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Field Density Test: Sand Replacement Method Objective

This document provides the procedure for determining the in situ density of soils using a sand replacement method. Key steps include: [1] Calibrating the sand pouring cylinder volume using a calibrating container; [2] Determining the bulk density of an excavated soil sample by filling the hole with sand from the calibrated cylinder; [3] Determining the moisture content of the excavated soil and calculating the dry density based on the bulk density and moisture content. This test is used to evaluate compaction and determine bearing capacity, stability, and settlement.

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102 views

Field Density Test: Sand Replacement Method Objective

This document provides the procedure for determining the in situ density of soils using a sand replacement method. Key steps include: [1] Calibrating the sand pouring cylinder volume using a calibrating container; [2] Determining the bulk density of an excavated soil sample by filling the hole with sand from the calibrated cylinder; [3] Determining the moisture content of the excavated soil and calculating the dry density based on the bulk density and moisture content. This test is used to evaluate compaction and determine bearing capacity, stability, and settlement.

Uploaded by

Tsihatesfa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FIELD DENSITY TEST

SAND REPLACEMENT METHOD

OBJECTIVE

Determine the in situ density of natural or compacted soils using sand pouring cylinders.

NEED AND SCOPE

The in situ density of natural soil is needed for the determination of bearing capacity of soils, for
the purpose of stability analysis of slopes, for the determination of pressures on underlying strata
for the calculation of settlement and the design of underground structures.

It is very quality control test, where compaction is required, in the cases like embankment and
pavement construction.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

1. Sand pouring cylinder of 3 litre/16.5 litre capacity, mounted above a pouring come and
separated by a shutter cover plate.

2. Tools for excavating holes; suitable tools such as scraper tool to make a level surface.

3. Cylindrical calibrating container with an internal diameter of 100 mm/200 mm and an internal
depth of 150 mm/250 mm fitted with a flange 50 mm/75 mm wide and about 5 mm surrounding
the open end.

4. Balance to weigh unto an accuracy of 1g.

5. Metal containers to collect excavated soil.

6. Metal tray with 300 mm/450 mm square and 40 mm/50 mm deep with a 100 mm/200 mm
diameter hole in the centre.

7. Glass plate about 450 mm/600 mm square and 10mm thick.

8. Clean, uniformly graded natural sand passing through 1.00 mm I.S.sieve and retained on the
600micron I.S.sieve. It shall be free from organic matter and shall have been oven dried and
exposed to atmospheric humidity.

9. Suitable non-corrodible airtight containers.

10. Thermostatically controlled oven with interior on non-corroding material to maintain the
temperature between 1050C to 1100C.

11. A dessicator with any desiccating agent other than sulphuric acid.

THEORY

By conducting this test it is possible to determine the field density of the soil. The moisture
content is likely to vary from time and hence the field density also. So it is required to report the
test result in terms of dry density. The relationship that can be established between the dry
density with known moisture content is as follows:

PROCEDURE

Calibration of the Cylinder

1. Fill the sand pouring cylinder with clean sand so that the level of the sand in the cylinder is
within about 10 mm from the top. Find out the initial weight of the cylinder plus sand (W1) and
this weight should be maintained constant throughout the test for which the calibration is used.

2. Allow the sand of volume equal to that of the calibrating container to run out of the cylinder
by opening the shutter, close the shutter and place the cylinder on the glass sand takes place in
the cylinder close the shutter and remove the cylinder carefully. Weigh the sand collected on the
glass plate. Its weight(W2) gives the weight of sand filling the cone portion of the sand pouring
cylinder.
Repeat this step at least three times and take the mean weight (W2) Put the sand back into the
sand pouring cylinder to have the same initial constant weight (W1)

Determination of Bulk Density of Soil

3. Determine the volume (V) of the container be filling it with water to the brim. Check this
volume by calculating from the measured internal dimensions of the container.

4. Place the sand poring cylinder centrally on yhe of the calibrating container making sure that
constant weight (W1) is maintained. Open the shutter and permit the sand to run into the
container. When no further movement of sand is seen close the shutter, remove the pouring
cylinder and find its weight (W3).

Determination of Dry Density of Soil In Place


5. Approximately 60 sqcm of area of soil to be tested should be trimmed down to a level
surface,approximately of the size of the container. Keep the metal tray on the level surface and
excavate a circular hole of volume equal to that of the calibrating container. Collect all the
excavated soil in the tray and find out the weight of the excavated soil (Ww). Remove the tray,
and place the sand pouring cylinder filled to constant weight so that the base of the cylinder
covers the hole concentrically. Open the shutter and permit the sand to run into the hole. Close
the shutter when no further movement of the sand is seen. Remove the cylinder and determine its
weight (W3).

6. Keep a representative sample of the excavated sample of the soil for water content
determination.

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS

Sample Details

S. No. Calibration 1 2 3

 
  Weight� of sand in cone (of pouring      
cylinder) W2 gm
1.
Volume of calibrating container (V) in
2.
cc

3.
Weight of sand + cylinder before
pouring W3 gm
4.

Weight of sand + cylinder after


5.
pouring W3 gm
6.
Weight of sand to fill calibrating
  containers

����������������
Wa = (W1-W3-W2�) gm
Bulk density of sand s = Wa / V gm/cc

S. No. Measurement of Soil Density 1 2 3


Weight of wet soil from hole Ww gm

1. Weight of sand + cylinder before


pouring W1 gm
2.
Weight of sand + cylinder after
3.
pouring W4 gm

4.
Weight of sand in hole Wb = (W1-W2-

5. W4) gm

  Bulk density b = (Ww /Wb)� s gm/cc


     
6. Water content determination

7. Container number

8. Weight of wet soil

9. Weight of dry soil

10. Moisture content (%)

  Dry density d = b / (1+w) gm/cc

GENERAL REMARKS

1. While calibrating the bulk density of sand great care has to be taken.
2. The excavated hole must be equal to the volume of the calibrating container.

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