thankful, be thankful—thankful every day.
Be thankful, be thankful—peace will find a way.
Peace will surely find a way.
13
Dance
“Respect” and “Sea of Heartbreak”
F At first, I approached this project as I would have any
other, but
after weeks of seeing each individual eye to eye in our
greeting or
our closing, I began to really relate to each person as
an individual,
letting go of my lesson plan for the day, letting go of
who was re-
sponding and who wasn’t. Instead of being the teach
er, the leader, I
was just part of the group.
Amy Brinkman Sustache
Katie Williams can barely catch her breath. “And Blanc
he,” says Katie,
“she’s deaf. She can’t hear a thing. But she feels the musi
c. She sits right
next to me and she watches my movements. She just lo
ves this. She’s
never missed a show.” Then Katie tells me of Robert, abo
ut how he is so
cautious but just lights up when they dance. And then th
ere’s the mar-
ried couple—the wife who loved the dance program
and the husband
who sat in a recliner and watched, making snide comm
ents under his
breath. Then one day, he quietly asked Katie if he could j
oin the group.
And she told me of Ida. And Mary. I couldn’t write it all d
own fast enough.
When we got out the scrapbook of the Good Steppers, the
Luther Manor
dance group, Katie thought of more stories. “Oh! There
are our canes!
We are so proud of our canes.” I’d heard about the canes
and hats sev-
eral times before. They special-ordered them from the
Internet.
Katie Williams and Anna Liza Malone are person-
centered care spe-
cialists at Luther Manor Adult Day Center in Milwaukee
, Wisconsin. In
other facilities, they would be called “nursing assistants.
” But at Luther
Manor, the concept of befriending participants is built in
to job descrip-
tions and titles. The ArtCare artist-in-residence program
is the epitome
of that idea. In 2001, as part of the ArtCare program, a pr
ofessional cho-
reographer from DanceWorks, a Milwaukee-based nonpr
ofit, was artist
in residence at Luther Manor for 15 weeks. It was a mut
ual exchange.
112 moving through f e a r
Dancer and choreographer Amy Brinkman Sustache g
ave Katie and
Anna Liza confidence in their abilities to dance and lead
others to do the
same. Katie and Anna Liza taught Amy how to work wit
h people with
dementia. The weekly dance workshops culminated in
a public per-
formance in May 2002. More than 100 people filled the
Luther Manor
Faith and Education Building. Family members, friend
s, staff, volun-
teers, and members of the press sat in neat rows facing th
e stage. I stood
in the back of the room wondering, how will they do thi
s? A rehearsed
dance performance? In front of an audience of over 100
people? Many
of whom are longing to see their parent or spouse or neig
hbor as he or
she used to be not as he or she is?
The performance was stunning. The day center partic
ipants filed on
stage, some on their own, some assisted by helpers or wal
kers. Anna Liza
and Katie sat among them. Amy, the choreographer, was
positioned like
a conductor, downstage with her back to the audience.
The dancers
would follow her movements if they lost their place. B
ut most of the
dancers had no trouble remembering the movements, bec
ause they had
choreographed the dance themselves. The movements we
re simple, ele-
gant, and sometimes funny. In one, the participants danc
ed with color-
ful scarves to “Don’t Worry, Be Happy.” In another, they
each said their
name and performed a movement to accompany it. I re
member low,
sweeping movements and jaunty, choppy motions—the se
lf transformed
into physical expression.
Dawn Adler, who manages the ArtCare program at
Luther Manor,
said the key to the success of the Good Steppers program
is having the
participants generate all the content, from music to pr
ops to move-
ments. At first, it seemed, the choreographer wanted to
do what she
does best—choreograph. But, said Adler, “once she got
over that, that’s
when things really started to happen.”
Katie and Anna Liza have been running the Good Ste
ppers since the
group’s first public performance in 2002. “We ask them
what kind of
music they want. Everything comes from them,” said A
nna Liza. Over
the years, the group has chosen everything from show tu
nes to country
western songs. One woman loves Elvis, so they’ve done “
All Shook Up.”
One year they did an international theme. Anna Liza tau
ght them about
the culture in her native Philippines and brought in son
gs that in the
United States would be called country western. “We d
id movements
about the culture and the feeling of the music,” she sai
d. “We made
movements like playing the guitar and women picking
vegetables and
D
a
n
c
e
1
3
The Good Steppers of Luther Manor. Photo by Anne Bastin
g.
washing rice.” The Good Steppers have done everything
from Johnny
Cash’s “Sea of Heartbreak” to Motown with “My Guy.”
But the favorites
are clearly the songs that call for the hats and canes. “W
e just love our
hats,” says Katie.
The dancers also pick the movements, props, and c
ostumes. It’s a
democratic process that demands thinking like a team.
“We vote on
everything,” explains Anna Liza. If someone suggests a
movement, they
put it up for a vote. For the line “Nothing you can say
could tear me
away from my guy” in “My Guy,” they all tore a piece
of construction
paper. For “All Shook Up,” they put a few kernels of pop
corn in plastic
water bottles and—shook them up. For “Sea of
Heartbreak,” they all
found white shirts, string ties, and cowboy hats. They fo
und a disco ball
for “Saturday Night Fever.” The canes and hats come
out for “New
York, New York,” “A Chorus Line,” and any other excuse
they can find.
Anna Liza and Katie work with the dancers on one so
ng for a couple
weeks, then they’ll move on to another. When they hav
e finished five
songs, the group will rehearse and review and head towar
d a show. “Some
114 moving through f e a r
people forget,” says Anna Liza, “but that’s why Katie and
I are there, to
remind them and to lead them. We also make a copy of t
he movement
list and put it on the floor in front of each person.”
Katie breathlessly tells of how the dancers take to
the program.
“Della is a loner,” she explains. “She does crosswords al
l day, with the
paper right up to her face so she can see it. But when
we put on the
music, she’s the first one there. It’s just so much fun to see
their eyes light
up when we turn on the music.”
Several of the projects that I profile in this book enc
ourage people
with memory loss to step into the world of imagination
as a way to re-
connect words to meaning. For many people with memo
ry loss, words
are their betrayers. Words slip out of order and relation. T
hey take their
sweet time in coming to the lips, or they don’t come at a
ll. Sometimes,
it doesn’t seem worth the risk to wait for them. TimeSlip
s, Songwriting
Works, Duplex Planet, and StoryCorps, all featured in the
se chapters, pro-
vide ways to enable people with memory loss to express m
eaning through
spoken language. Dance programs, on the other hand,
give the body
back to people with memory loss. Western culture worsh
ips the youth-
ful body. It makes the perfect commodity for a capitalist
country—an
object that gets further from us with each passing mom
ent. Knee re-
placements and bypass surgeries are one thing. But we fe
verishly seek to
erase the markings of age that have nothing to do with he
alth and every-
thing to do with appearance and social status. Now that
“self-esteem”
has found a permanent place in the health vernacular, w
e can rational-
ize Botox and plastic surgery as “good” for our health. D
ance programs
like the Good Steppers provide a way for us to reclaim t
he aging body,
which can be a source of stigma and of physical and emo
tional pain, as
a means of self-expression and a purveyor of pleasure.
Maria Genné, who runs the Kairos Dance Theatre, in
Minneapolis,
tells a story of a woman with dementia who came to he
r dance work-
shop at a St. Paul adult day center:
She was very nervous, holding her purse very tightly. She w
ould just sit there
and not move or talk, just clutching her purse. I grabbed s
ome Aretha—
“Respect” can usually get anybody to dance. And the nex
t thing I knew,
there she was, no purse, dancing in the center of the group.
And I jumped
in to dance with her. And there was joy in the whole group[
,] . . .
her being part of us and feeling safe enough to let go of t
he chair and go
into the middle.
ance 115
Genné has been teaching dance for over 40 years. She
began to focus
on working with people with memory loss in 2001 afte
r Liz Lerman’s
Dance Exchange visited Minneapolis as part of that comp
any’s Hallelu-
jah project. Genné volunteered to be a liaison for the ma
mmoth Dance
Exchange endeavor, in which local communities turne
d stories into
movement based on the question “What are you in prais
e of ?” Genné
was placed at the Southwest Senior Center in Minneapol
is, a program,
coincidentally, Genné’s mother had recently begun to
visit. Today,
Genné’s company has several regular sites (adult day pro
grams) it works
with each year. There has been compelling research done
about the abil-
ity of dance and music therapy to reach people with
dementia. But
Genné and certainly Katie and Anna Liza are coming at t
he matter from
a different perspective. “I’m coming from the artistic pr
ocess model.”
says Genné, “It’s not about starting with diagnosis. I don’
t want to know
the details. The artist comes in to complement the medic
al model. We
work with chaos and find beauty within it. Art is an ex
pression of the
inner person that isn’t always described in the medical m
odel.”
Liz Lerman puts it in a similar way. She sees the arts
as a wide spec-
trum. On one end, there are therapists dealing with thi
ngs that only
they are trained and able to do. On the other end is an
elite, artistic,
cultural practice (like opera or ballet) that is pretty remo
ved from every-
day people. Says Lerman: “If you remove judgment abou
t the spectrum,
you can see this incredibly busy highway between the t
wo ends.” The
point of entry for her own work is a contract she figurativ
ely signs with
participants “that’s about ‘let’s make art,’ rather than ‘let’
s make you feel
better.’” Of course, there is a lot of overlap in these ap
proaches. But
there are not a lot of elite-level artists who can work with
such an open-
ended process. And, as Lerman suggests, there are also s
ome therapists
who don’t really want people to be in control of their bo
dies.
Lerman’s company now works with a wide range
of community
groups, but the Dance Exchange emerged in 1976 out of
an ongoing se-
ries of workshops at the Roosevelt Hotel for Senior Citi
zens. Lerman
sees all the company’s methods for working in communit
y as stemming
from those initial years at the Roosevelt, where develo
pmentally dis-
abled people, people with dementia, the poor, and the
frail were all
lumped together. According to Lerman, in those early
days one of
the Dance Exchange company members was completely
at ease diving
deep into the present moment to be with people with m
emory loss to
foster “present time” activities: “That’s when I began t
o muse about
116 moving through f e a r
memory. Society wants to tell people to live in their me
mories. Why?
They couldn’t have new ones? It was shocking to me. C
onfronting the
Alzheimer’s situation (and this was before anyone kne
w what it was)
made us question what we were doing. It is fine to ask a
bout ‘a time in
your life when.’ But you can also create it in the momen
t.”
Lerman likes to do what she calls “subtracting me
aning” to pull
people into the present and get them to think of common
things in un-
common ways. A “present time” activity for example,
might be to ask
people to bring in a family photograph. But instead of
telling a story
about the people in it, Lerman will guide the dancers thr
ough a discus-
sion of the lines, shadows, and shapes they see. “You mig
ht get stories of
the past,” says Lerman, “or you might get art.”
I Am a Dancer was the title of the performance at th
e Luther Manor
Faith and Education Building in May 2002 when 18 Lut
her Manor day
center dancers sat on stage, fanned out in a semicircle,
and reclaimed
their right to find joy in their bodies. I Am the Runnin
g Girl. That was
the title of a book my father gave me when I was 14. It
is a kid’s book
that tells the story of a young girl who learns the pow
er of physical
strength, rhythmic movement, and the hypnotic sound
of one’s own
measured breath. That’s what I remember, at least. I can s
ee it sitting on
the modern, white wall unit in the living room of my par
ent’s old house,
but I haven’t actually seen it in probably 25 years. I Am t
he Running Girl.
When I run my 3-mile route that starts and ends at my
front door, I
imagine—see and feel—all of my 3-mile routes from
the last 30 years.
Up Mount Tabor in Portland; around Lake Harriet in
Minneapolis;
through Prospect Park in Brooklyn. I know there will be
a day when my
knees will tell a different story. And perhaps, if I’m lucky
enough to find
a Katie, Anna Liza, Maria, or one of the many people i
nspired by Liz
Lerman, I’ll be able to see and feel those places again wi
th a few move-
ments of the arms and hips to a rousing chorus of “Respe
ct.”
14
The Visual Arts
F It’s like he’s trying to tell a story with words that don’
t exist.
Ruben Rosen
In the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City is
a giant paint-
ing by Jackson Pollock. It takes up most of a wall. Its f
rantic, stringy
glops of gray, white, and black paint vibrate across ev
ery inch of the
enormous canvas. When I first met the man who is now
my husband,
we spent an afternoon in the Met. He pulled me zigza
gging through
gallery after gallery to see his favorites. Kandinsky’s
Garden of Love,
Bruegel’s Harvesters, and, of course, Pollock’s Autumn
Rhythm, Number
30. But Brad didn’t just look at the Pollock. He liked to s
it on the bench
in front of the painting, and tip backward, lying down
to look at the
painting upside down. I am more cautious by nature. I
looked at the
guards first. They seemed okay with this unorthodox vie
wing method,
so I gave it a try. Somehow the painting made perfect se
nse this way. It
was the rest of the world that was upside down. Poll
ock’s Autumn
Rhythm was in perfect harmony.
When I first looked at the Pollock upside down with
Brad, I was just
embarking on my journey into understanding the world
of dementia.
With hindsight, now I wonder, what about those who feel
like the world
is upside down 24 /7? Might Pollock’s paintings offer t
hem a similar
sense of solace as it offered me? Might this be a place
where we could
reach each other?
In 2006, Francesca Rosenberg attended a conference
hosted by the
Council of Senior Centers and Services of New York Cit
y. As the direc-
tor of education at New York’s Museum of Modern Art (
MoMA), Ro-
senberg had already been offering programs for seniors
and wanted to
learn more about this segment of her audience. At the c
onference, she
met Sean Caufield, director of community relations at H
earthstone Alz-
118 moving through f e a r
heimer’s Care, who challenged her to think about the gro
wing numbers
of older adults with cognitive challenges and their care
partners. How
was MoMA planning to serve them?
Inspired by Caufield’s question, and by the program
Artists for Alz-
heimer’s (ARTZ), which Hearthstone had pioneered, Ro
senberg called
on some local resources to help her shape a program for p
eople with de-
mentia. In addition to Caufield and John Zeisel, ARTZ f
ounder, staff of
the New York City chapter of the Alzheimer’s Associati
on and special-
ists from Mt. Sinai Medical Center helped Rosenberg cr
eate a training
program for museum educators that addressed communi
cation issues,
the basics of dementia, and some of the challenges fac
ing caregivers.
MoMA educators took prints out into the field to practic
e at adult day
programs. They discovered that some of the classics fro
m their collec-
tion, particularly the more representational art, were ide
al for igniting
conversations full of feeling and poetic expression. A
ndrew Wyeth’s
Christina’s World and Pablo Picasso’s Girl before a
Mirror were instant
hits. The test run also revealed that once groups warmed
up with Wyeth
or Picasso, they could easily move to something less repr
esentational—
something like Piet Mondrian’s Broadway Boogie Wo
ogie or Jackson Pol-
lock’s One. One is remarkably like Autumn Rhythm N
umber 30 —so much
so that when I sat down to write this chapter, I strained to
remember if
my date with Brad was at MoMA or the Met. I could pi
cture us wan-
dering the halls of both museums.
When MoMA was still in its temporary home in Que
ens (while the
home campus was being renovated), Rosenberg had som
e local groups
of people with dementia come to the museum for a trial r
un of the pro-
gram. When the New York City–based Samuels
Foundation funded the
program, Meet Me at MoMA was born. In January 2006
, on a Tuesday
when the museum was closed to the public, MoMA hel
d the first offi-
cial tour for people with dementia and their care partne
rs. Rosenberg
originally thought that the program would run every oth
er month. But
the demand became so great that by 2007, MoMA was
offering Meet
Me at MoMA every month.
On a Tuesday in September 2007, 90 people showed
up for the pro-
gram, which runs from 2:30 to 4:00 in the afternoon. Mo
MA educators
create small groups of no more than 15 people and take ea
ch group on a
tour of a specific gallery. The power of the program is t
hat it creates a
common ground: there are no wrong answers about Br
oadway Boogie
Woogie; there are only thought-provoking, emotional
responses. The pro-
The Vis
ual Arts 119
gram also honors people with dementia by opening the re
sources of this
magnificent museum to them. A special daylong semina
r on the Meet
Me at MoMA program in March 2008 featured a panel
discussion of
participants who eloquently and emotionally described
the power of
feeling welcomed and honored at a time of life that can
be dominated
by loss and grief. One woman, whose husband had dem
entia, said she
and her brother would vie for the chance to accompany
him to “his”
museum for the day. The son of a woman with dementia
said his mother
treasured the visits and counted down the days until they
could visit the
museum again. He even scanned postcards from the mus
eum collection
into his mother’s computer and left the slide show on for
her during the
day to bring a bit of the museum home to her. Clearly,
the program
offered participants the chance to suspend or bracket the
disease that so
dominated their days to create moments of shared joy,
learning, and
deep engagement.
Making Art
Originally, MoMA staff had hoped to include workshops
in which par-
ticipants could make their own art as well, but logistics
made this nearly
impossible. Physically moving through the galleries and a
llowing enough
time for in-depth discussion with 15 people didn’t leave
time to get par-
ticipants to the workshop spaces. With such a world-class
collection ready
and waiting for them alone, some participants were invest
ed mainly in the
looking, not in the making. But several well-established
programs across
the country do offer art making for people with dementia,
and their re-
sults are inspirational.
ArtCare
Luther Manor’s adult day program in Milwaukee featu
res an artist in
residence each year. In 2006–7, that artist was Mich
alene (Mollie)
Groshek, a lifelong teaching artist who facilitated weekl
y workshops in
which people with dementia worked with mixed media,
including ink,
fabric, and paint. Mollie fills each art-making moment
with choices.
Oreda began one of Groshek’s art-making sessions by
dropping india
ink on paper and then turning the paper to allow it to flo
w in different
directions. In the course of doing so, she got some ink on
her hands. As
she blotted her hands and the artwork with paper towel
s, she created
even more patterns. When it was all dry, she selected c
ollage cutouts,
120 moving through f e a r
images from magazines, and small pieces of cut tissue pa
per and layered
the work with pastel chalk.
Like all Luther Manor residencies, Groshek’s shared t
he fruits of the
participants’ labor with the public. Luther Manor sent o
ut formal invi-
tations to press, families, and guests for a reception and
a tour of the
exhibit housed in their beautiful and newly renovated w
elcome center.
The vibrantly painted fabrics and richly textured collages
were profession-
ally mounted, framed, and photographed. I wandered th
rough the ex-
hibit, the sun pouring through windows illuminating the
bright fabrics,
thinking about how the care with which Mollie present
ed the artwork
models respect for people with cognitive challenges. We
weren’t just see-
ing art at this exhibit; we were learning how to see people
with dementia.
Artists for Alzheimer’s (ARTZ)
Based at Hearthstone Alzheimer’s Care, ARTZ has ambit
ious goals that
include both art making and art viewing. Each artist i
n their sizable
stable of volunteers offers a minimum of 1 hour (or one vi
sit) per year to
work with people with dementia. When I last visited the
Web site, there
were 56 artist profiles. Some are professional artists—
painters, pianists,
sculptors, storytellers, actors, percussionists, and poets
—looking for a
meaningful way to share their talents. Others are enscon
ced in careers
as care managers, pharmaceutical representatives, or te
achers and are
looking to work with people with memory loss in ways t
hat their career
paths don’t permit. ARTZ trains artists in a daylong work
shop and then
matches them up with a member organization. Each arti
st can choose
to present their craft to the group or to facilitate art maki
ng. A poet, for
example, might read poetry to a group or work with the
group to help
them to write their own poems. As an organization, AR
TZ is working
to expand the use of the arts to empower people with de
mentia across
the globe; it currently has chapters in Germany, Austral
ia, and France
and soon will have one in England. In addition to consult
ing on the for-
mation of the MoMA program, Caufield and founder Jo
hn Zeisel cre-
ated an art exhibit called I’m Still Here that premiered a
t the John Kohler
Art Center, in Sheboygan, Wisconsin, and appeared i
n the lobby of
Merck. Caufield coordinates the comings and goings of A
RTZ volunteer
artists and member organizations. Zeisel describes ARTZ’
s lofty goals this
way: “We want every cultural institution everywhere to
open their doors
to people with dementia—they should all be treatment
resources. We
want to reduce the stigma of the disease, and we want the
entire effort to
The Vi
sual Ar
ts 121
Mixed media collage by Oreda. Her teacher is Michalene G
roshek. Photo
by Bill Lemke, used with permission of Michalene Groshek.
be self-sustaining.” ARTZ supplies training to the staff of
organizations
that become members about how to work with artists, rec
eive visits from
volunteer artists, and gain access to free tickets for cultura
l events such as
the Big Apple Circus, poetry readings, and film screenin
gs.
Arts for the Aging (AFTA)
Like ARTZ, AFTA has assembled a similar range of arti
sts, but AFTA
calls them “faculty” and trains and pays them to offer o
ngoing work-
122 moving through f e a r
Francesca Rosenberg discusses art with Meet Me at MoMA
participants.
Photo by Robin Holland.
shops at partnering adult day programs, senior centers, an
d not-for-profit
long-term care facilities in the Washington, D.C., area
that care for the
underserved. The average tenure of an artist on faculty is
9 years. I spent
the day at their Bethesda offices in 2002. Janine Tursini,
then program
director, drove me around to visit a couple programs in
action: a quiet
poetry workshop for frail elders; a portrait drawing gro
up at a senior
center; and a raucous sing-a-long at a packed-to-the-gills
adult day pro-
gram. In all three, you could see the hard casings of anxi
ety and confu-
sion that enveloped some of the participants at the beginn
ing of the ses-
sion crack and fall away.
Founded by sculptor Lolo Sarnoff in 1988, AFTA was
early to recog-
nize the power of fostering self-expression and
emotional communica-
tion through the arts among people who are left social
ly isolated. In
2006, Tursini became the executive director, and the pro
gram is thriv-
ing. “We can’t do more than what we’re doing for more
people,” said
The Vis
ual Arts 123
Tursini, “and we’re busting at the seams with the need.”
Tursini hopes
to develop AFTA’s artist training program so that it can
meet the needs
in the Washington, D.C., area. In 2007, AFTA’s program
s were featured
in the documentary Do Not Go Gently, by Melissa G
odoy and Eileen
Littig, and as the film screens around the country, AF
TA is offering
workshops on a national basis as well. Tursini is inspired
by Sarnoff, who
turned 91 in 2007. “She’s been active her entire life,” sai
d Tursini, “and
she continues to be involved. She was the visionary, the
founder, and a
living embodiment of what it means to always create an
d always be in-
volved in life.”
Elders Share the Arts (ESTA)
Founded by Susan Perlstein in 1979, ESTA began with P
erlstein’s work
in the street theater movement and has evolved to offer a
wide array of
arts-based programming to underserved elders,
including people with
memory loss, in the New York City area. ESTA programs
blend oral his-
tory with creative arts to transform memories into art. Th
e Living His-
tory Arts programs it offers include intergenerational wo
rkshops (Gen-
erating Community), exhibits of artwork by older, self
-taught artists
(Discoveries), and stories crafted and performed by olde
r adults (Bear-
ing Witness). ESTA partners with senior centers or long-
term care facil-
ities and conducts a series of workshops that culminate in
a celebration
each spring called the Living History Festival. These pr
ograms are de-
signed to be flexible, and facilitating artists can adapt the
m to work with
people with a range of disabilities, including dementia.
Incredible teaching artists have been associated with
ESTA over the
years. I had the privilege of watching Peggy Pettitt facilita
te an intergener-
ational group project in Bushwick, Brooklyn, centered on
sharing stories
about the importance of voting. I first met founder Susan
Perlstein in 1995
when I started coming to New York to study the work bei
ng done there
with older people in the arts. I remember sitting in her B
rooklyn apart-
ment, sipping tea and talking about her early work in the
VA hospitals in
the Bronx. Keeping ESTA alive and thriving over 30 years
and leading the
field by founding the National Center for Creative Aging
demanded street
smarts, philanthropy savvy, and an endless supply of raw
energy. I won-
dered how she did it. Then I looked around. There were c
ountless paint-
ings on the walls and in-process canvases on the floor.
“These are yours?”
I asked. “Yes,” she said. Now I see where she gets her cal
m.
124 moving through f e a r
Memories in the Making (MIM)
Watercolor is the medium of choice for the MIM progra
m, first devel-
oped by Selly Jenny of the Orange County chapter of t
he Alzheimer’s
Association back in 1986. Since then, Alzheimer’s Asso
ciation chapters
across the country (the Colorado, Greater Cincinnati, an
d Greater Wis-
consin chapters, for example) have taken it on, deepenin
g it with their
own strengths. La Doris Heinly, who goes by Sam, assu
med the mantle
of training people to do MIM when Jenny died after a lo
ng battle with
cancer. Heinly created manuals and a book, Still Here,
which shows the
artwork and guides people through the process of offering
themes to the
painters, nurturing discussion about memories triggered b
y those themes,
and capturing in watercolor the images inspired by those
memories. The
MIM program has become a standard feature of many A
lzheimer’s As-
sociation chapters’ fundraising efforts, with framed paint
ings offered at
silent or live auctions. Many chapters also create greetin
g cards and cal-
endars of the artwork.
Whether art-making programs work with clay,
watercolor, or fabric,
however, almost all boil down to the same basic idea.
The visual arts
offer a way to communicate beyond words. A person can
still tell others
how he or she feels about the world through color, shap
e, and texture
when his or her tongue ceases to cooperate.
Talking Art
Viewing and talking about art, as in the MoMA progra
m, offers a sim-
ilar expressive freedom to making it. Sure there are peop
le who can tell
us about the social and historical context that Pollock’s w
ork builds on.
But at the end of the day, looking at the Pollock, right sid
e up or upside
down, what does it make us think and feel? “It’s like he’s
trying to tell a
story using words that don’t exist,” said Meet Me at Mo
MA participant
Rueben Rosen of Picasso’s Girl before a Mirror. In re
sponse to Wyeth’s
Christina’s World, Irene Brenton said, “You can’t see he
r face, but look-
ing at her, you get the feeling that she’s happy.” When as
ked why, Mrs.
Brenton responded, “Because you know she’s going to ge
t to the house.
I’d like to go into that house, too.”
The MoMA program was not the first to take seriousl
y the challenge
of making collections accessible to people with dementia
and their fam-
ilies. The Bruce Museum of Arts and Science in Greenw
ich, Connecti-
cut, and the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston expanded th
eir accessibil-
The Vis
ual Arts 125
ity programs, which most commonly address movement
, hearing, and
sight impairments, to include people with cognitive chall
enges. MoMA,
however, is determined to share what it learned with m
useums across
the country. With a grant from the MetLife Foundation
, the MoMA
Alzheimer’s Project is creating training manuals and hold
ing workshops
to foster partnerships between museums and Alzheimer
’s Association
chapters across the country. MoMA is also partnering wit
h a research in-
stitution to evaluate the program—to try to quantify
just how seeing
and talking about art improves quality of life. The rippl
e effect of the
MoMA Alzheimer’s Project is already being felt aroun
d the country.
Rosenberg’s team is making presentations on the project
at several con-
ferences across the country. The Metropolitan Museum
of Art in New
York has launched its own program, as have the Frist a
nd the Brooks
museums in Tennessee, the Harwood Museum of Art i
n Taos, New
Mexico, the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts in Richmon
d, and the Los
Angeles County Museum of Art. Clearly, the idea of c
ultural institu-
tions becoming part of the treatment, as John Zeisel says
, is one whose
time has come.
The impact and value of the art experience for people
with demen-
tia, whether making it or talking about it, depends—
pardon the pun—
on how you frame it. Wassily Kandinsky, who was a noto
riously labored
and deliberate artist in the early years of his career, bega
n to draw more
loosely and quickly in his later years as he moved throug
h dementia. Ar-
guments about the value of his late work swirl in the pa
ges of art jour-
nals. Was he conscious of what he was doing? Was h
e simply “de-
mented?” Do his late drawings have any value?
The paintings of William Utermohlen also call the fra
ming into ques-
tion. A professional artist whose figurative paintings ap
peared in gal-
leries across the United States and Europe, Utermohlen
was diagnosed
with Alzheimer’s disease in 1995 and endeavored to pai
nt his journey
through the disease in collaboration with a team of physi
cians who stud-
ied the changes in his perception and artistic skills. An
exhibit of his
work toured the country in 2006 in commemoration of h
is life and the
hundredth anniversary of the first diagnosis of Alzhei
mer’s in 1906.
Nearly every article that profiles the exhibit reads it as a
linear portrait
of decline. The Associated Press version, by Joann Lovig
lio, begins this
way: “In a series of self-portraits he painted to document
the progressive
ravaging of his brain by Alzheimer’s disease, William Ut
ermohlen disap-
pears before our eyes—and his own.” The works conv
ey “terror and
126 moving through f e a r
isolation,” “defiance and anger,” “shame, confusion and
anguish,” and
“then, in the shadowy final pair of portraits, little more th
an afterimages
of a creative and talented spirit whose identity appears
to have van-
ished.” Utermohlen’s paintings also appeared in the ina
ugural issue of
the upbeat magazine Eldr, which, according to the editor
ial team, stands
for “elder revolution.” The cover of this premiere issu
e, launched in
2007, features a teaser for an article about a 93-year-old s
printer headed
to the Senior Olympics and another one for an article on
transforming
attitudes about aging (“Mad as Hell! Let’s Forever Chan
ge the Percep-
tion of Aging”). The article on Utermohlen is brief and
mainly features
his remarkable paintings. The caption to one of the paint
ings, which I
prefer to Picasso (and I like Picasso), reads, “The paintin
gs starkly reveal
Utermohlen’s gradual descent into the ever darkening pit
of dementia.
At the very least, they are frighteningly poignant. It is al
most as if you
can see the artist painfully struggling to come out from hi
s foggy reality
back into the clarity of his previous self.”
Was I looking at the same paintings? I wondered if pe
rhaps Loviglio
and the editors at Eldr might benefit from lying on a be
nch in front of
Utermohlen’s images and looking at them upside down.
15
Duplex Planet
The Art of Conversation
F david greenberger: What do you think George Wa
shington’s voice
sounded like?
frank kanslasky: Like Jimmy Durante. Who can pro
ve it? Can you
prove it? No one can. Let it go. Jimmy Durante. Ev
er hear him
talk? He didn’t sound too bad. You don’t want to s
ound like Tarzan,
do you?
david brewer: It sounded like a dollar bill.
Duplex Planet
Some artists take on a single challenge that can shape the
ir entire career.
For Rothko, it was color. For Hopper, it was light. Davi
d Greenberger
has been exploring a single challenge for nearly 30 year
s—how to por-
tray the individual integrity and humanity of older people
he encounters.
Greenberger started his quest in 1979 as an activitie
s director at a
nursing home in Boston. He had just received a fine arts
degree in paint-
ing. On the day he met the residents of Duplex Nursing
Home, writes
Greenberger, “I abandoned painting. That is to say, I
discarded the
brushes and canvas, but not the underlying desire to see
something in
the world around me and then communicate it to others.
” As an artist,
he’d found a new and unexpected medium—the
residents of a nursing
home. “I wanted others to know these people as I did.”
He hasn’t given up trying. Greenberger not only has
continued to
interview older adults but nearly every year he also h
as produced a
unique artifact of those interviews—a graphic novel, a
museum exhibit,
a periodical, a live performance, a Web site, various musi
cal recordings,
documentary films, or radio pieces—that honors the in
dividuality of
those who have shared their wisdom with Greenberger.
Wisdom isn’t a
fancy word here. It’s not something that separates the “w
ise man” from
the thickheaded masses. To Greenberger, wisdom is simp
ly what comes
128 moving through f e a r
from knowing a person well enough to recognize his or h
er unique take
on the world. “It comes in the rich language of personal
poetics, acci-
dental utterances, and exuberant expressions that are th
e result of the
brain working faster than the mouth.”
Greenberger’s approach to interviewing is a little u
nconventional.
He devises his questions to disarm his subjects. “What’s
better, coffee or
meat?” Such a question makes you think—about somethi
ng other than
your physical and emotional aches and pains or your fea
rs about aging
and dying. Questions like “How close can you get to a
penguin?” pull
us into the present moment. This isn’t oral history. Instea
d of focusing
on who people were, Greenberger’s questions thrust us i
nto the present
and enable us to see who they are, and who, if we’re luc
ky enough to sur-
vive, we might become. Greenberger plays the jester so th
at the older men
and women he interviews can become ennobled—kings
and queens of
a world that otherwise largely ignores them.
david g r e e n b e rg e r : Who is Frankenstein?
w i l l i a m f e rg i e f e rg us on : Why he was that theologia
n, wasn’t he? He
was supposed to be. Maybe he never appeared as one, b
ut he went and
got the name as actually being Frankenstein, but he w
asn’t. He wasn’t
nothin’, he wasn’t of any importance at all, he was just
like all of us—a
shifter.
f r a n c i s m celroy : He’s an outstanding man. I watched hi
m on programs
and I think he’s an outstanding man and he’s liked by s
everal people.
e d g a r mojor: He was out of favor, he wasn’t a human.
david brewer : He’s a tall bastard.
david g r e e n b e rg e r : Can you tell me what a compact di
sc is?
f r a n k kanslasky: Who the hell knows! Write this down
: Where do you
get all these stupid questions? What’s a compact disc?
! Where do you
think we went to school anyway? That’s like asking w
hy doesn’t snow
fall up instead of down. If you look at it long enough it
does fall up.
In fact, Greenberger takes a rather sharp turn from ora
l history. He’s
interested in fragments rather than whole stories. Fragme
nts of conver-
sations are like intriguing shadow prints of an exchange
between people,
of a moment shared. “Broken stories and little fragmen
ts are a more
potent way to get a portrait of the person who is telling it
,” says Green-
berger. “In a complete story, when it is told right, the pe
rson telling it
almost disappears because the story then takes center sta
ge. A fractured
narrative is really about the individual in a more profo
und way.” But
Duple
x Planet 129
those little fragments are what the human brain is condi
tioned to for-
get. They are the tidbits the brain bets won’t be importan
t in the future
and never deeply encodes. After a conversation with a fri
end, we might
associate that moment with a specific piece of informati
on—a restau-
rant name, for example. Or we might recall a conversatio
n and think, “I
really liked that person.” But the details of the conversa
tion are gone.
Greenberger’s obsession is capturing shadow prints of th
ose things we
forget about everyday conversations—the ephemeral and
sometimes sub-
lime connections between people in the moment.
david g r e e n b e rg e r : Do you have any hobbies?
gertrude c h r i s t e n s e n : Read, bowl, chase men.
jane s t o c k t o n : Coming to dance mostly. And I work cro
ssword puzzles,
I’m addicted to that. It keeps your brain more active th
an most things,
even reading. I used to like to read novels, but I’ve qu
it that and just
read articles now mostly.
f r e d s ch a e f e r : Usually I don’t do very much because I
have a problem
with my legs, I can’t walk. My wife passed away about
two years ago and
she took my legs with her.
h a n n a h l a m o nt e : My hobby is breathing right now.
It’s easy to misunderstand Greenberger’s work. Peopl
e tend to miss
the emphasis on relationship when they try to replicate
his work. In the
wrong hands, it can become a kind of “old people say
the darndest
things.” What is missing in a thin replication of his appr
oach is the time
and intensity of relationship building that is the core of h
is work. What
they tend to miss, according to Greenberger is, “how do
I really get to
know somebody? And how does somebody else reall
y get to know
them?” The quirkiness of the questions helped the reside
nts of Duplex
Nursing Home (and all the subsequent people Greenber
ger has talked
to) break the traditional rules of decorum. The disarm
ing questions
crack open a space in which people can see themselves an
d each other a
little differently. The residents can focus on something ou
tside of them-
selves and their ailments. “They would wonder, ‘Is this g
uy crazy?’ ” says
Greenberger. And getting them to “wonder[ ] about some
thing outside
of themselves felt like one of the few things I could do fo
r them.”
Working with people with dementia, Greenberger we
nt even deeper
into the moment. William “Fergie” Ferguson, a resident
at the Duplex
Nursing Home, became his close friend. Greenberger nev
er knew where
Fergie was in his mind, and he learned from Fergie that t
here’s no point
130 moving through f e a r
in correcting seemingly “incorrect” information. Greenb
erger says, “His
belief in it was so complete . . . that it felt like the best
way to continue
spending time with him in those moments was to ask h
im about this
thing that I knew never happened.” It wasn’t about th
e data. It was
about the time they spent together. So maybe Fergie ne
ver hung out
with Eisenhower. But the way he talked very much refl
ected who he
was—he had been an insurance salesman who talked
to people for a
living.
Be where they are. Nothing quite demonstrates the w
isdom of that
deceptively simple phrase than a story Greenberger told
me about a man
he met in a nursing home in Portland, Oregon. He’d been
hired to do a
project with a variety of people who lived in independent
living centers
and visited meal sites and day centers. At one facility,
staff members
were eager for Greenberger to meet a man who loved to t
alk. He’d had
a serious brain injury of some kind, a tumor perhaps, an
d the shape of
his skull was changed. He was in a wheelchair. He sta
yed active, said
Greenberger, “by going up and down the hallway, pulling
himself ahead
with one leg, his one working leg.” He was happy to talk
to Greenberger
and would humor him by answering any questions he h
ad about any-
thing. “And then,” says Greenberger, “we would get to t
he end of the
hallway and he would turn around and he would have t
o meet me all
over again. He had no idea who I was.” So they develope
d a rhythm to-
gether. “It wasn’t my rhythm, but it was the rhythm I
had to do if I
wanted to be with him. Walking up and down the hall, I
say hello again,
and we start over.”
Greenberger acknowledges that his hallway rhythm
might be harder
for the man’s friends and family, who would find it diffic
ult to shed the
image of who he was to fully embrace who he is. But Gr
eenberger knew
no background. “I think that is one of the things that
would benefit
people—to meet people as they are.”
Do people get that from his work? “When somebod
y gets it, they
really get it,” says Greenberger. But sometimes they d
on’t. And that,
Greenberger thinks, reflects a lot about their attitudes ab
out aging and
dying. “When they say it’s depressing, what they are re
ally saying is ‘I
don’t want to know about declining—don’t show me
this.’ ”
The early years of Duplex Planet (1979–90) were
focused on period-
icals, little booklets with photos, artwork, and bits of
dialogues and
monologues of the older people Greenberger interviewed
. But in addi-
tion to being a visual artist, Greenberger is also a mus
ician and per-
Duple
x Planet 131
former. In the early 1990s, he began to perform selected f
ragments that
he’d collected—sometimes in a lecture format,
sometimes collaborating
with other artists to set them to music. In 1995, he cre
ated a spoken
word performance called 1001 Real Apes with the Bos
ton-based Bird-
songs of the Mesozoic, which they recorded on CD some
10 years later.
By 2007, Greenberger had made more than a dozen CDs
from the proj-
ect, including several featuring songs that he produced
based on the
lyrics of Duplex resident Ernest Noyes Brookings and th
at were played
by an eclectic array of bands from across the United Stat
es.
In 2006, Greenberger interviewed older residents of
East Los Ange-
les and worked with musicians from the band Los Lobos
to envelop the
interviews in music. But in general, he prefers reading th
e words of the
people he meets in his own distinct voice. “As soon as so
me people hear
an old person’s voice they think, ‘it’s an old document
ary thing, I’ve
heard that before, I’m bored.’” He makes a sharp turn to
avoid such easy
dismissal. His radio pieces aren’t “a souvenir of these peo
ple’s lives.” In-
stead, by putting them into someone else’s voice, he hop
es people will
glean a common experience of aging.
Something has happened in the years that Greenbe
rger has been
practicing the art of conversation. In the beginning, he w
as a quirky, art-
world phenomenon. When I first read the Duplex Plane
t book in 1994,
I laughed until I cried. Weak with laughter and weeping,
I kept turning
the pages. When I had time to reflect, I worried about w
hat had struck
me as so funny. Was I laughing at? Or with? When I rer
ead the book and
newsletters now, a laugh still bursts out unexpectedly. Bu
t I don’t worry
anymore whether Greenberger facilitated years of laug
hter at the ex-
pense of the people he interviews. That jolt of laughter
comes from a
deep appreciation for the wit and emotions he ignites. Th
e longevity of
the project has given it gravitas. Greenberger’s periodical
s, books, CDs,
radio spots, and art exhibits have become playful, earne
st, and lasting
tributes to their sources.
Thirty years is a long time to do a project. Now in h
is 50s, Green-
berger definitely sees things in a different way. “It seems
like yesterday
that my daughter was in kindergarten and now she’s i
n college, and
when I telescope this ahead, I’m going to be dead.” He d
oesn’t say this
with fear, but like he’s facing a mystery. When his daugh
ter came home
from college for a visit with a friend, he thought, “Wow
—I realized she
is meeting the people she is going to know after I’m dead
. I picture this
really clearly—her calling up a friend and saying ‘My
Dad died.’” He
132 moving through f e a r
David Greenberger with a younger self and Ernest Noyes B
rookings.
Photo by Joe Putrock.
was comforted by the thought in a way. She was out meet
ing the people
who would support her after he was gone. And they were
good people.
Greenberger’s work has enjoyed some mainstream reco
gnition. Rolling
Stone did an article on him; he recently appeared on the
show Life Part
2; and the book jacket of Duplex Planet: Everybody’s A
sking Who I Was fea-
tures blurbs from magicians Penn & Teller, director Jona
than Demme,
and musician Lou Reed, who calls the book “One of life’s
little wonders.”
As the New York Times said of the book, “The tales of th
e Duplex . . .
modern-day versions of Chaucer’s reports from the road
to Canterbury;
they resonate with a wry humor and startling insight.”
Duple
x Planet 133
But I think we still have a ways to go before Greenbe
rger’s lesson is
fully absorbed by the general public. Be where they are.
Concentrate on
the sublime and ephemeral moments of a conversation. A
nd let the brain
go faster than the mouth. Perhaps these should be written
into a hand-
book distributed far and wide: “The Art of Conversatio
n.” We at the
Center on Age and Community are making an effort to c
apture and dis-
seminate the essence of Greenberger’s approach by docu
menting the arc
of his career on film. We expect the film to be completed
in spring 2009.
david g r e e n b e rg e r : Where do manners come from?
f e rgi e : Comes from your inner soul. I don’t mean your
ass, your inner
soul, s-o-u-l.
f e rgi e : What are those, all-wool socks?
david g r e e n b e rg e r : No, acrylic.
f e rgi e : He was a good boy, acrylic, too bad he died.
f e rgi e : Where do you come from, Connecticut?
david g r e e n b e rg e r : Erie, Pennsylvania.
f e rgi e : Oh, that’s the wet part of Pennsylvania.
david g r e e n b e rg e r : Have you ever been there?
f e rgi e : I’ve been to Erie, but not when it’s wet.
david g r e e n b e rg e r : Are there enough legal holidays
? If not, what’s
missing?
v i l j o lehto: My birthday should be a legal holiday—
why not? I’m a
human, ain’t I?
david g r e e n b e rg e r : What’s the easiest job in the world
?
e r n e s t m art i n : Beg pardon?
david g r e e n b e rg e r : What’s the easiest job in the world
?
e r n e s t m art i n : The easiest?
david g r e e n b e rg e r : Job.
e r n e s t m art i n : Job?
david g r e e n b e rg e r : Yeah, in the world.
e r n e s t m art i n : Bein’ a politician I think.
david g r e e n b e rg e r : What’s the easiest job in the world
?
t h e o d o r e b a rr i en : That’s a tough one, I don’t know. I c
an tell you the
hardest job, bein’ good all the time! (chuckles)
16
The Photography of
Wing Young Huie
F Other than my children, nobody comes to visit us. No
body. Not a
friend that we knew all those years in line dancing, b
owling, families
that we vacationed with. All those people are gone.
Gil
A Vietnamese Elvis impersonator. A “redneck” Chin
ese restaurant
owner near the Okefenokee swamp. Two Latina school gi
rls giggling on
an unmade bed under the watchful eyes of fuzzy stuffed a
nimals nailed
to the wall above them. The luminous face of Shalemar F
lying Horse, a
young woman bundled in a blue-black parka on a gra
y Minneapolis
winter day, dwarfed by a circle of tall boys in blue-black
parkas who sur-
round her.
These are the photographs by Wing Young Huie. Trai
ned as a print
journalist, Huie taught himself photography. About 15 ye
ars ago, he set
down his notepad and started following people around wi
th cameras ex-
clusively. A second-generation Chinese American from
Duluth, Min-
nesota, Huie is drawn to photographing people and pla
ces that don’t
fit into the apple pie image of the United States of Ameri
ca. Huie wan-
dered around Frogtown, one of the oldest neighborhoo
ds in St. Paul
and home to the largest Hmong community in Minneso
ta, for several
years. He exhibited his work in a vacant lot in Frogtown
on makeshift
gallery walls covered in plastic sheeting to protect t
hem from the
weather.
Huie eventually expanded beyond Frogtown to photog
raph multiple
neighborhoods that border Lake Street—a major artery
through which
courses the lifeblood of some of the most diverse neighb
orhoods of the
Twin Cities. Huie photographed for 4 years; the result
was a stunning
six-mile long exhibit of 675 photographs that appeared in
store windows,
The Photography of Wing Yo
ung Huie 135
bus stops, and the sides of buildings. Huie negotiated wit
h 150 businesses
to show the work, which ranged from 8 by 12 inches to
8 by 12 feet. In
2001, Huie and his wife, Tara, embarked on a road trip ac
ross the United
States to explore the country through the eyes of Asian A
mericans. Nine
Months in America: An Ethnocentric Tour was commi
ssioned by the Min-
nesota Museum of American Art in St. Paul, and the sho
w, featuring 105
photographs as well as video, premiered there in April 20
04.
Then in 2006, Huie was awarded the first residency i
n applied arts
from the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee’s Cente
r on Age and
Community. For 3 months, an artist interested in explori
ng the topic of
aging and dementia could do just that. It was a rare oppo
rtunity for an
artist to think deeply and to experiment to find out what
works—and,
of course, what doesn’t work. In his first month in Milwa
ukee, Huie ex-
perienced a steep learning curve. Assisted living. Long-
term care. Adult
day care. HUD housing. Skilled nursing. Family care. Al
zheimer’s Asso-
ciation. Title 19. He worried a bit about how he could sh
ow the depth
of the everyday experience of living with dementia. “And
then I realized,
why should this be any different? I backed off the word ‘d
ementia.’ I was
thinking of these people as being different. Since I ha
ven’t spent that
much time in senior communities, walking in seemed
strange. But it
doesn’t take long before you get used to it, and you start
to see individ-
uals better, and personalities. In the end, the process was
similar to my
other projects.”
Over the 3 months of his residency, he photograph
ed and inter-
viewed five constellations of people across a wide spectru
m of symptoms,
stages, and backgrounds. These are their stories, in words
and images.
Minnie and Granddaughter Nina
Huie explained why he had wanted to photograph Minni
e:
I’m just drawn to certain people when I walk into a room
as a photogra-
pher, and I don’t really know what that is. With Minnie, wh
o wouldn’t want
to photograph her? She was apart from the group. She has s
uch an engaging
smile. When she’s not smiling, she seems to be in her own
world. There was
something about that that really intrigued me. The wa
y her hair was
braided, it was so thoughtful. I photographed her in her ch
urch. She’s wear-
ing a white coat with her white hair and white shoes, and
she’s holding a
white Bible. I took a close-up of the white Bible with her
red fingernails.
136 moving through f e a r
Minnie and Nina, 2007. Photo by Wing Young H
uie.
Nina offers family background:
I’m 25 and my grandmother lives with me. Her ID says she
was born in ’22,
but she likes to say she’s sixteen. . . .
She is very healthy. Her memory is OK, but she reme
mbers only the
good things. You know, when you have terrible things hap
pen in your life
you just block it out. They say twice a child, you know. H
ow you come in
this world is how you go out of this world.
I think it’s unusual that someone young like me is takin
g care of an el-
derly person. It’s a huge responsibility. When she goes to s
leep every night
she sees me. When she wakes up she sees me. Every day.
Nobody wanted
The Photography of Wing You
ng Huie 137
to step up and do it. I’m not getting paid or whatever. I just
do what I love.
It can be very frustrating, but I’m fine with it. I don’t know.
You just got to
follow your heart.
Huie recorded the following conversation among Nin
a, her grand-
mother, and him:
nina: The South was really racist, with white people sayin
g “nigger.” How
did that make you feel as a person?
minnie: Back in those days they did call you “nigger.” W
hen I heard that
word I paid them no attention.
nina: I think that’s good. Because I talk to a lot of elderly
people and usu-
ally that is a big issue with them. They went through a
lot, with white
people just degrading them.
minnie: A lot of people still do that.
...
nina: Does it bother you that you don’t remember everythi
ng?
minnie: No, because you can’t remember everything. I
don’t remember
nothing bad.
huie: Why do you think that is?
minnie: Because they love you more when you’re kind an
d loving.
Gil and Vic
Huie is accustomed to telling stories of migration, captu
ring the jour-
ney of how people get to where they are. He was fascinat
ed with Vic and
Gil, who grew up a block away from each other on Mil
waukee’s South
Side and live there still. In many ways they’ve stayed
still while their
deep circle of friends have migrated away from them. Gi
l invited Huie
into his home to photograph him and his wife. As he cros
sed the thresh-
old, Gil told him that he was the first to do so in many,
many months.
Huie asked Gil how they first met:
Three of us had just come home from the war in 1946 and
we decided to
go the Dreamland Ballroom in the far north side of Milwau
kee. This pretty
little blonde-haired gal came dancing by. She was standing
with a group of
10, 12 girls from the factory where she worked, shooting th
e breeze. You talk
about love at first sight. It was a feeling I can’t even expr
ess. It was over-
whelming. Don’t ask me, I have no idea how I had the gut
s to go and ask
her for a dance.
138 moving through f e a r
Vic and Gil, 2007. Photo by Wing Young Huie.
Later, in the lounge we both had a Coca-Cola and I
got a nickel back
in change. I kept that nickel, and later she put it on a chain.
We found out
we were both Polish Catholics and lived on the South Side
within walking
distance. That night I gave her a quick kiss, just a little pe
ck on the cheek,
and all the home way it bothered me. I was too bold. I sh
ould have been
more of a gentleman.
...
On Saturday nights we watch Lawrence Welk. If one of ou
r favorite songs
comes on we’ll dance, cheek to cheek. She can still do the
polka.
I hope that more couples could experience the kind of
marriage Vic and
I have had. We raised three wonderful children. We belong
ed to a couples
bowling league, did country line dancing in three differe
nt places every
week. One day when we were dancing, I noticed that pe
ople who were
good dancers would slowly move away and avoid her. The
n the manager at
the bowling alley told me, “I don’t know if you’re aware
but some of the
people on the teams are not pleased with the way Vic is bow
ling.” For a bowl-
ing team, your average is important for winning first place a
nd all that stuff.
The Photography of Wing You
ng Huie 139
So I gave up the bowling and dancing. Slowly all these thin
gs ended. Friends
weren’t coming to the house anymore. Other than my ch
ildren, nobody
comes to visit us. Nobody. Not a friend that we knew all th
ose years in line
dancing, bowling, families that we vacationed with. All tho
se people are gone.
Why? I guess that’s normal with most people who en
d up in wheel-
chairs or oxygen tanks. Their friends slowly feel that it’
s either holding
them back or it hurts them to see them disabled or they’re
embarrassed. It
really hurts. I lie in bed and think about it.
Alfred Yao and Huifen Lin
Huie notes that “Judy Chin is the daughter of Alfred Ya
o and Huifen
Lin, who has Alzheimer’s. Alfred and Huifen moved in
with Judy and
her husband after she was diagnosed. Judy did most of t
he talking. Al-
fred speaks English but it’s sometimes hard to understan
d.”
My dad is originally from China and then went to Taiwan i
n 1949 and then
immigrated to the United States. He was in the Chinese air
force in the Sec-
ond War, against the Japanese who attacked China.
My mom, before she got Alzheimer’s disease, was very
sharp. She never
used the telephone address book. She could remember ev
erything in her
head. My dad really wanted to take her to see the world, b
ut then she be-
came sick. My dad tried all the ways, the American way,
Chinese herbal
medicines, just trying to help her. Maybe there will be a sp
ecial cure, some
magic, something will happen.
It was difficult for him to accept that my mom will not
get better. For
the 57 years they have been together he has always been
devoted to her.
They used to listen to Chinese opera and dance together.
My dad taught
himself to play the erhu, a two-stringed Chinese
instrument. He will play
love songs on the erhu every day to comfort her and bring b
ack some of the
special moments they had before.
There’s a Chinese saying that when the parents have be
en sick for a long
time you won’t have good children anymore. Before, I w
ould feel guilty
about going places, but now I feel that I can only do my be
st and that I have
to live my own life. My dad understands that we will alwa
ys be here to help.
...
My dad is old country way. We will try to keep our mom
as long as pos-
sible. But we’re concerned that dad takes care of himself be
cause he spends
all his time taking care of mom. I think our cultural obligat
ion is changing.
140 moving through f e a r
Alfred Yao and Huifen Lin and Judy Chin, 2007. Photo by
Wing Young Huie.
Even in Taiwan people are moving away from home to a di
fferent city and
have their own lives and cannot take care of their parents.
So they hire out
workers from other countries like Vietnam or the Philippin
es to come in to
help out. The children will chip in money to hire them.
Alfred had this to say:
I never feel angry. When I feel sad, I play music, and then
I’m happy.
Everybody is going to be old. It’s the nature of things
. I never worry
about it. If you don’t think about it, you’ll always feel youn
g. I always think
positive thoughts.
Lucia and Her Daughter Juana
Huie interviewed Juana and her mother, Lucia.
My mom is almost 90 years old. We have a big family. Sh
e has 11 children
and 48 grandchildren. She’s a happy old lady. She likes to
sing [and] play
the guitar. She goes to church every Sunday. She likes to se
w her own dolls.
The Photography of Wing You
ng Huie 141
Lucia and her daughter Juanita dance together at the Unit
ed Community
Center in Milwaukee. Photo by Wing Young Huie.
She likes to talk too much (laughs). She likes to tell ol
d stories from the
past growing up in Puerto Rico. She was 48 when she had
me. She had long
white hair and was old, so I thought she was my grandmot
her. I didn’t re-
alize she was my mother until first grade.
Her mom first put her in school when she was 10. A lo
t of people did
that. They put her in first grade, with all the little kids. Bec
ause she was so
much bigger than the other kids they called her names. No
body wanted to
play with her. They said that she had lice. So she rolled u
p a rug and hit
them. She fought back all the time. So finally her mother t
ook her out of
school. So she never finished first grade.
She says that she wishes that she had stayed in sch
ool and maybe
gone to college. She doesn’t know numbers. She can on
ly count to 10.
She can’t read music but she taught herself to play guita
r. She plays all
the time. I can hear her through the floor playing and singi
ng in her bed-
room. She says that her age is not too heavy for her. She
means it doesn’t
bother her.
142 moving through f e a r
Florence and Ronny
Florence recounts Ronny’s life:
Ronny is 62 years old, born in Norwood, Massachusetts.
We learned when
he was 6 years old that he had Down’s syndrome. There was
no education . . .
in the public schools in Massachusetts at that time if you w
ere retarded. So
the Sisters of St. Francis in Wisconsin offered [to] our arch
bishop to open
up a school in Massachusetts for the retarded. We entere
d Ronny there
when he was 6 years old. He was there for 10 years, livin
g with the nuns.
They said he was an A student. He learned to read well and
read the news-
paper all his life until this dementia happened.
My husband was in charge of a 90-acre farm hospital
school in Canton,
Massachusetts. He hired Ronny, and he was a good emplo
yee for 34 years
working with the grounds crew. To this day all the fellows
think the world
of him. He was voted employee of the year 3 years before h
e retired in 2000.
That was from a staff of over 300 teachers, doctors, and nur
ses and so forth.
He made us very proud.
He was doing fine until last winter around Christma
stime when he
began to forget where some things were and began to lose
his way. It be-
came hard for me to take care of him. It changed his pers
onality. I never
heard him swear. Now he curses and wants to hit the nur
se. He was the
nicest fellow. He liked to talk about sports. He won’t even
watch television.
Every week we would watch the Patriots, Red Sox, Bruins
, and Celtics on
Direct TV. Now he’ll pull out the wires. He doesn’t seem l
ike he wants to
live. Ronnie is 62, so this must be the way the Lord want
s to take him. I
wish he would take him and not make him suffer.
He’s now at the Lutheran Home. I lived with him all
my life. It’s like
giving up your best friend. I couldn’t live with him becau
se you ache and
you cry. You feel stress all the time. He wouldn’t take his pi
lls. He wouldn’t
eat or drink. His mind that was Ronnie Dodge is gone. It’s
a different mind
that is in him now.
Huie took nearly 3,000 photographs during his 3-
month residency in
Milwaukee. He made double prints of every photograp
h he took and
gave one to the people he photographed. He also gave
his subjects a
chance to shoot back. Part of Huie’s original concept for
the residency
was to explore turning over the tools of the trade to the
people he was
photographing. In some of the more intimate settings, w
hen Huie was
shooting one on one with couples in their homes, asking
them to pho-
The Photography of Wing You
ng Huie 143
Florence and Ronny, 2007. Photo by Wing Young Huie.
tograph their own lives felt too intrusive and demanding.
Huie chose in-
stead to give cameras to two of the adult day programs t
hrough which
he had met Lucia and Minnie, the United Community
Center (UCC)
and the Good Shepherd House.
Huie didn’t want to impose any rules on the photogra
phers. He se-
lected simple, film-based (not digital) point-and-shoot
cameras and gave
them to the staff of the day centers to distribute to their
participants.
Staff members simply asked participants if they wanted to
try it. If some-
one said yes, he or she got a camera. At UCC, day-care
manager Nelva
Olin took participants on a tour through the building.
They clicked
everything; each other, the staff, the building itself. For s
ome, holding a
camera was a completely new experience. “It makes me
feel rich!” said
one woman, who had never used a camera before. At G
ood Shepherd
House, day-care coordinator Marcia Hochstetter said she
was surprised by
who picked up the camera. “Jim took pictures almost
all day,” said
Hochstetter, “and he usually sleeps most of the time he’s
here.” Inspired
by the response to the exercise, Huie aims to try it again
on a larger scale,
144 moving through f e a r
to study how and why it works, and to share the results
in a training
manual.
Huie hopes to exhibit the work as part of a show th
at would tour
museums. But he’s not done photographing yet. “I think
I just scratched
the surface. I’d like to get a more national perspective.
I’d also like to
photograph in my hometown,” he said. “I think because
I’m 52, issues
of aging seem more real to me now.”
17
Autobiographies by Peo
ple
with Dementia
F And identity is funny being yourself is funny as you a
re never your-
self to yourself except as you remember yourself and t
hen of course
you do not believe yourself. That is really the trouble
with an auto-
biography you do not of course you do not really beli
eve yourself
why should you, you know so well so very well that it
is not yourself,
it could not be yourself because you cannot remember
right and if
you do not remember right it does not sound right a
nd of course it
does not sound right because it is not right. You are o
f course never
yourself.
Gertrude Stein
Identity is a rich blend of individual personality and the
people, places,
and things you encounter, who and which in turn shape
you. Writing,
whether fiction or curly-lettered journal entries, gives
you a chance to
stop the spinning for a few minutes, to take control and p
in down who
you think you are by leaving an artifact. Unless you are
Gertrude Stein,
who prefers to keep spinning. Writing maps our journey
of becoming.
As Stein suggests, we never actually arrive. We never a
re ourselves. We
are always becoming ourselves—even in the depths of
dementia.
Writing is a powerful tool for people with dementi
a and for the
spouse, children, and friends who are partnered with the
m in their care.
It enables people with dementia to order their thoughts a
nd share them
without the usual markings of the disease. “You won’t s
ee a picture of
me in this book putting my shirt on inside out,” writes R
ichard Taylor
in his book Alzheimer’s from the Inside Out. “It hap
pens many times a
week. You won’t hear me fishing for a word, because I ha
ve time to pause
when writing. You won’t see me wandering around, not k
nowing or car-
ing where I am. I look and sound ‘normal.’ ” Writing ca
n act as a mask
that lets people with dementia elude stigma. In the chat
rooms of the
146 moving through f e a r
Dementia Advocacy and Support Network International
(DASNI), it
can be hard to tell who has dementia and who doesn’t.
Through writ-
ing, people with dementia have the choice to reveal thei
r illness rather
than have their illness reveal them.
For friends and family of people with dementia, writ
ing provides a
way to channel stressful emotions. Writing also gives the
m a way to piece
together what they see as falling apart—the history and
personality of a
loved one with dementia. There are many, many publishe
d stories of this
kind. Most commonly, these stories give some structure t
o the fear and
powerlessness caregivers feel. Sue Miller writes: “Along
the way, while I
was working on what I hoped would be my useful me
moir—recon-
structing my father again for myself, imagining him wh
ole, putting to-
gether the pieces that slowly disintegrated and broke off
—I found there
were still things I could learn from him, still things he c
ould teach me,
things that helped bring him home in my own memory
from the far-
away land of his disease.”
Biography and memoirs are, of course, primarily ab
out the subject
or writer and his or her experience. John Bayley’s Eleg
y for Iris, for ex-
ample, is primarily about John Bayley’s efforts to under
stand his rela-
tionship to one of the great writers and thinkers of our ti
me as she ex-
perienced Alzheimer’s disease.
Autobiographies by people with dementia open a wh
ole other win-
dow into the experience of the disease—the struggle to
tell and track
over time one’s story in the first person. The number of
“memoirs” by
people with dementia is growing. Robert Davis’s My J
ourney into Alz-
heimer’s Disease (1989) and Diana Friel McGowin’s
Living in the Laby-
rinth (1993) were written when advocacy was done almo
st exclusively by
caregivers and researchers and when the Alzheimer’s Ass
ociation was still
solidifying its national network and working hard to rais
e awareness and
provide support services. Davis, a minister, relates his spi
ritual struggles
with Alzheimer’s. McGowin’s story, told in a generous an
d quirky voice,
is one of overcoming enormous self-doubt to find the
strength to tell
family and friends of her disease.
After forerunners Davis and McGowin came a secon
d round of au-
tobiographies, including Cary Henderson’s Partial Vie
w (1998), Larry
Rose’s Show Me the Way to Go Home (1995), Christin
e Bryden’s Who Will
I Be When I Die? (1998), and Thomas DeBaggio’s Losi
ng My Mind (2002).
These books emerged when the Alzheimer’s Association h
ad transformed
from a group of passionate volunteers into a professional
organization.
Autobiographies by People with
Dementia 147
Services, like 24-hour call lines, support groups, and
SAFE Return, were
solidified. The first medications (cholinesterase inhibitor
s) were becom-
ing available. There was hope in both care and treatment.
This group of
authors with dementia achieved the field’s version of “ro
ck star” status.
Bryden’s book developed an international following; s
he went on to
publish a second book (Dancing with Dementia [200
5]) and to become
the subject of a documentary film. DeBaggio appeared o
n Oprah and on
multiple episodes of NPR’s All Things Considered. A
documentary film
crew followed DeBaggio for a bit as well, but, as he told
me in an inter-
view, they seemed disappointed when he didn’t die wit
hin the arc of
their storyline, and they dropped the project. Like Bryd
en, DeBaggio
wrote a second book, When It Gets Dark: An Enlighte
ned Reflection on a
Life with Alzheimer’s (2003), and a third that went u
npublished. This
was a new era. Clearly, there was a growing interest in he
aring the voices
of people with dementia.
I had mixed feelings about this phase of the “dementi
a autobiogra-
phy” movement. Advancements in scanning technology
were making it
easier for doctors to diagnose dementia, particularly Alzh
eimer’s disease,
earlier and earlier. People could get an answer to the
question that
haunted them: “Is this forgetfulness normal? Or is it . . .
?”
In every case,
these authors had early diagnosis and early onset—all
were under 65
when they were diagnosed. Early onset represents a thi
n sliver of the
Alzheimer’s experience, well under 10 percent of all case
s. With the new
diagnostic category of “mild cognitive impairment,” so
me people will
receive a diagnosis that might never “translate” into Al
zheimer’s. The
story of Alzheimer’s that came out of the second wave
of autobiogra-
phies by authors with early onset was of a person deeply
engaged in fam-
ily (sometimes with children still at home), work, and co
mmunity. Dis-
ability and death at their age are still relatively rare, and
one of the core
themes in the books is the sudden awareness of mortalit
y. DeBaggio’s
Losing My Mind, in particular, seems weighted more t
oward the shock
of his mortality at what he sees as the height of his career
than a descrip-
tion of the actual symptoms of his condition.
On the other hand, the Alzheimer’s disease movement
needed a jolt.
At the turn of the twenty-first century, it was still
“speaking for” people
with Alzheimer’s. The board of the Alzheimer’s Associ
ation wouldn’t
have a person with dementia sitting on it until 2008. As
of this writing,
the organization has put together task forces and holds to
wn hall meet-
ings with people in the early stages to help guide them in
providing ser-
148 moving through f e a r
vices to meet the unique needs of this group. These au
tobiographies
were also powerful because dementia was, and still is, to
o often written
off as something that just happens when you get old (and,
the logic goes,
when you will be dying soon anyway), which makes it h
ard to mobilize
policy changes for support of people living with the cond
ition.
I was also a little leery of the dementia autobiograp
hies because of
the form they took. These texts seemed uniquely position
ed to challenge
America’s obsession with the independent, rugged indiv
idual. The au-
thors were in a position to imagine and depict an interde
pendent self in
complex ways. But, instead, they were all pretty standard
“I” stories. “I”
was this person. I got diagnosed. I now struggle with th
ese symptoms.
Here is how I hope to live out my days. The authors usua
lly hid the ac-
knowledgment of the help they received from editors an
d cowriters in
the preface, footnotes, or epilogue. They wrote to repair
their “I.” And
I can’t blame them. The “relational self ” doesn’t receive
much credit in
our culture. American culture has a hard time understand
ing collabora-
tion. Part of the reason is legal. Who gets copyright cred
it for a collab-
oratively written piece? Part of the reason is our strong f
ocus on the in-
dividual. We think that this must be some one’s story. A
mericans tend to
think that people are either independent or dependent—
we can’t pos-
sibly be in between. We like black or white. We don’t do
well with gray.
One of the latest entries into the field of Alzheimer’s r
endered in the
first person is Richard Taylor’s Alzheimer’s from the I
nside Out (2006). I
heard Richard speak in Atlanta at the Dementia Care
Conference in
September 2006. I’d been receiving e-mails from him
for some time.
These e-mails, which went out to a long list of people,
were impressively
pestilent. This man was angry and frustrated, with doct
ors, with well-
meaning friends and acquaintances, with the disease, wit
h the organiza-
tions that were designed to “help” him, with the culture i
n which he was
experiencing this disease. His signature lines at the botto
m of the e-mails
dared people who shared his feelings to act:
Stand up! Speak Up! Do not become a victim
of your own silence.
Speak for yourself and those who will follow. Ask Carers a
nd Friends to do
the same.
Today will never be here again. Time is of the Essence!! Us
e it wisely!!!
Tell as many people as possible your
perceptions of your interactions with
Autobiographies by People with
Dementia 149
professionals, with carers, with friends, with
strangers, with your government.
They won’t change unless they know, and
they can’t know unless and until you
SPEAK UP!
Seek to create a Palpable Sense of Change
and of Urgency!
Join a Crusade, Now!
Be a Crusader, Now!
Lead a Crusade, Now!
“Aim above morality.
Be not simply good,
Be good for something.”
Henry David Thoreau
As a retired professor of psychology diagnosed with “
probable” Alz-
heimer’s, he was uniquely qualified to rage against the
machine. I had
seen other conferences that sought out the opinions of pe
ople with de-
mentia, and it always seemed a bit like a polite sideshow
. The audience
would listen attentively, encourage the speakers, wait fo
r wisdom, and
hope it would all go smoothly. But did people with deme
ntia really have
insights to give? Were the members of the audience reall
y engaging with
them as experts? Or listening politely until a time when t
hey could wres-
tle with the tough questions of the field? I was eager to he
ar Richard be-
cause I thought he might break through this veil of polite
ness. And that
he did.
When you mention Richard’s name now, eyebrows g
o up. It’s as if
he has spilled his emotions and made a mess of the Alz
heimer’s scene.
He writes angry e-mails to the CEO of the Alzheimer’s
Association, dar-
ing him to fund psychosocial research. Richard has forg
otten—or per-
haps ignores—the rules of decorum. He is not a victim
holding on to
hope for a cure. He is an activist. He is an activist w
ith “probable”
Alzheimer’s.
Compared to his e-mails though, Richard’s book is
rather tame. Per-
haps the book contains his emotions in a format in whic
h social rules
are understood and followed. The collection of short essa
ys are simulta-
neously insightful, sardonic, and warmly funny. They c
apture and cut
through the broken systems of diagnosis and care for peop
le with demen-
tia with precision and wit. They look deep into the dyna
mics of doctors,
150 moving through f e a r
families, and friendships and offer earnest suggestions fo
r changing the
attitudes and behaviors of all parties—himself included.
Like the narrators of all other first-person stories of
dementia, Tay-
lor explains that writing helps him not only to understan
d himself, but
to have a self. “Writing has become a confirmation to m
e, of me, and by
me. Some people believe ‘they think therefore they are.’
I write, there-
fore I am.” While Taylor shares this mission with all oth
er Alzheimer’s
autobiographers, his writing steps in a new direction. He
dares to ques-
tion whether the emperor is clothed, to question the label
ing and diag-
nostic guidelines for a disease that is confirmable only by
autopsy. “The
more I read about scientific breakthroughs in the basi
c research on
Alzheimer’s disease, the more I’m convinced that lacki
ng a complete,
well-documented, and universally accepted map of the
mind and how a
healthy mind works ensures we cannot yet identify the ro
ot cause of the
disease of dementia. If we don’t know how something w
orks, how can
we fix it? How will we know it is fixed?” A page later, h
e writes: “From
my perspective as a person living with the diagnosis, t
here is far too
much emphasis on the label, the name, and the symptom
s generally as-
sociated with the disease and too little emphasis on the in
dividuals who
actually have the disease.”
Taylor’s doppelgänger from the medical perspective i
s Peter White-
house, whose The Myth of Alzheimer’s also question
s the labeling of
Alzheimer’s as a single, specific disease. Whitehouse writ
es: “Alzheimer’s
is a hundred-year old myth that is over the hill. The
entire scientific,
technological, and political framework for aging needs t
o be reassessed
to better serve patients and families in order to help peo
ple maximize
their quality of life as they move along the path of cognit
ive aging.”
Taylor offers us perceptive suggestions to accomplish
just that. He
points to several aspects of the disease experience that
need more re-
search, including fear: “I believe our fears, and specific
ally my fears—
fear of losing control, fear of what will happen tomorrow
, fear of who I
will become, fear of the unknown, and the list goes on—
are as much or
more of a problem for me in my day-to-day living than is
the disease it-
self.” Later he addresses fear again: “Specifically for me,
someone with
Alzheimer’s disease, fear is the 3,000-pound elephant
tromping around
in my mind. If I ignore it and pretend it isn’t there, I do
so at my own
risk. I have never learned how to train this elephant. N
ow that it has
suddenly grown 1,000-fold, I fear it is out of control and
frankly beyond
control!”
Autobiographies by People with
Dementia 151
Taylor’s book provides many insights into the experie
nce of demen-
tia, but perhaps the most courageous and insightful thin
g that Taylor
does in his book is reject the black and white view of agi
ng and demen-
tia. Half full or half empty? Taylor throws out the glass.
“Finally, after
62 years of living, I am beginning to see the gray in life’
s experience as
the heart of the experience.” He continues: “I am an ext
ension of my
family, and they are an extension of me. Forget this half-
full / half-empty
stuff—it is as useful as asking me if I am a Pentium 3 or
a Pentium 4.”
Taylor revisits the appeal of “gray” thinking later in t
he book when
he wrestles with being perceived as an object rather tha
n a subject, an
“it” rather than a “thou.” “So how do you relate to a Thou
who does not
act or think like Thou?” he asks. “I don’t have a solution.
I don’t want it
to happen to me. Just on my own, I don’t know how to
avoid it. I do
know that I continue to need to be recognized as a Thou
, to have my
personhood recognized. Please understand, I am still her
e.”
The hardest thing about dementia for families is undo
ubtedly com-
ing to some terms with the changes in their loved one an
d at the same
time the constancy—the presence that is still there. Ha
lf full or half
empty? Independent or dependent? Where do I end and t
he perceptions
of me begin? How can we pin down the “push me-pull
me” of the self?
Is it possible in a country that so clearly comes down on
the side of the
individual able to slip on those boots and pull himself or
herself up by
their straps? Taylor shakes his fists at the very notion that
the distinction
matters: “I am no longer who I formerly was. I am no lon
ger like every-
one, but there is still a good deal of me left. Am I half em
pty or half full?
What difference does it make in terms of being a full an
d equal mem-
ber of the family? It’s tough for everyone! My heart ache
s and I want to
shout: ‘I’m a different Thou, not a quarter It and three qu
arters Thou.’”
Richard Taylor is the first in a new wave of activists
with dementia.
Technology, research incentives, and public education are
enabling doc-
tors to diagnose Alzheimer’s and other dementias earlier
and earlier. As
more and more people receive these early diagnoses, we
will no doubt
witness the creation of an army of advocates who will fig
ht for the rights
of people with cognitive disability, however they might
be officially di-
agnosed (or not diagnosed). The traditional, published a
utobiography is
just one tool that this new generation of advocates has at
their disposal.
There are a growing number of organizations (and Web
sites) run by
people with dementia for people with dementia. Thus fa
r, these groups
have primarily focused on giving the newly diagnosed saf
e harbor. People
152 moving through f e a r
with symptoms give advice to each other over the Interne
t or at confer-
ences and workshops. Those without symptoms are invit
ed to join the
discussion to learn about the experience from those living
it. In Novem-
ber 2007, the Alzheimer’s Association launched a Web si
te for people in
early stages, and DASNI has started to envision advoca
cy on a larger
scale, hoping to push politicians to declare dementia a
global health
concern. Alzheimer’s Spoken Here (www.ash.org), whic
h features a blog
for people with dementia, is moving toward practical is
sues; working,
for example, with design students at Columbia College
in Chicago to
design a more accessible computer keyboard.
The authors of the early narratives of dementia have a
common pur-
pose. In their own way, each explains what drove them t
o write. “Per-
haps understanding the ‘blackness’ and ‘lost’ feelings,
” writes Robert
Davis in 1989, “will help families to be more understand
ing of the un-
reasonable actions they must deal with.” Diana McGowi
n defines herself
almost purely in terms of her usefulness to society and ha
s a heightened
awareness of her loss of social value when she must sto
p working—so
much so that she replaces her paid work with writing t
he memoir in
hopes that it will be of use to others going through the
disease. Like
McGowin and Davis, Cary Henderson sees writing as a
way he can help
other people, a way he can make some sense out of what
seems a sense-
less disease. “I’m taking it as one of my duties,” he write
s, “to sort of get
people with Alzheimer’s knowledgeable about what they
can expect and
what they can do, and of course, what they can’t do.” Al
l three writers
crave being of use. They write through their disease,
sharing their
thoughts and feelings as a way to help others on the sam
e journey.
The new generation of dementia activists builds on t
he foundation
laid by Davis, McGowin, Henderson, and others. While t
he earlier nar-
ratives looked inward, the more recent writings, includi
ng blog entries
and Taylor’s missives, turn outward. Stepping into the p
ath forged by
the disability rights movement(s), these writers look to
make the world
a more hospitable place for people with dementia. Mary
Ann Becklen-
berg is such a person. I met Mary Ann, who has early on
set and is in the
early stages of dementia, at the Dementia Care Confer
ence in 2007,
when we spoke on a panel together. She talked passiona
tely about her
experiences, particularly about her fears of being found o
ut—of slipping
up in conversations and hiding her misunderstandings a
nd confusion
under her smooth social graces. Then, all of a sudden, sh
e paused: “I’m
going to say something new here that I haven’t thought of
before. I think
Autobiographies by People with
Dementia 153
maybe I’m going to try not to think of myself as the cen
ter of the uni-
verse all the time. I don’t think people really care if I say
the wrong thing.
Think of what I can do if I don’t worry about that all the
time!”
The bravery of Taylor’s book, and of Mary Ann’s sud
den realization,
is to be found in the insistence on looking outward—
toward fixing the
culture that surrounds and shapes the dementia experienc
e, a culture on
which these activists’ actions can have tremendous impa
ct. Their words
and their actions tell us indisputably: they are and alwa
ys will be more
than their dementia.
Some days, I’m not easy to talk to. Most days, I’m not ea
sy to listen to. I
have an ability to say in a thousand words what many oth
er people could
say in 10 words. That isn’t to say I’m not funny, clever,
interesting, and
worth listening to. It’s just a fact that, even on good days, I
talk too much.
...
Daily, I say to myself, “What’s the big deal? So what if yo
u are losing some
of your independence and are swallowing more dependenc
e? You thought
you were going to be the first human being not to grow old
?”
...
Thank heavens for Dr. Alzheimer. He was the first to begin
to understand
me, or at least to understand me when I was dead. Now I a
m working on
the alive part of the understanding me in a joint venture wit
h my caregivers.
Conclusion
How and Why to Move through
Our Fears about Dementia
People fear the lack of control that dementia entails. But
taking control
of attitudes and care systems now can help us shape the e
xperience of de-
mentia for those now and in the future. What specifically
do we need to
remember and do to improve the cultural experience of liv
ing with mem-
ory loss? Scientists should certainly keep working on prev
ention. But here
is a synopsis of the kind of culture work we—all of us,
people with de-
mentia, their families, their friends, their professional
care partners,
even those without direct relationship to someone with d
ementia—can
do right now to create better lives for people with deme
ntia.
1. Insist on Complex Stories of Dementia
We need to tell and ought to expect to hear more complic
ated stories of
memory loss than we are commonly fed in mainstream
media. Stories
of loss and emotional pain are part of the dementia expe
rience. Those
going through the experience of dementia need to tell t
hese stories to
share their pain with their families and friends. But the e
xperience of de-
mentia is more than the stories of loss and pain—it is
bigger than a
tightly told tragedy can capture. Dementia as an individu
al and societal
tragedy is a tempting story to tell. It is big and scary an
d can motivate
people to call and urge their senators to support more fu
nding for re-
search. Tragic stories can motivate people to call the Alzh
eimer’s Associ-
ation and donate money for support services. Money fo
r scientific re-
search and money for care are both good things. Some of
the researchers
I interviewed for this book were adamant in their belief t
hat raising pub-
lic awareness of Alzheimer’s disease is more important t
han the tone of
that message. But there are real costs to the tragedies cro
wding out more
balanced stories. High-pitched tragic stories that scare
us by depicting
Alzheimer’s and other dementias as an existential horro
r, as devoid of
156 forget memory
any meaning or purpose, can paralyze us. People panic o
ver normal, age-
related memory loss. Care partners resist bringing a spo
use, parent, or
friend in to get the diagnosis and support that might well
improve their
collective lives. Depression and stress from fear and stig
ma of memory
loss can worsen both the symptoms and the care partners
hip experience.
Friends and family, themselves afraid of memory loss,
may avoid the
person experiencing it, cutting that person off from the s
ocial memory
that thickened their lives and made it meaningful in the
first place. It
can also cause people with dementia to believe what the
y’re being told:
that their lives are meaningless.
Dementia can be frightening and disorienting for peo
ple experienc-
ing it as well as for loved ones witnessing a person exper
iencing it. Ne-
gotiating systems of care can be terribly frustrating, and
providing care
at home can be both isolating and exhausting. The deme
ntia experience
involves grieving the changes in the person with memory
loss and griev-
ing for oneself, for one’s identity that is affected by the
loss of social
memory—the daughter who is no longer recognized as a
daughter, the
spouse who is not recognized as a spouse. But the story
of dementia is
also that one’s “self ” persists until the end, that growth a
nd learning are
possible, that social memory remains when individual
memory falters,
and that relationships with a person with dementia are re
ciprocal. Those
who do not yet have dementia do have something to l
earn and gain
from the company of those with it.
2. Embrace the Gray
We have a tendency to see dementia in black and white.
Like pregnancy,
it seems, one can’t be “a little bit” demented. You are or y
ou aren’t. When
a person is diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment, s
enile dementia,
or probable Alzheimer’s, they might well live 15 or more
years. Clearly,
that time is not all a meaningless void. People can have
symptom-free
days, hours, minutes, or seconds. But in our current cult
ural moment,
the fear and stigma wrapped around dementia make it s
eem as if diag-
nosis is akin to falling off a cliff. We need to follow Richa
rd Taylor’s ad-
vice. Dementia is not about half full or half empty. It’s n
ot about black
or white. The experience of memory loss is gray. We ne
ed to get com-
fortable in the gray and keep our eyes and hearts open fo
r moments of
grace.
Co
nclusion 157
3. Advance the Dementia Advocacy Movement
A dementia advocacy movement, in which people with
dementia and
their fellow travelers fight for practical and policy chang
es, is just now
starting to take shape. I have great hope in this movemen
t, particularly
if it is able to join forces with the extensive disability rig
hts network. The
dementia advocacy movement is roughly 20 years behin
d the consider-
able accomplishments of the various disability rights mo
vements. There
are lots of reasons for this lag. How the disability move
ment and aging
and dementia movements have repelled each other is wor
thy of a disser-
tation (or two or three). The disability rights movement
is a complex
mosaic of multiple movements. It is not uncommon for v
arious factions
to disagree. The American Foundation for the Blind, for
example, ini-
tially opposed the passage of the Americans with Disabili
ties Act on the
grounds that blindness is not a disability, but a differenc
e. It has also been
common for groups with physical disabilities to dista
nce themselves
from those with cognitive disabilities. I asked prominent
disability scholar
Paul Longmore why this was so. His explanation came
from personal
experience. “I ride a chair,” he said. “When people see t
he chair, they
assume I am universally impaired.” He spent a great dea
l of time over-
performing on his way to a PhD to prove this wasn’t the c
ase. Although
people with physical disabilities have made tremendo
us advances in
gaining access to public places, they may hesitate to ide
ntify with and
fight with and for people with cognitive disabilities.
Another reason that the dementia advocacy moveme
nt lags behind
is that unlike various disability rights movement, it cann
ot lean heavily
on economic arguments. Getting disabled people into t
he workforce
will increase the tax base, or so the argument goes. This
argument can’t
be used, however, with respect to retired people and thos
e with disabil-
ities (like late stages of Alzheimer’s) severe enough to ma
ke work impos-
sible. The catch phrase of the disability rights movemen
t in the 1970s
and ’80s, “Nothing about Us without Us” fails to account
for those who
have great difficulty forming and expressing their thoug
hts.
The dementia advocacy movement has a great deal to
learn from the
gains and framework of the disability rights movement. “
Nothing about
Us without Us” would insist that people with dementia d
iagnoses must
be part of the solution whether it is in the realm of “cure
” or care. The
disability rights movement learned that using tragic story
lines to appeal
to pity does not create lasting, positive change in the live
s of people with
158 forget memory
best option for people in middle to late stages. The deme
ntia advocacy
movement can challenge the disability rights movement
to more fully
consider the complexity and value of interdependency
as well as show the
movement how to insist on person-centered care in n
ursing homes
rather than simply allow them to be emptied out and sh
ut down. I’m
willing to wager that with the growing numbers of baby
boomers with
early diagnosis and the growing number of activists wit
h physical dis-
abilities now aging into cognitive disability, we’ll see a j
oining of the dis-
ability rights and dementia advocacy movements. The fie
ld of dementia
care should prepare itself now for hundreds of Richard T
aylors.
4. Think Creatively and Fight for Better Options
In a survey, 355 older people revealed their fears of being
diagnosed with
dementia: 40 percent feared losing their insurance, 81 per
cent feared los-
ing their driver’s license, 50 percent feared becoming de
pressed, 45 per-
cent feared becoming anxious, 38 percent feared becomi
ng institution-
alized. Compared to the fears about dementia that emer
ged from my
own interviews (being a burden; losing control; meani
nglessness; the
unnaturalness of parenting your parent; being violated;
becoming im-
poverished), these fears have downright practical solutio
ns that should
be taken up by some of our brightest minds. How can w
e create com-
munities that do not rely solely on cars for transportatio
n so that indi-
viduals who cannot drive can easily, and with some s
pontaneity, get
where they need to go (without waiting half the day an
d feeling their
blood boil)? How can we make sure that cognitive impai
rment does not
preclude people from getting the health care they deserve
? Can we imag-
ine better options to the current nursing home, which is o
riented to the
needs of the institution overall rather the well-being of
individual resi-
dents? These are changes that could improve the lives o
f many, many
people, not just those with dementia.
5. Think and Act in Coalition
To reduce stigma and improve the quality of life for peo
ple living with
dementia, we need to act in coalition. This is tricky. Beca
use the stigma
of dementia is so strong, potential coalition partners m
ight prefer to
keep their distance. But just as I am suggesting that we
need to see the
self and memory as relational, we also need to acknowle
dge that demen-
160 forget memory
tia advocates will never make meaningful change on thei
r own. Demen-
tia advocates need to reach out to groups that share their c
hallenges and
can benefit from their victories. We need to use our energ
ies to stand by
our partners as well. As Peter Whitehouse points out,
environmental
toxins are damaging the cognitive health of everyone, an
d kids with lead
poisoning will be the next generation of adults with d
ementia. Farm
subsidies provide incentives for producing high-fat,
corn-fed cattle and
high-fructose corn syrup, which contribute to obesity,
heart disease, and
diabetes. Research now tells us that heart health is closel
y linked to brain
health. Might the American Heart Association be a partn
er in dementia
advocacy? Might people in early-stage dementia fight
farm subsidies?
We need to think creatively about who might share a
mission to im-
prove the quality of life among people with cognitive dis
abilities, build
relationships, and get savvy about how to make change.
I can imagine
an ACT UP–style action in which people of a range of ag
es and disabil-
ities along with staff, families, and friends link arms a
nd surround a
nursing home, all wearing T-shirts that say “Demented
and Proud!”
6. Value Listening, Silence, and the Present Mom
ent
The StoryCorps project invites us to listen as an act of lov
e. David Green-
berger lobs questions that dare people to respond. And th
en he listens.
TimeSlips creates a setting in which facilitators listen t
o and echo the
words of people with dementia, making sure to get the pi
tch, tone, and
emotional intent just right as they weave all the answ
ers into story.
Songwriting Works does the same but builds the respon
ses into song.
All the programs that I profile in part 3 find a way to sus
pend Western
culture’s high-speed churning of the future into the past.
They invite us
into the present moment, deep listening, and occasion
al silence—a
place that feels increasingly foreign in our multitasking
culture of dis-
traction. Gaining comfort in the present moment can re
mind us of the
mysteries of being alive. I’m not good at writing about th
is. I start to gig-
gle, or worse, when I get into spiritual territory. There ar
e many people
who do it eloquently, particularly people who study Bud
dhism. All I can
say is that spending time with people who have dementia
has made me
a more patient parent, friend, daughter, sister, and wife.
It’s made me
notice and be endlessly thankful for things like the ho
rizon of Lake
Michigan, gray storm clouds, three or four well-chosen
notes on a cello,
and breathing.
Co
nclusion 161
7. Understand That Memory Is More Than Individ
ual Property
Every model of memory that I’ve found in psychology
books neatly
shows various types of memories and how an individual
processes them.
These models are helpful, memory being as complex a
s it is. But all
these drawings should all have an asterisk: *Note: this
model does not
exist outside of the laboratory. Memory is social. But t
his fact doesn’t
lend itself to neat diagrams. The field of memory studies,
which explores
the collective and social nature of memory, is growing. I
n 1998, Jeffrey
Olick called the field “centerless.” The two books Olic
k has written
since provide it with a bit more solid footing. In Janua
ry 2008, Sage
Publications came out with the first issue of Memory S
tudies, a journal
drawing from disciplines such as philosophy, psycholog
y, history, soci-
ology, and anthropology. Perhaps one of these scholars
will come up
with a diagram that neatly shows the various kinds of me
mory and how
we process them, not as individuals in a lab setting, but
as real people,
in real relationships with friends, family, work, and c
ommunities at
large.
There are two basic definitions of memory. The first r
efers to our tra-
ditional sense of memory, of bringing the past into the pr
esent. The sec-
ond refers to forming community. “Remember me to you
r parents,” we
might say to a friend. “Remember me to your husband
.” We human
creatures never lose our need or capacity for this type of
memory—of
making one’s self a member of a community—even
when we are in the
depths of dementia.
We must remember that memory is social, that t
he “self ” is relational. To
forget this is to ignore one of our best “cures” for memory
loss—creating
a net of social memory around a person whose individ
ual control of
memory is compromised. This doesn’t mean that we sho
uld visit people
more. This means that people with memory loss need to
be reknit into
the fabric of our lives. The members of a nursing home
staff shouldn’t
think of a spouse or a son or a daughter or a friend as
a visitor. They
should think of them as part of their community.
8. Healing Is Bigger Than Memory
Some amazing activists, artists, and therapists out there
are using their
skills to heal individuals and communities. These can be
people haunted
by single traumatic events (9/11, Oklahoma City, school s
hootings) or by
162 forget memory
the multitude of daily traumas that war, poverty, or negl
ect can breed.
“Memory” is commonly a theme in the work of healing.
Activists, artists,
or therapists gather and share the stories and voices of s
urvivors of all
kinds in an effort to knit past with present and, it is to be
hoped, envi-
sion and step toward a transformed future. But memory i
s not the only
road to healing. People with memory loss, even those in t
he late stages,
can heal too. Shared communication of any kind, be it t
hrough music,
movement, visual art, poetry, or storytelling, can bring p
eople suffering
from loneliness and isolation into community. Perhaps si
mply shifting
the language of healing so that it leans less on memo
ry and more on
something like shared visions will help reduce the press
ure put on mem-
ory to be the locus of all hope for healing.
9. Assert the Value of Forgetting
Prompted by a party game after a few glasses of wine,
Umberto Eco
came up with an idea for a conference paper: it is impossi
ble to have an
“art of forgetting.” According to Eco’s paper, called pla
yfully “An Ars
Oblivionalis? Forget It,” all signs produce presences, n
ot absences, and
you can’t create a sign for something you want to disap
pear. But if we
can’t have an “art of forgetting,” we can remember the
value of forget-
ting and of those who forget. Forgetting can be a goo
d and healthy
thing. Letting names, numbers, places fall through our n
etting enables
us to focus on other, possibly more important things. H
einer Müller
forcefully champions cultural memory when he writes, “
There is no rev-
olution without a memory.” And clearly, large-scale,
cultural forgetting
makes it possible for us to repeat horrors of our past, suc
h as genocide.
But on an individual scale, a certain amount of forgettin
g also enables
us to see the forest, not just thousands of individual trees
with millions
of individual needles. Forgetting makes us human.
10. Insist That It Is Normal for Young
People to Care about Aging
Actress Sarah Polley was not strange for making her dir
ectorial debut,
Away from Her, on the topic of Alzheimer’s disease. Stef
an Merrill Block
was not strange for taking early-onset Alzheimer’s as
the subject of his
superb debut novel, The Story of Forgetting. Memor
y loss, dying, and
aging itself put us directly in touch with what it means to
be human, to
Co
nclusion 163
love, to be faithful, to live a meaningful life. Great phi
losophers and
artists since the beginning of time have tackled thes
e issues. Who
wouldn’t want to think about that? All the young people
who harbor in-
terest in working with older adults should stop worrying
whether people
will think they are strange. I find it much odder to activel
y avoid think-
ing about aging or being with older people and, in doing
so, deliberately
detach oneself from some of the greatest mysteries of life
.
11. Open Avenues for Meaning-Making
According to terror management theory, anything that r
eminds us of
death makes us anxious and we avoid it, whether it is a d
angerous situ-
ation or a person with dementia. For some people, norm
al, age-related
memory gaffs are their first palpable taste of mortality. T
heir panic is, in
part, fear of this unwanted reminder of death and disabil
ity. But at the
end of the day, I don’t think death is at the root of our fea
rs of memory
loss. The losses in the experience of dementia are thick a
nd recurring. I
believe our fear of memory loss is rooted in a fear that t
hese losses will
overwhelm us and those close to us and drain all meanin
g from the re-
lationships and accomplishments we’ve spent years of ph
ysical and emo-
tional labor to build. We fear that we will sit, or watch
our loved ones
sit, in a meaningless void for years until the body catch
es up with the
brain, and we finally die.
Dr. Christine Kovach, a colleague at the University
of Wisconsin–
Milwaukee, works almost exclusively with people who
have late-stage
dementia. Based on her extensive research, she came up
with a way for
nursing staff to respond to what are called “problem beha
viors” in nurs-
ing homes, like screaming, hitting, or basically doing th
e wrong thing
at the wrong time in the wrong place. When people with
late-stage de-
mentia exhibit a “problem behavior,” Kovach asks the st
aff to consider
what they might be trying to communicate. Are they in p
ain? Part of her
care plan asks the staff to determine if people in late stage
s are getting at
least 10 minutes of “meaningful human interaction” per
day. Meaning-
ful human interaction can be a hand massage or simply s
omeone sitting
and talking to them. It is heartbreaking to think that we’d
need Dr. Ko-
vach’s assessment guidelines. It is heartbreaking to kno
w that just 10
minutes can make such a big difference. And it’s even mo
re heartbreak-
ing to know that there are many, many people with dem
entia who go
without those 10 minutes, whether they live at home or i
n facilities.
164 forget memory
The arts provide a way to open those avenues for me
aning-making
between people who cannot communicate through traditi
onal, rational
language. Music and songwriting, dance, nonlinear story
telling, poetry,
open conversation, painting, sculpting, responding to ar
t: all of these
give us ways to connect with each other, express who w
e are and what
we believe. They can help put meaning back into what w
e fear are mean-
ingless lives.
You don’t need to be a certified therapist to create mo
ments of mean-
ingful engagement. As Liz Lerman said so eloquently,
there is a busy
highway between the extremes of the arts. On the one en
d are the elite
arts, like the ballet and the opera that we watch with a
mazement. On
the other end are the therapists who, in some situations,
really are the
only people qualified to help a patient. But on the busy
highway be-
tween these two extremes, there are Katie Williams and t
he Good Step-
pers of Luther Manor. There are the volunteer artists rea
ding and writ-
ing poetry at adult day centers. There is you. There is m
e.
Unfortunately, I can’t cite statistics about the power o
f the arts that
policy makers will trust enough to put money behind get
ting arts train-
ing and programs into every care setting for people w
ith dementia.
There are no large-scale, double-blind, controlled
studies of programs
that open meaning-making between care partners and
people with de-
mentia. Thus far, major research dollars have bypassed t
hese nonphar-
macological treatments. I understand the urge to put the
vast majority
of research dollars into bench science. We want a pill, an
d we want a pill
fast. But a large-scale study with relatively healthy
older adults tells us
that being involved in art making reduces depression and
the number of
doctor visits and improves self-esteem, a sense of bein
g socially sup-
ported, all while stabilizing general health. Do we think t
hat the impact
on people with cognitive disabilities will be so radically
different? Small-
scale studies tell us that dance reduces cognitive disabil
ity. Small-scale
studies tell us that visual arts programs improve mood an
d quality of life
for people with dementia. And that storytelling increases
the quality and
quantity of interactions between staff and residents with d
ementia in nurs-
ing homes. We need research that convinces policy make
rs that training
care partners to foster meaningful moments with people
with dementia
might work better than pills, and without side effects. M
eaning-making
might even work to reduce stigma and fear, something a p
ill can never do.
Co
nclusion 165
12. Don’t Be Afraid of Reducing Fear
What exactly would happen if we reduced stigma and f
ear? After talking
with hundreds of people who work in the field of deme
ntia care, I’ve
come to believe that we’re afraid to reduce the fear of
dementia. We
think that reducing fear will mean a sudden plunge in the
amount of re-
search dollars that come from private donors and the N
IH alike. We
think it would mean that the term “Alzheimer’s,” that stra
nge-sounding
German word that ill fits our tongues (Al-timer’s? old-
timers?) will fade
out of use just as the Alzheimer’s Association, which pro
vides so many
valuable services, struggles to get its name and services ou
t to every Amer-
ican household that needs them. We fear that people will
stop blaming
a “disease” and will blame the person with dementia fo
r acting funny
(“If he loved me, he wouldn’t forget these things”). Stig
ma and fear are
evolutionary impulses, some theories would have us bel
ieve; they help
us identify people not to marry, people that might be har
mful to us. We
think we need the stigma and fear of dementia.
Perhaps if we can imagine the benefits of reducing st
igma and fear, it
will give us courage to take the plunge. What might ha
ppen if we re-
duced the fear and stigma of dementia?
More people might get diagnosed.
More people might plan ahead, with long-term care
insurance; more
people might have family discussions about what to do
if they should
experience dementia.
More people might learn about and use services that e
nable them to
stay at home, if that is their choice.
More people might spend more time with more frien
ds who live in
nursing homes.
If more people spent time in nursing homes, there mi
ght be less tol-
erance for poor-quality care and poor quality of life.
Less stigma and fear might reduce stress for people
with dementia,
which might improve cognition.
Friends and family might be more involved and sup
portive of care
partners and people with dementia, reducing social isolat
ion.
More social support might mean less stress for care pa
rtners, improv-
ing their health.
Less stigma and fear might give us better attitudes ab
out aging—and
longer lives (we could win back our 7.5 years).
166 forget memory
More people might go into the field of dementia care
, which could
lead to innovations in all areas, from housing to care ser
vices.
More options for care might mean less stress for
working adults
managing care for their parents.
Less stress for working adults might mean greater pro
ductivity in the
workplace.
Cultural institutions might acknowledge people with
cognitive dis-
abilities as valued members of the community they serve
.
People with dementia and their care partners might f
eel more com-
fortable visiting cultural institutions that welcome them,
again reducing
stress and challenging and growing their cognitive skills.
Maybe we would take lifelong learning (not just com
puterized cog-
nitive exercises) a little more seriously.
Maybe dementia advocates would find kinship with
other groups
advocating for lifelong cognitive and physical health and
forge effective
coalitions.
Maybe we would actually develop a long-term car
e policy in the
United States.
Maybe we would have more people who have 10 mi
nutes of mean-
ingful human interaction per day.
Maybe we would reduce “problem behaviors.”
Maybe we would learn something about the meanin
g of life from
people living intensely in the present, a place those wit
hout cognitive
disability rarely get to experience.
Maybe we would grow as human beings by expandi
ng our capacity
for compassion.
One of the quiet prides I have of my family is my fa
ther’s vocabu-
lary. Thomas John Basting was the only child of Alice
Koehn and Abe
Basting. Abe and Alice lived in a little bungalow that Ali
ce’s father built
on the South Side of Milwaukee, where Alice’s family e
xperienced and
survived the Depression. Alice worked as an assistant t
o a lawyer and
Abe sold shoes. My father vividly remembers the day his
mother walked
him to the bursar’s office at Marquette University and
wrote a tuition
check for $500. He had no earthly idea where she cam
e up with that
money. A college education was Abe and Alice’s drea
m for their only
child. It would give him keys to the world of the people t
hey typed let-
ters for and fitted for fancy shoes. But sometimes I thin
k my father’s
access to that other world came more from his masterful
command of
language than from his college education. Even now, whe
n a little-used,
Con
clus
ion
16
7
Roger and Rocille McConnell. Photo by www.jimherrington
.com.
Appendix A
Program Description and Contact Infor
mation
Alzheimer’s Association
The Alzheimer’s Association is the leading voluntary health or
ganization in
Alzheimer’s care, support, and research; it has a national office
and regional
chapters across the United States.
President and CEO: Harry Johns
www.alz.org
National help line: 800-272-3900
ArtCare
ArtCare, run by Luther Manor Adult Day Services in Milwau
kee began in
1994 and offers annual artist residencies in music, dance, story
telling, and a
variety of visual arts. Artists in residence teach the staff how to
continue the
programs after their residencies are over. All residencies culmi
nate in a public
celebration of the work.
Director: Beth Meyer Arnold
www.luthermanor.org
Contact: 414-464-3888
Resources:
ArtCare manual (www.aging.uwm.edu)
Artists for Alzheimer’s (ARTZ)
Based at Hearthstone Alzheimer’s Care and founded by John Z
eisel in 2001,
ARTZ is a nonprofit, membership-based organization that
trains artist volun-
teers to work with people with dementia in facility-based care
settings and
that manages their volunteer activity. Hearthstone also offers c
onsulting ser-
vices on designing programs and facilities for people with dem
entia.
Directors: John Zeisel and Sean Caulfield
www.thehearth.org/artistsforalzheimers.htm
Contact: 781-844-4671 or Caulfi[email protected]
Resources:
T-shirts for sale to support ARTZ
170 appendix a
Arts for the Aging (AFTA)
Founded in 1988 by sculptor Lolo Sarnoff, AFTA has a faculty
of 18 artists
who provide (for free) up to 33 programs a year to partnering o
rganizations
based in the metropolitan Washington, D.C., area. AFTA offer
s trainings and
is focused on underserved seniors.
Executive director: Janine Tursini
Program director: Diana Cirone
www.aftaarts.org
Contact: 301-718-4990 or [email protected]
Center for Elders and Youth in the Arts (CEYA)
CEYA provides specialized visual and performing arts progra
mming, much
done in collaboration with youth groups, tailored to the San Fr
ancisco
Bay–area older adult population. Since 1996, CEYA has
served thousands of
elders and hundreds of youth.
Artistic director: Jeff Chapline
http://ceya.ioaging.org
Contact: 415-447-1989, ext. 534, or [email protected]
DanceWorks
DanceWorks teaching artists work in adult day settings in Mil
waukee offering
dance workshops and intergenerational multiarts programs (I
MAP).
Executive director: Deborah Farris
www.danceworksmke.org
Contact: 414-277-8480
Duplex Planet
Unconventional interviews with older adults conducted by fou
nder David
Greenberger are transformed into various works of art.
www.duplexplanet.com
Contact: [email protected]
Resources:
back issues of Duplex Planet journals
CDs
books
Elders Share the Arts (ESTA)
Founded by Susan Perlstein in 1979, ESTA offers a range of pr
ograms, includ-
ing the Legacy Works program, which uses visual arts to tell st
ories.
Executive director: Carolyn Zablotny
Program director: Marsha Gildin
www.elderssharethearts.org
Program Description and Contact Info
rmation 171
Contact: 718-398-3870
Resources:
A Stage for Memory: A Guide to the Living History T
heater Program of
Elders Share the Arts
The Arts and Dementia Care: A Resource Guide
Legacy Works: Visual Art and Reminiscence for Older
Adults
Generating Community: Intergenerational Partnersh
ips through the
Expressive Arts
Other books, manuals, and videos
The Intergenerational School
The Intergenerational School is a nationally recognized, Cleve
land-based K–8
charter school whose mission is to foster an educational comm
unity of excel-
lence that provides experiences and skills for lifelong learning
and spirited cit-
izenship for learners of all ages.
www.tisonline.org
Contact: 216-721-0120 or [email protected]
Kairos Dance Theatre
A Minneapolis-based intergenerational dance company,
Kairos was founded
by Maria Genné in 1991 and began its programs for people wit
h memory loss
in 2001. It now offers training and runs dance programs at mul
tiple sites
every year.
Artistic director: Maria Genné
www.kairosdance.org
Contact: [email protected]
Liz Lerman Dance Exchange
Founded in 1976 by Liz Lerman, Dance Exchange has created
more than 50
dance/theater works. It has held thousands of performances and
sponsored
many community exchanges. Its free, online toolbox shares val
uable exercises
designed to encourage group participation and creative express
ion.
Producing artistic director: Peter DiMuro
www.danceexchange.org
Contact: [email protected]
Memories in the Making
Memories in the Making, founded by Selly Jenny in 1986, is a
failure-free art
program designed to encourage self-expression by people with
dementia. The
program originally focused on watercolor painting, but individ
ual Alzheimer’s
Association chapters have adapted/expanded Memories in the
Making as it
has spread across the country. See, for example, the Cincinnati
chapter, the
172 appendix a
Greater Wisconsin chapter, the southeastern Wisconsin chapter
, the heartland
chapter, and the Denver chapter.
Managed by the Orange County chapter of the Alzheimer’s As
sociation
National trainer: La Doris “Sam” Heinly
www.alz.org/oc/in_my_community_10849.asp
Contact: 949-757-3719 (Orange County program)
Resources:
Memories in the Making Training Manual and DVD
I’m Still Here, by Sam Heinly, featuring paintings of peop
le with dementia
Memory Bridge
Memory Bridge is a curriculum to teach middle and senior hig
h school stu-
dents about memory and identity through partnerships with pe
ople with de-
mentia. The Memory Bridge curriculum is available for purch
ase, and comes
with training and support. There Is a Bridge is a documenta
ry film produced
by Memory Bridge founder Michael Verde in 2007 and distrib
uted by Ameri-
can Public Media.
President: Michael Verde
www.memorybridge.org
Contact: Athena Rebapis, outreach coordinator, arebapis@Mb
education.net
Museum of Modern Art
Education and Access for Visitors with Disabilities and Special
Needs
The museum’s Meet Me at MoMA Program offers tours for pe
ople with de-
mentia and their caregivers on a day when the museum is close
d to the pub-
lic. This program is free but requires registration.
www.moma.org/education/moma_access.html
Contact: 212-408-6347 or 212-247-230 (TTY) or
[email protected]
Resources:
MoMA Alzheimer’s Project Guide for Museums
National Center for Creative Aging (NCCA)
Founded in 2001, NCCA is a membership organization “dedic
ated to foster-
ing an understanding of the vital relationship between creative
expression and
healthy aging and to developing programs that build on this u
nderstanding.”
Executive director: Gay Hanna
www.creativeaging.org
Contact: 202-895-9456 or [email protected]
Program Description and Contact Info
rmation 173
Resources:
arts and aging national resource directory
NCCA newsletter
Creativity Matters: The Arts and Aging Tool Kit
Neighbors Growing Together
Neighbors Growing Together is a program at Virginia Tech wh
ose mission is
“to improve the lives of people across the lifespan through inter
generational
collaboration involving teaching, research, and outreach.”
www.intergenerational.clahs.vt.edu/neighbors/index.html
Contact: 540-231-5434 or [email protected]
Next Stage Dance Theater (NSDT)
Based in Seattle and cofounded by Dominique Gabella and Br
idget Thomp-
son in 1999, NSDT initiated its Unleashed Memories program
for people
with dementia in 2005 and now runs it at two to three sites per
year.
Artistic director: Dominique Gabella
www.nextstagedance.org
Contact: 206-633-0812, ext. 3, or [email protected]
Songwriting Works
An internationally recognized creative organization founded in
1990 by
Judith-Kate Friedman that promotes health through the power
of song-
writing and performance, Songwriting Works offers training a
nd sponsors
residencies in facilities across the country.
Director: Judith-Kate Friedman
www.songwritingworks.org
Contact: 360-385-1160 or [email protected]
Resources:
CDs
An Especially Wonderful Affair
prints of articles by Friedman
training materials forthcoming
St. Ann Center for Intergenerational Care
St. Ann Center for Intergenerational Care is a Milwaukee-
based intergenera-
tional day-care center that strives to prevent premature
institutionalization of
elderly people and persons with disabilities. Photographer Win
g Young Huie
photographed extensively at St. Ann’s Good Shepherd House,
an adult day
program for people with dementia.
www.stanncenter.org
Contact: 414-977-5000 (main office)
174 appendix a
StoryCorps
StoryCorps, founded by David Isay in 2003, is a national oral
history project
whose mission is to honor and celebrate one another’s lives thr
ough listening.
The Memory Loss Initiative of StoryCorps began in 2006.
Executive director: David Isay
Director of StoryCorps: Donna Galeno
Senior outreach coordinator, Memory Loss Initiative: Dina Ze
mpsky
www.storycorps.net
Contact: 646-723-7027 (general questions); 800-850-4406
(reservations)
Resources:
Listening Is an Act of Love (a book that shares the histor
y and stories of the
StoryCorps project)
TimeSlips
A group storytelling process founded by Anne Basting that enc
ourages people
to imagine rather than remember. There are currently 12 Time
Slips training
bases across the country. TimeSlips offers consulting and traini
ng on using
creative expression in person-centered dementia care.
Director: Anne Basting
www.timeslips.org
Contact: [email protected]
Resources:
TimeSlips training manual (50 pages)
TimeSlips DVD (12 minutes)
images for storytelling sessions
To Whom I May Concern
Founded by Maureen Matthews (PhD), To Whom I May Co
ncern is a play
and a process for weaving together a play from the words of pe
ople with
dementia.
www.towhomimayconcern.org
Contact: [email protected]
Program Description and Contact Info
rmation 175
United Community Center (UCC)
The Milwaukee-based UCC provides programs to the
Hispanic community
and residents in Near South Side of all ages in the areas of edu
cation, cultural
arts, recreation, community development, and health and hum
an services.
UCC helps people achieve their potential by focusing on cultu
ral heritage as
a means of strengthening personal development. Photographer
Wing Young
Huie worked extensively at UCC’s adult day center.
Adult day center coordinator: Nelva Olin
www.unitedcc.org
Contact: 414-384-3100 (main office); 414-384-3100, ext. 4709
(adult day center)
Wing Young Huie
Wing Young Huie is a nationally recognized documentary pho
tographer who
began to photograph people with memory loss in 2006 as part
of his resi-
dency in applied art at the University of Wisconsin–
Milwaukee’s Center on
Age and Community.
www.wingyounghuie.com
Contact: [email protected]
Appendix B
Recipes from Chapter 1
Gülgün Kayim’s Shepherd’s Pie
2 tablespoons canola oil
1 pound or so ground meat
1 medium onion, chopped
1 small carrot
‒ cup peas
1 stalk celery
2–3 tablespoons Marmite (English brown goop)
1 bay leaf
2–3 teaspoons oregano
‒ cup water or chicken or beef stock
salt and pepper to taste
Preheat oven to 350 degrees. Fill large pot with water and put
on to boil. Peel
and chop potatoes; add to water when boiling. In a large pan, f
ry onion in oil
until soft. Add ground meat and brown. Add carrots, celery, or
egano, salt, pep-
per, Marmite; stir and cook for 5 minutes. Add liquid and bay l
eaf, and simmer
for 10 minutes. Add peas, cook for 5 minutes, remove from
heat, and pour
filling into a 9-inch square Pyrex baking pan. Check potatoes f
or doneness; re-
move and mash when ready, adding butter, milk, salt, and
pepper. Spread
evenly over the ground meat mixture, brush with a little milk,
and put into cen-
ter of oven. Bake for 45 minutes, or until the mashed topping i
s brown. Serve
hot from the oven with a green salad.
Recipes from C
hapter 1 177
Thom Sobota’s Cheesecake
Crust:
1 stick butter
10 graham crackers
‒ cup sugar
Pulse melted butter, grahams, and sugar in a food processor
until moist and
crushed. Spoon into a springform pan and pat down.
Cake:
2 eggs
2 8-ounce packages cream cheese, softened
‒ cup sugar
1 teaspoon vanilla
Blend until smooth and pour on top of the crust in the springfo
rm pan.
Bake at 375 degrees for 20 minutes. You should see the edges of
the cake begin-
ning to crack. Let cool for 15 minutes.
Topping:
16 ounces sour cream (low fat is okay)
‒ cup sugar
1 tablespoon vanilla
Mix thoroughly and spread on top of cooled cheesecake. Bak
e at 425 degrees
for 5 minutes.
Cool in refrigerator for at least 3 hours before serving.
Appendix C
Images and Stories of Dementia
Novels
Bernlef, J. Trans. Adrienne Dixon. Out of Mind. London: Fa
ber and Faber,
1988.
Block, Stefan Merrill. The Story of Forgetting. New York:
Random House,
2008.
Franzen, Jonathan. The Corrections. New York: Farrar, Strau
s and Giroux,
2001.
Genova, Lisa. Still Alice. iUniverse, 2007.
Ignatieff, Michael. Scar Tissue. New York: Farrar, Straus and
Giroux, 1994.
Plays
Carson, Jo. Daytrips. New York: Dramatist’s Play Service, 19
98.
Congdon, Constance. Tales of the Lost Formicans. New Yor
k: Broadway Play
Publishing, 1990.
Foote, Horton. The Last of the Thorntons. New York: Dram
atist’s Play Service,
2002.
Lonergan, Kenneth. The Waverly Gallery. New York: Grove
Press, 2000.
Mighton, John. Half Life. Toronto: Playwrights Canada Press,
2006.
Vradenburg, Trish. Surviving Grace. New York: Broadway P
lay Publishing,
2003.
Memoirs and Autobiographies
Bayley, John. Elegy for Iris. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 19
99.
Bryden, Christine. Dancing with Dementia: My Story of
Living Positively with
Dementia. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2005.
Davidson, Ann. Alzheimer’s, a Love Story: One Year in M
y Husband’s Journey.
New York: Carol Publishing, 1997.
———. A Curious Kind of Widow: Loving a Man with
Advanced Alzheimer’s.
McKinleyville, CA: Daniel and Daniel, 2006.
Images and Stories of D
ementia 179
Other Nonfiction
Greenberger, David. Duplex Planet: Everybody’s Asking Wh
o I Was. Boston:
Faber and Faber, 1994.
Greenblat, Cathy Stein. Alive with Alzheimer’s. Chicago: Un
iversity of Chi-
cago Press, 2004.
Peterson, Betsy. Voices of Alzheimer’s: Courage, Humor, H
ope, and Love in the
Face of Dementia. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 200
4.
Shenk, David. The Forgetting: Alzheimer’s, Portrait of an
Epidemic. New York:
Doubleday, 2001.
Snyder, Lisa. Speaking Our Minds: Personal Reflections f
rom Individuals with
Alzheimer’s. New York: W. H. Freeman, 1999.
Strauss Smoller, Esther. I Can’t Remember: Family Stories
of Alzheimer’s Dis-
ease. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1997.
180 appendix c
Television/Film
Aurora Borealis. Written by Brent Boyd and directed by Jame
s Burke, 2005.
Away from Her. Written and directed by Sarah Polley, adapted
from a short
story by Alice Munro, 2006.
Complaints of a Dutiful Daughter. Documentary by Debor
ah Hoffman, 1995.
Diminished Capacity. Written by Sherwood Kiraly and direc
ted by Terry Kin-
ney, 2008.
Do Not Go Gently. Documentary by Melissa Godoy and Eile
en Littig, 2007.
Do You Remember Love? Written by Vickie Patik and direct
ed by Jeff Bleckner,
1985.
Iris. Written and directed by Richard Eyre, adapted from a boo
k by John Bay-
ley, 2001.
Memory for Max, Clare, Ida and Company. Documentary
by Alan King, 2005.
Pop. Documentary by Joel Meyerowitz, 1999.
The Good Life. Written and directed by Stephen Berra, 2007.
The Savages. Written and directed by Tamara Jenkins, 2007.
There Is a Bridge. Documentary by Michael Verde, 2007.
Web-based
www.aboutalz.org. A Quick Look at Alzheimer’s: Four “Po
cket” Films to Increase
Understanding of a 21st Century Epidemic, produced
and directed by
David Shenk.
www.alz.org. National Alzheimer’s Association site, which inc
ludes an online
forum for people with dementia.
www.alzsh.net. Alzheimer’s Spoken Here, a resource for peopl
e carrying diag-
noses similar to Alzheimer’s disease.
www.dasninternational.org. Dementia Advocacy and Support
Network Inter-
national.
www.dementiausa.com. Online support for people with demen
tia.
www.duplexplanet.com. David Greenberger’s Duplex Planet.
www.storycorps.net. The national StoryCorps project, includin
g the Memory
Loss Initiative.
Appendix D
Timeline of Stories and Events in the R
ecent
History of Dementia
1980
“Dear Abby” column features a letter about Alzheimer’s diseas
e and generates
30,000 responses.
The Senate Subcommittee on Aging conducts hearings on the
impact of
Alzheimer’s disease on the nation’s elderly.
The National Institute on Aging’s Age Page publishes “Senilit
y: Myth or
Madness?”
1981
The 36-Hour Day, by Nancy Mace and Peter Rabins, is
published.
Charles Leroux writes a column titled “A Silent Epidemic” for
the Chicago
Tribune.
The Myth of Senility: The Truth about the Brain and Ag
ing, by Robin Marantz
Henig, is published.
1982
The first public service announcement about Alzheimer’s, with
Jack
Lemmon, airs.
President Ronald Reagan signs a proclamation designating the
fourth week in
November National Alzheimer’s Disease Awareness Week.
1983
The House Select Committee on Aging holds hearings on seni
lity and stereo-
typing.
The Senate Subcommittee on Aging holds hearings on living
with
Alzheimer’s.
1984
Newsweek reports on Alzheimer’s, featuring “The Agony of A
lzheimer’s
Disease” on its cover and publishing “A Slow Death of the
Mind” by
Matt Clark (December).
182 appendix d
1985
“Alzheimer’s Disease,” by Richard J. Wurtman, is published in
Scientific
American ( January).
Patti LuPone records “It’s a Long Goodbye” for the Alzheimer’s
Disease and
Related Disorders Association.
The Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Association pr
oduces a docu-
mentary entitled “Caring.”
Do You Remember Love? airs on CBS, starring Joanne Woo
dward as a poet
and college instructor with Alzheimer’s (May).
1986
The House Select Committee on Aging holds hearings on the
burdens of
Alzheimer’s disease for victims and their families.
The Loss of Self: A Family Resource for the Care of Alzh
eimer’s Disease and
Related Disorders, by Donna Cohen and Carl Eisdorfer, i
s published.
1987
Oprah Winfrey features Alzheimer’s disease on her show.
1988
The Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Association air
s a public
service announcement titled “Stand by You,” and the organ
ization
changes its name to the Alzheimer’s Association.
Willard Scott is named national spokesperson for the Alzheime
r’s Association.
Understanding Alzheimer’s Disease, edited by Miriam Aro
nson, is published.
Out of Mind, a novel by J. Bernlef, is published.
1989
A Journal of the American Medical Association article sta
tes that four million
Americans have Alzheimer’s disease.
1990
A public service announcement about the statistic that four mil
lion Ameri-
cans suffer from Alzheimer’s disease airs with Walter Cron
kite.
The Living Death, a “supermarket paperback,” is published b
y the National
Foundation for Medical Research.
Janet Adkins is Jack Kevorkian’s first “client.” The New York
Times (“Her
Mind Was Everything, Dead Woman’s Husband Says” by
Timothy Eagan
[June 6]) and Time magazine cover the story.
Timeline of Stories an
d Events 183
1991
“Alzheimer’s: Is There Hope?” appears as a cover story in U.S.
News and
World Report (August).
HBO special, Losing It All, airs (October).
1993
Cognex, a drug to treat Alzheimer’s, is approved.
The Alzheimer’s Association’s “Warning Signs” awareness cam
paign draws a
huge response.
As the World Turns character Mac learns he has Alzheimer’s
disease.
Living in the Labyrinth, by Diana Friel McGowin, is publis
hed.
1994
Reagan announces he has Alzheimer’s disease.
Scar Tissue, a novel by Michael Ignatieff, is published.
Duplex Planet: Everybody’s Asking Who I Was, by David G
reenberger, is pub-
lished.
ER airs two episodes with Rosemary Clooney playing a singin
g Alzheimer’s
patient (September and December).
1995
The Alzheimer’s Association launches its first Web site.
Nancy Reagan’s public service announcement about Alzheimer
’s airs.
Beverly Hills 90210 episode with Milton Berle playing Saul
Howard, a charac-
ter with Alzheimer’s disease, airs ( January).
1996
Aricept is approved to treat Alzheimer’s.
USA Network’s Road to Galveston, starring Tess Harper, abo
ut widow who
provides care for three women with Alzheimer’s disease, ai
rs ( January).
The Notebook, by Nicholas Sparks, is published.
1997
An excerpt from Joel Meyerowitz’s documentary Pop (“Defyi
ng Sickness”) airs
on WBEZ Chicago’s This American Life (August).
Alzheimer’s, a Love Story: One Year in My Husband’s Jo
urney, by Ann David-
son, is published.
1998
The Alzheimer’s Association’s women and Alzheimer’s disease
campaign ad
with Patti LaBelle airs on television and radio.
184 appendix d
David Hyde Pierce testifies before Congress on the projection
of 14 million
baby boomers developing Alzheimer’s disease.
A Partial View: An Alzheimer’s Journal, by Cary Henderso
n, is published.
1999
Elegy for Iris, by John Bayley, is published. Murdoch dies.
Thomas DeBaggio is on NPR for the first time (December).
Speaking Our Minds: Personal Expressions from Individu
als with Alzheimer’s,
edited by Lisa Snyder, is published.
PBS’s Frontline airs Joel Meyerowitz’s documentary Pop ( J
une).
2000
The Alzheimer’s Association’s public service announcement wi
th Rita Hay-
worth airs.
Newsweek and Time feature cover articles on Alzheimer’s dise
ase ( January and
July).
Excelon, a new Alzheimer’s drug, is approved.
Thomas DeBaggio gives updates on NPR’s All Things Consi
dered (March,
July, and November).
The Waverly Gallery, by Kenneth Lonergan, is produced at P
romenade in New
York City.
The Waverly Gallery is published.
“The New Science of Alzheimer’s,” by Madeleine Nash, is pu
blished in Time
( July).
Hard to Forget: An Alzheimer’s Story, by Charles Pierce, is
published.
Decoding Darkness: The Search for the Genetic Causes
of Alzheimer’s Disease, by
Rudolph Tanzi and Ann Parson, is published.
2001
The drug Razadyne is approved to treat Alzheimer’s.
The film Iris is released (December).
The Forgetting: Alzheimer’s, Portrait of an Epidemic, by
David Shenk, is pub-
lished.
The Corrections, a novel by Jonathan Franzen, is published.
“The Nun Study,” by Michael Lemonick and Alice Park, is pu
blished in Time
(May).
2002
National Alzheimer’s Disease Awareness Month is declared.
The Alzheimer’s Association’s public service announcement “F
aces of
Alzheimer’s,” with David Hyde Pierce, airs.
Losing My Mind, a memoir by Thomas DeBaggio, is publish
ed.
Timeline of Stories an
d Events 185
2003
The drug Namenda is approved.
The Alzheimer’s Association airs “Dear Abby” and “Spanish H
appy Birthday”
public service announcements.
When It Gets Dark, by Thomas DeBaggio, is published.
Story of My Father: A Memoir, by Sue Miller, is published.
2004
The Forgetting appears on PBS ( January). One thousand ho
use parties are
held during its airing.
Ronald Reagan dies; the Alzheimer’s Association is named on
e of three official
memorial charities.
The Alzheimer’s Association launches its “Maintain Your Brai
n” campaign
and creates a new logo, “People and Science.”
The Alzheimer’s Association unites 160 organizations through
its Coalition of
Hope to raise awareness about the disease.
The film The Notebook is released ( June).
Patti Davis’s article “ ‘God Has a Plan,’ My Dad Always Said”
is published in
Newsweek ( June).
“As the Shadows Fell,” an article on Nancy Reagan, is publish
ed in Newsweek
( June).
Leeza Gibbons and Maria Shriver appear on the Oprah Winfr
ey Show to talk
about their experiences as children of parents with Alzheim
er’s ( July).
Sarah Sennott’s “Ideas from Thin Air” about a video memory r
ecorder is
published in Newsweek (August).
Boston Legal television show featuring Denny Crane, a chara
cter with
Alzheimer’s, premieres (October).
Mary Carmichael’s article “The Quest for Memory Drugs” ab
out a hermaph-
roditic marine snail is published in Newsweek (December
).
Maria Shriver’s children’s book What’s Happening to Grand
pa? is published.
Alive with Alzheimer’s, by Cathy Stein Greenblat, is publish
ed.
2005
The Alzheimer’s Association runs an ad campaign on how “Al
zheimer’s dis-
ease doesn’t mean you forget how to . . .”
Mary Carmichael and Jennifer Barrett Ozol’s “A Wrinkle in Ti
me” about the
science of aging is published in Newsweek ( January).
James Bakalar and Anthony Komaroff ’s “The Aging Brain” is
published in
Newsweek ( January).
“Artful Aging,” by Karen Springen and Sam Seibert, is publis
hed Newsweek
( January).
186 appendix d
Angela Conrad’s “Dependent on the Kindness of Strangers” is
published in
Newsweek ( January).
The film Aurora Borealis is released (April).
“Avoiding Dementia: Fitness and Your Brain,” by Steven Feske
, is published
in Newsweek (October).
Gray’s Anatomy’s Meredith struggles with her mother’s Alzhei
mer’s disease
(October).
2006
David Sinclair and Anthony Komaroff ’s “Can We Slow Aging
?” is published
in Newsweek (December).
2007
The Good Life, written and directed by Steve Berra, featuring
Harry Dean
Stanton as a movie theater operator with Alzheimer’s disea
se, plays at
Sundance ( January).
Alzheimer’s from the Inside Out, by Richard Taylor, is publi
shed.
Time magazine publishes a special issue on the brain ( January
).
Carved in Sand: When Memory Fades in Mid-Life, by
Cathryn Jakobson
Ramin, is published.
Still Alice, a novel by Lisa Genova, is published.
The film Away from Her is released (May).
“Confronting Alzheimer’s,” by Barbara Kantrowitz and Karen
Springen, is
published in Newsweek ( June).
Joshua Foer’s article “Remember This: In the Archives of the B
rain Our Lives
Linger or Disappear” is published in National Geographi
c (November).
First StoryCorps Memory Loss Initiative story plays on Morn
ing Edition
(November).
The Art of Dementia Care, by Dan Kuhn and Jane Verity, is
published.
2008
The film Diminished Capacity premieres at Sundance ( Janu
ary).
The Story of Forgetting, a novel by Stefan Merrill Block, is
published.
Where Did I Leave My Glasses: The What, When, and W
hy of Normal Memory
Loss, by Martha Weinman Lear, is published.
The Myth of Alzheimer’s: What You Aren’t Being Told Abo
ut Today’s Most
Dreaded Diagnosis, by Peter Whitehouse and Danny Ge
orge, is published.
Notes
Introduction
p. 2: The estimate of 11 to 16 million people with Alzheimer’s dise
ase by 2050 is cited
by the Alzheimer’s Association and comes from Liesi E. Hebert et al.,
“Alzheimer’s Dis-
ease in the U.S. Population: Prevalence Estimates Using the 2000 Ce
nsus,” Archives of
Neurology 60, no. 8 (2003): 1119–22.
p. 4: Viktor Frankl, Man’s Search for Meaning: An Introducti
on to Logotherapy, trans.
Ilse Lasch (Boston: Beacon Press, 1962). See also Frankl’s The Will to
Meaning: Foundations
and Applications of Logotherapy (New York: World Publishing Co
mpany, 1969).
p. 4: The Alzheimer’s Foundation of America and Forest Pharmac
euticals sponsored
a survey conducted by Harris Interactive in 2006 that looked at stigm
a and reasons for
delays in seeking diagnosis. The study, entitled “I CAN: Investigatin
g Caregivers’ Atti-
tudes and Needs,” is available at www.alzfdn.org.
p. 4: In 2006, the MetLife Foundation hired Harris Interactive to
conduct a survey
about U.S. attitudes toward Alzheimer’s. Full results of the survey (“
MetLife Founda-
tion Alzheimer’s Survey: What America Thinks”) are available at ww
w.metlife.org.
Part 1: Understanding Our Fears about Dementia
p. 7: Michael Ignatieff ’s novel Scar Tissue (New York: Farrar,
Straus and Giroux,
1994), the source of the epigraph to the introduction, is the story of tw
o brothers—one
a writer and the other a doctor—and their very different struggles to
cope with their
mother’s early-onset dementia. It’s a complex and engaging tale that
raises the emotional
and physical challenges of dementia to a beautifully rendered symbol
ic level. This quo-
tation is from page 10.
p. 7: The team of researchers who conducted the interviews about
Alzheimer’s dis-
ease included Shirley Huston-Findley and Kathryn Louis. Jim H
errington photo-
graphed most of those we interviewed, and Terry Caddell worked wi
th me to create a
short DVD based on the interviews, called Talk Back Move Forwa
rd: 100 Years of Alz-
heimer’s. You can watch the DVD for free at www.aging.uwm.edu.
p. 10: Dr. Malaz Boustani presented data from the PRISM-PC
survey at the Wis-
consin Alzheimer’s Institute conference in Madison, Wisconsin, on N
ovember 2, 2007.
Eighty-one percent of the 335 older people surveyed said they feared
a diagnosis of de-
mentia would mean losing their driver’s license. See also Malaz Bo
ustani et al., “The
PRISM-PC Questionnaire,” Alzheimer’s and Dementia 2, no. 3
(2006): S567.
p. 10: The Nietzsche quotation comes from maxim number 12 in “
Maxims and Ar-
188 Notes to Pages 13–20
Chapter 1: What Is (and Isn’t) Memory?
p. 13: The epigraph to chapter 1 comes from the opening monolog
ue of Mnemonic
(London: Methuen Press, 1999), 4, a play by the European theater co
llaborative Com-
plicite. I saw the performance in New York City at John Jay College i
n 2001.
p. 15: “Memories are not stored in any single location in the b
rain, as some re-
searchers use to believe, nor are they distributed throughout the entir
e brain, as others
contended. Different parts of the brain hold on to different aspects of
an experience,
which are in turn linked together by a special memory system hidde
n deep within the
inner recesses of our brains” (Daniel Schacter, Searching for Me
mory: The Brain, the
Mind, and the Past [New York: Basic Books, 1999], 9). See appendi
x B for Gülgün’s shep-
herd’s pie recipe.
p. 15: In a classic study, Lloyd R. Peterson and Margaret Jean Pet
erson determined
that the duration of short-term memory is about 18 seconds (i.e.,
very short indeed!).
They determined this by presenting research subjects with TRI-
GRAMs (verbal mate-
rials) to remember while having them do some distracting task at the
same time. They
found that after about 18 seconds, pretty much everything in the sub
jects’ short-term
memory stores had been forgotten. This is still taught in most cogniti
ve psych classes,
although there are caveats, of course. Various mental operations that
you can perform,
such as “chunking” information into groups, will increase the durati
on of short-term
memory (“Short-Term Retention of Individual Verbal Items,”
Journal of Experimental
Psychology 58, no. 3 [1959]: 193–98).
p. 16: Maurice Halbwachs, On Collective Memory, ed. and tr
ans. Lewis. A. Coser
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992 [1941]), 38.
p. 16: There are long arguments about this point that I present fair
ly confidently and
succinctly here. See David Manier’s “Is Memory in the Brain? Rem
embering as Social
Behavior,” Mind, Culture and Activity 11, no. 4 (2004): 251–66,
for a nuanced descrip-
tion of the disagreements between social theorists and those who beli
eve that memory
is strictly a matter of the brain and who tend to see “social memory” a
s interfering with
encoding or retrieval.
p. 17: See appendix B for the cheesecake recipe.
p. 19: Peter Whitehouse and Danny George, The Myth of Alzhei
mer’s: The Story of a
Disease, a Doctor, and a New Direction for Aging in the Twen
ty-first Century (New York:
St. Martin’s Press, 2008), 36.
p. 19: See Daniel Schacter’s Searching for Memory. For more on
Camillo’s Memory The-
atre, see Francis Yates, The Art of Memory (Chicago: University of C
hicago Press, 1966).
p. 20: Here are just a few examples of books on the history of me
mory: Mary Car-
ruthers, The Book of Memory: A Study of Memory in Medieval
Culture (New York: Cam-
bridge University Press, 1992); Douwe Draaisma, Metaphors of
Memory: A History of
Ideas about the Mind (New York: Cambridge University Press, 200
1); Paolo Rossi, Logic
and the Art of Memory: A Quest for a Universal Language, tran
s. Steven Clucas (Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 2000); Paul Connerton, How Societi
es Remember (New
Notes to Page
s 20–26 189
York: Cambridge University Press, 1989); David Gross, Lost Time:
On Remembering and
Forgetting in Late Modern Culture (Amherst: University of Mass
achusetts Press, 2000).
p. 20: Jacques Le Goff, History and Memory, trans. Elizabeth
Claman and Steven
Rendall (New York: Columbia University Press, 1992).
p. 20: Andre Leroi-Gourhan (Gesture and Speech [Cambridg
e, MA: MIT Press,
1993]) uses the term “ethnic” memory to refer to all human societies.
Le Goff uses it only
to refer to “the collective memory of people without writing” (Histor
y and Memory, 55).
p. 20: The story of Mnemosyne and Zeus can be found in Le G
off, History and
Memory, 64.
p. 21: For more on the libri memoriales, see Le Goff, History a
nd Memory, 71–72.
p. 21: Giulio Camillo Delminio was born about 1480 and died ab
out 1544. His the-
ater was born in response to theories of memory that organized human
memory accord-
ing to the planets. For more on the medieval European treatises on me
mory and on the
“divine Camillo” as Francis Yates calls him, see Le Goff, History and
Memory, 68–82, and
Yates, The Art of Memory.
p. 22: For an academic framing of the issue of how photography
changes our con-
cept of memory, see Marianne Hirsch’s Family Frames: Photograp
hy, Narrative, and Post-
Memory (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997).
p. 22: See www.personalhistorians.org for more on the Associatio
n of Personal His-
torians.
p. 22: To learn more about Gordon Bell’s MyLifeBits project, see
his home page at
http://research.microsoft.com/~GBell or Alex Wilkinson’s article “Re
member This? A
Project to Record Everything We Do in Life,” New Yorker, May 28,
2007, 38–44. Bell
was also interviewed by Brooke Gladstone for National Public Radio’
s On the Media on
January 5, 2007.
p. 23: To read more on video grave markers, see Jeffrey Zaslow,
“Having a Say in
Your Epitaph: The Challenge of High-Tech Tombstones,” Wall
Street Journal, April 7,
2005, sec. D, col. 2, 1.
p. 23: On the topic of the speed of contemporary culture, see, for e
xample, Stephen
Bertman’s HyperCulture: The Human Cost of Speed (Westport, C
T: Praeger, 1998) and his
Cultural Amnesia: America’s Future and the Crisis of Memor
y (Westport, CT: Praeger,
2000).
p. 23: The idea that postmodern society is akin to a state of schi
zophrenia comes
from Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari’s Anti-Oedipus:
Capitalism and Schizophrenia,
trans. Robert Hurley, Mark Seem, and Helen R. Lane (New York: Vik
ing Press, 1977).
Chapter 2: The Danger of Stories
p. 25: The epigraph to chapter 2 comes from James’s The Prin
ciples of Psychology
(New York: Holt, 1890), 293–94.
p. 26: Stephen Hinshaw offers a thoughtful exploration of differen
ces among stereo-
type, bias, discrimination, and stigma in his The Mark of Shame:
Stigma of Mental Ill-
ness and an Agenda for Change (New York: Oxford University Pr
ess, 2007), 22–23.
p. 26: Erving Goffman, Stigma: Notes on the Management of
Spoiled Identity (Engle-
wood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1963), 1–3.
p. 26: The “purpose” of stigma and fear of aging is addressed in “t
error management
190 Notes to Pages 26–28
theory” (TMT). The roots of TMT reach back to Ernest Becker’s Th
e Birth and Death
of Meaning (New York: Free Press, 1971) and The Denial of Death
(New York: Free Press,
1973). TMT was forged as a field of study by the work of Jeff Greenbe
rg, Tom Pyszczyn-
ski, and Sheldon Solomon. See “The Causes and Consequences of a N
eed for Self-Esteem:
A Terror Management Theory,” in Public and Private Self, ed. Ro
y F. Baumeister (New
York: Springer, 1986), 189–212, and Sheldon Solomon, Jeff Greenberg,
and Tom Pyszczyn-
ski, “A Terror Management Theory of Social Behavior: The Psycholo
gical Functions of
Self-Esteem and Cultural Worldviews,” in vol. 24 of Advances in
Experimental Social Psy-
chology, ed. Mark P. Zanna (New York: Academic Press, 1991), 93–
159.
p. 26: The “warm” but “incompetent” finding comes from A
my J. C. Cuddy,
Michael Norton, and Susan Fiske, “This Old Stereotype: The Pervasi
veness and Persis-
tence of the Elderly Stereotype,” Journal of Social Issues 61, no. 2
(2005): 267–85.
p. 27: Positive and negative stereotypes of older adults are listed i
n Mary Lee Hum-
mert et al., “Stereotypes of the Elderly Held by Young, Middle-
Aged and Elderly
Adults,” Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences 49, no.
5 (1994): 240–49.
p. 27: For more on the association between the oldest old and the
greater likelihood
of negative stereotypes see Mary Lee Hummert, et al., “Judgments ab
out Stereotypes of
the Elderly: Attitudes, Age Associations, and Typicality Ratings of Yo
ung, Middle-Aged,
and Elderly Adults,” Research on Aging 17, no. 2 (1995): 165–89.
p. 27: Erdman Palmore, “The Ageism Survey: First Findings,” T
he Gerontologist 41,
no. 5 (2001): 572–75.
p. 27: Becca Levy et al., “Longevity Increased by Positive Self-
Perceptions of Aging,”
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 83, no. 2 (2002): 2
61–70.
p. 27: Institutional living might well contribute to cognitive dec
line by creating a
culture of dependency and passivity. A study by Margeret M. Baltes
and Hans Werner
Wahl showed that long-term care staff members’ interactions with
residents encouraged
dependent behaviors and inhibited independent behaviors (“Patterns
of Communica-
tion in Old Age: The Dependence-Support and Independence-Ignore
Script,” Health
Communication 8, no. 3 [1996]: 217–31). See also Jerry Avorn and
Ellen Langer, “Induced
Disability in Nursing Home Patients: A Controlled Trial,” Journal o
f the American Geri-
atrics Society 20, no. 6 (1982): 297–300.
p. 27: Becca Levy and Ellen Langer, “Aging Free from Negative
Stereotypes: Suc-
cessful Memory in China and Among the American Deaf,” Journal
of Personality and
Social Psychology 66, no. 6 (1994): 989–97.
p. 28: Levy’s study on cognitive function and self-stereotype is
“Improving Memory
in Old Age through Implicit Self-Stereotyping,” Journal of
Personality and Social Psy-
chology 71, no. 6 (1996): 1092–1107.
p. 28: For more on communication in nursing homes, see Mary
Lee Hummert et
al., “The Role of Age Stereotypes in Interpersonal Communication,”
in Handbook of
Communication and Aging Research, 2nd ed., ed. Jon F. Nussbau
m and Justine Coupland
(Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2004), 91–115. See also Susan
Kemper and Tamara
Harden, “Experimentally Disentangling What Is Beneficial about
Elderspeak from
What Is Not,” Psychology and Aging 14, no. 4 (199): 656–70.
p. 28: The survey, entitled “I CAN: Investigating Caregivers’ Atti
tudes and Needs,”
was conducted by Harris Interactive in 2006. The study is a
vailable at www
.alzfdn.org.
Notes to Pag
es 29–32 191
p. 29: For more on the health threats of stigma, see Brenda Maj
or and Laurie T.
O’Brien’s “The Social Psychology of Stigma,” Annual Review of
Psychology 56, no. 1
(2005): 393–421.
p. 29: The study on elder attitudes toward aging based on tele
vision viewing is
Margie Donlon, Ori Ashman, and Becca Levy, “Re-Vision of Older
Television Characters:
A Stereotype-Awareness Intervention,” Journal of Social Issues 61, n
o. 2 (2005): 307–19.
p. 30: The Simpsons originally ran on Fox. This excerpt is take
n from the episode
“Lisa vs. Malibu Stacy,” which first aired in February 1994.
Part 2: The Stories We Tell about Dementia in Popular Cult
ure
p. 31: The epigraph to the introduction to part 2, a widely quoted
phrase of Steven
Jay Gould’s, comes from his Full House: The Spread of Excellenc
e from Plato to Darwin
(New York: Three Rivers Press, 1997), 57.
p. 31: See Laurie Russell Hatch’s “Gender and Ageism,” Generat
ions 29, no. 3 (2005):
19–24, for references to several studies about the low numbers and
negative images of
older adults on television.
p. 31: The 2 percent figure comes from the statement of Daniel Pe
rry, executive di-
rector of the Alliance for Aging Research, before the Senate Speci
al Committee on
Aging, on May 19, 2003, reproduced in Ageism in the Health Care
System: Short Shrifting
Seniors? (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2003
). See also George
Gerbner, Larry Gross, Nancy Signorielli, and Michael Morgan’s “Agin
g with Television:
Images on Television Drama and Conceptions of Social Reality,” Jou
rnal of Communi-
cation 30, no. 1 (1980): 37.
p. 31: It’s important to note the difference between stories told in
a television show
or film and the stories—character sketches really—found in
commercials. A study by
Darryl Miller, Teresita Levell, and Juliann Mazachek showed that
positive images of
older adults were prominent in television commercials between 1950
and 1990. See their
“Stereotypes of the Elderly in U.S. Television Commercials from the
1950s to the 1990s,”
International Journal of Aging and Human Development 58,
no. 4 (2004): 315–40. As
efforts to capture the buying power of the aging baby boomers grow,
commercials will
likely continue to aim to inspire rather than offend older adults. Bia
ses against older
adults are reflected in the relative absence of images of them in main
stream media, in
commercials aimed at younger people, and in the extreme (positive or
negative) images
of older adults in general.
p. 31: The number of images of older people in film is similar to
that in television.
See Martha M. Lauzen and David Dozier, “Maintaining the Double S
tandard: Portray-
als of Age and Gender in Popular Films,” Sex Roles 52, nos. 7/8 (200
5): 437–46.
p. 31: The television executive’s comment comes from Leo Boga
rt, Over the Edge:
How the Pursuit of Youth by Marketers and the Media Has C
hanged American Culture
(Chicago: Ivan R. Dee Publishing, 2005), 64.
p. 32: Ballenger explains how NIA founder Robert Butler argue
d that the govern-
ment ought to fund the care of patients struggling with Alzheimer’s as
well as efforts to
find a cure for it. But his eloquence about the need for scientific soluti
ons undermined
arguments for supporting care. Butler’s vivid description of Alzheim
er’s disease as the
new polio stuck in the minds of lawmakers, who were convinced that
the cost of finding
192 Notes to Pages 35–46
a cure would be less than the Medicare/Medicaid costs of care (Self,
Senility, and Alz-
heimer’s Disease in Modern America, 119).
Chapter 3: Memory Loss in the Mainstream
p. 35: The epigraph to chapter 3 comes from promotional materi
al for The Forget-
ting, a 2004 PBS documentary on Alzheimer’s.
p. 35: The figure of eight million viewers came from a personal
phone interview I
conducted with Boak in February 2007.
p. 35: The estimate of 100,000 books sold is a ballpark figure for
both hardcover and
paperback editions of the book from author David Shenk, which he g
ave me in a per-
sonal phone interview on April 7, 2007. Shenk said that it’s hard to k
now exactly how
many books have sold, as the author reports include promotional and
review copies.
p. 36: I follow the definition of “epidemic” from Merriam-
Webster Online (www
.m-w.com/dictionary/epidemic).
p. 37: Madeleine Nash, “The New Science of Alzheimer’s,” Ti
me, July 17, 2000;
Claudia Kalb, Pat Wingert, Kate Grossman, Tara Weingarten, and
Joan Raymond,
“Coping with the Darkness,” Newsweek, January 31, 2000, 52.
p. 38: Most recently, the Alzheimer’s Association has been citing
a study that puts
the figure of early onset (cases under 65) at 10 percent of all cases,
a significant jump
from earlier estimates. What accounts for the jump are advances in b
rain imaging and
earlier diagnosis of a condition called “mild cognitive impairment/
probable Alzhei-
mer’s.” For more on the history of this diagnosis, which is hotly d
ebated, see Peter
Whitehouse and Danny George’s The Myth of Alzheimer’s: The St
ory of a Disease, a Doc-
tor, and a New Direction for Aging in the Twenty-first
Century (New York: St. Martin’s
Press, 2008).
p. 38: The literal image of a house going dark is used in the fil
m Away from Her
(2007).
p. 38: For more on magazine coverage of dementia, see Juanne C
larke’s “The Case
of the Missing Person: Alzheimer’s Disease in Mass Print Magazines,
1991–2001,” Health
Communication 19, no. 3 (2006): 269–76.
Chapter 4: Tightly Told Tragedies of Dementia
p. 40: The epigraph to chapter 4 comes from an episode of the Op
rah Winfrey Show
featuring Leeza Gibbons and Maria Shriver discussing the effect of A
lzheimer’s disease
on their families, which aired on July 13, 2004. The episode also feat
ured segments with
Thomas DeBaggio, author of Losing My Mind, and Mike Henley, th
en 39 years old and
living with early-onset Alzheimer’s disease.
Chapter 5: Not So Tightly Tragic
p. 46: The epigraph to chapter 5 is a line spoken by Julie Christie,
who plays Fiona,
in the 2006 film Away from Her.
p. 46: Rocille and I talked in 2005 as part of a formal interview
for the Talk Back
Move Forward project.
Notes to Page
s 47–66 193
Chapter 6: Not Tragic at All
p. 50: 50 First Dates, which was released in 2004, was directe
d by Peter Segal and
written by George Wing.
p. 51: Susan Sontag, Illness as Metaphor (New York: Farrar, Str
aus and Giroux, 1988),
79.
p. 51: For more on the first wave of amnesia films, see Robert Skla
r as quoted in John
Leland, “On Film as in Life, You Are What You Forget,” New York Ti
mes, December 23,
2001, late edition, sec. 1, 1.
p. 51: Andy Seiler, “Studios Never Forget Amnesia,” USA Tod
ay, June 19, 2002,
sec. D, 3; Leland, “On Film as in Life”; Lev Grossman, “Amnesia the
Beautiful,” Time,
March 29, 2004, 88; Terrence Rafferty, “The Last Word in Alienation
: I Just Don’t Re-
member,” New York Times, November 2, 2003, late edition, sec. 2A,
col. 1, 9.
p. 52: Rafferty, “The Last Word in Alienation.”
p. 52: Catherine Myers of the Memory Disorders Project at Rut
gers University–
Newark addresses the limited number of cases of anterograde amnesi
a in Seiler’s “Stu-
dios Never Forget Amnesia.”
p. 53: Dr. Hovda’s comments appear in Richard Pérez-Peña, “An
Accurate Movie
about Amnesia? Forget about It,” New York Times, November 2, 200
3, sec. 2A, col. 1, 28.
p. 53: Alzheimer’s lack of cinematic flair is addressed in Pérez-
Peña’s “An Accurate
Movie about Amnesia?”
p. 60: On April 21, 2008, the Alzheimer’s Association announce
d its second group
of celebrity champions and launched its second major paid advertisin
g campaign. The
2008 celebrity champions included NFL football player Terrell Owen
s (chairman of the
group), Anthony Anderson, Katie Armiger, Wayne Brady, Coach Fran
k Broyles, Dwight
Clark, Emerson Drive, Hector Elizondo, Whiskey Falls, Leeza Gibb
ons, John Glover,
Bryant Gumbel, Elisabeth Hasselbeck, Emma Mae Jacob, Matt Jenki
ns, Rafer Johnson,
Lainie Kazan, Garry Marshall, Ronnie Marshall, Penny Marshall, Ka
thy Mattea, Terry
Moran, Tony Plana, Ahmad Rashad, Jon Runyan, Rex Ryan, Molly S
ims, April Taylor,
and Anna Wilson.
Chapter 7: All of the Above
p. 61: The epigraph to chapter 7 comes from episode 2 of season
1 of Boston Legal;
the episode aired October 10, 2004.
p. 66: Two episodes in the fourth season speak to Alzheimer’s dire
ctly: “Mad about
194 Notes to Pages 67–78
You,” which aired January 15, 2008, and “The Mighty Rogues,” whi
ch aired April 15,
2008.
Part 3: Moving through Fear
p. 67: The epigraph to the introduction to part 3 can be found in v
ol. 7 of The Jour-
nals and Miscellaneous Notebooks of Ralph Waldo Emerson, e
d. William Gilman et al.
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1960–), 241.
Chapter 8: StoryCorps and the Memory Loss Initiative
p. 71: The epigraph to chapter 8 comes from Jackson’s StoryCorps
interview, which
took place in Los Angeles in 2007. It was broadcast on NPR’s Morn
ing Edition in No-
vember 2007.
p. 73: James Birren, Lisa Snyder, Lisa Gwyther, Henry Edmunds,
and I made up the
original advisory board for the Memory Loss Initiative in 2006–7.
p. 73: The survey on attitudes toward dementia was designed an
d tested by Susan
McFadden and Melissa Lunsman. For a copy of the survey, contact M
cFadden@uwosh
.edu. It was adapted for our purposes by my colleague at the
University of Wisconsin–
Milwaukee, Marie Savundranayagam, PhD. The surveys showed th
at the training in-
creased the StoryCorps staff ’s comfort levels when they were interact
ing with a person
with dementia. After training, the staff agreed more strongly that they
felt “comfortable
around people with Alzheimer’s or related dementia (ADRD),” “com
fortable touching
people with ADRD,” and “relaxed around people with ADRD.” Sec
ond, StoryCorps
training increased their understanding of how best to communicate w
ith persons with
dementia. After StoryCorps training, staff more strongly agreed wit
h statements like
“Difficult behaviors may be a form of communication for people with
ADRD”; “I find
it easy to communicate with persons with ADRD”; “Persons with AD
RD enjoy being
around other people”; and “Persons with ADRD still like to be part of
a group.” In ad-
dition, after training, the staff more strongly disagreed with the follo
wing statement: “It
does not really matter to people with dementia how I talk to them.”
The training also helped improve staff attitudes toward people wit
h dementia. Story-
Corps staff agreed more strongly with the following statements after t
raining: “It is re-
warding to work with people who have ADRD”; “I admire the copin
g skills of people
with ADRD”; “Persons with dementia can still enjoy life a lot.” Fourt
h, the MLI train-
ing helped research volunteers learn how to connect with and help peo
ple who have de-
mentia. After training, staff agreed more strongly with the following
: “I try to see the
person behind the dementia”; “It is easy for me to emotionally connec
t with participants
who have dementia”; “We can do a lot now to improve the lives of pe
ople with demen-
tia”; and “I can make a difference in the lives of persons with dement
ia.” Finally, staff
became more knowledgeable about Alzheimer’s disease and dementia
through the train-
ing. After training, the staff more strongly disagreed with the statem
ent that “I am not
very familiar with ADRD.”
p. 78: Zempsky expressed her hopes for the future of the MLI in
a personal tele-
phone interview with me on August 7, 2007.
Notes to Pag
es 78–85 195
p. 78: University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee CAC research asso
ciate Lorna Dilley
conducted all MLI evaluation interviews.
p. 78: The full results of the StoryCorps MLI are heading toward
publication, so I
will not put all the details here. It will help readers of this book to kn
ow, however, that
CAC researchers talked with 42 people with memory loss and 27 frie
nds/family mem-
bers within 10 days of the StoryCorps experience and with 20 friends
/family members
again within 3 months of the initial experience. Twenty-three people
were in New York
City, 16 in Chicago, eight in Milwaukee, and one in Richmond, Virg
inia.
p. 79: Mel was interviewed at the Lenox Hill Neighborhood H
ouse for its early
memory loss program.
Chapter 9: Memory Bridge
p. 80: The epigraph to chapter 9 comes from a vignette about A
nnette, a former
dancer diagnosed with Alzheimer’s, and Jessica, her student-buddy,
that can be found at
www.memorybridge.org/classroom-page1.php.
p. 80: See appendix A for more information on these intergenerat
ional programs.
p. 81: Jim Lambert, “Memory Bridge: The Foundation for Alzhei
mer’s and Cultural
Memory,” www.imaginethisworldlearning.com/upload/PDFs/MemoryB
ridge_EdgeMag
.pdf.
p. 81: Franchaun’s buddy story can be found at www.memor
ybridge.org/class
room-page2.php.
p. 82: Hall’s description of a formal, sit-down dinner party comes
from a conversa-
tion we had by phone in November 2007.
p. 82: Verde explained the kind of learning that takes place throu
gh the project to
me during an in-person interview in February 2007.
p. 82: The story of the tracheostomy can be found at www.me
morybridge.org/
classroom-page5.php.
p. 82: The story of the young man who had to cross rival gang terr
itory to get to the
program comes from “Gangbanger,” which can be found at http://ww
w.memorybridge
.org/classroom-page6.php.
p. 83: The Memory Bridge student’s story about Alice comes fr
om www.memory
bridge.org/classroom-page10.php.
p. 83: The quote “They seem to have more preconceived notions o
f care giving and
aren’t as open to the Memory Bridge experience” comes from a Septe
mber 2007 phone
interview with me.
p. 84: The quote “Now I see them” comes from my November 20
07 phone inter-
view with Hall.
p. 84: In 2007, the board of Memory Bridge also included Philip
Stafford and June
Kinoshita. Both were also founding board members in 2004.
p. 85: The comment about how people with early-onset dementia
changed the stu-
dents comes from my September 2007 interview with Cohen.
p. 85: The quote “People with dementia can remind us of aspects
of our own hu-
manity that we are forgetting” comes from an interview I conducted
with Verde in Feb-
ruary 2007.
196 Notes to Pages 86–107
p. 86: The vignette about Sam comes from www.memorybridg
e.org/classroom-
page14.php.
Chapter 11: TimeSlips Creative Storytelling Project
p. 94: Gretchen, whose words are the source of the epigraph to
chapter 11, is a
TimeSlips storyteller in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
p. 98: Gülgün Kayim directed the TimeSlips play staged in Oshk
osh in 1997 and a
second staged in Milwaukee in 2000. Paul Lucas and Gail Winar pro
duced and Christo-
pher Bayes directed the New York City–based TimeSlips play in
2001.
p. 103: University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee’s Center on Age
and Community has
conducted several research studies on the effect of the TimeSlips storyt
elling method, in-
cluding a study of 20 nursing homes that found, through surveys and
extensive obser-
vation, that nursing home units in which TimeSlips had been embed
ded had a signi-
ficantly higher quantity of interactions between staff and residents wi
th dementia and
that those interactions were of a higher quality as well. The article on
this study is forth-
coming from The Gerontologist.
p. 103: “I Don’t Look Like Him!” is a story that was told by a Tim
eSlips storytelling
group at Eastcastle Place in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, spring 2007.
Chapter 12: Songwriting Works
p. 104: The epigraph to chapter 12 can be found in the Songwriti
ng Works annual
report for 2005–6, available from Judith-Kate Friedman. B. C. was
a participant in a
Songwriting Works workshop at the Abramson Center for Jewish Life
in Philadelphia,
where Friedman was an artist in residence for 12 months.
p. 105: All quotes from Friedman in this chapter come from telep
hone interviews I
conducted with her on November 22, 2006, and August 13, 2007.
p. 107: The “we start jamming” quotation comes from Dave For
d’s “Judith-Kate
Notes to Pages
107–123 197
Friedman: Folksinger Stirs Seniors Creativity, They Write Their Own
Songs of Hope,”
San Francisco Chronicle, July 26, 2002, WB–3.
p. 107: Friedman’s discussion of her dream of recording the elder
s appears in Dave
Ford’s “Judith-Kate Friedman.”
p. 108: Friedman told the story of the group’s adjustment to 9/11 i
n one of my in-
terviews with her; it is also recounted in Dave Ford’s article.
p. 108: Rabbi Marder’s comments about his mission come from a
phone interview
we had in September 2007.
p. 108: The quote “Everyone on staff knows It’s Hanukah Toni
ght” comes from a
phone interview I conducted with Allison in August 2007.
p. 109: Original words to Peace Will Find a Way are by elders
on K2 and A2 at the
Jewish Home of San Francisco and Judith-Kate Friedman. The music
is by Judith-Kate
Friedman, © 2003 Composing Together Works.
Chapter 13: Dance
p. 111: The source of the epigraph to chapter 13 is Brinkman Susta
che’s journal. She
is choreographer for DanceWorks.
p. 111: All interviews with Katie Williams, Anna Liza Malone, an
d Dawn Adler, un-
less otherwise noted, were conducted during my September 24, 200
7, visit to Luther
Manor.
p. 114: For more on how anxiety and “self-esteem” have become
medicalized, see
Carl Elliot’s Better Than Well: American Medicine Meets the A
merican Dream (New York:
W. W. Norton, 2003).
p. 114: I talked with Maria Genné by telephone on August 13, 20
07.
p. 115: For more on the unique relationship between music and the
brain, see Oliver
Sacks’s Musicophilia: Tales of Music and the Brain (New York:
Knopf, 2007). See also the
extensive research of Concetta M. Tomaino.
p. 115: Lerman’s remarks here come from my telephone interview
with her on Oc-
tober 8, 2007.
p. 116: Lerman’s musings on memory also come from my tel
ephone interview
with her.
Chapter 14: The Visual Arts
p. 117: The epigraph to chapter 14 appears in Randy Kennedy’s “
The Pablo Picasso
Alzheimer’s Therapy,” New York Times, October 30, 2005, sec. 2, c
ol. 1, 1. Rosen took
part in the Meet Me at MoMa program.
p. 119: Mollie Groshek shared the details of Oreda’s art-making
process with me in
a personal letter, dated April 1, 2008.
p. 120: I interviewed John Zeisel by telephone on September 27,
2007.
p. 122: Janine Tursini made these comments about AFTA in a Sep
tember 25, 2007,
phone interview with me. All subsequent quotes by Tursini come fro
m this interview.
p. 123: For more on the “Bushwick, Why Vote?” project, see my
“Generations as
Community: Elders Share the Arts and Bushwick, Why Vote? ” writte
n with Peggy Pettitt,
198 Notes to Pages 124–135
Chapter 15: Duplex Planet
p. 127: The conversation among Kanslasky, Greenberger, and Bre
wer, the source of
the epigraph to chapter 15, can be found in Greenberger’s book Dupl
ex Planet: Every-
body’s Asking Who I Was (Winchester, MA: Faber and Faber, 1994).
p. 127: The quote “I wanted others to know these people as I d
id” comes from
an interview with Deborah Harper, president of Psychjourney, poste
d on www.psych
journey.com (http://psychjourney.libsyn.com/index.php?
post_id=96195).
p. 128: The quote “the brain working faster than the mouth” also
come from the
interview with Harper.
p. 128: These conversations come from Duplex Planet.
p. 128: Greenberger’s musings on fractured conversations come
from a personal
interview I conducted with him on October 23, 2006.
p. 129: These conversations are found in Duplex Planet, no. 16
3, 4 (note: it is not
known if any of these people has memory loss).
p. 129: Greenberger talked about the misinterpretation of his work
in my interview
with him.
p. 129: The quote “like one of the few things I could do for them”
comes from my
interview with Greenberger.
p. 130: The quote “don’t show me this” comes from my interview
with Greenberger.
p. 131: The quote “‘I’ve heard that before, I’m bored’” comes fr
om my interview
with Greenberger.
p. 131: The quotes “I’m going to be dead” and “ ‘My Dad died’
” come from my
interview with Greenberger.
p. 132: Ann Powers, “Postcards from Planet Duplex,” New Yor
k Times, March 5,
1993, 16.
p. 133: These conversations come from Duplex Planet, no. 147, 7
; no. 147, 9; no. 105,
inside cover; no. 163, 6; no. 163, 16.
Chapter 16: The Photography of Wing Young Huie
p. 134: The source of the epigraph to chapter 16 is an interview
Huie conducted
with Gil. Gil is the husband of Victoria (known as Vic), who has Alz
heimer’s.
p. 135: Huie described his process to me in a telephone intervie
w on August 14,
2007.
Notes to Pages
145–153 199
Chapter 17: Autobiographies by People with Dementia
p. 145: The epigraph to chapter 17 comes from Stein’s Everyb
ody’s Autobiography
(New York: Random House, 1932), 68.
p. 145: Richard Taylor writes about how writing makes him fe
el normal in Alz-
heimer’s from the Inside Out (Baltimore: Health Professions Press,
2007), 122.
p. 146: For more on how writing can relieve the stress of care
giving, see How-
ard Butcher, Kathleen Buckwalter, and Kathleen Coen’s “Exasperati
ons as Blessings:
Meaning-Making and the Caregiving Experience,” Journal of
Aging and Identity 7, no.
2 (2002): 113–32.
p. 146: See appendix C for a full list of caregiver memoirs.
p. 146: Sue Miller, The Story of My Father: A Memoir (Ne
w York: Knopf, 2003),
40–41.
p. 147: Interviews with DeBaggio on All Things Considered air
ed December 22, 1999;
March 16, 2000; July 11, 2000; and November 20, 2000. On May
20, 2005, Melissa
Block interviewed Joyce DeBaggio about her husband.
p. 147: DeBaggio shared with me the story about the HBO film i
n an interview in
November 2004.
p. 150: The quote “I write therefore I am” comes from Taylor, Al
zheimer’s from the
Inside Out, xviii.
p. 150: The quotes “How will we know it is fixed?” and “From m
y perspective as a
person living with the diagnosis” are from Taylor, Alzheimer’s from t
he Inside Out, 11, 12.
p. 150: Peter Whitehouse and Danny George, The Myth of Alzh
eimer’s: The Story of
a Disease, a Doctor, and a New Direction for Aging in the Twe
nty-first Century (New York:
St. Martin’s Press, 2008), 6.
p. 150: The quote “much more a problem” can be found in Taylor,
Alzheimer’s from
the Inside Out, 60.
p. 150: The quote “3,000-pound elephant” comes from Taylor,
Alzheimer’s from the
Inside Out, 94.
p. 151: The quote “half-full / half-empty” appears in Taylor,
Alzheimer’s from the In-
side Out, 105–6.
p. 151: The quote “Please understand, I am still here” is in Taylor,
Alzheimer’s from
the Inside Out, 149.
p. 151: The quote “ ‘I’m a different Thou’” comes from Taylor, Al
zheimer’s from the
Inside Out, 151.
p. 152: Robert Davis, My Journey into Alzheimer’s Disease
(Wheaton, IL: Tyndale
House, 1989), 17.
p. 152: Diana Friel McGowin, Living in the Labyrinth (New Y
ork: Delacorte Press,
1993).
p. 152: Cary Henderson, Partial View: An Alzheimer’s Journal
(Dallas, TX: Southern
Methodist University Press, 1998), 4.
p. 153: Taylor, Alzheimer’s from the Inside Out, 31, 92, and 11
2.
200 Notes to Pages 159–168
Conclusion
p. 159: Dr. Malaz Boustani presented data from the PRISM-PC
survey at the Wis-
consin Alzheimer’s Institute conference in Madison, Wisconsin, on N
ovember 2, 2007.
Also see Malaz Boustani et al., “The PRISM-PC Questionnaire,”
Alzheimer’s and De-
mentia 2, no. 3 (2006): S567.
p. 159: Increasingly, nursing homes are trying to serve the emoti
onal and spiritual
needs of residents as well as the physical and are aiming to preserve
autonomy by re-
sponding to residents’ choices. See www.pioneernetwork.net for mor
e on the “culture
change” movement in long-term care.
p. 160: Peter Whitehouse and Danny George. The Myth of Alzh
eimer’s: The Story of
a Disease, a Doctor, and a New Direction for Aging in the Twe
nty-first Century (New York:
St. Martin’s Press, 2008).
p. 161: Jeffrey Olick is the editor of States of Memory: Conti
nuities, Conflicts, and
Transformations in National Retrospection (Durham, NC: Duke
University Press, 2003).
He is also the author of The Politics of Regret: On Collective M
emory and Historical Re-
sponsibility (New York: Routledge, 2007). Olick is in the process of
editing another col-
lection, The Collective Memory Reader, for Oxford University Pre
ss.
p. 162: The story about Umberto Eco can be found in Harald Wei
nrich’s Lethe: The
Art and Critique of Forgetting, trans. Steven Randall (Ithaca, N
Y: Cornell University
Press, 2004), 12.
p. 162: Heiner Müller, Explosion of a Memory: Writings by H
einer Müller (New York:
Performing Arts Journal Publications, 1989), 153.
p. 164: Gene Cohen, “Research on Creativity and Aging: The Pos
itive Impact of the
Arts on Health and Illness,” Generations 30, no. 1 (Spring 2006): 7–
15.
p. 164: There are a few studies on the effect of the arts on people
with dementia, but
all are small. See, for example, Clarissa Rentz and Jennifer Kinney’
s “Observed Well-
Being among Individuals with Dementia: Memories in the Making,
an Art Program,
versus Other Structured Activity,” American Journal of Alzheimer’
s Disease and Other De-
mentias 20, no. 4 (2005): 220–27.
p. 164: Thomas Fritsch et al., “Impact of TimeSlips, a Creative E
xpression Interven-
tion, on Nursing-Home Residents with Dementia and Their
Professional Caregivers,”
submitted for publication to The Gerontologist in 2007.
p. 165: The statistic that those with more positive views of aging l
ive 7.5 additional
years comes from Becca Levy et al., “Longevity Increased by Positive
Self-Perceptions of
Aging,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 83, no. 2
(2002): 261–70.
p. 168: Interview for Talk Back Move Forward: 100 Years of A
lzheimer’s, an 8-minute
DVD I produced that emerged from a series of interviews I and my
colleagues con-
ducted and photographs we took in 2005–6. You can watch the DVD
online for free at
www.aging.uwm.edu. This quotation did not end up being included i
n the film.
Index
Access-a-ride, 93
accessibility, 158
acting. See theater
activism, 149
ACT UP, 160
Adler, Dawn, 112 Alzheimer’s disease, 38; and advocacy,
age/aging: and acting, 95; and Alzhei 58; atti-
mer’s tudes toward, 3; and Boston Legal,
Association advertisements, 58, 59; 62–66;
attitudes as epidemic, 36, 38; experience of, 3
toward, 31, 49, 50; black and white 7–38,
view of, 90, 150; fear of, 28–29, 36; in film,
151; complex stories about, 29–30; 53; and
and cul- memory, 15, 24; as mystery, 42; nuan
tural expectations, 68–69; and ced
dementia, 53; approach to, 35, 37, 38, 47; probable,
and Finding Nemo, 55, 56; stereot 156;
ypes about, public awareness of, 4, 32–33, 52,
26–27, 28; in television 155; and
commercials, 191; repetition, 87, 101; and sense of self,
and youth, 68, 114, 162–63 36, 45;
ageism, 26, 27, 59 as single, specific disease, 150; as tra
Allison, Theresa, 108 gic, 35.
Alzheimer’s Association, 147–48, 155, See also dementia
169; Alzheimer’s Spoken Here (Web site), 1
advertisements of, 44–45, 57–60, 52
64; and
celebrity ads, 58, 59; intergeneratio
nal
reading program of, 80; Maintain
Your
Brain program, 57, 64; and public
aware-
ness, 32; and Reagan, 41; and Tayl
or,
149
Alzheimer’s Association (New York c
hapter),
88, 118
Alzheimer’s Association (Orange Cou
nty
chapter), 124
baby boomers, 23, 52, 159
Ballenger, Jesse, 32
Bayes, Christopher, 101
Bayley, John, Elegy for Iris, 42–43,
44, 146
Bearing Witness, 123
Becklenberg, Mary Ann, 152–53
Bell, Gordon, 22–23
American Foundation for the Blind, 15 Block, Stefan Merrill, 162
Borden, Carla, 84
7 Boston Legal (television series), 61–66
American Heart Association, 160 Bourne trilogy (film series), 51, 53, 54
American Society on Aging, 109 brain: and Alzheimer’s disease, 38; exerc
Americans with Disabilities Act, 157 ises
amnesia, 50–51, 52–53. See also for, 19, 43, 57, 64; imaging of, 14, 36,
memory loss 38,
Arledge, Elizabeth, 35 147; and memory, 14, 15, 16, 18. See
art, 107, 115, 125, 164 also
ArtCare, 111, 112, 119–20, 169 cognition
Artists for Alzheimer’s (ARTZ), 91– Brookdale Foundation, 98
92, 118, Bruce Museum of Arts and Science, 124
120–21, 169 –25
Arts for the Aging (AFTA), 121–23, Bryden, Christine, 146, 147
170 A Bug’s Life (film), 55
ArtWorks, 106
autobiography, 145–53 Camillo’s Memory Theatre, 21, 23
Away from Her (film), 47–49 caregiving, 69, 146, 156, 158, 165
Caufield, Sean, 117–18, 120, 169
Goffman, Erving, 26 116
Good Steppers, 111–14, 164 identity, 29, 50, 51–52, 145, 156
grace, moments of, 48, 49 I’m Still Here (art exhibit), 120
Greeks, ancient, 19, 20, 23, 26 individualism, 148, 151
Greenberger, David, 127–34, 160, 170 Intergenerational School, Cleveland, 8
Groshek, Michalene (Mollie), 119, 12 0, 171
0 interviews, 127–34
Grossman, Lev, 51–52 Iris (film), 42–43, 54
Isay, David, 73, 174
Halbwachs, Maurice, 16 Island on a Hill (CD), 108
Hall, Darlene, 81 isolation, 1–2, 4
Harwood Museum of Art, 125
health care system, 10, 83, 159 James, William, 25
Hearthstone Alzheimer’s Care, 117– Jaroff, Bhavani, 76, 77
18, 120 Jenny, Selly, 124, 171–72
Heart to Heart program, 85 Jewish Home (San Francisco), 104–5,
Heinly, La Doris, 124 107–8
Helen Bader Foundation, 98 John Michael Kohler Arts Center, 120
Henderson, Cary, Partial View, 146 Juanita, 140–41
hope, 67–70, 101
Hovda, David A., 53 Kairos Dance Theatre, 114, 171
Huie, Tara Simpson, 135 Kayim, Gülgün, 15, 100, 176
Huie, Wing Young, 134–44, 175; Korins, David, 101
Alfred Yao Kovach, Christine, 163
and Huifen Lin and Judy Chin,
139–40;
Florence and Ronny, 142–43;
Lucia and Her
Daughter Juanita, 140–41;
Minnie and Nina,
135–37; Nine Months in America
exhibition,
135; Vic and Gil, 137–39
Hummert, Mary Lou, 27
Index d focus
on present, 48; and human interaction
203 ,
163–64; lack of, 10, 69, 156; and
Le Goff, Jacques, 20, 21, 22 memory
loss, 114; programs for, 68; in songwr
Leland, John, 51, 52
iting,
Lerman, Liz, 115–16, 164, 171
108; subtracting, 116; through art, 164
Levine, Jed, 91
media, 29–30, 31, 38–39, 191. See also
Library of Congress, 72, 84
popular
life expectancy, 27, 36
culture
Lin, Huifen, 139–40
Meet Me at MoMA program, 118–19,
listening, 71, 160
158, 172
Littig, Eileen, 123
Living History Arts, 123 Memento (film), 54–55
Liz Lerman Dance Exchange, 115, 171 Memories in the Making (MIM), 124, 1
Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 1 71
25 memory: and absent mindedness, 18–19;
love, 43, 44, 75, 76 and
Loviglio, Joann, 125, 126 Alzheimer’s disease, 15, 24; archiving
Lucia, 140–41 of, 21;
as balance of outside and inside influe
Luria, A. R., 18, 19–20
nces,
Luther Manor Adult Day Center, 94–
16–18; and bias, 19; and blocking, 19;
103, 111,
and
116, 119–20, 164, 169
brain, 18; and culture, 14, 15, 162; of t
The Majestic (film), 53 he
Malone, Anna Liza, 111, 112, 113, 114, 11 dead, 21, 22; episodic, 15; and experie
5 nce,
Marder, Sheldon, 108 18; explicit, 15; external, 14, 17, 20; f
Matthews, Maureen, 88, 91, 92, 174 ear of
McConnell, Roger and Rocille, 1, 2, 4, loss of, 13; and healing, 161–62;
8–9, historical
68, 167 attitudes toward, 19–24; implicit, 15,
McGowin, Diana Friel, 146, 152 25;
meaning: dementia as inspiration for, improvement of, 19; life without, 53;
46; long-
despite disability, 69; and fear, 4; an term, 15; and meaning, 10; and misatt
ribu- 19; physiology of, 14, 15; procedural,
tion, 19; nature of, 13–24; and 15; as
persistence,
National Center for Creative Aging (
Next Stage Dance Theater (NSDT), 173
NCCA),
Nina, 135–37
109, 172–73 The Notebook (film), 42, 43–44, 54, 56
National Institute on Aging (NIA), 32 nursing homes, 94, 104–10, 159, 165
–33
National Institutes of Health, 33 Olick, Jeffrey, 161
Neighbors Growing Together, 80, 173 1001 Real Apes (Greenberger performan
Newsweek magazine, 32, 37–38 ce), 131
oral history, 71, 73–74, 123, 128
painting, 117–26, 164
Palmore, Erdman, 27
Parson, Ann, 36
Peace Will Find a Way (song lyrics), 1
09–10
Perlstein, Susan, 123, 170
Pettitt, Peggy, 123
photography, 134–44
Picasso, Pablo, Girl before a Mirror, 1
18, 124
A Place for Mom, 84
playwriting, 87–93
poetry, 120, 122, 164
Polley, Sarah, 48, 49, 162
Pollock, Jackson, 117, 118
popular culture, 5, 25, 31, 46, 191. See
also
media
present, focus on: in Away from Her, 4
8; in
Boston Legal, 65; in 50 First Dates,
54;
and memory loss, 53; programs for, 6
8,
69; and StoryCorps, 78; and subtrac
ting Sarnoff, Lolo, 122, 123, 170
meaning, 116; and To Whom I Ma Savundranayagam, Marie, 78
y Con- Schacter, Daniel, 18–19
cern, 87; and Western culture, 160 Schwartz, Mary, 58
science, 3, 46, 150, 164; hope through, 3
Rafferty, Terrence, 51, 52 2, 33,
Reagan, Ronald, 41 35, 36–37, 38–39; and meaning, 47;
relationships, 129, 145, 148 and
Rice, Robert, 106 Murdoch, 43
Ronny, 142–43 self, sense of: and Alzheimer’s disease, 3
Roosevelt Hotel for Senior Citizens, 11 6,
5 45; and memory, 10, 13–14, 18, 24,
Rose, Larry, 146 46;
Rosenberg, Francesca, 117–18, 122
173
Sontag, Susan, 50–51, 53
Southwest Senior Center, Minneapolis,
as persistent, 156; as relational, 161 115
Sparks, Nicholas, The Notebook, 42
; and Specially Wonderful Affair (film), 10
stereotypes, 25–26; and writing, 7
150 St. Ann Center for Intergenerational Ca
self-esteem, 28, 164 re,
senile dementia, 36, 43, 156 80, 173
senility, 32, 36 stereotypes, 5, 25–30, 102–3, 158
sexuality, 48 stigma: and Artists for Alzheimer’s, 120
Shapiro, Joseph, No Pity, 158 ; and
Shenk, David, 36; The Forgetting, 3 coalitions, 159; defined, 26; effects o
5, 46–47 f, 5, 27,
sing-a-long activities, 105, 122 28, 29; and fear, 69; fear of reducing,
Sobota, Thom, 177 165;
Society for the Arts in Health Care, 9 and Good Steppers, 114; of memory l
1, 109 oss,
songwriting, 104–10, 164 156; reduction of, 3, 4; and stress, 16
Songwriting Works (SWW), 106–10, 5; and
114, 160, writing, 145
stories: complex, 29–30; of dementia Index
as tragic,
32, 35–39; and memory, 13–14, 16,
205
19–20,
23; and StoryCorps, 71–79; then Tanzi, Rudolph, 36
vs. now
Taylor, Richard, 145, 148–50, 151, 152,
motif in, 40–45
153, 156
StoryCorps, 71–79, 93, 114, 158, 160,
teachers, 83–84
174
technology, 14, 18, 21, 22, 51, 52
storytelling, 94–103, 128–29, 164
television, 29–30, 31
stress, 4, 29, 165, 166
theater, 87–93, 94–103, 123
students, 80–86, 85
There Is a Bridge (film), 85
Sustache, Amy Brinkman, 112
Thompson, Bridget, 173
Thoms, Traci, 58, 59
TimeSlips, 94–103, 114, 160, 174
To Whom I May Concern, 87–93, 174
Tursini, Janine, 122–23
United Community Center (UCC), 175
University of Wisconsin Milwaukee Ce
nter
on Age and Community (CAC), 78,
135
Utermohlen, William, 125–26
Verde, Michael, 81, 82, 84, 85, 86
Vic, 1, 3, 137–39, 164
Virginia Museum of Fine Arts (Richmo
nd),
125
visual arts, 117–24, 130–31
Volkmer, Lauren, 88, 89, 91, 92
Whitehouse, Peter, 19, 150, 160
Williams, Katie, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 16
4
World War II, 51, 52
writing, 20, 87–93, 145–46, 150 Yates, Frances, 21
Wyeth, Andrew, 118, 124
Zeisel, John, 118, 120, 125, 158, 169
Yao, Alfred, 139–40 Zempsky, Dina, 77, 78, 174
About the Author
Anne Davis Basting is the director of the Center on Age and C
ommunity and
an associate professor in the Department of Theatre at the Peck
School of the
Arts, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, where she guides
the applied arts
and playwriting programs. Basting has written extensively on i
ssues of aging
and representation, including a book, The Stages of Age: Pe
rforming Age in
Contemporary American Culture (University of Michigan
Press, 1998). She has
published numerous articles and essays across multiple discipli
nes in journals
such as Drama Review, American Theatre, and Journal o
f Aging Studies and in
anthologies such as Figuring Age, Mental Wellness in Agin
g, the Handbook of
the Humanities and Aging, and Aging and the Meaning
of Time. Basting is the
recipient of a Rockefeller Fellowship, a Brookdale National Fe
llowship, and
numerous major grants in support of her scholarly and creative
endeavors.
Her creative work includes nearly a dozen plays and public pe
rformances.
Basting received her PhD in theater arts and dance from the U
niversity of
Minnesota in 1995 and her master’s in theater from University
of Wisconsin–
Madison in 1990. Basting continues to direct the TimeSlips Cr
eative Story-
telling Project, which she founded in 1998. She is married to d
ocumentary
filmmaker Brad Lichtenstein and has two children, Ben and W
ill.