| JAI SRI GURUDEV ||

B.G.S INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Tq, Mandya District- 571448
Electronics and Communication Engineering

DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

LABORATORY (17ECL57) MANUAL

BACHOLER OF ENGINEERING
3rd year -5th Sem
2019-2020

Prepared By
Jayanthdwijesh H P
Assistant Professor, Dept. of ECE, BGSIT.
||Jai Sri Gurudev||

BGS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

B-M Road (NH-75), B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District-571448.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

VISION

To develop high quality engineers with technical knowledge, skills and ethics in the area of
Electronics and Communication Engineering to meet industrial and societal needs.

MISSION

1. To provide high quality technical education with up-to-date infrastructure and

trained human resources to deliver the curriculum effectively in order to impact
technical knowledge and skills.
2. To train the students with entrepreneurship qualities, multidisciplinary knowledge
and latest skills sets as required for industry, competitive examinations, higher
studies and research activities.
3. To mould the students into professionally-ethical and socially responsible engineers
of high character, team spirit and leadership qualities.

PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEO)

After 3 to 5 years of graduation, the graduates of Electronics and Communication

Engineering will

1. Engage in industrial, teaching or any technical profession and to purse higher

studies and research.
2. Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science as well as Electronics and
Communication engineering to solve social engineering problems.
3. Understand, analyze, design and create novel products and solutions.
4. Display professional and leadership qualities, communication skills, team spirit,
multi-disciplinary traits and lifelong learning aptitude.
PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSOs)

1. To use Hardware and Software tools to design and develop electronic circuits,
systems and solutions.
2. To collaborate effectively with Electronics and Information Technology industries
through internship, induction, technical seminar, technical project, research,
product design and development, industrial visit, staff training in order to provide
the actual industrial exposure to students and faculties.
PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POs)
At the end of the B.E program, students are expected to have developed the following Outcomes.
1. Engineering Knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering
fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.
2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems
and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with
appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and
environmental considerations.
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and
research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data,
and synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
5. Modern Tool Usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex
engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.
6. The Engineer and Society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to
assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities
relevant to the professional engineering practice.
7. Environment and Sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering
solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of need
for sustainable development.
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities
and norms of the engineering practice.
9. Individual and Team Work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or
leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and
write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give
and receive clear instructions.
11. Project Management and Finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one‘s own work, as a member
and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to
engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological
change.
DSP LAB
B.E., V Semester, ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
[As per Choice Based Credit System (CBCS) Scheme]

Course Code 17ECL57 CIE Marks 40

Number of Lecture 01Hr Tutorial (Instructions) SEE Marks 60
Hours/Week + 02 Hours Laboratory=03
RBT Levels L1, L2, L3 Exam Hours 03
CREDITS – 02

Course Objectives: This course will enable students to

 Simulate discrete time signals and verification of sampling theorem.
 Compute the DFT for a discrete signal and verification of its properties using
MATLAB.
 Find solution to the difference equations and computation of convolution and
Correlation along with the verification of properties.
 Compute and display the filtering operations and compare with the theoretical
Values.
 Implement the DSP computations on DSP hardware and verify the result.

Laboratory Experiments

Following Experiments to be done using MATLAB / SCILAB / OCTAVE or equivalent:

1. Verification of sampling theorem.
2. Linear and circular convolution of two given sequences, Commutative, distributive
and associative property of convolution.
3. Auto and cross correlation of two sequences and verification of their properties.
4. Solving a given difference equation.
5. Computation of N point DFT of a given sequence and to plot magnitude and phase
spectrum (using DFT equation and verify it by built-in routine).
6. (i)Verification of DFT properties (like Linearity and Parsevals theorem, etc.) (ii)DFT
computation of square pulse and Sinc function etc.
7. Design and implementation of FIR filter to meet given specifications (using different
window techniques).
8. Design and implementation of IIR filter to meet given specifications.

Following Experiments to be done using DSP kit

9. Linear convolution of two sequences.
10. Circular convolution of two sequences.
11. N-point DFT of a given sequence.
12. Impulse response of first order and second order system.
13. Implementations of FIR filter.

DSP LAB (ECE Department, BGSIT) Course Outcomes: On the completion of this
laboratory course, the students will be able to:
1. Apply the fundamental DSP concepts of MATLAB to solve DSP problems.
2. Analyze the properties of DFT to perform circular convolution and linear
convolution.
3. Analyze the concepts of Sampling Theorem and correlation of signals.
4. Design IIR and FIR filters for given specifications.
5. Support practically with DSP kit, the design of filters.

Conduct of Practical Examination:

1. All laboratory experiments are to be included for practical examination.
2. Strictly follow the instructions as printed on the cover page of answer script for
breakup of marks.
3. Change of experiment is allowed only once and Marks allotted to the procedure part
to be made zero.
LIST OF EXPERIMENT

SL.NO EXPERIMENT PAGE.NO

0 DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING (DSP) INTRODUCTION 1-2
INTRODUCTION TO MATLAB 3
BASIC MATLAB KEYWORDS OR FUNCTIONS AND PROGRAMS 4-15
1 VERIFICATION OF SAMPLING THEOREM. 16-24
2 LINEAR AND CIRCULAR CONVOLUTION OF TWO GIVEN SEQUENCES, 25-41
COMMUTATIVE, DISTRIBUTIVE AND ASSOCIATIVE PROPERTY OF
CONVOLUTION.
3 AUTO AND CROSS CORRELATION OF TWO SEQUENCES AND VERIFICATION OF 42-45
THEIR PROPERTIES
4 SOLVING A GIVEN DIFFERENCE EQUATION 46-47
5 COMPUTATION OF N POINT DFT OF A GIVEN SEQUENCE AND TO PLOT 48-56
MAGNITUDE AND PHASE SPECTRUM (USING DFT EQUATION AND VERIFY IT BY
BUILT-IN ROUTINE)
6 (I) VERIFICATION OF DFT PROPERTIES (LIKE LINEARITY AND PARSEVALS 57-58
THEOREM, ETC). (II) DFT COMPUTATION OF SQUARE PULSE AND SINC
FUNCTION ETC.
7 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF FIR FILTER TO MEET GIVEN 59-70
SPECIFICATIONS (USING DIFFERENT WINDOW TECHNIQUES).
8 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF IIR FILTER TO MEET GIVEN 71-86
SPECIFICATIONS.
HARDWARE PROGRAMS

1 C-PROGRAM TO PERFORM LINEAR CONVOLUTION BETWEEN TWO SEQUENCES 87

2 C-PROGRAM TO PERFORM CIRCULAR CONVOLUTION BETWEEN TWO 88
SEQUENCES
3 C-PROGRAM TO GET IMPULSE RESPONSE FOR THE GIVEN FILTER 89
COEFFICIENTS
4 C-PROGRAM TO PERFORM N-POINT DFT BETWEEN TWO SEQUENCES 90
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING (DSP)

Digital signal processing (DSP) refers to various techniques for improving the
accuracy and reliability of digital communications. The theory behind DSP is quite
complex. Basically, DSP works by clarifying, or standardizing, the levels or states of a
digital signal.

Analog i/p A/D Digital D/A Analog o/p

signal Signal
Signal Converter Processor
Converter

S/H Quantizer

Figure: Basic Blocks of DSP Systems

As shown in the above figure:-

 Analog i/p signal is given to A/D converter.

 A/D converter internally contains sample/hold circuit and Quantizer.
 When the analog i/p signal is given to a sample/hold circuit, so analog i/p signal
is sampled, based on the sample/hold circuit and each sample contains a time
period of Ts.
 The sample/hold circuit o/p is a given to the Quantizer.
 The main role of a Quantizer is, it will places the amplitude of different signals in
the same amplitude level.
 The o/p of the A/D converter is a digital signal
 The digital signal is given to the digital signal processor.
 The DSP is a special processor, which is used only for converting the continuous
signal to the discrete signal.
 The DSP O/P is a given to the D/A converter. The D/A converter, converts the
digital signal to analog signal.

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 1
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

Advantages of DSP

1. A digital programmable system allows flexibility in reconfiguring the digital

signal processing operations by changing the program. In analog redesign of
hardware is required.
2. In digital accuracy depends on word length, floating Vs fixed point arithmetic etc.
In analog depends on components.
3. Can be stored on disk.
4. It is very difficult to perform precise mathematical operations on signals in
analog form but these operations can be routinely implemented on a digital
computer using software.
5. Cheaper to implement.
6. Small size.
7. Several filters need several boards in analog, whereas in digital same DSP
processor is used for many filters.

Applications of DSP

1. Filtering.
2. Speech synthesis in which white noise (all frequency components present to the
same level) is filtered on a selective frequency basis in order to get an audio
signal.
3. Speech compression and expansion for use in radio voice communication.
4. Speech recognition.
5. Signal analysis.
6. Image processing: filtering, edge effects, and enhancement.
7. PCM used in telephone communication.
8. High speed MODEM data communication using pulse modulation systems such
as FSK, QAM etc. MODEM transmits high speed (1200-19200 bits per second)
over a band limited (3-4 KHz) analog telephone wire line.
9. Wave form generation.

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 2
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

INTRODUCTION TO MATLAB
MATLAB is a software package for high-performance language for technical
computing. It integrates computation, visualization, and programming in an easy-to-use
environment where problems and solutions are expressed in familiar mathematical
notation. Typical uses include the following

 Math and computation

 Algorithm development Data acquisition
 Modelling, simulation, and prototyping
 Data analysis, exploration, and visualization
 Scientific and engineering graphics
 Application development, including graphical user interface building

The name MATLAB stands for MATrix LABoratory. MATLAB was written originally
to provide easy access to matrix software developed by the LINPACK (linear system
package) and EISPACK (Eigen system package) projects.

MATLAB has many advantages compared to conventional computer languages (e.g.,

C, FORTRAN) for solving technical problems. MATLAB is an interactive system whose
basic data element is an array that does not require dimensioning. The software
package has been commercially available since 1984 and is now considered as a
standard tool at most universities and industries worldwide.

The main features of MATLAB

1. Advance algorithm for high performance numerical computation ,especially in

the Field matrix algebra.
2. A large collection of predefined mathematical functions and the ability to define
one’s own functions.
3. Two-and three dimensional graphics for plotting and displaying data .
4. A complete online help system.
5. Powerful, matrix or vector oriented high level programming language for
individual applications.
6. Toolboxes available for solving advanced problems in several application areas.

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 3
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

BASIC MATLAB KEYWORDS OR FUNCTIONS

Clc: Clear Command Window.

Syntax: clc
Description: clc clears all the text from the Command Window, resulting in a clear
screen. After running clc, you cannot use the scroll bar in the Command Window to see
previously displayed text. You can, however, use the up-arrow key ↑ in the Command
Window to recall statements from the command history.

Input: Request user input.

Syntax: x = input (prompt)
Description: x =input (prompt) displays the text in prompt and waits for the user
to input a value and press the Return key. The user can enter expressions,
like pi/4 or rand ,and can use variables in the workspace.

Disp: Display value of variable

Syntax: disp (X)
Description: disp (X) displays the value of variable X without printing the variable
name. Another way to display a variable is to type its name, which displays a leading “X
=” before the value. If a variable contains an empty array, disp returns without
displaying anything.disp

Stem: Plot discrete sequence data

Syntax: stem(Y)
Stem(X, Y)
Description: Stem (Y) plots the data sequence, Y, as stems that extend from a baseline
along the x-axis. The data values are indicated by circles terminating each .

Plot: 2-D line Plot

Syntax: plot(X, Y)

Plot(X, Y, Line Spec)

Description: plot (X,Y) creates a 2-D line plot of the data in Y versus the corresponding
values in X.

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 4
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

Subplot: Create axes in tiled positions

Syntax: subplot (m, n, p)

Subplot (m, n, p,'replace')
Description: subplot (m, n, p) divides the current figure into an m-by-n grid and creates
axes in the position specified by p. MATLAB® numbers subplot positions by row. The
first subplot is the first column of the first row; the second subplot is the second column
of the first row, and so on. If axes exist in the specified position, then this command
makes the axes the current axes.

Length: of largest array dimension

Syntax: L = Length (X)

Description = Length (X) returns the Length of the largest array dimension in X. For
vectors, the Length is simply the number of elements. For arrays with more dimensions,
the Length is max (size(X)). The Length of an empty array is zero.

Xlabel: Label x-axis

Syntax: Xlabel (txt)

Description: Xlabel (txt) labels the x-axis of the current axes or chart returned by
the gca command. Reissuing the Xlabel command replaces the old label with the new
label.

Ylabel: Label y-axis

Syntax: Ylabel (txt)
Description: Ylabel (txt) labels the y-axis of the current axes or chart returned by
the gca command. Reissuing the Ylabel command causes the new label to replace the old
label.

Title: Add Title

Syntax: Title (txt)
Description: Title (txt) adds the specified Title to the axes or chart returned by
the gca command. Reissuing the Title command causes the new Title to replace the
old Title.

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 5
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

Sin: Sine of argument in radians title

Syntax: Y = sin(X)
Description:Y = sin(X) returns the sine of the elements of X. The sin function operates
element-wise on arrays. The function accepts both real and complex inputs. For real
values of X in the interval [-Inf, Inf], sin returns real values in the interval [-1, 1]. For
complex values of X, sin returns complex values. All angles are in radians.

Cos: Cosine of argument in radians

Syntax: Y = cos(X)
Description: Y = cos(X) returns the cosine for each element of X. The cos function
operates element-wise on arrays. The function accepts both real and complex inputs.
For purely real values or imaginary values of X, cos returns real values in the interval [-1
,1]. For complex values of X, cos returns complex values. All angles are in radians.

Ramp: Generate constantly increasing or decreasing signal.

Description: The Ramp block generates a signal that starts at a specified time and
value and changes by a specified rate. The block's Slope, Start time, and Initial output
parameters determine the characteristics of the output signal. All must have the same
dimensions after scalar expansion.

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 6
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

WRITE A MATLAB CODE TO GENERATE SINE WAVE

Continuous form:
clc;
f=input ('enter the input frequency');
t=0:0.01:1;
y=sin (2*pi*f*t);
disp ('the value of y=')
disp(y)
plot (t,y)
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('sine wave');

OUTPUT:
Enter the input frequency1
The value of y=
Columns 1 through 8

0 0.0628 0.1253 0.1874 0.2487 0.3090 0.3681 0.4258

Columns 9 through 16

0.4818 0.5358 0.5878 0.6374 0.6845 0.7290 0.7705 0.8090

Columns 17 through 24

0.8443 0.8763 0.9048 0.9298 0.9511 0.9686 0.9823 0.9921

Columns 25 through 32

0.9980 1.0000 0.9980 0.9921 0.9823 0.9686 0.9511 0.9298

Columns 33 through 40

0.9048 0.8763 0.8443 0.8090 0.7705 0.7290 0.6845 0.6374

Columns 41 through 48

0.5878 0.5358 0.4818 0.4258 0.3681 0.3090 0.2487 0.1874

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 7
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

Columns 49 through 56

0.1253 0.0628 0.0000 -0.0628 -0.1253 -0.1874 -0.2487 -0.3090

Columns 57 through 64

-0.3681 -0.4258 -0.4818 -0.5358 -0.5878 -0.6374 -0.6845 -0.7290

Columns 65 through 72

-0.7705 -0.8090 -0.8443 -0.8763 -0.9048 -0.9298 -0.9511 -0.9686

Columns 73 through 80

-0.9823 -0.9921 -0.9980 -1.0000 -0.9980 -0.9921 -0.9823 -0.9686

Columns 81 through 88

-0.9511 -0.9298 -0.9048 -0.8763 -0.8443 -0.8090 -0.7705 -0.7290

Columns 89 through 96

-0.6845 -0.6374 -0.5878 -0.5358 -0.4818 -0.4258 -0.3681 -0.3090

Columns 97 through 101

-0.2487 -0.1874 -0.1253 -0.0628 -0.0000

Graph:

sine wave
1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2
amplitude

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
time

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 8
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

Discrete form
clc;
f=input('enter the input frequency');
n=0:0.1:1;
y=sin(2*pi*f*n);
disp('the value of y=')
disp(y)
stem (n,y)
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title ('sine wave');

OUTPUT:
Enter the input frequency10
The value of y=
1.0e-14 *
Columns 1 through 8
0 -0.0245 -0.0490 0.2818 -0.0980 -0.1225 -0.1470 -0.1715
Columns 9 through 11
-0.1959 -0.2204 -0.2449
Graph:

-15
x 10 sine wave
4

2
amplitude

-1

-2

-3
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
time

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 9
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

WRITE A MATLAB CODE TO GENERATE COSINE WAVE

Continuous form
clc;
f=input('enter the input frequency');
t=0:0.01:.1;
y=cos(2*pi*f*t);
disp('the value of y=')
disp(y)
plot(t,y)
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('cosine wave');

OUTPUT:
Enter the input frequency1
The value of y=
Columns 1 through 8

1.0000 0.9980 0.9921 0.9823 0.9686 0.9511 0.9298 0.9048

Columns 9 through 16

0.8763 0.8443 0.8090 0.7705 0.7290 0.6845 0.6374 0.5878

Columns 17 through 24

0.5358 0.4818 0.4258 0.3681 0.3090 0.2487 0.1874 0.1253

Columns 25 through 32

0.0628 0.0000 -0.0628 -0.1253 -0.1874 -0.2487 -0.3090 -0.3681

Columns 33 through 40

-0.4258 -0.4818 -0.5358 -0.5878 -0.6374 -0.6845 -0.7290 -0.7705

Columns 41 through 48

-0.8090 -0.8443 -0.8763 -0.9048 -0.9298 -0.9511 -0.9686 -0.9823

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 10
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

Columns 49 through 56

-0.9921 -0.9980 -1.0000 -0.9980 -0.9921 -0.9823 -0.9686 -0.9511

Columns 57 through 64

-0.9298 -0.9048 -0.8763 -0.8443 -0.8090 -0.7705 -0.7290 -0.6845

Columns 65 through 72

-0.6374 -0.5878 -0.5358 -0.4818 -0.4258 -0.3681 -0.3090 -0.2487

Columns 73 through 80

-0.1874 -0.1253 -0.0628 -0.0000 0.0628 0.1253 0.1874 0.2487

Columns 81 through 88

0.3090 0.3681 0.4258 0.4818 0.5358 0.5878 0.6374 0.6845

Columns 89 through 96

0.7290 0.7705 0.8090 0.8443 0.8763 0.9048 0.9298 0.9511

Columns 97 through 101

0.9686 0.9823 0.9921 0.9980 1.0000

Graph:

cosine wave
1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2
amplitude

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
time

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 11
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

Discrete form
clc;
f=input('enter the input frequency');
n=0:0.01:.1;
y=cos(2*pi*f*n);
disp('the value of y=')
disp(y)
stem(n,y)
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('cosine wave');

OUTPUT:
Enter the input frequency1

The value of y=

Columns 1 through 8

1.0000 0.9980 0.9921 0.9823 0.9686 0.9511 0.9298 0.9048

Columns 9 through 16

0.8763 0.8443 0.8090 0.7705 0.7290 0.6845 0.6374 0.5878

Columns 17 through 24

0.5358 0.4818 0.4258 0.3681 0.3090 0.2487 0.1874 0.1253

Columns 25 through 32

0.0628 0.0000 -0.0628 -0.1253 -0.1874 -0.2487 -0.3090 -0.3681

Columns 33 through 40

-0.4258 -0.4818 -0.5358 -0.5878 -0.6374 -0.6845 -0.7290 -0.7705

Columns 41 through 48

-0.8090 -0.8443 -0.8763 -0.9048 -0.9298 -0.9511 -0.9686 -0.9823

Columns 49 through 56

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 12
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

-0.9921 -0.9980 -1.0000 -0.9980 -0.9921 -0.9823 -0.9686 -0.9511

Columns 57 through 64

-0.9298 -0.9048 -0.8763 -0.8443 -0.8090 -0.7705 -0.7290 -0.6845

Columns 65 through 72

-0.6374 -0.5878 -0.5358 -0.4818 -0.4258 -0.3681 -0.3090 -0.2487

Columns 73 through 80

-0.1874 -0.1253 -0.0628 -0.0000 0.0628 0.1253 0.1874 0.2487

Columns 81 through 88

0.3090 0.3681 0.4258 0.4818 0.5358 0.5878 0.6374 0.6845

Columns 89 through 96

0.7290 0.7705 0.8090 0.8443 0.8763 0.9048 0.9298 0.9511

Columns 97 through 101

0.9686 0.9823 0.9921 0.9980 1.0000

Graph:

cosine wave
1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2
amplitude

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
time

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 13
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

WIRTE A MATLAB CODE TO GENERATE RAMP WAVE

Continuous form
clc;
t=0:0.1:1;
y=t;
disp('the value of y=')
disp(y)
plot(t,y)
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('ramp wave');

OUTPUT:
The value of y=

Columns 1 through 8

0 0.1000 0.2000 0.3000 0.4000 0.5000 0.6000 0.7000

Columns 9 through 11

0.8000 0.9000 1.0000

Graph:
ramp wave
1

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6
amplitude

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
time

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 14
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

Discrete form
clc;
n=0:0.1:1;
y=n;
disp('the value of y=')
disp(y)
stem(n,y)
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('ramp wave');

OUTPUT:
The value of y=

Columns 1 through 8

0 0.1000 0.2000 0.3000 0.4000 0.5000 0.6000 0.7000

Columns 9 through 11

0.8000 0.9000 1.0000

Graph:

ramp wave
1

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6
amplitude

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
time

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 15
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

1- VERIFICATION OF SAMPLING THEOREM.

WRITE A MATLAB CODE TO VERIFY SAMPLING THEOREM

AIM: Verification of sampling theorem.

OBJECTIVE: To verify sampling theorem for Nyquist rate, under sampling and Over
Sampling condition in both time and frequency domain using MATLAB.
THEORY:
Sample: is a piece of data taken from the whole data which is continuous in the time
domain.
Sampling: Sampling is defined as, “The process of measuring the instantaneous values
of continuous-time signal in a discrete form.”

Sampling in dsp: In signal processing, sampling is the reduction of a continuous-

time signal to a discrete-time signal. A common example is the conversion of a sound
wave (a continuous signal) to a sequence of samples (a discrete-time signal).
A sample is a value or set of values at a point in time and/or space.

Sampling theorem : A continuous time signal can be represented in its samples and
can be recovered back when sampling frequency fs is greater than or equal to the twice
the highest frequency component of message signal. i. e.
fs≥2fm.
Nyquist Rate Sampling: The Nyquist rate is the minimum sampling rate required to
avoid aliasing, equal to the highest modulating frequency contained within the signal. In
otherwords, Nyquist rate is equal to two sided bandwidth of the signal (Upper and
lower Sidebands) i.e., fs = 2W.To avoid aliasing, the sampling rate must exceed the
Nyquist rate.
i.e. fs>fN, where fN =2W.

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 16
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

PROGRAM:
clc;
f=input('enter the input frequency=');
t=0:0.001:0.1;
y=cos(2*pi*f*t);
disp('the value of y are=')
disp(y)
subplot(3,1,1)
plot(t,y)
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('cosine wave');
fs=input('enter the sampling frequency=');
ts=1/fs;
tn=0:ts:0.1;
ys=cos(2*pi*fs*tn);
disp('the value of ys are=')
disp(ys)
subplot(3,1,2)
plot(tn,ys)
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('continuous wave');
subplot(3,1,3)
stem(tn,ys)
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('discrete wave');

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 17
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

OUTPUT:
NYQUIST RATE
Enter the input frequency=100
The value of y are=
Columns 1 through 9
1.0000 0.8090 0.3090 -0.3090 -0.8090 -1.0000 -0.8090 -0.3090 0.3090

Columns 10 through 18
0.8090 1.0000 0.8090 0.3090 -0.3090 -0.8090 -1.0000 -0.8090 -0.3090

Columns 19 through 27
0.3090 0.8090 1.0000 0.8090 0.3090 -0.3090 -0.8090 -1.0000 -0.8090

Columns 28 through 36
-0.3090 0.3090 0.8090 1.0000 0.8090 0.3090 -0.3090 -0.8090 -1.0000

Columns 37 through 45
-0.8090 -0.3090 0.3090 0.8090 1.0000 0.8090 0.3090 -0.3090 -0.8090

Columns 46 through 54
-1.0000 -0.8090 -0.3090 0.3090 0.8090 1.0000 0.8090 0.3090 -0.3090

Columns 55 through 63
-0.8090 -1.0000 -0.8090 -0.3090 0.3090 0.8090 1.0000 0.8090 0.3090

Columns 64 through 72
-0.3090 -0.8090 -1.0000 -0.8090 -0.3090 0.3090 0.8090 1.0000 0.8090

Columns 73 through 81
0.3090 -0.3090 -0.8090 -1.0000 -0.8090 -0.3090 0.3090 0.8090 1.0000

Columns 82 through 90
0.8090 0.3090 -0.3090 -0.8090 -1.0000 -0.8090 -0.3090 0.3090 0.8090

Columns 91 through 99
1.0000 0.8090 0.3090 -0.3090 -0.8090 -1.0000 -0.8090 -0.3090 0.3090

Columns 100 through 101

0.8090 1.0000

Enter the sampling frequency=200

The value of ys are=
Columns 1 through 9
1.0000 0.3090 -0.8090 -0.8090 0.3090 1.0000 0.3090 -0.8090 -0.8090

Columns 10 through 18

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 18
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

0.3090 1.0000 0.3090 -0.8090 -0.8090 0.3090 1.0000 0.3090 -0.8090

Columns 19 through 27
-0.8090 0.3090 1.0000 0.3090 -0.8090 -0.8090 0.3090 1.0000 0.3090

Columns 28 through 36
-0.8090 -0.8090 0.3090 1.0000 0.3090 -0.8090 -0.8090 0.3090 1.0000

Columns 37 through 45
0.3090 -0.8090 -0.8090 0.3090 1.0000 0.3090 -0.8090 -0.8090 0.3090

Columns 46 through 54
1.0000 0.3090 -0.8090 -0.8090 0.3090 1.0000 0.3090 -0.8090 -0.8090

Columns 55 through 63
0.3090 1.0000 0.3090 -0.8090 -0.8090 0.3090 1.0000 0.3090 -0.8090

Columns 64 through 72
-0.8090 0.3090 1.0000 0.3090 -0.8090 -0.8090 0.3090 1.0000 0.3090

Columns 73 through 81
-0.8090 -0.8090 0.3090 1.0000 0.3090 -0.8090 -0.8090 0.3090 1.0000

Columns 82 through 90
0.3090 -0.8090 -0.8090 0.3090 1.0000 0.3090 -0.8090 -0.8090 0.3090

Columns 91 through 99
1.0000 0.3090 -0.8090 -0.8090 0.3090 1.0000 0.3090 -0.8090 -0.8090

Columns 100 through 101

0.3090 1.0000
UNDER SAMPLING

Enter the input frequency=100

The value of y are=
Columns 1 through 9
1.0000 0.8090 0.3090 -0.3090 -0.8090 -1.0000 -0.8090 -0.3090 0.3090

Columns 10 through 18
0.8090 1.0000 0.8090 0.3090 -0.3090 -0.8090 -1.0000 -0.8090 -0.3090

Columns 19 through 27
0.3090 0.8090 1.0000 0.8090 0.3090 -0.3090 -0.8090 -1.0000 -0.8090

Columns 28 through 36
-0.3090 0.3090 0.8090 1.0000 0.8090 0.3090 -0.3090 -0.8090 -1.0000

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 19
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

Columns 37 through 45
-0.8090 -0.3090 0.3090 0.8090 1.0000 0.8090 0.3090 -0.3090 -0.8090

Columns 46 through 54
-1.0000 -0.8090 -0.3090 0.3090 0.8090 1.0000 0.8090 0.3090 -0.3090

Columns 55 through 63
-0.8090 -1.0000 -0.8090 -0.3090 0.3090 0.8090 1.0000 0.8090 0.3090

Columns 64 through 72
-0.3090 -0.8090 -1.0000 -0.8090 -0.3090 0.3090 0.8090 1.0000 0.8090

Columns 73 through 81
0.3090 -0.3090 -0.8090 -1.0000 -0.8090 -0.3090 0.3090 0.8090 1.0000

Columns 82 through 90
0.8090 0.3090 -0.3090 -0.8090 -1.0000 -0.8090 -0.3090 0.3090 0.8090

Columns 91 through 99
1.0000 0.8090 0.3090 -0.3090 -0.8090 -1.0000 -0.8090 -0.3090 0.3090

Columns 100 through 101

0.8090 1.0000

Enter the sampling frequency=150

The values of ys are=

Columns 1 through 9

1.0000 0.5878 -0.3090 -0.9511 -0.8090 -0.0000 0.8090 0.9511 0.3090

Columns 10 through 18
-0.5878 -1.0000 -0.5878 0.3090 0.9511 0.8090 0.0000 -0.8090 -0.9511

Columns 19 through 27
-0.3090 0.5878 1.0000 0.5878 -0.3090 -0.9511 -0.8090 0.0000 0.8090

Columns 28 through 36
0.9511 0.3090 -0.5878 -1.0000 -0.5878 0.3090 0.9511 0.8090 -0.0000

Columns 37 through 45
-0.8090 -0.9511 -0.3090 0.5878 1.0000 0.5878 -0.3090 -0.9511 -0.8090

Columns 46 through 54
-0.0000 0.8090 0.9511 0.3090 -0.5878 -1.0000 -0.5878 0.3090 0.9511

Columns 55 through 63
0.8090 -0.0000 -0.8090 -0.9511 -0.3090 0.5878 1.0000 0.5878 -0.3090

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 20
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

Columns 64 through 72
-0.9511 -0.8090 -0.0000 0.8090 0.9511 0.3090 -0.5878 -1.0000 -0.5878

Columns 73 through 81
0.3090 0.9511 0.8090 -0.0000 -0.8090 -0.9511 -0.3090 0.5878 1.0000

Columns 82 through 90
0.5878 -0.3090 -0.9511 -0.8090 -0.0000 0.8090 0.9511 0.3090 -0.5878

Columns 91 through 99
-1.0000 -0.5878 0.3090 0.9511 0.8090 0.0000 -0.8090 -0.9511 -0.3090

Columns 100 through 101

0.5878 1.0000
OVER SAMPLING
Enter the input frequency=100
The value of y are=
Columns 1 through 9
1.0000 0.8090 0.3090 -0.3090 -0.8090 -1.0000 -0.8090 -0.3090 0.3090

Columns 10 through 18
0.8090 1.0000 0.8090 0.3090 -0.3090 -0.8090 -1.0000 -0.8090 -0.3090

Columns 19 through 27
0.3090 0.8090 1.0000 0.8090 0.3090 -0.3090 -0.8090 -1.0000 -0.8090

Columns 28 through 36
-0.3090 0.3090 0.8090 1.0000 0.8090 0.3090 -0.3090 -0.8090 -1.0000

Columns 37 through 45
-0.8090 -0.3090 0.3090 0.8090 1.0000 0.8090 0.3090 -0.3090 -0.8090

Columns 46 through 54
-1.0000 -0.8090 -0.3090 0.3090 0.8090 1.0000 0.8090 0.3090 -0.3090

Columns 55 through 63
-0.8090 -1.0000 -0.8090 -0.3090 0.3090 0.8090 1.0000 0.8090 0.3090

Columns 64 through 72
-0.3090 -0.8090 -1.0000 -0.8090 -0.3090 0.3090 0.8090 1.0000 0.8090

Columns 73 through 81
0.3090 -0.3090 -0.8090 -1.0000 -0.8090 -0.3090 0.3090 0.8090 1.0000

Columns 82 through 90
0.8090 0.3090 -0.3090 -0.8090 -1.0000 -0.8090 -0.3090 0.3090 0.8090

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 21
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

Columns 91 through 99
1.0000 0.8090 0.3090 -0.3090 -0.8090 -1.0000 -0.8090 -0.3090 0.3090

Columns 100 through 101

0.8090 1.0000

Enter the sampling frequency=230

The value of ys are=
Columns 1 through 9
1.0000 0.1253 -0.9686 -0.3681 0.8763 0.5878 -0.7290 -0.7705 0.5358

Columns 10 through 18
0.9048 -0.3090 -0.9823 0.0628 0.9980 0.1874 -0.9511 -0.4258 0.8443

Columns 19 through 27
0.6374 -0.6845 -0.8090 0.4818 0.9298 -0.2487 -0.9921 0.0000 0.9921

Columns 28 through 36
0.2487 -0.9298 -0.4818 0.8090 0.6845 -0.6374 -0.8443 0.4258 0.9511

Columns 37 through 45
-0.1874 -0.9980 -0.0628 0.9823 0.3090 -0.9048 -0.5358 0.7705 0.7290

Columns 46 through 54
-0.5878 -0.8763 0.3681 0.9686 -0.1253 -1.0000 -0.1253 0.9686 0.3681

Columns 55 through 63
-0.8763 -0.5878 0.7290 0.7705 -0.5358 -0.9048 0.3090 0.9823 -0.0628

Columns 64 through 72
-0.9980 -0.1874 0.9511 0.4258 -0.8443 -0.6374 0.6845 0.8090 -0.4818

Columns 73 through 81
-0.9298 0.2487 0.9921 -0.0000 -0.9921 -0.2487 0.9298 0.4818 -0.8090

Columns 82 through 90
-0.6845 0.6374 0.8443 -0.4258 -0.9511 0.1874 0.9980 0.0628 -0.9823

Columns 91 through 99
-0.3090 0.9048 0.5358 -0.7705 -0.7290 0.5878 0.8763 -0.3681 -0.9686

Columns 100 through 101

0.1253 1.0000

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 22
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

Graph:
NYQUIST RATE

UNDER SAMPLING

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 23
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

OVER SAMPLING

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 24
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

2- LINEAR AND CIRCULAR CONVOLUTION OF TWO GIVEN SEQUENCES,

COMMUTATIVE, DISTRIBUTIVE AND ASSOCIATIVE PROPERTY OF
CONVOLUTION.
Explanation:

Convolution: Convolution is a mathematical way of combining two signals to form a

third signal. It is the single most important technique in Digital Signal Processing.
Convolution is important because it relates the three signals of interest: the input signal,
the output signal, and the impulse response.

Linear convolution: is the basic operation to calculate the output for any linear time
invariant system given its input and its impulse response.

Circular convolution: is the same thing but considering that the support of the signal is
periodic (as in a circle, hence the name).

Linear and circular convolutions: are fundamentally different operations. For two
vectors, x and y, the circular convolution is equal to the inverse discrete Fourier
transform (DFT) of the product of the vectors' DFTs. Knowing the conditions under
which linear and circular convolution are equivalent allows you to use the DFT to
efficiently compute linear convolutions.
The linear convolution of an N-point vector, x, and an L-point vector, y, has
length N + L - 1.
For the circular convolution of x and y to be equivalent, you must pad the vectors
with zeros to length at least N + L - 1 before you take the DFT. After you invert the
product of the DFTs, retain only the first N + L - 1 element.

Comparison parameter Linear convolution Circular convolution

Shifting Linear Shifting Circular Shifting
Samples in the convolution N1+N2-1 Max (N1, N2)
result
Finding response of a filter Possible Possible with zero padding

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 25
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

WRITE A MATLAB CODE TO FIND THE LINEAR CONVOLUTION

BETWEEN THE TWO SEQUENCE
Conv: Convolution and polynomial multiplication
Syntax: w = conv(u,v)
Description: w = conv(u,v) convolves vectors u and v. Algebraically, convolution is the
same operation as multiplying the polynomials whose coefficients are the elements of u
and v.
Equation: y (n) =x (n)*h (n)

PROGRAM:
clc;
x=input ('enter the input sequence');
h=input ('enter the impulse response');
y=conv(x,h);
disp ('the value of y are=')
disp(y)
n=0: length(y)-1;
stem (n,y)
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title ('linear convolution');

OUTPUT:

Enter the input sequence [1 2 3]

Enter the impulse response [1 2 1]
The values of y are=
1 4 8 8 3

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 26
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

Graph:

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 27
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

WRITE A MATHLAB CODE TO VERIFY LINEAR CONVOLUTION IS

COMMUTATIVE

Equation: x (n)*h (n) = h (n)*x (n)

PROGRAM:
clc;
x=input('enter the input sequence=');
h=input('enter the impulse response=');
y1=conv(x,h);
disp('the value of y1 are=')
disp(y1)
subplot(2,1,1)
n=0:length(y1)-1;
stem(n,y1)
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('linear convolution1');
y2=conv(h,x);
disp('the value of y2 are=')
disp(y2)
subplot(2,1,2)
n=0:length(y2)-1;
stem(n,y2)
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('linear convolution2');
if(y1==y2)
disp('the linear convolution is commutative')
else
disp('the linear convolution is not commutative')
end

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 28
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

OUTPUT:

Enter the input sequence= [1 2 3]

Enter the impulse response= [1 2 1]

The values of y1 are=

1 4 8 8 3

The values of y2 are=

1 4 8 8 3

Graph:

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 29
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

WRITE A MATLAB CODE TO VERIFY LINEAR CONVOLUTION IS

DISTRIBUTIVE

Equation: x (n)*[h1 (n) +h2 (n)] = x (n)*h1 (n) +x (n)*h2 (n)

PROGRAM:
clc;
x=input ('enter the input sequence=');
h1=input ('enter the first impulse response=');
h2=input ('enter the second impulse response=');
y1=h1+h2;
y2=conv(x, y1);
disp ('the value of y2 are=')
disp (y2)
Subplot (2, 1, 1)
n=0: length (y2)-1;
stem (n,y2)
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('linear convolution1');
y3=conv(x,h1);
y4=conv(x,h2);
y5=y3+y4;
disp('the value of y5 are=')
disp(y5)
subplot(2,1,2)
n=0:length(y5)-1;
stem(n,y5)
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('linear convolution2');
if(y2==y5)
disp('the linear convolution is distributive')

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 30
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

else
disp('the linear convolution is not distributive')
end

OUTPUT:
Enter the input sequence=[1 2 3]
Enter the first impulse response=[1 2]
Enter the second impulse response=[1 1]
The value of y2 are=
2 7 12 9
The value of y5 are=
2 7 12 9
The linear convolution is distributive
Graph:

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 31
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

WRITE A MATLAB CODE TO VERIFY LINEAR CONVOLUTION IS

ASSOCIATIVE

Equation: x (n)*[h1 (n)*h2 (n)] = [x (n)*h1 (n)]*h2 (n)

PROGRAM:
clc;
x=input('enter the input sequence=');
h1=input('enter the first impulse response=');
h2=input('enter the second impulse response=');
y1=conv(h1,h2);
y2=conv(x,y1);
disp('the value of y2 are=')
disp(y2)
subplot(2,1,1)
n=0:length(y2)-1;
stem(n,y2)
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('linear convolution1');
y3=conv(x,h1);
y4=conv(y3,h2);
disp('the value of y4 are=')
disp(y4)
subplot(2,1,2)
n=0:length(y4)-1;
stem(n,y4)
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('linear convolution2');
if(y2==y4)
disp('the linear convolution is associative')
else
disp('the linear convolution is not associative')
end

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 32
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

OUTPUT:

Enter the input sequence= [1 2 3]

Enter the first impulse response= [1 2]
Enter the second impulse response= [1 1]
The value of y2 are=
1 5 11 13 6
The value of y4 are=
1 5 11 13 6
The linear convolution is associative
Graph:

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 33
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

WRITE A MATLAB CODE TO FIND CIRCULAR CONVOLUTION

BETWEEN TWO GIVEN SEQUENCES
Cconv: Modulo-N circular convolution

Syntax: c = cconv(a,b,n)

Description: Circular convolution is used to convolve two discrete Fourier transform

(DFT) sequences. For very long sequences, circular convolution may be faster than
linear convolution.

Equation: y (n) =x (n) h (n)

PROGRAM:
clc;
x=input ('enter the input sequence=');
h=input ('enter the input impulse responce=');
N=max (length(x), length (h));
y=cconv(x,h,N);
disp('the value of y are')
disp(y)
n=0: length(y)-1;
stem (n,y)
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title ('circular convolution');

OUTPUT:

Enter the input sequence= [1 2 3 4]

Enter the input impulse response= [3 2 1 0]
The values of y are
14 12 14 20

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 34
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

Graph:

circular convolution
20

15
amplitude

10

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
time

circular convolution
100

80

60
amplitude

40

20

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
time

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 35
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

WRITE A MATLAB CODE TO VERIFY CIRCULAR CONVOLUTION IS

COMMUTATIVE

Equation: x (n) h (n) = h (n) x (n)

PROGRAM:
clc;
x=input('enter the input sequence=');
h=input('enter the input impulse responce=');
N=max(length(x),length(h));
y1=cconv(x,h,N);
disp('the value of y1 are')
disp(y1)
subplot(3,1,1)
n=0:length(y1)-1;
stem(n,y1)
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('circular convolution');
y2=cconv(h,x,N);
disp('the value of y2 are')
disp(y2)
subplot(2,1,2)
n=0:length(y2)-1;
stem(n,y2)
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('circular convolution');
if(y1==y2)
disp('the circular convolution is commutative')
else
disp('the circular convolution is not commutative')
end

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 36
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

OUTPUT:

Enter the input sequence=[1 2 3 4]

Enter the input impulse responce=[3 2 1 0]
The value of y1 are
14 12 14 20
The values of y2 are

14 12 14 20

The circular convolution is commutative

Graph:

circular convolution
20

15
amplitude

10

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
time

circular convolution
20

15
amplitude

10

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
time

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 37
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

WRITE A MAT LAB CODE TO VERIFY CIRCULAR CONVOLUTION IS

ASSOCIATIVE

Equation = x (n) [h1 (n) h2(n)]=[x(n) h1(n)] h2(n)

PROGRAM:
clc;
x=input('enter the input sequence=');
h1=input('enter the input impulse responce=');
h2=input('enter the second impulse response=');
N1=max(length(h1),length(h2));
y1=cconv(h1,h2,N1);
N2=max(length(x),length(y1));
y2=cconv(x,y1,N2);
disp('the value of y2 are')
disp(y2)
subplot(2,1,1)
n=0:length(y2)-1;
stem(n,y2)
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('circular convolution');
N3=max(length(x),length(h1));
y3=cconv(x,h1,N3);
N4=max(length(y3),length(h2));
y4=cconv(y3,h2,N4);
disp('the value of y4 are')
disp(y4)
subplot(2,1,2)
n=0:length(y4)-1;
stem(n,y4)
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('circular convolution');

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 38
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

if(y2==y4)
disp('the circular convolution is associative')
else
disp('the circular convolution is not associative')
end

OUTPUT:
Enter the input sequence=[1 2 3 4]
Enter the input impulse response=[3 2 1]
Enter the second impulse response=[2 2 1 1]
The values of y2 are
94 86 86 94

The value of y4 are

94 86 86 94

The circular convolution is associative

Graph:

circular convolution
100

80

60
amplitude

40

20

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
time

circular convolution
100

80

60
amplitude

40

20

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
time

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 39
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

WRITE A MAT LAB CODE TO VERIFY CIRCULAR CONVOLUTION IS

DISTRIBUTIVE

Equation

X (n) [h1 (n) +h2(n)]=x(n) h1(n) + x(n) h2(n)

PROGRAM:
clc;
x=input ('enter the input sequence=');
h1=input ('enter the input impulse responce=');
h2=input ('enter the second impulse response=');
y1=h1+h2;
N1=max (length (x), length (y1));
Y2=cconv(x, y1, N1);
disp('the value of y2 are')
disp(y2)
subplot(2,1,1)
n=0:length(y2)-1;
stem(n,y2)
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('circular convolution');
N2=max(length(x),length(h1));
y3=cconv(x,h1,N2);
N3=max(length(x),length(h2));
y4=cconv(x,h2,N3);
y5=y3+y4;
disp('the value of y4 are')
disp(y5)
subplot(2,1,2)
n=0:length(y5)-1;
stem(n,y5)
xlabel('time');

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 40
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

ylabel('amplitude');
title('circular convolution');
if(y2==y5)
disp('the circular convolution is distributive')
else
disp('the circular convolution is not distributive')
end

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 41
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

3- AUTO AND CROSS CORRELATION OF TWO SEQUENCES AND

VERIFICATION OF THEIR PROPERTIES

THEORY:
Autocorrelation: also known as serial correlation is the correlation of a signal with a
delayed copy of itself as a function of delay. Informally, it is the similarity between
observations as a function of the time lag between them.

Cross-correlation: In signal processing, cross-correlation is a measure of similarity of

two waveforms as a function of a time-lag applied to one of them. The cross-
correlation is similar in nature to the convolution of two functions.

Xcorr: Cross-correlation

Syntax:

c = xcorr(x,y)

c = xcorr(x)

Description:

 xcorr estimates the cross-correlation sequence of a random process.

Autocorrelation is handled as a special case.
 c = xcorr(x,y) returns the cross-correlation sequence in a length 2N – 1 vector,
where x and y are vectors of length N and N > 1. If x and y are not the same
length, the shorter vector is zero-padded to the length of the longer vector.
 c = xcorr(x) is the autocorrelation sequence for the vector x.

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 42
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

WRITE A MATLAB CODE TO PERFORM CROSS CORRELATION OF

GIVEN TWO SEQUENCES
AIM: Cross-correlation of a given sequences
OBJECTIVE:
1- To implement Cross correlation of the given sequence using an inbuilt MATLAB
Function “XCORR”
2- To verify the results theoretically.
PROGRAM:
clc;
a=input('enter the input sequence');
b=input('enter the input sequence');
y=xcorr(a,b);
disp('the value of y are')
disp(y)
n=0:length(y)-1;
stem(n,y)
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('cross correlation');

OUTPUT:
Enter the input sequence[1 2 3 4]
Enter the input sequence[4 3 2 1]
The value of y are
1.0000 4.0000 10.0000 20.0000 25.0000 24.0000 16.0000

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 43
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

Graph:

WRITE A MATLAB CODE TO PERFORM AUTO CORRELATION OF

GIVEN SEQUENCE
AIM: Autocorrelation of a given sequence
OBJECTIVE:
1- To find Autocorrelation of the given sequence using an inbuilt MATLAB function
“XCORR”.
2- To verify the results theoretically.

PROGRAM:

Clc;
a=input('enter the input sequence');
y=xcorr(a,a);
disp('the value of y are')
disp(y)
n=0:length(y)-1;
stem(n,y)
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('auto correlation');

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 44
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

OUTPUT:

Enter the input sequence[1 2 3 4]

The value of y are

4.0000 11.0000 20.0000 30.0000 20.0000 11.0000 4.0000

Graph:

auto correlation
30

25

20
amplitude

15

10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
time

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 45
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

4-SOLVING A GIVEN DIFFERENCE EQUATION

AIM: To solve a given difference equation

Filter: 1-D digital filter
Syntax: y = filter (b, a, X)
Description: The filter function filters a data sequence using a digital filter which works
for both real and complex inputs. The filter is a direct form II transposed
implementation of the standard difference equation.

y = filter (b, a, X) filters the data in vector X with the filter described by numerator
coefficient vector b and denominator coefficient vector a. If a(1) is not equal to 1, filter
normalizes the filter coefficients by a(1). If a(1) equals 0, filter returns an error.

WRITE A MATLAB CODE TO FIND STEP RESPONSE IN A GIVEN

DIFFERENCE EQUATION

PROGRAM:
Clc
num=input(‘enter the numerator co-efficients=’);
den=input(‘enter the denominator co-efficients=’);
N=input(‘enter the number of samples=’);
Step=ones(1,N)
y=filter(num,den,step);
disp(‘the value of y are=’);
disp(y)
subplot(2,1,1)
n=0:length(step)-1;
stem(n, step)
xlabel(‘time’);
ylabel(‘amplitude’);
title(‘step function’);
subplot(2,1,2)
n=0:length(y)-1;
step(n,y)
xlabel(‘time’);

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 46
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

ylabel(‘amplitude’);
title(‘step response’);

WRITE A MATLAB CODE TO FIND IMPULSE RESPONSE IN A GIVEN

DIFFERENCE EQUATION

PROGRAM:
Clc
num=input(‘enter the numerator co-efficients=’);
den=input(‘enter the denominator co-efficients=’);
N=input(‘enter the number of samples=’);
Impulse=[ones(1,1), zeros(1,N-1)]
h=filter(num,den,impulse);
disp(‘the value of impulse function are=’)
disp(h)
subplot(2,1,1)
n=0:length(impulse)-1;
stem(n,impulse)
xlabel(‘time’)
ylabel(‘amplitude’)
title(‘impulse function’);
subplot(2,1,2)
n=0:length(h)-1;
stem(n,h)
xlabel(‘time’);
ylabel(‘amplitude’);
title(‘impulse response’);

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 47
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

5- COMPUTATION OF N POINT DFT OF A GIVEN SEQUENCE AND TO

PLOT MAGNITUDE AND PHASE SPECTRUM (USING DFT EQUATION
AND VERIFY IT BY BUILT-IN ROUTINE)
AIM: To find Discrete Fourier Transform and Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform of
given digital signal.
OBJECTIVE:
1. To find the N point DFT of a given sequence using the MATLAB inbuilt function
“FFT” and to find Magnitude and Phase of DFT sequence using functions “ABS and
ANGLE”
2. To verify the result theoretically.
THEORY:
Digital Signal Processing-Discrete Fourier Transform: As the name implies,
the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) is purely discrete: discrete-time data sets are
converted into a discrete-frequency representation. This is in contrast to the DTFT that
uses discrete time, but converts to continuous frequency.

The Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform (IDFT): The inverse Fourier tranform maps
the signal back from the frequency domain into the time domain. A time domain signal
will usually consist of a set of real values, where each value has an associated time (e.g.,
the signal consists of a time series).

WRITE A MATLAB CODE TO FIND THE DFT FOR A GIVEN

SEQUENCE AND PLOT MAGNITUDE AND SPECTRUM [USING BUILT
IN ROUTINE].

DFT or FFT: Discrete Fourier transforms.

Syntax: x=fft (x, N)

Description: x=fft (x, N) returns the N-point DFT. If the length of x is less than x,N.

Angle: phase angle.

Syntax: p=angle(x)

Description: p=angle(x) returns the phase angles in routines for each elements of
complex array X.

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 48
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

Abs: Absolute value and complex magnitude.

Syntax: abs(x)

Description: abs(x) returns an array Y such that each element of Y is the absolute of the
corresponding elements of x.

PROGRAM:
clc;
x=input('enter the input sequence=');
N=input('enter the number of dft points=');
X=fft(x,N);
disp('the value of X are=')
disp(X)
m=abs(X)
disp('the value of m are=')
disp(m)
subplot(2,1,1)
n=0:length(m)-1;
stem(n,m)
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('magnitude');
p=angle(X)
disp('the value of p are')
disp(p)
subplot(2,1,2)
n=0:length(p)-1;
stem(n,p)
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('phase');

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 49
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

OUTPUT:

Enter the input sequence=[1 2 3 4]

Enter the number of dft points=4

The values of X are=

10.0000 + 0.0000i -2.0000 + 2.0000i -2.0000 + 0.0000i -2.0000 - 2.00

m=
10.0000 2.8284 2.0000 2.8284
The values of m are=

10.0000 2.8284 2.0000 2.8284

p=

0 2.3562 3.1416 -2.3562

The values of p are

0 2.3562 3.1416 -2.3562

Graph:

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 50
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

WRITE A MATLAB CODE TO FIND IDFT FOR THE GIVEN DFT

SEQUENCE [USING BUILT IN ROUTINE].
Ifft: Inverse discrete Fourier transform.
Syntax: x=ifft(x,N)
Description: x=ifft(x,N) returns the N-point inverse DFT of vector x.

PROGRAM:
clc;
X=input('enter the dft sequence=');
N=input('enter the number of idft points=');
x=ifft(X,N);
disp('the value of x are=')
disp(x)
n=0:length(x)-1;
stem(n,x)
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('input discrete sequence');
OUTPUT:
Enter the dft sequence=[10 -2+2j -2 -2-2j]
Enter the number of idft points=4
The values of x are=
1 2 3 4
Graph:

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 51
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

WRITE A MATLAB CODE TO FIND DFT FOR THE GIVEN SEQUENCE

AND ALSO FIND MAGNITUDE AND PHASE USING DFT EQUATION
Zeros: zeros
Syntax: B=zeros (M, N)
Description: B=zeros (M, N) returns an M-by-N matrix of zeros.
Abs: absolute value and complex magnitude.
Syntax: abs(x)
Description: abs(x) returns an array Y such that each element of Y is the absolute value
of the corresponding elements of x.
Angle: angle
Syntax: p= angle (Z)
Description: P = angle (Z) returns the phase angles, in radians, for each element of
complex array Z. The angles lie between. Converts back to the original complex Z.
DFT equation:

𝑵−𝟏
𝑿(𝑲) = ∑𝒏=𝟎 𝐱(𝐧) 𝒆−𝒋𝟐𝝅𝒌𝒏/𝑵 0≤K≤N-1

PROGRAM:
clc;
x=input('enter the dft sequence=');
N=input('enter the number of dft points=');
X=zeros(1,N);
for k=0:N-1
for n=0:N-1
X(k+1)=X(k+1)+x(n+1)*exp((-i)*2*pi*k*n/N);
end
end
disp('the value of X are=')
disp(X)
M=abs(X)
disp('the value of M are=')
disp(M)
subplot(2,1,1)
n=0:length(M)-1;

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 52
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

stem(n,M)
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('magnitude');
p=angle(X)
disp('the value of p are=')
disp(p)
subplot(2,1,2)
n=0:length(p)-1;
stem(n,p)
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('phase');

OUTPUT:

Enter the dft sequence= [1 2 3 4]

Enter the number of dft points= [4]
The values of X are=
10.0000 + 0.0000i -2.0000 + 2.0000i -2.0000 - 0.0000i -2.0000 - 2.0000i

M=

10.0000 2.8284 2.0000 2.8284

The value of M are=

10.0000 2.8284 2.0000 2.8284

p=

0 2.3562 -3.1416 -2.3562

The values of p are=

0 2.3562 -3.1416 -2.3562

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 53
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

Graph:

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 54
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

WRITE A MATLAB CODE TO FIND IDFT FOR THE GIVEN SEQUENCE

USING IDFT EQUATION
IDFT equation:
𝑵−𝟏
𝒙(𝒏) = 𝟏/𝑵 ∑𝒌=𝟎 𝐗(𝐊) 𝒆𝒋𝟐𝝅𝒌𝒏/𝑵 n=0, 1 ...N-1

PROGRAM:
clc;
X=input('enter the dft sequence=');
N=input('enter the idft sequence=');
x=zeros(1,N);
for n=0:N-1
for k=0:N-1
x(n+1)=x(n+1)+X(k+1)*exp((i*2*pi*k*n/N));
xn=x./N;
end
end
disp('the idft sequence is')
disp(xn)
n=0:length(xn)-1;
stem(n,xn)
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('idft sequence');

OUTPUT:

Enter the dft sequence=[10 -2+2j -2 -2-2j]

Enter the idft sequence= [4]
The idft sequence is
1.0000 + 0.0000i 2.0000 + 0.0000i 3.0000 - 0.0000i 4.0000 - 0.0000i

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 55
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

Graph:

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 56
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

6- (I) VERIFICATION OF DFT PROPERTIES (LIKE LINEARITY AND

PARSEVALS THEOREM, ETC). (II) DFT COMPUTATION OF SQUARE
PULSE AND SINC FUNCTION ETC.

WRITE A MATLAB CODE TO DETERMINE WHETHER THE GIVEN

DFT SEQUENCE IS LINEAR OR NON LINEAR

SUM: Sum of array element

Syntax: B=sum (A)
Description: B=sum (A) returns sum along different dimension of an array
PROGRAM:
clc;
x1=input('enter the first input sequence');
x2=input('enter the second input sequence');
N=input('enter the dft point');
a=1;
b=1;
y=a*x1+b*x2;
y1=fft(y,N);
disp('the value of y1 are=' )
disp(y1)
x1=fft(a.*x1,N);
x2=fft(b.*x2,N);
y2=x1+x2;
disp('the value of y2 are=')
disp(y2)
if(y1==y2)
disp('the dft is linear')
else
disp('the dft is nonlinear')
end

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 57
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

OUTPUT:

Enter the first input sequence[1 2 3 4]

Enter the second input sequence[ 4 3 2 1]

Enter the dft point4

The value of y1 are=

20 0 0 0

The value of y2 are=

20 0 0 0

The dft is linear

WRITE A MATLAB CODE TO VERIFY PARSVELS THEOREM

𝑵−𝟏 𝑵−𝟏
Equation:∑𝒌=𝟎 | 𝐱(𝐧)|𝟐 = 1/N ∑𝒌=𝟎 | 𝐱(𝐊)|𝟐

PROGRAM:
clc;
x=input('enter the input sequence');
N=input('enter the number of DFT point');
X=fft(x,N)
Energy 1 =sum(x.^2);
disp(‘the value of energy1 are’)
disp (energy 1)
Energy2=1/N* sum (abs(x). ^2);
disp (‘the value of energy 2 are’)
disp(energy2)
If (energy1==energy2)
disp(‘DFT satisfies parsvel theorem”)
else
disp(‘dft does not satisfies parsevel’s theorem ‘)
end

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 58
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

7-DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF FIR FILTER TO MEET GIVEN

SPECIFICATIONS (USING DIFFERENT WINDOW TECHNIQUES).
Hamming: Hamming window
Syntax:
w = hamming(L)
w = hamming(L,'sflag')
Description:
w = hamming(L) returns an L-point symmetric Hamming window in the column
vector w. L should be a positive integer. The coefficients of a Hamming window
are computed from the following equation.
𝑛
𝑤 (𝑛) = 0.54 − 0.46 cos (2𝜋 ) , 0 ≤ 𝑛 ≤ 𝑁
𝑁
The window length is L=N+1 .

Blackman: Blackman window

Syntax:
w = blackman(N)
w = blackman(N,SFLAG)
Description
w = blackman(N) returns the N-point symmetric Blackman window in the
column vector w, where N is a positive integer.

Hann: Hann (Hanning) windowexpand all in page

Syntax:
w = hann(L)
w = hann(L,'sflag')
Description:
w = hann(L) returns an L-point symmetric Hann window in the column vector w.
L must be a positive integer. The coefficients of a Hann window are computed from the
following equation.
𝑛
𝑤 (𝑛) = 0.54 (1 − cos (2𝜋 )) , 0 ≤ 𝑛 ≤ 𝑁
𝑁
The window length is L=N+1.

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 59
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

Kaiser: Kaiser window

Syntax: w = kaiser(L,beta)
Description:
w = kaiser(L,beta) returns an L-point Kaiser window in the column vector w.
beta is the Kaiser window parameter that affects the sidelobe attenuation of the Fourier
transform of the window. The default value for beta is 0.5.
To obtain a Kaiser window that designs an FIR filter with sidelobe attenuation of α dB,
use the following β.

Increasing beta widens the main lobe and decreases the amplitude of the
sidelobes (i.e., increases the attenuation).

Rectwin: Rectangular window

Syntax: w = rectwin(L)
Description:
w = rectwin(L) returns a rectangular window of length L in the column vector w.
This function is provided for completeness; a rectangular window is equivalent to no
window at all.

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 60
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

WRITE A MATLABCODE TO DESIGN A FIR FILTER USING

BLACKMAN WINDOW APPROXIMATION

AIM: Design and implementation of FIR filter to meet given specifications (low pass
filter using BLACKMAN window).
OBJECTIVE:
1. To design the FIR filter by Blackman window using the inbuilt MATLAB function
“FIR1 and Blackman”.
2. To verify the result by theoretical calculations.

PROGRAM:
clc;
fcut=input('enter the cutoff frequency=');
fs=input('enter the sampling frequency=');
N=input('enter the order of the filter=');
wc=2*fcut/fs;
L=N+1;
w=blackman(L);
b=fir1(N,wc,'low',w)
freqz(b)
title('FIR filter using blackman');

OUTPUT:

Enter the cutoff frequency=100

Enter the sampling frequency=1000
Enter the order of the filter=10
b=

Columns 1 through 9

0 0.0026 0.0283 0.1077 0.2218 0.2792 0.2218 0.1077 0.0283

Columns 10 through 11

0.0026 0

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 61
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

Graph:

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 62
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

WRITE A MATLOB CODE TO DESIGN AFIR FILTER USING

HAMMING WINDOW APPROXIMATION

AIM: Design and implementation of FIR filter to meet given specifications (low pass
filter using hamming window).
OBJECTIVE:
1. To design the FIR filter by Hamming window using the inbuilt MATLAB function
“FIR1 and hamming”.
2. To verify the result by theoretical calculations.

PROGRAM:
clc;
fcut=input('enter the cutoff frequency=');
fs=input('enter the sampling frequency=');
N=input('enter the order of the filter=');
wc=2*fcut/fs;
L=N+1;
w=hamming(L);
b=fir1(N,wc,'low',w)
freqz(b)
title('FIR filter using hamming');

OUTPUT:

Enter the cutoff frequency=100

Enter the sampling frequency=1000
Enter the order of the filter=10
b=
Columns 1 through 9

0.0000 0.0093 0.0476 0.1224 0.2022 0.2370 0.2022 0.1224 0.0476

Columns 10 through 11

0.0093 0.0000

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 63
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

Graph:

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 64
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

WRITE A MAT LAB CODE TO DESIGN A FIR FILTER USING

HANNING WINDOW APPROXIMATION
AIM: Design and implementation of FIR filter to meet given specifications (low pass
filter using hanning window).
OBJECTIVE:
1. To design the FIR filter by hanning window using the inbuilt MATLAB function
“FIR1 and hanning”.
2. To verify the result by theoretical calculations.

PROGRAM:
clc;
fcut=input('enter the cutoff frequency=');
fs=input('enter the sampling frequency=');
N=input('enter the order of the filter=');
wc=2*fcut/fs;
L=N+1;
w=hanning(L);
b=fir1(N,wc,'low',w)
freqz(b)
title('FIR filter using hanning');

OUTPUT:

Enter the cutoff frequency=100hz

Enter the sampling frequency=1000hz

Enter the order of the filter=10

b=

Columns 1 through 9

0.0000 0.0130 0.0560 0.1261 0.1939 0.2221 0.1939 0.1261 0.0560

Columns 10 through 11

0.0130 0.0000

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 65
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

Graph:

FIR filter using hanning

0

-20

-40
Magnitude (dB)

-60

-80

-100

-120

-140
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Normalized Frequency ( rad/sample)

-100
Phase (degrees)

-200

-300

-400

-500
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Normalized Frequency ( rad/sample)

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 66
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

WRITE A MATLOB CODE TO DESIGN AFIR FILTER USING KAISER

WINDOW APPROXIMATION

AIM: Design and implementation of FIR filter to meet given specifications (low pass
filter using Kaiser Window).
OBJECTIVE:
1. To design the FIR filter by Kaiser Window using the inbuilt MATLAB function
“FIR1 and Kaiser”.
2. To verify the result by theoretical calculations.

PROGRAM:
clc;
fcut=input('enter the cutoff frequency=');
fs=input('enter the sampling frequency=');
N=input('enter the order of the filter=');
wc=2*fcut/fs;
L=N+1;
w=kaiser(L);
b=fir1(N,wc,'low',w)
freqz(b)
title('FIR filter using kaiser');

OUTPUT:

Enter the cutoff frequency=100

Enter the sampling frequency=1000

Enter the order of the filter=10

b=

Columns 1 through 9

0.0000 0.0388 0.0851 0.1292 0.1608 0.1723 0.1608 0.1292 0.0851

Columns 10 through 11

0.0388 0.0000

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 67
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

Graph:

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 68
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

WRITE A MATLOB CODE TO DESIGN AFIR FILTER USING

RECTWIN WINDOW APPROXIMATION

AIM: Design and implementation of FIR filter to meet given specifications (low pass
filter using rectwin window).
OBJECTIVE:
1. To design the FIR filter by Rectwin window using the inbuilt MATLAB function
“FIR1 and rectwin”.
2. To verify the result by theoretical calculations.

PROGRAM:
clc;
fcut=input('enter the cutoff frequency=');
fs=input('enter the sampling frequency=');
N=input('enter the order of the filter=');
wc=2*fcut/fs;
L=N+1;
w=rectwin(L);
b=fir1(N,wc,'low',w)
freqz(b)
title('FIR filter using rectwin');

OUTPUT:

Enter the cutoff frequency=100

Enter the sampling frequency=1000

Enter the order of the filter=10

b=

Columns 1 through 9

0.0000 0.0399 0.0861 0.1291 0.1596 0.1706 0.1596 0.1291 0.0861

Columns 10 through 11

0.0399 0.0000

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 69
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

Graph:

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 70
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

8- DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF IIR FILTER TO MEET GIVEN

SPECIFICATIONS.
AIM: Design and implementation of IIR filter to meet given specifications.

OBJECTIVE:
1- To design the BUTTERWORTH filter to meet the given specification using the
MATLAB functions BUTTORD and BUTTER
2- Bilinear transformation for analog-to-digital filter conversion using function
“BILINEAR”
3- To design the CHEBYSHEV filter to meet the given specification using the
MATLAB function cheb1ord and cheby1
4- To verify the result by theoretical calculations.

Buttord: Butterworth filter order and cutoff frequency

Syntax: [n,Wn] = buttord(Wp,Ws,Rp,Rs)
[n,Wn] = buttord(Wp,Ws,Rp,Rs,'s')
Description: buttord calculates the minimum order of a digital or analog Butterworth
filter required to meet a set of filter design specifications.

Butter: Butterworth IIR filter design using specification object

Syntax:
hd = design(d,'butter')
hd = design(d,'butter',designoption,value...)
Description:
hd = design(d,'butter') designs a Butterworth IIR digital filter using the
specifications supplied in the object d.
hd = design(d,'butter',designoption,value...) returns a Butterworth IIR filter
where you specify a design option and value.

cheby1: Chebyshev Type I filter using specification object

Syntax:
hd = design(d,'cheby1')
hd = design(d,'cheby1',designoption,value,designoption, value,...)
Description:

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 71
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

hd = design(d,'cheby1') designs a type I Chebyshev IIR digital filter using the

specifications supplied in the object d. Depending on the filter specification object,
cheby1 may or may not be a valid design. Use designmethods with the filter
specification object to determine if a Chebyshev type I filter design is possible.
hd = design(d,'cheby1',designoption,value,designoption, value,...) returns a type I
Chebyshev IIR filter where you specify design options as input arguments.

cheb1ord: Chebyshev Type I filter order

Syntax:
[n,Wp] = cheb1ord(Wp,Ws,Rp,Rs)
[n,Wp] = cheb1ord(Wp,Ws,Rp,Rs,'s')
Description:
cheb1ord calculates the minimum order of a digital or analog Chebyshev Type I
filter required to meet a set of filter design specifications.
Digital Domain [n,Wp] = cheb1ord(Wp,Ws,Rp,Rs) returns the lowest order n of
the Chebyshev Type I filter that loses no more than Rp dB in the passband and has at
least Rs dB of attenuation in the stopband. The scalar (or vector) of corresponding
cutoff frequencies Wp, is also returned. Use the output arguments n and Wp with the
cheby1 function.

Freqs: Frequency response of analog filters

Syntax:
h = freqs(b,a,w)
[h,w] = freqs(b,a,n)
Description:
freqs returns the complex frequency response H(jω) (Laplace transform) of an
analog filter

𝐵(𝑠) 𝑏(1)𝑠 𝑛 + 𝑏(2)𝑠 𝑛−1 + ⋯ … . +𝑏(𝑛 + 1)

𝐻 (𝑠 ) = =
𝐴(𝑠) 𝑎(1)𝑠 𝑚 + 𝑎(2)𝑠 𝑚−1 + ⋯ … . +𝑎(𝑚 + 1)

Given the numerator and denominator coefficients in vectors b and a.

h = freqs(b,a,w) returns the complex frequency response of the analog filter
specified by coefficient vectors b and a. freqs evaluates the frequency response along

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 72
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

the imaginary axis in the complex plane at the angular frequencies in rad/s specified in
real vector w, where w is a vector containing more than one frequency.
[h,w] = freqs(b,a,n) uses n frequency points to compute the frequency response,
h, where n is a real, scalar value. The frequency vector w is auto-generated and has
length n. If you omit n as an input, 200 frequency points are used. If you do not need the
generated frequency vector returned, you can use the form h = freqs (b,a,n) to return
only the frequency response, h.

Freqz: Frequency response of filter

Syntax:
[h,w] = freqz(hfilt)
[h,w] = freqz(hfilt,n)
freqz(hfilt)
[h,w] = freqz(hs)
[h,w] = freqz(hs,n)
[h,w] = freqz(hs,Name,Value)
freqz(hs)
Description:
freqz returns the frequency response based on the current filter coefficients. This
section describes common freqz operation with adaptive filters, discrete-time filters,
multirate filters, and filter System objects.
[h,w] = freqz(hfilt) returns the frequency response h and the corresponding frequencies
w at which the filter response of hfilt is computed. The frequency response is evaluated
at 8192 points equally spaced around the upper half of the unit circle.

Bilinear: Bilinear transformation method for analog-to-digital filter conversion

Syntax:
[zd,pd,kd] = bilinear(z,p,k,fs)
[zd,pd,kd] = bilinear(z,p,k,fs,fp)
[numd,dend] = bilinear(num,den,fs)
[numd,dend] = bilinear(num,den,fs,fp)
[Ad,Bd,Cd,Dd] = bilinear(A,B,C,D,fs)
[Ad,Bd,Cd,Dd] = bilinear(A,B,C,D,fs,fp)
Description:

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 73
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

The bilinear transformation is a mathematical mapping of variables. In digital

filtering, it is a standard method of mapping the s or analog plane into the z or digital
plane. It transforms analog filters, designed using classical filter design techniques, into
their discrete equivalents.
The bilinear transformation maps the s-plane into the z-plane by
𝐻 (𝑧) = 𝐻 (𝑠)|𝑠=2𝑓 𝑧−1
𝑧 𝑧+1

This transformation maps the jΩ axis (from Ω = –∞ to +∞) repeatedly around the unit
circle (ejw, from ω = –π to π) by
Ω
𝑤 = 2 tan−1
2𝑓𝑠
Impinvar: Impulse invariance method for analog-to-digital filter conversion
Syntax:
[bz,az] = impinvar(b,a,fs)
[bz,az] = impinvar(b,a,fs,tol)
Description:
[bz,az] = impinvar(b,a,fs) creates a digital filter with numerator and denominator
coefficients bz and az, respectively, whose impulse response is equal to the impulse
response of the analog filter with coefficients b and a, scaled by 1/fs. If you leave out the
argument fs, or specify fs as the empty vector , it takes the default value of 1 Hz.

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 74
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

WRITE A MATLAB CODE TO DESIGN ANALOG BUTTERWORTH

LOW PASS FILTERS.
PROGRAM:
clc;
fp=input('enter the passband edge frequency=');
fs=input('enter the stopband edge frequency=');
ap=input('enter the passband attenuation=');
as=input('enter the stopband attenuation=');
wp=2*pi*fp;
ws=2*pi*fs;
[n,wn]=buttord(wp,ws,ap,as,'s')
[z,p]=butter(n,wn,'low','s')
disp('the order of lowpass filter is')
disp(n)
printsys(z,p)
freqs(z,p)clc;
title('analog butterworth low pass filter');

OUTPUT:

Enter the pass band edge frequency=250

Enter the stop band edge frequency=750

Enter the pass band attenuation=3

Enter the stop band attenuation=15

n=

wn =

2.0032e+03

z=
1.0e+06 *

0 0 4.0129

p=

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 75
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

1.0e+06 *

0.0000 0.0028 4.0129

The order of low pass filter is

2

Num/den =

4012915.1817
--------------------------------
s^2 + 2832.9897 s + 4012915.1817

Graph:

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 76
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

WRITE A MAT LAB CODE TO DESIGN ANALOG BUTTERWORTH

HIGH PASS FILTERS.

PROGRAM:
clc;
fp=input('enter the passband edge frequency=');
fs=input('enter the stopband edge frequency=');
ap=input('enter the passband attenuation=');
as=input('enter the stopband attenuation=');
wp=2*pi*fp;
ws=2*pi*fs;
[n,wn]=buttord(wp,ws,ap,as,'s')
[z,p]=butter(n,wn,'high','s')
disp('the order of highpass filter is')
disp(n)
printsys(z,p)
freqs(z,p)
title('analog butterworth high pass filter');
OUTPUT:

Enter the pass band edge frequency=250

Enter the stop band edge frequency=750
Enter the pass band attenuation=3
Enter the stop band attenuation=15
n=
2

wn =

2.0032e+03

z=

1 0 0

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 77
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

p=

1.0e+06 *

0.0000 0.0028 4.0129

the order of highpass filter is

Num/den =

S^2

--------------------------------

s^2 + 2832.9897 s + 4012915.1817

Graph:

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 78
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

WRITE A MATLAB CODE TO DESIGN ANALOG CHEBYSBES

LOWPASS FILTER.

PROGRAM:
clc;
fp=input('enter the passband edge frequency =');
fs=input('enter the stopband edge frequency =');
Ap=input('enter the passsband attenuation =');
As=input('enter the stopband attenuation');
wp=2*pi*fp;
ws=2*pi*fs;
[n,wp]=cheb1ord(wp,ws,Ap,As,'s');
[b,a]=cheby1(n,wp,Ap,'low','s');
disp('the order of lowpass filter is')
disp(n)
printsys(b,a)
freqs(b,a)
title('chebyshev');

OUTPUT:

Enter the pass band edge frequency =250

Enter the stop band edge frequency =750
Enter the pass band attenuation =3
Enter the stop band attenuation15
The order of low pass filter is
2
Num/den =

1.2984e-78

----------

s^2 + 4.5

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 79
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

Graph:

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 80
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

WRITE A MATLAB CODE TO DESIGN A ANALOG CHEBYSBES

HIGHPASS FILTER

PROGRAM:
clc;
fp=input('enter the passband edge frequency =');
fs=input('enter the stopband edge frequency =');
Ap=input('enter the passsband attenuation =');
As=input('enter the stopband attenuation');
wp=2*pi*fp;
ws=2*pi*fs;
[n,wp]=cheb1ord(wp,ws,Ap,As,'s');
[b,a]=cheby1(n,wp,Ap,'high','s');
disp('the order of highpass filter is')
disp(n)
printsys(b,a)
freqs(b,a)
title('chebyshev');
OUTPUT:

Enter the passband edge frequency =250

Enter the stopband edge frequency =750

Enter the passsband attenuation =3

Enter the stopband attenuation15

The order of lowpass filter is

num/den =

2.8853e-79 s^2

--------------

s^2 + 18

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 81
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

Graph:

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 82
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

WRITE A MATLAB CODE TO DESIGN LOWPASS FILTER USING

BILINEAR TRANSFORMATION
PROGRAM:
clc;
fs=input('enter the sampling frequency=');
pf=input('enter the passband edge frequency=');
sf=input('enter the stopband frequency=');
ap=input('enter the passband attenuation=');
as=input('enter the stopband attenuation=');
pf1=2*pi*(pf/fs);
sf1=2*pi*(sf/fs);
wp=2*tan(pf1/2);
ws=2*tan(sf1/2);
[n,wn]=buttord(wp,ws,ap,as,'s');
[b,a]=butter(n,wn,'low','s');
disp('the order of the filter is')
disp(n)
disp('system function in analog')
printsys(b,a,'s');
fs=1;
[z,p]=bilinear(b,a,fs)
disp('system function in digital')
printsys(z,p,'z');
freqz(z,p)
title('lowpass filter');

OUTPUT:

Enter the sampling frequency=2000

Enter the passband edge frequency=250
Enter the stopband frequency=750
Enter the passband attenuation=3
Enter the stopband attenuation=15

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 83
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

The order of the filter is

1
System function in analog
Num/den = 0.87254
-----------
s + 0.87254
z=
0.3038 0.3038
p=
1.0000 -0.3925

System function in digital

num/den = 0.30375 z + 0.30375
-------------------
z - 0.3925
Graph:

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 84
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

WRITE A MATLAB CODE TO DESIGN DIGITAL BUTTER WORD

LOWPASS FILTER USING IMPULSE INVARIENT TRANSFORMATION

PROGRAM:
clc;
fs=input('enter the sampling frequency=');
pf=input('enter the passband edge frequency=');
sf=input('enter the stopband frequency=');
ap=input('enter the passband attenuation=');
as=input('enter the stopband attenuation=');
wp=2*pi*(pf/fs);
ws=2*pi*(sf/fs);
[n,wn]=buttord(wp,ws,ap,as,'s');
[b,a]=butter(n,wn,'low','s');
disp('the order of the filter is')
disp(n)
disp('system function is analog')
printsys(b,a,'s');
fs=1;
[z,p]=impinvar(b,a,fs);
disp('system function is digital')
printsys(z,p,'z');
freqz(z,p)
title('lowpass filter');

OUTPUT:

Enter the sampling frequency=2000

Enter the passband edge frequency=250
Enter the stopband frequency=750
Enter the passband attenuation=3
Enter the stopband attenuation=15
The order of the filter is
2

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 85
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

System function is analog

Num/den =
1.0032
-----------------------
s^2 + 1.4165 s + 1.0032
system function is digital

num/den =

0.45381 z
-------------------------
z^2 - 0.74812 z + 0.24256

Graph:

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 86
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

HARDWARE PROGRAMS

C-PROGRAM TO PERFORM LINEAR CONVOLUTION BETWEEN TWO

SEQUENCES

PROGRAM:

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int m=4;
int n=4;
int i=0,j;
int x[10]={1,2,1,1};
int h[10]={1,2,3,4};
int*y=(int*)0x0000100;
for(i=0;i<m+n-1;i++)
{
y[i]=0;
for(j=0;j<=i;j++)
y[i]+=x[j]*h[i-j];
}
for(i=0;i<m+n-1;i++)
printf("%d\n",y[i]);
}

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 87
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

C-PROGRAM TO PERFORM CIRCULAR CONVOLUTION BETWEEN

TWO SEQUENCES

PROGRAM:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
void main()
{
float x[4]={1,2,3,4};
float h[4]={1,2,1,1};
float*y=(float*)0x0000100;
int N=4;
int k,n,i;
for(n=0;n<N;n++)
{
y[n]=0;
for(k=0;k<N;k++)
{
i=(n-k)%N;
if(i<0)
i=i+n;
y[n]=y[n]+h[k]*x[i];
}
printf("%f\t",y[n]);
}
}

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 88
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

C-PROGRAM TO GET IMPULSE RESPONSE FOR THE GIVEN FILTER

COEFFICIENTS
PROGRAM:

#include <stdio.h>
float x[50],y[50];
void main()
{
float a0,a1,a2,b0,b1,b2;
int i,j,N=5;
a0=1;
a1=-3.5;
a2=1.5;
b0=3;
b1=-4;
b2=0;
x[0]=1;
for (i=1;i<N;i++)
x[i]=0;
for (j=0;j<N;j++)
{
y[j]=b0*x[j]-a0*y[j];
if (j>0)
y[j]=y[j]+b1*x[j-1]-a1*y[j-1];
if ((j-1)>0)
y[j]=y[j]+b2*x[j-2]-a2*y[j-2];
printf("%f\t",y[j]);
}
}

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 89
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY (17ECL57)

C-PROGRAM TO PERFORM N-POINT DFT BETWEEN TWO

SEQUENCES
PROGRAM:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
void main()
{
float x[8]={1,1,1,1,0,0,0,0};
float w;
int n,k,k1,N=8,xlen=8;
float*y=(float*)0x0000100;
float*y1=(float*)0x0000000;
for(k=0;k<2*N;k+2)
{
y[k]=0;
y1[k+1]=0;
k1=k/2;
for(n=0;n<xlen;n++)
{
w=2*3.14*k1*n/N;
y[k]=y[k]+x[n]*cos(w);
y1[k+1]=y1[k+1]+x[n]*sin(w);
}
printf("%f+j%f\n",y[k],y1[k+1]);
}
}

Dept of ECE, BGSIT, B.G Nagara, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District. Page 90