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Southern Mindanao Institute of Technology, Inc.

Brgy. Buenaflor, National Highway, Tacurong City

Criminology Department

(A.Y. 2020-2021)

MODULE FOR TRAFFIC

MANAGEMENT AND ACCIDENT

INVESTIGATION WITH DRIVING

DATE: OCTOBER 21, 2020

PREPARED BY:

Mark Jayson P. Muyco, R. Crim.

Instructor
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PREFACE

This module wishes to provide essential and vital knowledge and information regarding traffic management and
accident investigation with driving, in relation to the course bachelor of science in criminology. In accordance to
CHED Memorandum Order No. 5 series of 2018, this reading material is within the bounds of the said CMO.

This module is prepared and made to totally understand the basic principle in traffic management and accident
investigation with driving. The topics were also comprise of different textbooks, handouts and reading materials
regarding traffic management and accident investigation with driving in relation to R.A. 11131 or an act
regulating the practice of criminology profession in the Philippines, and appropriating funds therefor, repealing
for the purpose of R.A. 6506 otherwise known as “an act creating the board of examiners for criminologist in the
Philippines”.

This material is especially designed for criminology students for them to easily understand the essential and
basic matters regarding the traffic accident investigation and hit-and-run accident ivestigation. However,
students were highly encouraged to read and research further about this subject matter to fully enhance their
knowledge.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

FRONTPAGE ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------ 1

PREFACE -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2

TABLE OF CONTENTS ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3

LESSON 1: TRAFFIC ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION 4

LESSON 2: HIT-AND-RUN ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION 10

ACTIVITY 1 14

ACTIVITY 2 15

ACTIVITY 3 16

ACTIVITY 4 18
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LESSON 1

TRAFFIC ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

OJECTIVES: at the end of the lesson, the student shall be able to:

 Acquire general knowledge about traffic accident investigation

 Discuss the process of traffic accident investigation

TRAFFIC ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION – Generally, to know what question to ask and what to look for, you must
have some fundamental bearing on accidents and their causes. When you speak of traffic accident, everybody
knows what you mean – SOMETHING WENT WRONG on the highway, either a wrecked car, somebody is injured
or possibly killed.

A. WHAT TRAFFIC ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION DETERMINES? It aims to know the five (5) “W’s” and one (1)
“H” of the incident:
1. What happened?
2. Who and what was involved.
3. Where did it happen?
4. How did the accident occur?
5. Why did it happen?
6. When did the accident happen?
B. PURPOSES OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION. There are four (4) main reasons, depending on who
does the investigation:
1. Everyone involved is curious about the causes and circumstances of the accident.
2. For the police – to find out whether there is enough evidence of law violation in the accident.
3. Claims attorneys and adjusters want to determine negligence on the part of the drivers involved in
the accident so that damage claims can be properly adjusted.
4. Officials and others want specific information about accidents to know how to prevent future
accidents.
C. COMMON WORDS AND PHRASES USED IN TRAFFIC ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION. The following words
and phrases with their corresponding meaning are often used in the process.
1. ACCIDENT. It is that occurrence is a sequence of events which usually produces unintended injury,
death, or property damage.
2. TRAFFIC ACCIDENT. An accident involving travel transportation on a traffic way.
3. MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENT. Events resulting in unintended injury or property damage attributable
directly or indirectly to the action of a motor vehicle or its loads. Included are:
a. Accidental injury from inhalation of exhaust gas;
b. Fires;
c. Explosion;
d. Discharge of firearm within the motor vehicle while in motion;
e. Collision between a motor vehicle and a railroad train or street car on stationary rails or tracks; and
f. Failure of any part of the motor vehicle while the vehicle is in motion.
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EXCLUDED ARE:
a. Collision of a motor vehicle with an aircraft or water craft in motion:
b. Injury or damaged due to cataclysms (flood or sudden physical change of the earth surface) and
c. Injury or damage while the motor vehicle is not under its power is being loaded on or unloaded from
another conveyance.
4. MOTOR VEHICLE. Every device which is self-propelled and every vehicle which is propelled by electric
power obtained from overhead trolley wires, but not operated upon rails.
5. KEY EVENT. An event on the road which characterizes the manner of occurrence of a motor vehicle
traffic accident.
6. DEBRIS. The scattered broken parts of vehicles, rubbish, dust, and other materials left at the scene of the
accident caused by a collision.
7. SKID MARKS. These are marks left on the roadway by tires which are not free to rotate, usually because
brakes are applied strong and the wheels locked.
8. TRAFFIC UNIT. Any person using a traffic way for travel, parking or other purposes as a pedestrian or
driver, including any vehicle, or animal which he is using. It applies not only to motor vehicles but also
to:
a. Pedestrians;
b. Cyclist;
c. Street cars;
d. Horse-drawn (animal-drawn) vehicles;
e. Farm tractors; and
f. Other road users in almost any combination – example; a traffic accident could involve a cyclist and
a pedestrian.
9. HAZARDS. A hazard is generated when a critical space-motion relationship between a traffic unit and
another object develops due to the movement of either or both. Example: A curve in the path is a
hazard. Another traffic unit in the path is also a hazard.
10. SAFE SPEED. The speed adjusted to the potential or possible hazards or the road and traffic situation
ahead. Safe speed on the road is determined by the road rather than the particular driver of a vehicle.
Example: A curve ahead is a hazard and a safe speed for it is a speed at which it can be taken
comfortably.
11. STRATEGY. It is the adjusting of speed, position on the road, and direction of motion, giving signals of
intent to turn or slow down, or any other action in situations involving potential hazards.
12. TACTIC. Any action taken by the traffic unit to avoid hazardous situations like steering, braking, or
accelerating to avoid collision or other accident.
13. IMPACT. The striking of one body against another or a collision of a motor vehicle with another motor
vehicle.
14. CONTACT DAMAGE. Damage to a vehicle resulting from direct pressure of some foreign object in a
collision or roll over. It is usually indicated by striations, rub-off of material or puncture.
15. FACTOR. Any circumstance contributing to a result without which the result could not have occurred or
it is an element necessary to produce the result, but not by itself sufficient.
16. PRIMARY CAUSE. A misnomer loosely applied to the most obvious or easily explained factor in the cause
of an accident or the most easily modified condition factor.
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17. CAUSE. The combination of simultaneous and sequential factors without anyone of which result could
not have occurred.
18. ATTRIBUTE. Any inherent characteristics of a road, a vehicle, or a person that affects the probability of a
traffic accident.
19. MODIFIER. A circumstance that alters an attribute permanently or temporarily.

KINDS OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS

In the investigation of traffic accidents, it is imperative for the traffic investigator to know the kinds of
accidents occurred in order to map out the necessary activities to be done when responding and investigating.

1. NON-MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC ACCIDENT

- refers to any accident occurring on a traffic way involving persons using the traffic way or travel or
transportation, but not involving a motor vehicle in motion (ex. Pedestrian and a cyclist in a traffic way)
2. MOTOR VEHICLE NON-TRAFFIC ACCIDENT
- any motor vehicle accident which occurs entirely in any place other than a traffic way (ex. Accident on a
private driveway)

3. MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC ACCIDENT

- any motor vehicle accident occurring on a traffic way (ex. Collision between automobiles on a highway)

CHAIN OF EVENTS IN A VEHICULAR ACCIDENT

1. PERCEPTION OF HAZARD – it is seeing, feeling or hearing and understanding the usual or unexpected
movement or condition that could be taken as a sign of an accident about to happen
2. START OF EVASIVE ACTION – it is the first action taken by a traffic unit to escape from a collision course
or otherwise avoid a hazard
3. INITIAL CONTACT – the first accidental touching of an object collision course or otherwise avoids a
hazard
4. MAXIMUM ENGAGEMENT – it is the greatest collapse or overlap in a collision; the force between the
traffic unit and the object collided with are greatest at maximum engagement
5. DISENGAGEMENT – it is the separation of a traffic unit in motion from an object with which it has
collided; the force between the object ceases at this time
6. STOPPING – this is when the traffic units involved come to rest; it usually stabilizes the accident
situation
7. INJURY – it is receiving bodily harm; this event does not necessarily occur after the accident but within
any of the chain of events; it may also happen right after the evasive action taken by the drivers involved
or during the initial contact

FIVE LEVELS OF ACTIVITY IN ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION. In the investigation of traffic accidents, the police are
guided by the following stages or levels of investigation.

1. REPORTING – This stage involves basic data collection to identify and classify a motor vehicle, traffic and
persons, property and planned movements involved.

2. AT-SCENE INVESTIGATION – this level involves all action taken by the investigator at the scene of the
crime or accident.
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3. TECNICHAL PREPARATION – this involves delayed traffic accident data collection and organization for
study and interpretation.

4. PROFESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION – this involves efforts to determine from whatever information is

available, how the accident happened.

5. CAUSE ANALYSIS – this last level usually involves final analysis on the causes of accident which are bases
for the prevention of similar accident. /xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx/

STEPS TO BE TAKEN DURING TRAFFIC ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

STEP 1. UPON LEARNING THE INCIDENT CHECK THE FOLLOWING

1. What happened
2. Who are involved
3. Where and when it happened
4. How it happened
5. Why it happened

STEP 2. WHEN EMERGENCY UNDER CONTROL

1. Preliminary question to driver
- who is driving
- ascertain sign of nervousness
2. Gather clues for identification
3. Ask other witnesses
4. Examine driver’s condition
- check the license and other record
- check registration
- verify ownership
- account step by step events
5. Position and location of vehicles
- lights
- gear position
- mark the position of vehicle
- look for the unusual things inside the car
6. Form preliminary opinion
7. Photograph skid mark and location for later measuring
8. Record place in which person/ damaged vehicle is placed

STEP 3. AFTER GETTING SHORT-LIVED EVIDENCE

1. Make a test skid
2. Ascertain if the violation is tantamount to arrest
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3. Complete examination of vehicle

4. Locate key event or point of impact
5. Additional photographs
- vehicle damages
- view obstruction
- present condition
- control devices
6. Measure scale or diagram
7. Get additional facts at the scene
8. Report to station by radio

STEP 4. AFTER LEAVING THE SCENE

1. Get the medical report
2. Notify the relatives
3. Develop the photographs
4. Analyze the specimen
5. Complete accident report, made copies and file.
6. Complete data on the investigators’ report
7. Reconstruct the accident
8. Complete the investigation and file it

STEP 5. IF THE CASE GOES TO COURT

1. Seek the desire of the prosecutor to strengthen the case.
2. Return to the scene of the incident to gather additional data.
3. Make a pre-trial conference
4. Testify in court
5. Arrange the file for future purposes

IN CASE OF INJURIES:
1. Stop arterial bleeding
2. Ask for help
3. Protect the wound for exposure
4. Cordon the place

CLASSIFICATION OF VEHICLE ACCIDENT ACCORDING TO SEVERITY

1. Slight – only slight damages
2. Non-Fatal – this results in injuries other than fatal to one or more persons.
3. Fatal – this results to death to one or more persons.
4. Less serious – only less serious injuries to persons
5. Serious – this cause serious injury to persons.
6. Property damage – there is no fatal or injury to any person but only damage to the motor vehicle or to
other property including injury to animals.
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CLASSIFICATION OF VEHICLE ACCIDENT ACCORDING TO KEY EVENT

1. Running off road – this is usually characterized by a motor vehicle falling on the roadside or on a cliff
along mountainous roads.
2. Non-collision on road – (over-turning) this does not involve any collision,
3. Collision on road – on the other hand, this type of accident includes all forms of accident as long as there is
a collision. Example:
- pedestrian
- moving vehicle
- parked vehicle
- bicycle
- railroad train
- fixed objects

CAUSES OF MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC ACCIDENT

A. SIMULTANEOUS FACTORS
- Road condition
- Driver’s attitude
- Weather condition
B. SEQUENTIAL FACTORS
- Unsafe greater speed
- Defective vehicle
C. OPERATIONAL FACTOR
- Road hazard
- driver’s non compliance
D. PERCEPTION FACTOR
- driver’s inability to react
- driver’s faulty action to escape

LESSON 2

HIT-AND-RUN IVESTIGATION

OBJECTIVES: at the end of the lesson, the student shall be able to:

 Acquire general knowledge regarding the hit-and-run investigation

 Discuss the process of hit-and-run investigation

A. HIT-AND-RUN CASES DEFINED. Evading responsibility is a term commonly applied to a traffic accident in
which a driver fails to comply with any of the duties required by section 55 of RA 4136. Further, it states
that no driver of a motor vehicle concerned in a vehicle accident shall leave the scene of accident
without aiding the victim, except under any of the following circumstances, as discussed earlier.
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B. REASONS OF APPREHENDING AND PROSECUTING HIT-AND-RUN DRIVERS. Hit-and-run drivers must be

apprehended and the proper charges must be filed against them because of the following reasons:
1. Injury might have been lessened or death prevented if the driver had promptly sought help instead
of leaving the accident scene.
2. Streets would not be safe if motorist could flee accident scenes without accepting responsibility.
Unless the negligent driver is found, accident victims cannot get compensation for injuries and
property damage.
3. Public knowledge that the police usually apprehended and convict hit-and-run drivers deters who
might otherwise be inclined to evade responsibility by committing this serious offense; and
4. Since leaving the scene of accident is not socially acceptable, the police secure increased public
support for the entire traffic control program by prompt apprehension and successful prosecution of
these offenders.
C. ELEMENTS OF HIT AND RUN. To attain the objective of identifying and apprehending the hit-and-run
driver, as the investigator:
1. You must prove suspect was driving the vehicle at the time of the accident. Even if you have
witnesses to prove this, get evidence to disprove his alibi.
2. Suspect was involved in an accident resulting to death, personal injury or damage to property.
3. Suspect failed to stop, give aide or information as to his identity to the person(s) involved, to police
or to anyone at the accident scene; or failed to take reasonable steps to notify the owner of
damaged property other than the vehicle. Do not overlook the possibility of a simulated second
accident to explain damaged caused by the first accident.
4. Suspect had knowledge of the accident.
a. Physical evidence may prove the vehicle figured in the accident.
b. Extent of damage to vehicle. Extensive damage to vehicle would preclude allegation of lack of
knowledge. If suspect refrained from using his vehicle for several days since the accident, this
would also indicate guilt.
c. Guard against claims that the vehicle was stolen to evade responsibility.
D. THE HIT-AND-RUN OPERATOR. The personality of the hit-and-run driver may be one of the following:
1. Three categories based upon possible psychological explanations for their motivation of flight:
a. Apprehensive-panic-drive, fearful driver: intoxicated drivers; without license; no insurance; his
companion in the car is not her/his mate; stolen car; stolen goods in car; leaving the scene of
another crime; and fleeing crime scene or wanted for crime.
b. Projectionist-projects guilt. This type of drivers sits as judge and jury, tries the case himself, finds
the other driver at fault refuses to be a party to the accident and drives off as the offended
person.
c. The sneak-operator. This type involves minor property-damaged-only accidents like one that
smashes a fender and smashes grillwork in his daily occupational activities and chalks up his
action as the calculated risk shared by all vehicle owners who place their vehicles on the
roadway.
2. Classes of hit-and-run drivers. They could be: drunk drivers; criminals fleeing from the scene of the
crime; improperly licensed drivers or drivers with no license or with revoked or expired licensed;
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drivers who fear publicity and prosecution; ignorance of the accident; driver who flees in panic; drug
addicts, insurance or financial reasons; and or juveniles.
E. PRELIMINARY STEPS IN HIT-AND-RUN INVESTIGATION. The following usually serve as the guideline for
hit-and-run cases investigators:
1. Refer to checklist of accident investigation.
2. Obtain the best possible descriptions of the car and driver.
a. A good description may be obtained from partial descriptions given by witnesses.
b. Get the license plate and any unusual features of the vehicle.
c. Concentrate on the cars description first.
d. Dispatch initial description and all subsequent information to the headquarters and to police
agencies that may assist in spotting and stopping the suspect vehicle.
e. Broadcast descriptions of the suspected car and driver to all police units and offices.
f. Try to determine the damage to the fleeing car.
3. Appeal for information through local newspapers, radio, t.v. and etc.
4. Carefully search the hit-and-run scene for physical evidence.
a. These may include broken glasses and fragments, hubcaps, paint scrapping from hit-and-run car,
other evidence such as dirt from subject car, radiator, ornament, etc.
b. Carefully preserve and label all evidence found at the scene.
c. Request laboratory study of evidence.
d. Watch out for the possible return of the hit-and-run driver to the scene of the accident. This has
been known to happen.
5. The victim
a. Check his clothing; other parts of his body, tire marks, grease, paint chips, fragments, and such
things that might have been left on him by the suspect car.
b. If the victim is killed, get samples of uncontaminated blood from him at the morgue and samples
of hair, skin etc.
c. Collect and preserve for laboratory examination, the clothes, shoes, and other items he was
wearing at the time of accident.
F. FOLLOW UP INVESTIGATION. During follow up investigation, the investigator should:
1. Interview persons living along the route taken by the hit-and-run driver; also operators of filling
stations and garages.
2. Canvas parking lots and other filling stations and garages.
3. Return to the accident scene at the same time on subsequent days and on the same day of the
following weeks to obtain additional witnesses such as delivery men operating on scheduled routes.
4. Follow-up phone calls to garages and dealers of auto parts.
5. Continue appealing for information through the press, radio and TV.
G. SEARCH FOR SUCPECT CAR. if it is located and recovered:
1. Look for physical evidence, such as latent fingerprints, pieces of clothing, marks, damaged parts,
hair, blood, etc. which will identify the car as the involved in the hit-and-run accident.
2. Search the undercarriage of the suspect car. Determine also if there is indication of disturbance in
the grease or dirt adhering to it.
3. Make a careful investigation for replaced parts.
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H. INTERVIEW OF SUSPECT. When the suspect is apprehended:

1. Obtain a signed statement if you can.
2. Get a full account of suspect’s whereabouts and write it down just in case he refutes in later.
3. Approach and apprehend the driver of the suspect car as soon as his identity and whereabouts are
ascertained.
4. Place the driver in a defensive position by properly directed questions upon approach.

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E-N-D

REFERENCES

DELIZO, DARLITO BERNARD G, Ph. D, CE (2014) “TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION”
SECOND EDITION

HOLY CHILD REVIEW MATERIALS

WWW.SCRIBD.COM
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ACTIVITY SHEETS
IN
CDI 4
(TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION W/ DRIVING)

GENERAL INSTRUCTION: PLEASE PRINT THE FOLLOWING ACTIVITY SHEETS AND ANSWER IT ACURATELY AND
LEGIBLY. PROVIDE ALSO A SHORT BROWN FOLDER FOR YOUR ACTIVITY SHEETS. SUBMISSION DATE WILL BE
BEFORE THE FINALS EXAMINATION PERIOD.
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SOUTHERN MINDANAO INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.

NATIONAL HIGHWAY, BRGY. BUENAFLOR,

TACURONG CITY

ACTIVITY NUMBER 1 IN CDI 4

NAME:___________________________________ DATE:______________

COURSE & YEAR: __________________________ INSTRUCTOR: MARK JAYSON P. MUYCO, RCRIM

INSTRUCTION: DEFINE EACH STATEMENT BRIEFLY. ANSWERS MUST NOT BE LESS THAN 65 WORDS.

1. TRAFFIC ENGINEERING. _________________________________________________________________

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2. TRAFFIC EDUCATION. ___________________________________________________________________

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3. TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT. ________________________________________________________________

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4. TRAFFIC ECOLOGY OR ENVIRONMENT. _____________________________________________________

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5. TRAFFIC ECONOMY. ____________________________________________________________________

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SOUTHERN MINDANAO INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.

NATIONAL HIGHWAY, BRGY. BUENAFLOR,

TACURONG CITY

ACTIVITY NUMBER 2 IN CDI 4

NAME:___________________________________ DATE:______________

COURSE & YEAR: __________________________ INSTRUCTOR: MARK JAYSON P. MUYCO, RCRIM

INSTRUCTION: DEFINE EACH STATEMENT BRIEFLY. ANSWERS MUST NOT BE LESS THAN 65 WORDS.

1. DISCUSS THE SECTION 19 OF RA 4136. _____________________________________________________

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2. DISCUSS THE SECTION 35 OF RA 4136. _____________________________________________________

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3. IS THE RULE RIGHT OF WAY NECESSARY? WHY OR WHY NOT? __________________________________

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4. WHAT IS THE IMPORTANCE OF TRAFFIC CONTROL? ___________________________________________

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SOUTHERN MINDANAO INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.

NATIONAL HIGHWAY, BRGY. BUENAFLOR,

TACURONG CITY

ACTIVITY NUMBER 3 IN CDI 4

NAME:___________________________________ DATE:______________

COURSE & YEAR: __________________________ INSTRUCTOR: MARK JAYSON P. MUYCO, RCRIM

INSTRUCTION: RESEARCH FOR THE IMAGES OR PICTURES OF THE FOLLOWING:

I. DANGER WARNING SIGNS:

1. DANGEROUS BENDS
2. DANGEROUS LEFT BEND
3. DANGEROUS RIGHT BEND
4. DANGEROUS LEFT DOUBLE BEND
5. DANGEROUS RIGHT DOUBLE BEND
6. DANGEROUS INTERSECTION.
7. APPROACH INTERSECTION
8. APPROACH INTERSECTION, SIDE ROAD
9. APRROACH INTERSECTION, MERGING TRAFFIC
10. SWINGING BRIDGE
11. TRAFFIC LIGHT SIGNALS AHEAD
12. ROAD WORKS
13. PEDESTRIAN CROSSING
14. ANIMAL CROSSING
15. ROAD NARROW
16. UNEVEN ROAD, BAD CONDITION.
17. STEEP DESCENT
18. STEEP ASCENT
19. SLIPPERY ROAD.
20. QUAY OR RIVER
21. RUNABOUT AHEAD
22. TWO-WAY TRAFFIC
23. DANGER FALLING ROCKS
24. RAILROAD CROSSING.
II. REGULATORY SIGNS
1. NO ENTRY FOR ALL TYPES OF VEHICLES
2. NO ENTRY FOR VEHICLES DRAWING TRAILERS.
3. NO ENTRY FOR PEDESTRIANS
4. NO ENTRY FOR PUSH CARTS
5. NO LEFT TURN
6. NO RIGHT TURN
7. NO U-TURN
8. NO PARKING
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9. NO OVERTAKING
10. NO BLOWING OF HORNS
11. SPEED LIMIT.
12. STOP SIGN
13. YIELD SIGN
III. INFORMATIVE SIGN.
1. DIRECTIONAL SIGN
2. PLACE IDENTIFICATION SIGN
3. STOP SIGN FOR LOADING AND UNLOADING.

NOTE: PLEASE USE A SEPARATE BOND PAPER FOR PRINTING THE

IMAGES OR PICTURES OF THE SAID TRAFFIC SIGNS.
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SOUTHERN MINDANAO INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.

NATIONAL HIGHWAY, BRGY. BUENAFLOR,

TACURONG CITY

ACTIVITY NUMBER 4 IN CDI 4

NAME:___________________________________ DATE:______________

COURSE & YEAR: __________________________ INSTRUCTOR: MARK JAYSON P. MUYCO, RCRIM

INSTRUCTION: DEFINE EACH STATEMENT BRIEFLY. ANSWERS MUST NOT BE LESS THAN 65 WORDS.

1. DISCUSS THE CHAIN OF EVENTS IN A VEHICULAR ACCIDENT.

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2. DISCUSS THE FIVE LEVELS OF ACTIVITY IN ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION.
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