BALAY PAYOH: A Disaster Resilient Housing Approach for the Terraced Resettlement for the Dumagat Tribe

with the Application of Muyong System Towards Environmental Conservation

Alyanna Diane S. Avorque, Limuel H. Estrella, Catherine M. Roberto

MACRO SITE ANALYSIS

Quezon Province

Quezon is a province of the Philippines in

the CALABARZON region located in the south
of Luzon island. The province was named after Manuel
L. Quezon, the second President of the Philippines and
the first to be freely elected. Lucena is the provincial
capital, seat of the provincial government and the most
populous city of the province, but is governed
independently as a highly urbanized city. To distinguish
the province from Quezon City, it is sometimes
called Quezon Province.

A major tourism draw to the province is Mount

Banahaw. The mountain is surrounded by spiritual
mysticism with many Anitist adherents, Christian cults, and Christian organizations staying on the mountain. The
mountain was also one of the most sacred sites for pre-colonial Tagalog people before the arrival of the Spanish.
Numerous pilgrims visit the mountain especially during Holy Week.

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BALAY PAYOH: A Disaster Resilient Housing Approach for the Terraced Resettlement for the Dumagat Tribe
with the Application of Muyong System Towards Environmental Conservation

Alyanna Diane S. Avorque, Limuel H. Estrella, Catherine M. Roberto

Physical characteristics

Quezon, east of Metro Manila, is the 8th largest province in the Philippines having an area of 8,989.39 square kilometres
(3,470.82 sq mi).It is the largest province of Calabarzon, comprising 879,660 hectares or 53.21% of the total land area of
the region. Of this area, 513,618 hectares is categorized as agricultural land. The northern part of the province is
sandwiched between the Sierra Madre mountain range and the Philippine Sea. The southern part consists of the Tayabas
Isthmus, which separates the Bicol Peninsula from the main part of Luzon Island, and the Bondoc Peninsula which lies
between Tayabas Bay and Ragay Gulf. Because of this, majority of towns in the province have access to the sea. The
province is bounded by the provinces of Aurora, Bulacan, Rizal, Laguna, Batangas, Camarines Sur and Camarines Norte.
It is bounded to the east by the Pacific Ocean and to the south by Tayabas Bay. The province is said to be characterized by
a rugged terrain with patches of plains, valleys and swamps.

The province has a total of 1,066.36 km of coastline and has several bays including Burdeos Bay, Lamon Bay, Calauag
Bay, Lopez Bay, Ragay Gulf, Pagbilao Bay and Tayabas Bay. The Infanta Watershed has extensive and highly productive
aquifers while Mauban and Atimonan have no significant groundwater. According to the DENR, in 2003, Quezon had
231,190 hectares of forest cover. However, due to rampant illegal logging as well as kaingin, these forests are constantly
threatened.

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BALAY PAYOH: A Disaster Resilient Housing Approach for the Terraced Resettlement for the Dumagat Tribe
with the Application of Muyong System Towards Environmental Conservation

Alyanna Diane S. Avorque, Limuel H. Estrella, Catherine M. Roberto

Climate and Rainfall

Because of the sheer size of Quezon, different areas have different climate patterns. Most of the province falls under Type
IV Climate which means that rains are evenly distributed throughout the year. Polillo, Infanta and parts of Calauag fall
under

Topography and Slope

Quezon’s topography is characterized by rugged terrain with few plains, valleys and swamps. Only narrow strips of land
along the coast and river valley are available for growing crops. The undulating lowlands along the coast are well drained.
The province is very narrow, averaging about thirty (30) kilometers by its width. Slope of the province ranges from 0-3%
slopes and above. The topography of the area permits prime agricultural activities within the province.

Languages

There are five indigenous languages in Quezon province. There are the dominant Tagalog language, the Manide
language in the east and a small portion in the north, the Agta Dumagat Umiray language in the north and a small area in
the center, the already-extinct Katabaga language which used to be in the south, and the endangered Ayta Kadi (Alabat
Agta) language in Alabat island and some areas in the south.

In 2010, UNESCO released its 3rd world volume of Endangered Languages in the World, where 3 critically endangered
languages were in the Philippines. One of these languages is the Alabat Island Agta language (recognized by the
Komisyon ng Wikang Filipino as the Ayta Kadi language) which has an estimated speaker of 30 people in the year 2000.

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BALAY PAYOH: A Disaster Resilient Housing Approach for the Terraced Resettlement for the Dumagat Tribe
with the Application of Muyong System Towards Environmental Conservation

Alyanna Diane S. Avorque, Limuel H. Estrella, Catherine M. Roberto

The language was classified as Critically Endangered, meaning the youngest speakers are grandparents and older, and
they speak the language partially and infrequently and hardly pass the language to their children and grandchildren
anymore.

Agriculture

Agricultural crops grown in the municipality include Rice, Corn, Cassava, Banana, Citrus, Lanzones and Pineapple. In
2006, the crops mentioned covered a total planted area of 840.5 hectares. More than half of this total or 60% was covered
by rice, followed by banana 134 ha, corn 99 ha, cassava 64 ha, citrus 22 ha, pineapple 10 ha and lanzones 3 ha. Prior to
the occurrence of the 2004 calamity, the municipality’s agricultural cropland stands at 1,609 hectares, a reduction of
almost half in the year 2006 level.

Fishiery

Inland and Marine Water Resources A total of 1,524 fisher folks are engaged to fishing for both inland and offshore
fisheries. The majority of these fisher folks are living in the Barangays Sablang, Banglos, Pamplona, Maligaya and
Canaway. The total annual fish production was 498 mt/year a. Inland Fisheries The total area of inland fishery resources
in the municipality, prior to the calamity of 2004, was 4.2 hectares found in 10 barangays. Of this total area, 1.2 ha are
found in Brgy. San Marcelino. The current area of production stands at 1 hectare with 30,000 stocks. b. Marine Fisheries
General Nakar is basically a coastal municipality with coastline length of approximately 60 kilometers. A total of 210
motorized banca and 110 non-motorized banca are registered and operated using antiquated fishing gears such as multiple

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BALAY PAYOH: A Disaster Resilient Housing Approach for the Terraced Resettlement for the Dumagat Tribe
with the Application of Muyong System Towards Environmental Conservation

Alyanna Diane S. Avorque, Limuel H. Estrella, Catherine M. Roberto

hook line, hook and line and gill net. A declared Fish Sanctuary, covering twenty five (25) hectares, is found in Barangay
Sablang.

Municipalities of Quezon
GENERAL NAKAR
Quezon comprises 39 municipalities and one
component city (Tayabas), which are
organized into four legislative districts and
further subdivided into 1,209 barangays.

The capital, Lucena City, is independent from

the administrative and fiscal supervision of
the province, but is eligible to vote for
provincial officials.

The focus of the study is within the

municipality of Infanta and General Nakar
only which is the exact location of the Kaliwa
dam.

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BALAY PAYOH: A Disaster Resilient Housing Approach for the Terraced Resettlement for the Dumagat Tribe
with the Application of Muyong System Towards Environmental Conservation

Alyanna Diane S. Avorque, Limuel H. Estrella, Catherine M. Roberto

Demographic Data

General Nakar, officially the Municipality

of General Nakar, (Tagalog: Bayan ng
Heneral Nakar), is a 1st class municipality in
the province of Quezon, Philippines.
According to the 2015 census, it has
a population of 29,705 people. General Nakar
has the most large scope of land area, it is
also known as the mountainous part of
Quezon province. Also, it is the home of
almost 2,000 Dumagat with 700 households.

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BALAY PAYOH: A Disaster Resilient Housing Approach for the Terraced Resettlement for the Dumagat Tribe
with the Application of Muyong System Towards Environmental Conservation

Alyanna Diane S. Avorque, Limuel H. Estrella, Catherine M. Roberto

THE REMONTADO-DUMAGAT COMMUNITY OF GENERAL NAKAR

Settlement of Dumagat Tribe

Barangay No. of Households Estimated Population

Per Brgy.
Brgy. Lumutan 124 372
Brgy. Pagsangahan 205 615
Brgy. Sablang 69 207
Brgy. Magsikap 36 108
Brgy. San Marcelino 35 105
Brgy. Maligaya 25 75
Brgy. Cnaway 82 246
Brgy. Umiray 113 339
Total: 689 Households Estimated Total
Population: 2067

Brgy. Pagsangahan is thehome of almot 800 Dumagat and almost half of them were affected by the construction of the
dam. While other settlement in other barangays were also affected but Brgy. Pagsangahan has the most impact in their
settlement.

THE CULTURE OF DUMAGAT TRIBE

CHAPTER 2: PRESENTATION OF DATA AND CASE STUDIES 29
BALAY PAYOH: A Disaster Resilient Housing Approach for the Terraced Resettlement for the Dumagat Tribe
with the Application of Muyong System Towards Environmental Conservation

Alyanna Diane S. Avorque, Limuel H. Estrella, Catherine M. Roberto

Beliefs and Tradition

The Dumagat tribe have different traditions and beliefs compared to others. They believe mostly in nature. They could
understand what their environment is telling them even if there’s a disaster that will come. They based it on the sea
creatures, they observe their behavior and from there they can conclude of there’s natural disaster that will come.

Their term for marriage is pagbabalae, which is performed by the chieftain/ the elders of the tribe. Child betrothal occurs
when the children are still young. As soon as the children reach puberty, the girl’s parents ask for the bilang or bride price.
Nowadays, they don’t practice these ceremonies anymore. Some of them live together when they have children while
others goes to the town for the free marriage given by the government also known as kasalang bayan.

In terms of burial, before, when they were just nomads, when someone dies in their tribe, they buried it where it dies.
Even if he/she dies inside their house or along the way, they buried it in the exact place. But when they have permanent
houses, they decided to bury their loved ones far from their homes. They called is as patuktukan, a mountain where all of
their relative who passed away lies. They believe that after three days of the death of their loved ones, their soul will come
back in their tomb, as a respect, they offer them sacred foods and leave it for them to eat it. Their sacred food is made just
for these occasion only.

They also have other sacred places in their land. They believe that those places were holy and miraculous that it could heal
them whenever they feel sick. They visit their sacred places occasionally or based on their needs.

Pagmamaman is practiced by the Dumagats because of social reasons. It is used to initiate, maintain, and propagate
friendship and camaraderie. The Dumagat offers maman as a sign of friendship. Pagmamaman is a social equalizer. In the
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BALAY PAYOH: A Disaster Resilient Housing Approach for the Terraced Resettlement for the Dumagat Tribe
with the Application of Muyong System Towards Environmental Conservation

Alyanna Diane S. Avorque, Limuel H. Estrella, Catherine M. Roberto

Dumagat community, everybody chews maman. Young, old, women, men, elders, and leaders are all the same and equal
when it comes to maman everybody spits red. Pagmamaman will remain as a Dumagat social practice. It is a tradition that
the Dumagats inherited from their elders and would like to keep and pass on to the younger generation.

Sacred Places of Dumagat Tribe

Sacred Sites Beliefs

Tinapak River The Dumagat Tribe believes that the
water coming out from this river can
heal all kinds of sickness. They also
used this place as a ritual for
baptism.
The Tinipak Sacred Well/Rocks was
considered as an important site along
the Kaliwa River for its healing
properties. IPs with colds, fever and
Water that came from the mountains and flows to
flu were believed to be healed when
the river.
bathing or drinking water from the
Tinipac Well. IPs used to hold rituals
thru dance during Holy Week. It was
believed that IPs leave cloths near the

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BALAY PAYOH: A Disaster Resilient Housing Approach for the Terraced Resettlement for the Dumagat Tribe
with the Application of Muyong System Towards Environmental Conservation

Alyanna Diane S. Avorque, Limuel H. Estrella, Catherine M. Roberto

well which miraculously turn to

clothes from the deities.
Mt. Mamara The Dumagat Tribe believes believe
in life after death. The term bibit
refers to the spirit of the dead, which
returns after the physical body
expires. A burial ceremony is
undertaken by an elder man who
recites explanations for the burning
of the house so the dead will not
Burial grounds for Dumagat tribe haunt the living. He also offers food
and betel as the deceased’s share
Mainit River
The name of the spring describes its
characteristics. The Dumagat Tribe
believes that the water coming out
from this river can heal all kinds of
sickness because of the temperature
of the water. Since it is naturally hot,
they believe that it makes miracles.

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BALAY PAYOH: A Disaster Resilient Housing Approach for the Terraced Resettlement for the Dumagat Tribe
with the Application of Muyong System Towards Environmental Conservation

Alyanna Diane S. Avorque, Limuel H. Estrella, Catherine M. Roberto

Known for the naturally hot temperature of the

water
Tulaog Cave The Dumagat Tribe believes in
Makidepet or Hesus in Tagalog that
they worship here at this area. A feast
called “Feast of the Tulaog” at 4th of
august once a year. They also used
this place for gathering.

A cave that helds occasions and celebrations of the

Dumagat

Unity

Based on figure 1.0, unity is not that affected by the changes that is happening to the tribe. Almost 7% only of the tribe
stated that their unity as a tribe have changed. According to the majority of the respondents, it is one of the factors that
they managed to maintain. To have the same perception on things and decide as a tribe and not as an individual.

Before the survey was done, the researchers first asked their chieftain, William Querrez, for the permission on conducting
the survey. Their chieftain is one of the results of their unity. They just don’t decide on their own but they based it on the

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BALAY PAYOH: A Disaster Resilient Housing Approach for the Terraced Resettlement for the Dumagat Tribe
with the Application of Muyong System Towards Environmental Conservation

Alyanna Diane S. Avorque, Limuel H. Estrella, Catherine M. Roberto

leader that they have chosen. Especially to the decision according to the approval of the tribe in the construction of dam,
they held meetings and discussions as a tribe and let the tribe speak and state their perception. They decide on what they
think would help their tribe and not as an individual. When deciding, they consider what the majority of them wants even
if they want the opposite because for them, they were united into one.

Livelihood
LIVELIHOOD
As the Figure 1.2 shown above, 62% of the respondents
Taking Care ofOther works responding that most of them use farming as their primary
animals 8%
10%
source of income. 38% of the respondents responding that most
of them use fishing as their source of income. 14% of the
respondents responding that most of them takes care of animals
Fishing
20% Farmingas their source of income. While 7% of the respondents
62%
responding that most of them use other jobs as their source of
income.

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BALAY PAYOH: A Disaster Resilient Housing Approach for the Terraced Resettlement for the Dumagat Tribe
with the Application of Muyong System Towards Environmental Conservation

Alyanna Diane S. Avorque, Limuel H. Estrella, Catherine M. Roberto

According to figure 1.2, most of the Dumagat rely on Farming. Since they
were abundant with rice fields and mountains, they can easily grow crops,
fruits and vegetables for their own or for livelihood. The dumagat live in top of
the mountains which makes them far from any water bodies, their main source
of food is farming. Some of their crops were being sold or traded to the twon
or market while some of it is for their daily needs. Some of them also stated
that when crisis comes, they were forced to cut down trees and make charcoal
from it as an alternative source of their living. Even though they knowthat it is
illegal, they have to do something for their family rather than watching their family dies.

The second source of their living is fishing, most of the man of the family goes
in the river or near the sea when it is on Habagat season. They know when they
should go fishing or not. They depend on the climate and the wind. That proves
how they understand nature that’s urrounds them. When they came into the
straers or near the sea, they build temporary houses which they called as Saolan
which is made from lightweight materials such as dried brances and anahaw
leaves. They slept and stayed there for days and when they have enough for
their family or for selling or trading, they go back to their houses.

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BALAY PAYOH: A Disaster Resilient Housing Approach for the Terraced Resettlement for the Dumagat Tribe
with the Application of Muyong System Towards Environmental Conservation

Alyanna Diane S. Avorque, Limuel H. Estrella, Catherine M. Roberto

They also have domestic animals within their backyard. Some of them
were for business and some is for the family. Most of the animals were
pigs, cow, chicken and turkey.

Some of them where working with the government. Just like William
Querrez, which is the president of the tribal center for development
which protects their rights and assess their needs. They were the
connection of the government to the indigenous people. Almost all of
their staff is also a member of their tribe. Some of them worked with
Habal-Habal which is used by means of transportation using a single motorcycle. Others have domestic animals as a pet
and sometimes for business.

Even though their elders were not properly educated, the young generation of their tribe have access to education also.
Few from them is taking a college degree course which is mostly Teaching or major in education, while some is pursuing
poltical science.

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BALAY PAYOH: A Disaster Resilient Housing Approach for the Terraced Resettlement for the Dumagat Tribe
with the Application of Muyong System Towards Environmental Conservation

Alyanna Diane S. Avorque, Limuel H. Estrella, Catherine M. Roberto

Clothing
Before After

AND

Based on figure 1.0, cloting is the second aspect of their culture that is rapidly changing due to the effect of
modernization. The Dumagat tribe’s clothing were tapis (for the women), bahag (for the men). Nowadays, people wear
civilized clothes that they were influenced by the modern society. They’ve adapted the clothing manner of the lowlanders.
They stated that clothing is one of the aspects of their culture that they wanted to retain or revive. For them, their
traditional clothing differentiate them from the lowlanders or other people. It is one of the factors that made them as a tribe
of Dumagat. Most of the youth in their generation don’t want to wear their traditional clothing because they were not
comfortable and it is not what other people wear. They were conscious of what others would say and made them change
their way of clothing. In some occasions, they wear their traditional tapis and bahag.

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BALAY PAYOH: A Disaster Resilient Housing Approach for the Terraced Resettlement for the Dumagat Tribe
with the Application of Muyong System Towards Environmental Conservation

Alyanna Diane S. Avorque, Limuel H. Estrella, Catherine M. Roberto

Religion

As the figure shown above, 78% of the respondents responding that

their religion are Catholic, 11% of the respondents responding that
their religion are Born Again. 7% of the respondents responding
that their religion are Iglesia ni Kristo and 4% of the respondents
responding that their religion have other religions.

Makidepet (Hesus in Tagalog) is the one they worship. At the early

ages, they worship their God at Tuloag cave, or at their homes. But
because of the changes emerges from time to time, the Dumagat
goes to church at the town far away from their homes. Because of
other people with different beliefs the Dumagat tribe has been
influence by religion of other people.

As shown in figure 1.1, the dumagat were also influenced by different religion. They stated that they were open for any
religion since many missionaries came to their tribe to share their gospel. For some of them, it is a threat for their
community because when they have differet beliefs especially in their spiritual aspect, they would have different
perception in life and eventually became a reason for them to diperse. aAccording to figure 1.3, only 10% of the total
respondents states that their spiritual beliefs is fading.

CHAPTER 2: PRESENTATION OF DATA AND CASE STUDIES 38

BALAY PAYOH: A Disaster Resilient Housing Approach for the Terraced Resettlement for the Dumagat Tribe
with the Application of Muyong System Towards Environmental Conservation

Alyanna Diane S. Avorque, Limuel H. Estrella, Catherine M. Roberto

Language
Changes in Dumagat
Unity Culture
Belief 6%
14% As the figure 1.0 shown above, 58% of the
respondents responding that the Dumagat tribe’s
primary language as of today are Tagalog. 21% of the
respondents responding that the change that occurred
Language
Clothing 58% in the generation before and after was their clothing.
21%
14% of the respondents responding that the Dumagat
belief unity has been changed over the pass years.
Lastly, 7% of the respondents responding that the
unity of the Dumagat tribe has not been changed over
the passing generations.

Based on figure 1.0 and figure 1.3, the most affected aspect of their culture is their language. The respondents also
consider their language as endangered because most of the members of their tribe cannot understand or speak their own
language. Especially for the young member of their tribe, since most of them goes to school which is located far from their
tribe that speaks Tagalog, they’ve adapted their language. For them to be able to communicate and excel in school, they
have to learn the language used in school which made them forgot their own language eventually. They don’t have a

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BALAY PAYOH: A Disaster Resilient Housing Approach for the Terraced Resettlement for the Dumagat Tribe
with the Application of Muyong System Towards Environmental Conservation

Alyanna Diane S. Avorque, Limuel H. Estrella, Catherine M. Roberto

school that could teach the new generation of their tribe about the different elements and factors of their language which
makes their language fading.

The language they were using is what they called as Dumaget, not all of the Dumagat uses the same language, they differ
based on their location but most of them uses Dumaget since it is the most understandable language for them, some of
their terms have relevance to the Tagalog. They called a leader as Kaksaa, their permanent houses were called as Beloy,
elderly man were called as Bobo Alaki. These are just examples of their language but some of them were hard to
understand. Most of them speaks Tagalog also, since most of them goes in to the town for work or trading their goods.
Most of the Dumagets speakers ranges from ages 18 – 70. Some of the kids could also understand their langage but most
of them speaks Tagalog instead.

Important Aspect of Culture for the Dumagat tribe

The most important part of their culture for the Dumagat is their unity. This is what their community is all about. For
them, as long as they were united, they could live with peace and freely whenever they are. Just like what the construction
of the dam is doing to them, it is an obstacle for their tribe. The government told them that only few of their tribe were
affected but since they were as one, all of them should reside and not just the directly affected families. That is what the
government and the MWSS could not understand. They have a strong bound and relationship to each other that would
make them a tribe.

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BALAY PAYOH: A Disaster Resilient Housing Approach for the Terraced Resettlement for the Dumagat Tribe
with the Application of Muyong System Towards Environmental Conservation

Alyanna Diane S. Avorque, Limuel H. Estrella, Catherine M. Roberto

Their land is aslo important for them since they consider their land as their land. It is the source of their daily needs and
livelihood and the supplier of the materials used in constructing their houses. Nature became part of their lives on the day
they were born. Living away from their ancestral land is really hard for them. They always said that if they don’t have
their land, what would they give to the new generation of their tribe.

Facilities that might help the Dumagat tribe

70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Education Health Care Session hall Church Baranggay Hall

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BALAY PAYOH: A Disaster Resilient Housing Approach for the Terraced Resettlement for the Dumagat Tribe
with the Application of Muyong System Towards Environmental Conservation

Alyanna Diane S. Avorque, Limuel H. Estrella, Catherine M. Roberto

As the Figure 1.3 shown above 65% of the respondents prefer that education facilities is the major facilities that the Dumagat needed
for their community. Followed by the Health Care facility that has a percentage of 52% by the respondents. 25% respondents
responding that session halls are needed at the community. 40% of the respondents responding that Church Facilities are needed in
the community. Lastly, 15% of the respondents responding that barangay halls are needed at the community.

They stated that having a school within their tribe will help them a lot. Since many students from their tribe is starting to
forget their traditions and beliefs because they were already influenced by the lowlanders, their culture that depends on
their youth generation is now fading. When they have their own school, they could have a place where their culture is
given importance. They could teach their children about their culture especially on their language.

Hospital or health care center were barely needed by the Dumagat as they stated. Since the hospitals and health center
were located in the main land, it is hard for them to get treated whenever they were ill. It cost them money and so much
time to go to the hospitals that results to untreated illnesses. From that, most of them depends on medicinal plants.

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BALAY PAYOH: A Disaster Resilient Housing Approach for the Terraced Resettlement for the Dumagat Tribe
with the Application of Muyong System Towards Environmental Conservation

Alyanna Diane S. Avorque, Limuel H. Estrella, Catherine M. Roberto

Vernacular Architecture of the Dumagat

Method of Construction

In the town of Pagsangahan, Quezon province in General Nakar. The Dumagat Tribes is popular when it comes on their
housing structure, constructed out of wood, bamboo and Anahaw found in the area. The rectangular shape can be built
quickly, making it a very practical construction for the nomadic population to set up that is still resistant to heat and other
natural disasters. Because of their splendid skill and natural knowledge/understanding to nature they can survive
peacefully every day.

Just like other ethnic group, they have also beliefs when it comes to house construction but it is just in the milder side.
They don’t use rituals when they start building their house. They just believe that their land is just borrowed for the next
generation, so they take trees or woods based in their needs and as much as possible, they uses materials that can easily be
replaced. Their houses were not destructive to their environment. They want their houses facing east fro them to see the
sun rises as the sign of the beginning of the day. They also have three types of houses, saolan, beloy and hangga a beloy

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BALAY PAYOH: A Disaster Resilient Housing Approach for the Terraced Resettlement for the Dumagat Tribe
with the Application of Muyong System Towards Environmental Conservation

Alyanna Diane S. Avorque, Limuel H. Estrella, Catherine M. Roberto

Saolan house

Saolan is an example of a temporary house fo Dumagat. Since

Dumagat were also known as nomadics, which is known for
residing where they could find their daily needs. As years
passess, the dumagat lived in the mountaisn and bulid their
permanent houses for their family. But still, they used this house
when the leader of the families would go near the sea when they
needed foods while their wives and childrens were in their
permanent houses. Usually it is made from lightweight materials.
Since they depend on the wind direction, they could easily
identify rainy seasons. It is the first structure that absolutely made of their own knowledge or understanding to nature
because of their need to willpower their house they inventing more idea on how they can live safe and secure in any kinds
of calamities.

This kind of traditional way of living is no longer exist because lots of them are educated by low lander on how they
construct their house in more advantages durability.

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BALAY PAYOH: A Disaster Resilient Housing Approach for the Terraced Resettlement for the Dumagat Tribe
with the Application of Muyong System Towards Environmental Conservation

Alyanna Diane S. Avorque, Limuel H. Estrella, Catherine M. Roberto

Beloy

A structure on stilt that made of wood and bamboo what

they called Beloy, before they simply construct their house
that made of palm leaves and branches of trees which they
called as Saulan. In this figure this house has a different
characteristics compared to Saulan this house is on stilt
made wood and it has firm and wide roof enough to cover
the Dumagat family in calamities.

The construction of this structure is simple made of natural

material that they obtained in their surroundings, in the
figure it is simply supported by the raw materials found in
their surroundings and it has division from dining to bedroom. They also have kitchen and toilet but it is separated from
their house.

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BALAY PAYOH: A Disaster Resilient Housing Approach for the Terraced Resettlement for the Dumagat Tribe
with the Application of Muyong System Towards Environmental Conservation

Alyanna Diane S. Avorque, Limuel H. Estrella, Catherine M. Roberto

HANGA A BELOY

In this figure

CHAPTER 2: PRESENTATION OF DATA AND CASE STUDIES 46

BALAY PAYOH: A Disaster Resilient Housing Approach for the Terraced Resettlement for the Dumagat Tribe
with the Application of Muyong System Towards Environmental Conservation

Alyanna Diane S. Avorque, Limuel H. Estrella, Catherine M. Roberto

Types of Houses

This table shows the different houses of Dumagat. The different elements of their vernacular architecture and how their
surroundings affect it. Their houses were built on different areas, which shows that they don’t own any of their land as
they stated. They said that their land were not owned by anyone, that they were meant for the new generations of their
tribe. The materials they used also tells how they use their environment in their lives.

Houses Materials Characteristics

 Anahaw -Rectangular in shape, built
 Bamboo directly to the ground.

 Wood
 Baging -Let in natural ventilation and
lighting because of the Bamboo
slats wall. Also it is easy to
rebuild in case of natural disaster.

-Limited space to move around

Owner: Ramon Astobisa, 65 the house because the bedroom,
kitchen, and dining have the same
functions.
 G.I. Sheet -Two storey house of a dumagat
CHAPTER 2: PRESENTATION OF DATA AND CASE STUDIES 47
BALAY PAYOH: A Disaster Resilient Housing Approach for the Terraced Resettlement for the Dumagat Tribe
with the Application of Muyong System Towards Environmental Conservation

Alyanna Diane S. Avorque, Limuel H. Estrella, Catherine M. Roberto

that has a high position in their

 Bamboo tribe.
 Wood
 Baging - This is an example of “hanga a
Beloy” which is a Dumagat house
that have concrete. Since they
uses natural materials, the use of
Owner: Franklyn Rosandy, 66
concrete makes the house unique.
They usually compares it to a
mansion.

 Anahaw -Traditional house of Filipino, the

 Bamboo exterior shows that the house is

 Wood simply bungalow house but inside

 Baging the house it is on stilt.

-Buffer area for rain water during

flood and prevent pest.
Owner: Ronald Degandahan, 23
 G.I. Sheet - This house composed of several
thick pieces of woods. The roof is
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BALAY PAYOH: A Disaster Resilient Housing Approach for the Terraced Resettlement for the Dumagat Tribe
with the Application of Muyong System Towards Environmental Conservation

Alyanna Diane S. Avorque, Limuel H. Estrella, Catherine M. Roberto

 Bamboo made from G.I. sheet to prevent it

 Wood from being easily destroyed by

 Baging natural disasters.

-The floor is elevated also to

prevent flood during heavy rain
since they were

-The house is supported by the

Owner: Joel Noledo, 25
thick wood post for additional
strength.
-This house is made of solid wood
 G.I. Sheet it look simple bungalow but inside
 Bamboo the house there is stair for

 Wood bedroom and the second floor is

 Baging there closet too.

-it is intended for their elder that
have a high position
-this is typically open because
Owner: Carlos Calsado, 57 they don’t use door and even the

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BALAY PAYOH: A Disaster Resilient Housing Approach for the Terraced Resettlement for the Dumagat Tribe
with the Application of Muyong System Towards Environmental Conservation

Alyanna Diane S. Avorque, Limuel H. Estrella, Catherine M. Roberto

window is not covered.

 Anahaw -The house is simply made of

 Bamboo bamboo and wood, covered by a

 Wood thatched roof, that protect the

 Baging large windows from sunlight and

rain.

-This house is built on stilts to

have a natural ventilation inside.
Owner: Amelyn Garlito, 18
Also, it is an example of a native
house which can still stand even
after typhoons and disasters.

 Anahaw -Rectangular cubic shape stilt

 Bamboo houses of woods, bamboo, and

 Wood other native materials.

 Baging
-Some part supported by the

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BALAY PAYOH: A Disaster Resilient Housing Approach for the Terraced Resettlement for the Dumagat Tribe
with the Application of Muyong System Towards Environmental Conservation

Alyanna Diane S. Avorque, Limuel H. Estrella, Catherine M. Roberto

ground the half is tilted. Elevated

habitable spaces protect against
flood in case of muddy flooring.

Owner: Marilyn Dela cruz, 23

-This house is typically post and
 Anahaw roof only but the good thing is it
 Bamboo has three storey, the ground is for

 Wood kitchen the second floor is for

 Baging parent and the third floor is for

their children.

Owner: Kristine Panuelo, 26

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BALAY PAYOH: A Disaster Resilient Housing Approach for the Terraced Resettlement for the Dumagat Tribe
with the Application of Muyong System Towards Environmental Conservation

Alyanna Diane S. Avorque, Limuel H. Estrella, Catherine M. Roberto

 G.I. Sheet -This house was sustained the

 Bamboo traditional looks but not the

 Wood function. The owner of this house

 Baging apply the typical use of a house.

-Regular geometric configuration

help resist lateral forces from
Owner: Adorasyon Apolinario earthquakes and wind.

 Anahaw -In this house the owner attach

 Bamboo door unlike the other house they

 Wood keep their house open.

 Baging
-this house does not have window
openings it has poor ventilations.

Owner: Iysa Calsado, 27

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BALAY PAYOH: A Disaster Resilient Housing Approach for the Terraced Resettlement for the Dumagat Tribe
with the Application of Muyong System Towards Environmental Conservation

Alyanna Diane S. Avorque, Limuel H. Estrella, Catherine M. Roberto

-this is a house of dumagat

 G.I. Sheet teacher
 Bamboo
 Wood -tall post to prevent flood and pest

 Baging also wide space inside.

-the use of stair instead of ladder.

-an advantage of tall building,

Owner: Queeny Canyada, 25
with are more effective when it
comes cross ventilation.

-A typical house that has tall post

 Anahaw and only covered by the cloth
 Bamboo -an advantage of tall building,

 Wood with are more effective when it

 Baging comes cross ventilation.

-Standing on the top of the hill to
achieve natural source of air and

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BALAY PAYOH: A Disaster Resilient Housing Approach for the Terraced Resettlement for the Dumagat Tribe
with the Application of Muyong System Towards Environmental Conservation

Alyanna Diane S. Avorque, Limuel H. Estrella, Catherine M. Roberto

Owner: Marife Natividad, 28 light

 Anahaw -A typical house of dumagat that

 Bamboo only two side have cover and the

 Wood other is open.

 Baging
-Standing on the top of the hill to
 Trapal
achieve natural source of air and
light

Owner: Les Natividad, 22

-thick wall made of wood and

touch of concrete and other
 G.I. Sheet material.
 Bamboo
 Wood -The construction is most likely

 Baging adapted by low lander structures

Owner: Melody Benditsu, 29

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BALAY PAYOH: A Disaster Resilient Housing Approach for the Terraced Resettlement for the Dumagat Tribe
with the Application of Muyong System Towards Environmental Conservation

Alyanna Diane S. Avorque, Limuel H. Estrella, Catherine M. Roberto

-This house is made of light

 Anahaw material only bamboo, anahaw,
 Bamboo and few pieces of wood. Limited

 Wood space to move

 Baging
-Standing on the top of the hill to
achieve the appropriate
orientation for good ventilation
Owner: Jessica Estabino, 22

-this house is an example of how

 Anahaw they feel secured in their tribe. it
 Bamboo has no window and door and just

 Wood an open area inside. They just

 Baging have a common space for dining,

living and sleeping area.

Owner: Jackilyn Abeleneda, 26

-most likely the design approach

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BALAY PAYOH: A Disaster Resilient Housing Approach for the Terraced Resettlement for the Dumagat Tribe
with the Application of Muyong System Towards Environmental Conservation

Alyanna Diane S. Avorque, Limuel H. Estrella, Catherine M. Roberto

 G.I. Sheet is simply modernized and

 Bamboo influenced by the low lander.

 Wood
 Baging -the simplicity of the design
makes the house beautiful

Owner: Marlon Estabesa, 37

-The dirty kitchen and comfort

 G.I. Sheet room separated from house but
 Bamboo they make it nearly to each spaces

 Wood to make it accessible.

 Baging -The construction is most likely

adapted by low lander structures
-thick wall made of wood and
touch of concrete and other

Owner: Ulita Barlito, 50 material.

-A two storey house made of

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BALAY PAYOH: A Disaster Resilient Housing Approach for the Terraced Resettlement for the Dumagat Tribe
with the Application of Muyong System Towards Environmental Conservation

Alyanna Diane S. Avorque, Limuel H. Estrella, Catherine M. Roberto

 G.I. Sheet wood, bamboo, and other

 Bamboo material. the low lander

 Wood influenced them to use quality

 Baging product to improve their house.

-The simplicity of the design

makes the house beautiful
-thick wall made of wood and
Owner: Erica Kagandahan, 19
touch of concrete and other
material.

 Anahaw -This house is built under the

 Bamboo three to support the house from

 Wood any kind of disaster.

 Baging
-They use lona for the insulation
of their ceiling to lessen the heat
from the roof.

Owner: Emil Cunchada, 44

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BALAY PAYOH: A Disaster Resilient Housing Approach for the Terraced Resettlement for the Dumagat Tribe
with the Application of Muyong System Towards Environmental Conservation

Alyanna Diane S. Avorque, Limuel H. Estrella, Catherine M. Roberto

The simple way of how the Dumagat live is truly amazing, they understanding on nature reflects on how they live. The
knowledge on how they build their house was always depending on the nature for example, they usually building their
house on stilts to make them protected from flushes of water down from the mountain. Also the regular geometric
configuration help resist lateral force from earthquake and wind. Limited space makes the house immovable and
consistent that’s why the kitchen, toilet and bath are separated from their house and usually small spaces make them same
function as they needed because small space is enough for them to live their life.

Traditional livelihood of a Dumagat is the real sustainable the cashless community don’t need high quality materials to
build their houses. The materials they needed for their house is at their surroundings the use of lightweight materials fits
on their need like Bamboo, Wood and Anahaw is enough to support the culture and the needs of the house of Dumagat
tribe to live their life.

The New Centennial Water Source – Kaliwa Dam Project

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BALAY PAYOH: A Disaster Resilient Housing Approach for the Terraced Resettlement for the Dumagat Tribe
with the Application of Muyong System Towards Environmental Conservation

Alyanna Diane S. Avorque, Limuel H. Estrella, Catherine M. Roberto

The New Centennial Water Source – Kaliwa Dam

Project (NCWS-KDP) was born out of the necessity to
ensure an uninterrupted water supply in Metro Manila.
It was conceptualized by the Metropolitan Waterworks
and Sewerage System (MWSS) to address the concern
of possible water supply deficit in Metro Manila by the
year 2020. The proposed NCWS – KDP involves the
design and construction of a dam and a 27.7- kilometer
raw water conveyance tunnel to initially convey 600
million liters per day (600 mld), with a project cost
Kaliwa River, the location of the Kaliwa Dam
estimate of PhP12.2 Billion.

The proposed dam will be located in Sitio Cablao, `1Barangay Pagsangahan, General Nakar, Quezon (left bank) and in
Sitio Queborosa, Barangay Magsaysay, Infanta, Quezon (right bank), while the raw water conveyance tunnel traverses the
mountain areas of Sta. Maria, Laguna, Tanay, Baras, and Teresa in the Province of Rizal with outlet located at Teresa,
Rizal. The NCWS-KDP is among the projects prioritized by the Department of Finance (DOF) and the National Economic
Development Authority (NEDA) for funding under the China Bilateral Loan Agreement that the National Government
Agencies (NGAs) are currently negotiating. This Project is one of the flagship initiatives of the Government under its
“Build, Build, Build” program.

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BALAY PAYOH: A Disaster Resilient Housing Approach for the Terraced Resettlement for the Dumagat Tribe
with the Application of Muyong System Towards Environmental Conservation

Alyanna Diane S. Avorque, Limuel H. Estrella, Catherine M. Roberto

The New Centennial Water

Source – Kaliwa Dam Project
construction of a dam across
the Kaliwa River in Sitio
Queborosa with a surface
reservoir area of 113 ha and a
gross reservoir volume of 57
million m3 that could
impound some 2,400 MLD of
water to be transported by
gravity via a 27-km long
tunnel.

Kaliwa Dam will contain a

reservoir with a gross volume
of 57 cu.m at a Full Supply
Direct Impact of the Project Area
Level (FSL) of 160 m+. The minimum operating level (MOL) is 135 m+. Considering the narrow valley, the best location
for a spillway is the right abutment where the gradient of the slope is least. In the flanks of the valley, hard rock has been
encountered at depths of 3 to 5 m. In terms of land use in the proposed reservoir, it is an open forest, grassland and
brush/shrubland. The conditions for construction of a spillway at the Kaliwa Dam site are not favorable for a spillway with

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with the Application of Muyong System Towards Environmental Conservation

Alyanna Diane S. Avorque, Limuel H. Estrella, Catherine M. Roberto

a crest elevation around 160 m+. The right bank abutment is slightly more favorable to construct a free overflow spillway
with a crest elevation of 160 m+ and crest lengths of 35 to 70 m at a location where the slope of the abutment is less steep.
This spillway will be capable to pass the (PMF) outflow of Laiban Dam spillway supplemented Environmental Impact
Statement: Kaliwa Dam Project by the extreme runoff of the intermediate catchment. Figure 8 shows the submerge area
and the project facilities.

With a reservoir storage capacity of 57 Mm3 and an average inflow of about 1,000 Mm3/year, it is estimated that about
80% of the total sediment influx will settle in the Kaliwa Dam reservoir. Without a Laiban Dam to intercept most of the
sediment, the Kaliwa Dam reservoir could face severe sedimentation that, within 10 to 20 years, could affect its water
supply function. With a catchment that exceeds the Laiban catchment with 33% under average conditions the reservoir
could catch about 300,000 m3 of sediments per year. In case of increased erosion due to human activities or due to
extreme rainfall, the worst-case scenario could develop which would mean an influx of up to 1.5 Mm3/year which would
completely fill the Kaliwa reservoir in less than 40 years. Although this case is rather unlikely to happen, even with the
average influx of sediment, the dead storage would quickly fill up and start causing problems in dry years when all
capacity would be needed. Climate change could contribute to an increase of erosion of the Laiban catchment. It is
therefore not recommended to build Kaliwa Dam without the Laiban Dam.

Location and Administrative Jurisdiction

Figure 1.2 CHAPTER 2: PRESENTATION OF DATA AND CASE STUDIES 61

BALAY PAYOH: A Disaster Resilient Housing Approach for the Terraced Resettlement for the Dumagat Tribe
with the Application of Muyong System Towards Environmental Conservation

Alyanna Diane S. Avorque, Limuel H. Estrella, Catherine M. Roberto

The main access to the dam location is through the Manila-

Infanta Road. Access to the damsite itself is via a 7-km trail
from Sitio Little Baguio in Barangay Magsaysay, Infanta in the
south to Barangay Queborosa or a 9-km hike along the Kaliwa
riverbanks via Daraitan going downstream to Sitio Queborosa.
The proposed locations of the water treatment facilities in
Antipolo and Teresa are respectively 29 and 27 aerial
kilometers southeast of Manila. The damsite can also be
reached from Daraitan, Tanay by hiking 9 kilometers along the
riverbanks and channel of Kaliwa River downstream to Sitio
Queborosa.The sites for the treatment facilities can be reached
either from the Manila - Infanta Road in the north or through
Manila East Road in the south. There is an ongoing
construction of access road to the damsite undertaken by
DPWH between the Marikina-Infanta Road (Marcos Highway).
Access to tunnel portals and inlet/outlet will be undertaken
Location Map
taking into consideration the

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Alyanna Diane S. Avorque, Limuel H. Estrella, Catherine M. Roberto

requirement that heavy equipment has to be transported over this road. The road will comprise at least two lanes with a
combined width of 10m and comply with the DPWH National Design Standards and Safety Guidelines on road in the
Philippines. The road is to be suitable for light vehicles with 2WD – front wheel drive – as well as heavy trucks. The
Figure 1 shows the vicinity and accessibility of the project area. The project will entail the construction of a dam across
the Kaliwa River in Sitio Queborosa with a surface reservoir area of 113 ha and a gross reservoir volume of 57 million m3
that could impound some 2,400 MLD of water to be transported by gravity via a 27-km long tunnel. The project size falls
under the classification of major dam infrastructure categorized as an Environmentally Critical Project (ECP) requiring an
Environmental Impact Statement (EIS). It is also located in an Environmentally Critical Area (ECA), the Kaliwa Dam
watershed being partly covered by Proclamation No. 573 (1969) as the Kaliwa Watershed Forest Reserve (KWFR). At the
same time, it is within the National Integrated Protected Area System (NIPAS) having been proclaimed as National Park
and Wildlife Sanctuary and Game Refuge Reservation by virtue of Proclamation No. 1636 in 1977. Moreover, a more
recent proclamation is the Certificate of Ancestral Domain Title (CADT) awarded to the Dumagat-Remontado IPs, a part
of which lies inside the KDP watershed.

The delineated watershed of the proposed Kaliwa Dam Project has a total area of about 37,174 hectares reckoned from the
proposed dam site. Whereas, the proposed dam site is geographically located in between 14°36'48.26"N, 121°28'28.46"E
(WGS 84). The watershed is situated about 53 km (aerial distance) east of Manila. It is part of the Sierra Madre mountain
range that stretches from Northeastern to Southeastern Luzon. It is geographically located in the municipalities of Tanay,
Rizal, Antipolo in the province of Rizal, municipalities of General Nakar and Real in Quezon and portions of Sta Maria in

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Alyanna Diane S. Avorque, Limuel H. Estrella, Catherine M. Roberto

Laguna. About 30% is within the political jurisdiction of Quezon province, 1 % is within the Laguna province and about
69% is within the province of Rizal

Land Classification and Tenure

The watershed is composed of Alienable and Disposable (A& D) land,

and public forest under different tenures. Among the overlapping
tenurial issuances include the forest reserve-DENR, Military reservation
under the Department of National Defense (DND), Watershed
Reservation-under DENR, Community Based Forest Management
(CBFM) program-DENR program, Certificate of Ancestral Domain Title
(CADT)-issued by the National Commission on Indigenous People
(NCIP), Protected Area under NIPAS -Biodiversity Management Bureau
(BMB) and National Greening Program (NGP) – by DENR.

Kaliwa Watershed Forest Reserve (KWFR) was proclaimed by virtue of

Proclamation No. 573 dated June 26, 1969. In April 18, 1977, another
Proclamation was issued declaring portion of the proposed Kaliwa dam
project watershed as National Park Wildlife Sanctuary and Game Refuge
Reservation under the Proclamation No. 1636 due to diverse flora and fauna
endemic in the area. Recently the Certificate of Ancestral Domain Titles

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BALAY PAYOH: A Disaster Resilient Housing Approach for the Terraced Resettlement for the Dumagat Tribe
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Alyanna Diane S. Avorque, Limuel H. Estrella, Catherine M. Roberto

(CADT) of the Dumagats in General Nakar and umiray Quezon (CADT-097) and another Dumagat CADT covering the
province of Rizal and Quezon (CADT-130) was approved covering about 92.7% of the total Kaliwa Dam project
watershed. The two Dumagat CADT has a total area of about 34,473 hectares (covered within the kaliwa watershed).
Figure 9-2 and 9-3 shows the land classification and tenures of the Kaliwa Watershed. The NGP assisted by the DENR
covers about 1,088 hectares implemented from 2011 to 2014. The CBFM area which is located in two sites within the
watershed a total coverage of 302 hectares.

While, the protected area has the largest coverage area of about 35,031 hectares. Aside from the CADT and overlapping
proclamations, a big part of the watershed especially in the Tanay barangays has been subdivided into small parcels with
each Kaliwa Dam Project Watershed parcel already covered by private land titles or otherwise by other proofs of
ownership like receipts of paid land taxes issued by the municipal treasurer and certification of ownership issued by the
barangay. This practice, actually results to having alienable and disposable lands (A&D) inside a watershed reserve, inside
National Park Wildlife Sanctuary and Game Refuge Reservation and the CADT of the indigenous people. Among the
legal basis in the establishing of said tenures are Proclamation No. 573 dated June 26, 1969 declaring the watershed as
Kaliwa River Forest Reserve where 12, 000 ha covered by Lumutan and Pagsangahan, General Nakar, Quezon. Executive
Order 122 – Defining parts of the reserve for exclusive use of the Dumagats and Remontados. Proclamation No. 982
excluding from the operation of Executive Order No. 122 dated December 21, 1914, which established the Non- Christian
Tribe Reservation and reserving the same for stock farm purposes of the Animal Industry (BAI).

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BALAY PAYOH: A Disaster Resilient Housing Approach for the Terraced Resettlement for the Dumagat Tribe
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Alyanna Diane S. Avorque, Limuel H. Estrella, Catherine M. Roberto

Existing Land Cover

There are several land cover types of the watershed which include a
closed forest, open forest, shrub land, grass land, cultivated areas
with perennial and annual crops, built up areas, and wooded lands.
Vegetative cover maps of 2003, 2010 and 2015 (Source from
NAMRIA) was compared to determine the increase/decrease of each
vegetative cover types. Which, in 2003, shows that largest vegetative
cover is the wooded land comprised of 49.92% followed by open
forest with 38.03%. Closed forest only composed of 12% and
cultivated areas is only about 4.05%. Built up and grass land did not
register on map on this year (2003). In comparison with the 2010
land cover. Open forest has the largest area of coverage of about
28.08%, followed by shrub land of about 21.35%, wooded land
-21.28% and closed forest of about 17.61%. Cultivated land had
decrease in this year which only registered about 1.01%. On the other
hand, built up area had registered about .79%. Based on the latest
NAMRIA land cover map of 2015 shows that shrub land is the dominant

Land Cover Map

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Alyanna Diane S. Avorque, Limuel H. Estrella, Catherine M. Roberto

land cover composed of 44.49% closed forest had increased to 24%, open forest significantly decreased to 19.38%,
cultivated areas also increased to

4.63%, built up area also increased to .08% and grass land significantly decreased to 6%, In comparing the change of
vegetative cover of the watershed in the 12-year duration (reckoned from 2003) showed that closed forest is significantly
increased twice the % cover in 2003. While, open forest had a decreasing trend, which incurred about 19% declined.
Apparently, shrub land had increased its coverage more than 10 times from 2003 to 2015. Cultivated areas had a
fluctuating trend, though, it incurred a small increased in 2015 compared to 2003 coverage. Built up area seemingly
increased in a very small area of about .001%. Grass land and wooded land has a decreasing pattern through time.

The big part of the remaining forested area in Kaliwa Watershed is located in the north eastern part-upstream most part of
its head water within the municipalities of General Nakar Quezon and portion of Rizal Province. The diminishing forest
areas is commonly situated in the south eastern section of the watershed in the municipalities of Tanay and Antipolo,
Rizal. Prior to the 1970s the watershed had very good forest cover. In those years and in the early 1980s, the watershed
was once part of the concession area of De Dios Logging and Barba Logging company. Today, the bulk of forest areas
remaining are in the eastern side of the watershed in Lumutan, General Nakar. In the western side, where the barangays of
the municipality of Tanay are located, the forest cover has become very sparse. In the lower portions of mountains, the
vegetation cover usually consists of grasslands, consisting of cogon and talahib. There are also patches of forest consisting
of small and stunted trees. In contrast, the eastern side has more forest cover because there are very few people in
Lumutan, General Nakar. The forest being kept intact in the General Nakar side may be attributed to its difficult terrain
and topography and inaccessibility.

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Alyanna Diane S. Avorque, Limuel H. Estrella, Catherine M. Roberto

Potential Environmental, Social, Cultural Impacts of the Project

Impacts on Land
Ecosystem/Integrated Key Environmental condition
Findings
The proposed project will result in the permanent and local modification
Land use of the land cover and land use of the small areas to be occupied by the
structure site
Because the project requires continuous underground excavation, large
quantity of abandoned materials will be produced. During construction,
Increased in Solid Wastes and solid wastes produced in project site and workers living quarters will
waste disposal cause negative impact on terrestrial environment if not properly treated
and managed.

Under DENR DAO 2003-30, there are 12 categories for environmental

Encroachment in ECA critical areas (ECA). Of the 12 categories, two (2) are present within the
project area: All areas eclared as national parks, watershed reserves,
wildlife preserves, sanctuaries and All areas declared as national parks,
watershed reserves, wildlife preserves, sanctuaries
Existing Land Tenure Issues There are land tenurial instruments present in the watershed however did

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Alyanna Diane S. Avorque, Limuel H. Estrella, Catherine M. Roberto

not fall in the project area particularly in the reservoir area. Individual
farm lots are only present in the area.
The project development will entail removal of vegetation cover to give
Loss/Deterioration of Current way for the construction of dam and reservoir. The removal of
Vegetation Cover vegetation will also result in the reduction in the population of plant
species growing within the project area. Future vegetation will face a
great threat during the clearing activity. This activity will hinder the
opportunity of these regenerants to grow and replace the mature
vegetation in the area.
Wildlife species including threatened species of highly mobile species
(i.e. birds, bats and large mammals) will be displaced once the habitat is
Loss of Habitat and Wildlife transformed. Displaced animals will be more prone to human contact
Species and hunting. Habitat loss as a result of inundation of areas for the
operation of the dam will cause displacement or mortality particularly
for the less mobile species, i.e. small species, nestlings and fledglings
and young of some species. Inundation will be gradual and will allow
movement of less mobile species. Significant portions of forests at
higher elevations will serve as wildlife refuge.
The studied area has considerable amount of biomass and stored carbon.
Loss of biomass and carbon Clearing and inundation of most of the watershed area will reduce
carbon sinks and might possible release the carbon that was stored these
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with the Application of Muyong System Towards Environmental Conservation

Alyanna Diane S. Avorque, Limuel H. Estrella, Catherine M. Roberto

trees, which eventually one of the causes of global warming problem.

A permanent and major modification of the terrain at the section of
Kaliwa River to be occupied by the dam, spillway and diversion tunnel
will take place. The portal areas of the conveyance tunnel will also be
modified. During construction, earthmoving activities will be carried out
Terrain modification, Erosion and in the sites designated for the dam, spillway, diversion tunnel, portals of
slope destabilization conveyance tunnel. The dam site, spillway, diversion tunnel and
conveyance tunnel will be the major sources of excavated materials. The
excavated materials if not properly managed could be exposed to erosion
especially during rains and will contribute to the siltation of the main
channel of the Kaliwa River and streams bounding the other structure
sites. Stockpiles of sand and gravel brought in from sources outside the
project area could also be susceptible to erosion.

Mitigation Measures

Land use alteration in the impounding area is permanent. Vegetation cover in this area will be properly mitigated by the
measures specified in the terrestrial ecology (planting and restoration of vegetation cover) and implementation of
watershed management. MWSS will closely coordinate with the LGU in terms of the land use planning. For lands

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allocated for settlements and farming, this will be coordinated and consulted with the affected community (covered by
RAP). Adjacent areas which will be affected will be restored to its original cover or use through revegetation.

a. Mitigation of Loss of ecologically important species To mitigate this, ecologically important species must be
identified and marked to minimize damage especially in sites adjacent to proposed engineering development.
Seeds and propagules of ecologically important species (noted in large number during the inventory) must be
collected for use in propagation in damaged areas that will not be occupied by the dam and other structures. The
same could be used for the watershed management rehabilitation and protection.
b. Replacement of trees cut due to land clearing Prior to project implementation the proponent will coordinate to the
DENR and Philippine Coconut Authority (PCA) to seek clearance for the identification of required documents for
the issuance of needed tree and coconut cutting permits (PD 705). Moreover, to compensate the loss of habitats,
the proponent will replace the number of trees removed/cut and plant them in nearby areas or in accordance with
the advice of the DENR. Species that will be used for the reforestation must be indigenous trees and/or fruit
bearing trees endemic in the place that can attract wildlife species.
c. Strict adherence to the development plan of the project site especially during land clearing. Land clearing will be
confined on designated sites only based on the approved development plan. The development activities will be
limited within the proposed project area. Areas to be cleared will be delineated to avoid unnecessary clearing. The
no hunting and no collecting policy will be implemented.

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d. Restoration of Wildlife habitat Restoration/rehabilitation of areas at higher elevations will be carried out to ensure
that alternative wildlife refuge will be available. This should be done in conjunction with the watershed
rehabilitation strategy. Annex 6 presents the Watershed Management Framework for the Kaliwa Watershed.
e. Prohibition of wildlife poaching/collection The proponent should also ensure that its employees must be
prohibited/warned/informed not to engage in any mode of wildlife collection and/or hunting for the conservation
and protection of remaining wildlife species. Promote wildlife protection using innovative means such as putting
up of warning signage on strategic areas for public information and warning.

Water Ecosystem Impact

- During construction, the streamflow from Kaliwa River will be diverted
Reduction of water flow for through two tunnels on the left bank which will discharge downstream
downstream users of the Kaliwa-Queborosa Creek confluence. Water will continue to flow
downstream bypassing the construction area and SitioQueborosa.

- Erosion during construction and disturbance of riverbeds and banks will

bring about siltation of the river waters and lead to short term increase in
total suspended solids (TSS) and total dissolved solids (TDS). This will
Deterioration of river water quality translate to a decrease in DO levels which will affect aquatic life forms
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Alyanna Diane S. Avorque, Limuel H. Estrella, Catherine M. Roberto

in Kaliwa River. The local deterioration in river water quality may be

attributed to unsanitary practices of the construction workers that may
use the rivers as toilet area and waste disposal area for both construction
and domestic wastes.
- While a newly-constructed dam disrupts the river ecosystem, it also
creates a new environment. As it a dam alters the waterways, it also
affects the habitat and nesting grounds of terrestrial flora and fauna.
Dams submerge the habitat of rare plants and hunting grounds of birds,
reptiles and other mammals. Changes in freshwater flow and quality will
also alter species distribution and breeding patterns of fish species.
These factors also increase the likelihood of creating conditions where
disease-transmitting insects and other invertebrates (e.g., snails) may
proliferate. Another impact of establishing dams on fish fauna and to
Impacts on Fresh Water Ecology wildlife as a whole is the loss of habitat resulting from excavation,
construction and other associated developments in the project area.
These may result in the disruption of behavioral patterns of aquatic
fauna, Environmental Impact Statement of the including waterfowls,
amphibians and reptiles especially during the construction stages of the
project.

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Alyanna Diane S. Avorque, Limuel H. Estrella, Catherine M. Roberto

Mitigation Measures

Water use during the construction will be for the workers and construction requirements such as for concreting and water
for equipment. Assuming a maximum of 1,000 workers at any one time and a daily per capita consumption of 100 liters
per capita per day (lcpd), the daily domestic use amounts to 0.1 MLD or 100 m3/day. Daily construction and equipment
water requirement may be about 5 to 10 times this volume with the maximum at 1 MLD or 1000 m3/day. The 80%
dependable flow was estimated at 9.27m3/sec or 800 MLD. This means that the water use is less than 0.15% of the
dependable flow. Hence, the water use during the construction phase will only reduce the flow very minimally and will
essentially have negligible effect on the domestic use or any other uses in the downstream. Hence, the impact is
considered insignificant.

To mitigate these effects, it is strongly recommended that the dam maintain regular and adequate flows downstream to
minimize disruptions to the flow which is vital to maintaining oxygen levels, water temperature and lessen sedimentation
loads. Fish passes may be constructed to allow the migration of fishes up and down the rivers. It is therefore recommended
that standards and guidelines for constructions of reservoir should be stringently implemented. Moreover, proper disposal
of wastes (excavation and solid wastes) should be strictly followed to prevent more sedimentation of the waters.

Air Quality Impact

- During the construction phase of the project, access roads and the
operation of construction equipment and vehicles will be the main

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sources of pollution. Fugitive dust and combustion emissions will be

generated. The primary sources of fugitive dust emissions will include
Air Pollution construction activities such as land clearing, grading, excavation, and the
transport and movement of construction material particularly the
increased vehicle traffic on unpaved roads. The amount of dust generated
will be a function of construction activities, soil type, moisture content,
wind speed, frequency of precipitation, vehicle traffic, vehicle type, and
roadway characteristics. Fugitive dust emissions will be highest during
drier periods in areas of fine-textured soils. During the dry season, dust
suppression will be applied as needed (such as watering of disturbed or
exposed areas).
- During construction, increased noise and traffic levels will be significant
due to heavy construction vehicles moving to and from the site.
Increased Noise and Traffic during Increased traffic will be a result of trucks to and from the site for
Construction construction material deliveries and site clearing. Noise that will be
generated will be through site clearing activities using soil scrappers and
construction workers on site including construction equipment’s
operation. Since there are residential areas in the immediate vicinity of
the site, the impact is considered significant.

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Mitigation Measures

The project may cause during construction air pollution such as dusts from excavation, filling and bulking, transportation,
loading and unloading; waste gas from equipment and machinery operation; smokes from burning; emission from air
conditioning and other cooling systems. In order to minimize the abovementioned pollution and harms, control
Environmental Impact Statement of the measures may be taken in action:

a. Equipment and machinery in good quality will be purchased and operated, as well as full maintenance, to ensure
fuel fully combusted for standard emission.
b. Under the instruction of the Employer’s delegated representative, flammable wastes, solid garbage, office and
maintenance wastes that need to have combustion treatment will be burned at approved time and place.
c. Watering may be needed for keeping moist to minimize the powders in excavation areas.
d. Transportation vehicles with sideboards will be covered by waterproof tarpaulin when transporting in bulk.
e. All access roads at construction areas will be kept clean and being watered to minimize the dusts when vehicles
pass.
f. Much disposal areas will be equipped with watering systems so as to minimize the raise dusts. Watering is also
needed when it’s windy and gusty.
g. Workmen will wear dustproof masks where dusts are more likely to generate.
h. Dusts reducing system will be installed in areas where dusts and smokes are more likely to generate such as gravel
crushing plants, sieving plants and cement filling plants.
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Alyanna Diane S. Avorque, Limuel H. Estrella, Catherine M. Roberto

i. Regular dusts and powders investigation will be carried out to ensure standard emission is reached as per the laws
and regulations of the Philippines Government.
Human Environment (People)
There are identified portions of their ancestral domain land considered
as ‘sacred sites’ that would be affected by inundation. This includes the
Tinipak spring along Pagsangahan, which is a source of water for the
IPs, and the Tinipak caves in Daraitan. The loss of these sacred sites
would have a significant impact on the IPs in view of their strong
Physical Cultural Resources of IPs cultural attachment to these areas, which have been handed down to
them by their ancestors and would want to preserve and safeguard them
as part of their ethos. The cultural integrity and spirituality of the
Dumagats and Remontados, which are closely linked to their ancestral
land and all the natural resources within it, will be endangered if no
mitigating measures will be implemented to protect their rights to land
and culture.
The project will acquire lands and at the same time may affect
Displacement of People settlements/properties. This loss of land and properties to give way to
project development will affect numbers of settlers/households in the
area.
During the construction period, the project will generate numerous

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employment opportunities for the local residents. Specifically, the

Generation of Local Benefits from project is anticipated to hire workers for most of the duration of the
the Project construction phase. These job opportunities will include both skilled and
unskilled labor. Although construction-related employment is
temporary, it will bring about a positive impact in the area where a large
pool of underemployed manpower or seasonal workers is readily
available and highly anticipating this opportunity. However, the local
manpower available may have to compete with each other and with
other possible migrant labor that may possess similar or even better
skills needed for the construction activities. Among the local residents,
competition for employment between the affected and nonaffected
families of the project could bring about conflict and social tension.
Households whose families will be affected by the ROW are to be given
priority for hiring as per RAP. On the other hand, those who will not be
directly benefited, especially those interested residents in the DIA and
SIA, are also expecting a share in the benefits of the project, which
could be provided, among others, by employment. Moreover, favoring
many migrant workers over the locals in hiring could further create
social tensions in the area, which could in turn lead to peace and order
problems. This is especially more so since the local residents are already
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highly anticipating the employment opportunities in the project. In

addition, having many migrant workers will mean additional population
creating additional burden to the limited social infrastructures of the
area.
The settlement pattern of the Dumagats/Remontados is largely dispersed
due to the practice of swidden, which not only defined their economic
system, but also their social or cultural system. According to Bennagen
In-Migration Proliferation of (1985)4, the migration to another area within 15- kilometer radius is still
Informal Settlers not considered as a change of residence. The sense of territory was not
exclusive, however, the rights of the other Dumagats/Remontados within
the same territory is recognized. Dumagats refer to a specific home base
as the place of birth, but the settlements are dispersing away from the
home base only to cluster in groups of two to six families to make the
clearings for the swidden farms.

Mitigation Measures

The IPs raised during the FBIs and FPICs regarding the issues on replacement of livelihood e.g. fishing and farming,
compensation/ replacement of lost assets; continuing access to land and water/river resources, assurance of continuing
socio-cultural activities at the resettlement site and IP settlement, first priority of IPs and PAPs in the employment

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Environmental Impact Statement of the Kaliwa Dam Project MAIN EIS REPORT Page | 307 opportunities; benefit-
sharing between MWSS and IPs; and IP representatives should have active participation in the project. Since majority of
IPs are not used to settling together with the lowland residents, this cultural and endogenous practice shall be considered
in the IP Development Plan and Resettlement Plan.

In consideration of the negative effects of the ROW acquisition, a RAP formulation is ongoing as well as conduct of FPIC
for IP community that will be affected. The RAP, provides for compensatory measures in form of compensation,
relocation and rehabilitation assistance to people directly affected with the intent of eventually improving their living
standards. The RAP, among others, will minimize and mitigate the negative impacts which bear on the economic and
social well-being of the affected families (AFs) and IPs. In conjunction with the agreed mitigation with the IPs on the
cultural monuments to be affected, access to the remaining springs and caves could be improved. During low water levels
in summer, the springs and caves could potentially daylight and still serve as tourist attraction not as land based features
but as underwater features. Its promotion could form part of the IP livelihood enhancement program.

Environmental Assessment
Based on consultations with key stakeholders, it was established that the main issue of the project is the threat posed by
flooding in the event of dam breakage. This report presents the evaluation of the possible causes and consequences of
flooding brought about by the breakage of the Kaliwa Dam and its effects on downstream.

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The hazards associated with construction are temporary in nature, being present only during the short period that the
project is in the construction phase. This hazard type will only expose a small population—the workers in the construction
phase of the project—making its risk level low. Furthermore, the construction phase involves activities that are common
in many projects that their risk management procedures had become routine and are already in place even for the
contractors that are hired to undertake the project. Therefore, hazards associated with the brief construction activity do not
warrant inclusion in this risk assessment study. The hazards arising from natural processes such as typhoons, landslides
and earthquakes are not ignored in this report but are considered only to contribute modifying effects to the main hazard—
flooding.

Landslides are initiated in steep slopes during the passage of heavy rains or typhoons which bring about the movement of
weathered and fractured rocks or the corresponding overburden. The site selected for the dam and spillway has essentially
stable slopes which will be further enhanced through corresponding design measures to ensure the stability of the
engineering structures. Mass movements along the slopes downstream of the dam and within the Kaliwa River Watershed
are not expected to affect the local residents of Infanta and General Nakar. As previously discussed, the Kaliwa Dam site
is located in a region with major earthquake generators. Ground rupture is not expected to occur at the dam and spillway
area as the nearest active fault corresponding to the segment of the Philippine Fault is located about 15 kilometers to the
east. The Kaliwa Dam site though will be subject to ground shaking during earthquake events in the region. Local
perception surveys and consultations at General Nakar and Infanta indicate that flooding due to dam break is the most
significant event feared by the stakeholders in view of the threat Environmental Impact Statement of the Kaliwa Dam
Project MAIN EIS to human lives and resources downstream. This perception is supported by the experience of the local

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residents to natural flood events which affected the two (2) towns. The most recent major flood event took place in
November 2004 when as a consequence of weeklong rains, heavy damages to lives and properties to the two (2) local
government units occurred. This flood event logically increased the apprehension of the local residents on the flood which
may be generated due to the breakage of the proposed dam.

Conclusion

The dam break analysis due to the occurrence of the probable maximum flood (PMF) showed that the flood wave
generated by the failure of the Kaliwa Dam will be gradually attenuated and will have very limited effect on the towns of
Infanta and Gen. Nakar. The attenuation was brought about by the distance travelled by the flood and the geometry and
meandering nature of the river channel. It should also be noted that the PMF has a probability of occurrence or >0.0001 or
a return period of more than 10,000 years. Therefore, the risk of failure of the Kaliwa Dam due to dam break is very
minute. And as mentioned above, if ever it occurs, the flood wave will have been attenuated and will have minimal effect
on the populated areas about 35 kilometers downstream.

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Alyanna Diane S. Avorque, Limuel H. Estrella, Catherine M. Roberto

Scope and Delimitation

The study focused on the Dumagat tribe of Quezon Province which will be affected by the construction of the proposed
Kaliwa Dam. The resettlement for the Dumagat tribe will be the scope of the study, which shows the preservation of their
community even if they reside in other places. Their vernacular architecture will alos be used to retain their community
but it will also be improved by using a disaster ersilient approach in housing project to be able to at least protect them
from natural disasters since the resettlement would be in mountains were steep slopes were present. The study does not
cover the dumagat tribe found in Daraitan, Rizal since the scope of the study focuses only in the affected Dumagat trie in
Quezon. Even if they have the same problem with the Dam, there are still differences with thecommunity of Dumagat in
Rizal compared in Quezon and one of those is their language. The proposed resettlement will also be limited to the
Preservation of the Dumaagt community since most of their beliefs and tradition were located in places that could not be
moved or taken with them like the Mainit lake, Tinipak river, Tulaog cave and other sacred places.

The muyong system will be used as a natural watershed for their community and for the needs of the community. Rice and
vergetable terraces will also be their alternative source of living since majority of them states that they were dependent in
farming. This will make the community of the Dumagat a self-sustaining community through the application of the
muyong system and terraced farming.

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Case Studies

1. Relocation Area and Housing Project

1.1. Vida vista 2 AFP/PNP Housing Project

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Alyanna Diane S. Avorque, Limuel H. Estrella, Catherine M. Roberto

Location

Brgy. San Luis, Pugo, La Union

Description

Vida vista 2 AFP/PNP housing project in Barangay San Luis, Pugo, La Union is intended for the low salaried personnel of
the AFP (Armed Forces of the Philippines) in the whole CAR region. The housing project have a total of 500 units to be
occupied. Each unit has a 40 sq.m lot area. It is one of the 9,000 units proposed by the government to be built for the
soldiers of the Philippines. It costs 950,000 pesos, President Duterte states that he will pay for the 70, 000 pesos for each
unit and leave them 880,000 only to be paid for a maximum of 25 years. Includes school and other facilities that would

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Alyanna Diane S. Avorque, Limuel H. Estrella, Catherine M. Roberto

help the community. Also, they were surrounded by terraces where they can farm their own food or make it as their
business but in total, this function as a sustainable feature of their community.

The project has similarities on this study because of the approach it used and the livelihood it offers. The housing project
includes terraces for vegetables and rice that could help the community within it. Also, it could provide natural watershed
for the community. As stated in this study, rice terraces with muyong system were used and since the muyong system
originated from the Ifugao which is in the same region as the housing project, it is not possible for their community to
adapt to it. The housing project makes it unique by giving it a different approach through their rice terraces. It is one of the
reasons why the resettlement or housing project would be sustainable and it could provide an alternative livelihood for the
community

Analysis

Photo/Description Analysis

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Etrance of the housing project As of now, the units were not yet ready for occupancy but
there are houses that is already occupied. The community
doesn’t have water and electrical supply which makes it
hard for the occupants to live in there.
The housing project were located on the main road which
gives an easy access for the people. Unlike other housing
project which were located on remote control areas.

Terraces Paddies (mainly for rice and vegetable farming)

It is the community of the housing project. The photo
shows the traditional terraces applied for the community.
Since the housing project were located on the foot of the
mountains with abundant trees, the muyong system could
be easily applied.

Newley constructed school for the community Existing facilities like the school were the most important
for the settlers. Since it is the most needed. At first, they
don’t have a school inside the community because they
were just located beside the main road they could have an
easy access to other schools and facilities outside the
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housing project. After realizing things, they decided to

request for a three storey school.

1.2. Northville 8, Resettlement Area

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Location: Barangay Bangkal, City of Malolos, Bulacan

Northville 8 is an NHA-northrail relocation project for the families affected by the Northrail Development Project of the
National Government. Northville 8 is situated in two barangays of the City of Malolos namely, Barangay Bangkal and
Santor. The development of the area began in the first quarter of 2005 under the supervision of the Housing and Urban
Development Coordinating Council (HUDCC), the National Housing Agency (NHA) development, surveys and tagging
of the affected structures (commercial and residential) located within the Right-of-Way (ROW) of the Philippine National
Railway (PNR) was being conducted by the Local Inter-Agency Committee (LIAC) task force. Demolition and clearing of
affected structures began in the last quarter of 2005, by then, affected families were already moving to the being
developed Northville 8. Completion of physical development of Northville 8 lasted for two (2) years with the installation
of electricity and water supply from every households.

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After occupancy, the resettlement faces a lot of problem within their community. At first, their area were known for
having criminal occupants that made their place a dangerous place for the outsiders. Since they were from different
location, they have differences and unity within the community won’t be easy. This relocation site shows what problems
were commonly experienced by the settlers. It is also one the reasons why people were not favoured with relocation
project because most of this project were not successful and ends up on abandoning their houses and the resettlement area.

The resettlement also have facilities that would help their community. They have an elementary and high school in their
area since they were located far from the main road and from other schools. They also have their own barangay hall, clinic
and a small chapel. Even if they have this facilities, still it won’t be enough for their community. Their problems were
mainly because of their houses and the supply that they don’t have.

Analysis

Photo/description Characteristics
Exisiting Condition of Houses
Most of their houses were not yet finished when the turned
over started. The walls were not plastered and painted. The
units don’t have a room inside. It is like an open area
where they would have their dining, living and bedroom in
the same place. Natural ventilation and natural lighting
were impossible to achieve.
Drainage system of the resettlement Clogged drainage result to flooding. In their area almost

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every street were flooded. Especially when it is raining,

the water would immediately rise and it will take for
almost a week before it will disappear, the result of this is
that it makes the road brittle until it’s all broken. The
community is also exposed from those water that becomes
stagnant.
Vacant areas that is turned into a dump area Their MRF were located on the entrance of their
community which is a bit off because the smell and the
scenario is not welcoming. They just have a big dumping
area inside the senseless fence around it.
One of the emerging problem in their community is waste
disposal. Vacant areas were usually filled with trash and
eventually it will became a dump area for the vicinity.
The road to Northville 8 with water irrigation
Before heading to Northville 8, a 30 minute walk in a very
narrow road without any covered path walk is unbearable.
There are tricycles that will bring you to the relocation site
but if you live in there and spending money for the fare
everyday would cost you so much.

2. Cultural Preservation
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Hispanic Towns of Vigan, Ilocos Sur

Location

Vigan, Ilocos Sur

Description

Vigan City itself is already a tourist destination. You can see anywhere, the Spanish-time houses and streets. There are
also calesas (horse-drawn buggy) which offer you a ride anywhere in the city. Lots of stores selling souvenirs are also in
the street of the city.

Vigan is commonly known for their historically preserved Spanish colonial and Asian approach designed houses within
the city. It is also known to be as one of the tourist destination in the Philippines. The architecture of the city reflects its

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historical background and rich culture in both materials and design. One of this place is known as Mestizo District,  where
the streets are lined with Spanish Era ancestral houses (all with Spanish time tile roofs, massive hardwood flooring,
balustrades and other in varying Spanish, Mexican, and Chinese architectural styles). There are also cobble-stoned streets,
which led to Vigan’s inscription in the list of UNESCO World Heritage Site.

The way they used the historical value of the buildings as a template in building a new and its adaptation to different
buildings. It can cope to modernization without fully changing its identity or value. It used modern materials and
techniques of building but the physical aspect of the building still remains how it should look like many years ago. The
community involvement is one of the aspects that made their environment known. Also, the ordinances and law that
protects their culture is also an important factor in retaining their culture for the next few years. This concept is what this
study is aiming at. How they continue their culture even if a lot of aspects in their environment is changing.

Analysis

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Photo/description Characteristics
Existing streets of Vigan
One of the amazing things about Vigan is their ability and
dedication to protect their community from modernization.
This is not just a simple tourist spot for the Philippines but
it also tells the story of the Philippines for the past years. It
may not represent the Philippine Architecture but it is one
of the factors that made the architecture of our country.

Commercial Building
Modernization is mostly the reason why culture is fading
from different aspects. Technologies and upgrading needs
of the city causes the culture from changing and eventually
disappearing but Vigan is different. They adapt to
modernization but they maintain their identity.

3. Self-sustaining Community

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Rice terraces of Mountain Province

Location : Nueva Vizcaya - Ifugao - Mountain Province Rd, Banaue, Ifugao

The Banaue Rice Terraces are terraces that were carved into the mountains of Ifugao in the Philippines by the ancestors of
the indigenous people. The terraces are also called the "Eighth Wonder of the World". It is commonly thought that the
terraces were built with minimal equipment, largely by hand. The terraces clearly shows the relation between humankind
and the natural environment. It also shows how sustainable farming systems in mountainous terrain can be.

Irrigated rice croplands are among the world's most important agro-ecosystems. They provide food for more than 3.5
billion people and a range of other ecosystem services (ESS). However, the sustainability of rice agro-ecosystems is
threatened by continuing climate and land-use changes.

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In this photo, it shows how the nature and the residents were used in creating a sustainable community. They both benefit
in this cycle. The community uses their environment to sustsian their daily needs, building construction and their
livelihood and at the same time they took care of it as their own. They know the different laws of nature and they kwno
how to resepct it.

Case Studies (Foreign)

Soe Ker Tie Housing Project

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Location: Noh Bo, Thailand

Soe Ker Tier Housing is a small scale housing project of a humanitarian design organization from Norwegian University
of Science and Technology. The project was conceived in response to the shelters for refugee children in the village of
Noh Bo on the Thai-Burmese border.

The Soe Ker Tier houses are prefabricated and assemble on site. The bamboos used for walls and timbers used for
structural parts are harvested and delivered from the mainland and woven in traditional method similar to Thai houses.
The houses are designed with the consideration of sustainability.

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Soe Ker Tie houses are designed as cost effective building. The flapped roof feature of the design is conducive natural
ventilation. Designing to collect rainwater where water stored can be used during dry periods.

Implication to the study:

The Butterfly Huts because of their “winged” appearance were designed with the children’s happiness and health in mind.
As simple as these new dorms may seem, they provide something wonderful for a growing child a space to call their own
to learn, sleep and play in. This small luxury is one that so many of us take for granted but makes a huge difference in the
development and happiness of the children.

Applying to the study, the sustainable design aspects used in the housing project including rainwater collecting feature,
optimum use of daylight and natural ventilation. Important principles like bracing, material economization and moisture
prevention lead to a more sustainable building tradition. The canopy has been shaped in such a way as to enable natural
ventilation, while at the same time collecting and storing rainwater for use during Thailand’s dry season. Protecting
against moisture and rot, the structures are elevated above the ground perched on concrete foundations. This renders the
areas around the buildings more useful during the rainy season giving the kids better areas for play and social life.

Aranya Housing Project

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Location : Indore, India

Traditionally, architects have contributed little to housing for the Third World urban poor. Those who opt to work for the
poor need to rethink their roles; the numbers are overwhelming, the issues complex and the resources are very limited.
One solution is to use land as a resource to produce housing for the urban poor, by allowing them access to it to build their
homes. A study was conducted of such initiatives in a casy-study in India: The Aranya Housing Project, completed in
1988 and considered a model project.

CULTURAL AND SOCIAL CONTEXT

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Indore, India in the early 1980’s was facing a shortage of Housing. It had been estimated that approximately 51,000
families were homeless or living in illegal settlements. The Indore Development Authority initiated an affordable housing
project for 60,000 people that would tackle this issue and at the same time be affordable to the government and urban
poor. Previous efforts by the government to provide low-cost urban housing in India were aimed at supplying ready-built
units. However, it took too long to construct a complete house and it became expensive for the low income group and also
ate up too many resources.

A rectilinear site of 86 hectares was designed to accommodate over 6500 dwellings, largely for the Weaker Economic
Section. This was an integrated approach for 'a sustainable society' where the mix of different economic levels of society
could stay together.

Aranya Township was designed as a site and services project spread laid out in six sectors that converge on a central spine
i.e., the Central Business District. One of the key elements of Doshi’s design was a hierarchy of open spaces that included
small courtyards to be shared by three to four families, larger green spaces for each of the settlement’s six sectors, and a
central playing field to serve the entire development. Open spaces and pedestrian pathways intersect and connect the
clusters to the central spine. Each user has an array of options available from one room shelters to more spacious houses,
and emphasis is mad on a sense of family and neighbourhood while striving to encourage adapatation and personalization
according to individual’s needs and resources

MATERIALS AND BUILDING TECHNIQUES

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The Project site had black cotton soil prone to shrinking and swelling with moisture. Small diameter shallow piles with
poured concrete was used, which made for very inexpensive foundation. The Piles were cross connected at plinth level
through concrete beams on which regular load bearing masonry walls rested

For Most Income Groups, only a house plot was sold. The lower-income Groups were given several options that included
a site and plinth, a service core and one room, depending on how much they could afford. Owners were free to use any
material for the construction and decoration of house.Brick, stone and cement were locally available. Bright Colors in the
facades, railings, grills and cornices commonly seen in the old houses of Indore were used in some of the houses. Internal
streets and squares in the Economically Weaker Section were stone paved, reducing their cost and maintenance. Peripheral
roads were asphalt paved for heavy traffic.

Implication to the study:

The Aranya project demonstrates the vital aspects of urban design in its design of appropriate typology, hierarchy of
streets and open space, housing clusters with human scale, flexibility to addition and growth of built form and an efficient
sites and services layout integrated with the architecture of the township. The indigenous character of built form provides
a setting for the continuation of fundamental values of society.

The Aranya plan uses these universal principles of hierarchy in urban design by creating the center with public amenities
and major urban space moving outwards with series of streets and clusters of houses in hierarchy creating more private
residential public realms. The street is also seen as an urban space with human activities and multiplicity. The emphasis on
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developing a cost efficient layout for services has brought down the cost of the project significantly and hence is an
important ingredient of the design of the settlement.

The efficient site planning, a fresh approach to infrastructure, while using strong traditional urban design principles of the
context, with a hope to provide the most ideal environment for living to the poor, has produced an example of good urban
design in the context of rapid urbanization.These principles used in the Aranya housing project can be applied to the
study.

Research Topic
SUSTAINABILITY AND VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE

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Vernacular architecture is s a built environment that is based upon local needs. Defined by the availability of particular
materials indigenous to its particular region; and reflects local traditions and cultural practices. Traditionally, the study of
vernacular architecture did not examine formally schooled architects, but instead that of the design skills and tradition of
local builders, who were rarely given any attribution for the work. More recently, vernacular architecture has been
examined by designers and the building industry in an effort to be more energy conscious with contemporary design and
construction part of a broader interest in sustainable design.

Vernacular architecture can be defined as unpretentious, simple, indigenous, traditional structures made of local materials
and following well-tried forms and types.

Vernacular architecture is the built environment created based on the society needs. It is built in accordance with the
natural environment (geography, topography, site, climate) fulfilling people’s physical, economic, social, and cultural
norms. Vernacular architecture is a sign of identity; it is the “mirror” of nations that reflects place, time, and culture.

The way of life of the Dumagat Tribe, and the way they use their shelters, is of great influence on building forms. The size
of family units, who shares which spaces, how food is prepared and eaten, how people interact and many other cultural
considerations will affect the layout and size of their beloy.

The Dumagat tribe depended on local materials (such as wood and anahaw leaves) and skills; this led to conserve
resources and created uniqueness and identity to each region’s architecture. Using woods and anahaw leaves in creating
roof at soloan houses while galvanized iron roof for beloy houses.

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In vernacular architecture, each tradition is intimately related to social and economic imperatives. It has developed to meet
specific needs within each culture.

The cultural and social core of the Dumagat Tribe need to be seen within the perspective of routine practices of the
Dumagat to grasp the essence of society’s experience with the built and natural environment.

SUSTAINABILITY

Sustainability has often been a fundamental part of the composition of both tangible and intangible cultural resources;
sustainability and preservation of cultural identity are complementary. Elements of sustainable design are integral to
vernacular architecture that have evolved over time using local materials and technology emerging from ambient natural
and cultural environment creating optimum relationships between people and their place.

The word “sustain” means “to hold up” or “to support from below,” a society needs to be supported by its populations in
the present and future. Most traditional societies took care of their community through the amalgamation of natural and
physical environment with cultural, social, and mystical values. These are the societies where sustainability is evident and
livable as daily practices.

Human civilization has evolved and kept its continuation through integration with the surrounding environment and is
dependent on the preservation of nature. Over time and the multifaceted interaction of evolution and human adaptability to
the ambient environment, every place and region developed unique characteristics that distinguished it from other places,
that is, the core of “identity” Identity has a permanent nature, permanence is supported by both natural environment and

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cultural, such as the natural topography, material and cultural includes views and habits. All of this is contained in the
sustainable criteria. So the nature of sustainability is an important part in recognizing the identity

DISASTER RESILIENCY

Disaster resilience is important for individuals as well as for the community as a whole because it greatly affects how they
are adapting and transforming their structures. It is one of the keys to protect the community from the hazards of the
environment. Disaster resilience is a crucial investment in prevention and preparedness. Disaster risk reduction is a
national and a local priority where knowledge, innovation, and education are used to build a culture of safety and
resilience at all levels and reduce the underlying risk factors.

Climate change requires a twofold approach which assimilates mitigation and adaptation or resilience building that deals
with the remaining impacts of climate change. However, regardless of uncertain progress through decreasing greenhouse
gas emissions, scientists come to an agreement irreversible effects that will continue and deteriorate within the lifetime, as
the past emissions continue to heat up the earth’s atmosphere. This is why the focus on climate changes mitigation and
adaptation, particularly in indigenous people, has become so critical. In relation to climate change, the terms resilience and
adaptation are often used interchangeably. In theoretical terms, climate change resilience is the ability of an individual,
municipal, or society to enthusiastically and efficiently respond to unstable climate impact conditions while continuing to
utilize and prosper. Basically, it is the ability to survive, recover from, and even overcome in changing climatic
conditions. It includes the ability to understand possible impacts and to take suitable action before, during, and after a
certain event, such as a typhoon, major flooding or prolonged drought, to minimize negative effects and maintain the
ability to respond to changing conditions, even unpredictable conditions
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Indigenous people are among the first to face the direct consequences of climate change, due to their dependence upon,
and close relationship, with the environment and its resources. Climate change exacerbates the difficulties already faced
by indigenous communities including political and economic marginalization, loss of land and resources, human rights
violations, discrimination and unemployment. General Nakar in Quezon is among the few municipalities in Southern
Tagalog that has thickly forested areas. Tropical forests in General Nakar, are the richest type of the world in terms of the
diversity of inhabiting people. Indigenous people of the tropical rainforest belt are very dependent on the forest. The
Dumagats, who are cultural minorities who reside in this area, have been affected by the impacts of environmental and
climate change and have struggled to adapt the changes in the environment they live in. Climate change poses threats and
dangers to the survival of these indigenous communities. These Dumagats are vital to, and active in, the many ecosystems
that inhabit their lands and territories and may therefore help enhance the resilience of these ecosystems. In addition, they
interpret and react to the impacts of climate change in creative ways, drawing on traditional knowledge and other
technologies to find solutions, which may help society at large to cope with impending changes.

INDIGENOUS KNOWLEGDE

The Indigenous Peoples Rights Act defines “Indigenous Peoples” as a group of people or homogenous societies identified
by self-ascription and ascription by others; who have continuously lived as an organized community on communally
bounded and defined territory and who have, under claims of ownership since time immemorial, occupied, possessed and

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utilized such territories, sharing common bonds of language, customs, traditions and other distinctive cultural traits, or
who have, through resistance to political, social and cultural inroads of colonization, non-indigenous religions and
cultures, became historically differentiated from the majority of Filipinos. Indigenous Cultural Communities/ Indigenous
Peoples shall likewise include peoples who are regarded as indigenous on account of their descent from the populations
which inhabited the country, at the time of conquest or colonization, or at the time of inroads of non-indigenous religions
and cultures, or the establishment of present state boundaries, who retain some or all of their own social, economic,
cultural and political institutions, but who may have been displaced from their traditional domains or who may have
resettled outside their ancestral lands (Sec. 3 (h) Republic Act 8731, or the Indigenous Peoples Rights Act IPRA 1997).

The Dumagat people are an indigenous group of Filipinos found along the coast of the Pacific ocean and in the hinterlands
of the Sierra Madre mountains in the eastern part of the Luzon island, Philippines. They generally resemble the other
Negrito groups such as the Aetas of Pinatubo mountain, Ati of Panay island and the Ata-Manobos of Davao and North
Cotabato provinces.

The Dumagats are the descendants of the Negrito group and reside in various parts of Central and Southern Luzon.
Because their nomadic lifestyle, they often travel from Quezon to Rizal or some instances up to Bulacan and Aurora. The
province of Quezon has approximately 50 Dumagat communities with an average of 15 families per community. The
biggest number is found in General Nakar and Polilo Islands.

Situation of the people:

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 Poverty and income

The Dumagat women do not have permanent jobs. Majority of households are engaged in rattan-gathering,
charcoal-making and gathering of wild flowers, such as orchids. In some cases, they are tied in a patron-client
relationship with lowlanders, whom they call ‘store owners’. Buying and selling their forest products seems to be
internalized in this relationship, although the price is basically decided by the buyers.
 Food sufficiency
They usually have simple meals twice or three times a day composed of rice and vegetables. Animals hunted both
from the mountains and the rivers are consumed, occasionally.
 Water and sanitation
A river running along the community provides water for bathing and washing, transporting gathered products from
the mountain, and playground for the children. Drinking water is usually drawn from springs. Some of the
households have toilet facilities, while others do not. This is a sanitation issue,especially the usage of the river.
 Education
Among the Dumagat children and youth aged 7-19 years, a third was not studying. For many, it is difficult to
finish even grade school. Among the women, there was a similar short fall in
educational attainment. The major reason for dropping-out is lack of funds to purchase school supplies and pay for
transportation costs.

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SELF- SUSTAINANING COMMUNITY

As a global community, we face significant challenges related to reducing our environmental impact, taking a hard look at
our development practices and identifying opportunities to reduce pollution, while revitalizing our communities to create
safe, attractive and vibrant "people places". Moving forward we must critically consider how we plan, develop and
construct not only our buildings, but also our neighborhoods and cities. Sustainability at the building level the first step,
but it is merely one piece of the puzzle. Sustainability must start in planning at the community level, requiring a major
paradigm shift, and an extension of our commitment to sustainable planning and design. This paper will provide an in-
depth look at the model of "cellular" development, incorporating the principles of New Urbanism and sustainable design
to create self-sustaining communities. This paper will also identify opportunities related to transit, parking and
development to create more walkable, convenient and self-sustaining communities.

Many indigenous and local communities live in territories that are biologically outstanding on a global scale. Traditional
indigenous territories have been estimated to cover up to 24 percent of the world’s land surface and contain 80 percent of
the earth’s remaining healthy ecosystems and global biodiversity priority areas. A significant fraction of the world’s
protected areas is found within or overlaps with indigenous lands, territories and resources. This remarkable spatial
convergence presents both an enormous opportunity as well as a challenge for conservation efforts in protected areas and
in the larger production landscape. Indigenous communities have also been responsible for the preservation and
maintenance of traditional knowledge and practices that are highly relevant for the use of biodiversity.

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STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The problem revolves on the construction of the New Centennial dam that will cause the Dumagat tribe to
unwillingly relocate from their ancestral land. With the given situation, how would the Dumagat tribe retain and protect
their community as they reside in the resettlement allocated for them?

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SUB PROBLEM

1. What are the differences of the past and present condition of the culture of Dumagat and what influences it from
changing?

2. What are the elements of the vernacular architecture of the Dumagat to be used for their resettlement and be safe to
natural disasters?

3. How can the muyong system of Ifugao help the Dumagat tribe in conserving their land without influencing their
community from changing?

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
These findings are based on the result of the data collected by the researchers within during desk research and site
visitation and observation of the project. The summary will be usedas a guide through the extensive information gathered
to give a clearer understanding of the study.

New Centennial Kaliwa Dam Project

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The New Centennial Kaliwa dam is conceptualized by the MWSS (Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System) to
deficit the water crisis in Metro Manila. It is a project proposed by MWSS to the shortage of water in Metro Manila. It
will be funded by China that will cost billions of pesos, the very reason why many people is against it.

It is located in the three municipalities which they called as REINA (Tanay, General Nakar and Infanta). It will be
constructed in the streamline of Kaliwa river, the longest river in Quezon province which flows among the three
municipalities. The directly affected areas were the barangay Magsaysay of Infanta, Daraitan of Tanay and Pangsangahan
of General Nakar.

There are many indigenous people like the Dumagat tribe living in the mountains of Sierra Madre, unfortunately, various
places in General Nakar that have the settlement of some Dumagat were affected also by the construction of the dam.
Some of mthem may not be directly affceted but since they depend on farming and fishing, most of their ancestral land
were inundate due to the construction of the project.

Effects of the Kaliwa Dam Project

 Resettlement of various community of the three municipalities were mandatory since it is prohibited to go back
and forth from the area of the dam after it is construction, the affected people would lose their source of income.
The Dumagat tribe will be forced to leave their ancestral land even if it is against their will. Their culture and
identity will only be seen in their color and hair and they will not be able to continue their normal lives of they
reside far from their ancestral land.

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 The environmental impact of the project will leave a great loss to its biodiversity. The location of the project is not
just the home of the indigenous people but also for the endangered and exotic species of animals and plants.
Suspected water spilling, critical location based on the volcanic faults, air and noise pollution and loss of
biodiversity were just some of its results.
 It is suspected to inundate the whole municipal of Infanta, Quezon if tragedies would happen. They fear that if the
water from the dam will spill or if they reduce water from the dam, the Infanta will be the cathment area of all that
water since their land is low and near the sea.

Despite all of these problems and allegedly effects, the government and MWSS have their final decision, they will insist
and start the project as soon as possible. Whenever the legal documents were completed, they will start the construction
right away since they consider these project as a “done deal”. If possible, they estimated that the construction will start by
the early months of 2020 and be finished by 2025.

Remontado-Dumagat of General Nakar

The Dumagat of Quezon province resides in various barangay of General Nakar. Umiray, Lumutan, Pangsangahan, Uma,
Yokyok, and other barangays of General Nakar are the settlement of the ancestral ladn of the Dumagat. Just like their
other kinds, they live on the remote areas in the upland, far from the lowlanders and technologies. They’ve leave in there
peacefully for decades until they faced the biggest challenge of their tribe, the construction of the Kaliwa Dam that will
destroy their land and culture.

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The construction of dam opened a lot of issues and problems the Dumagat faced before and after they knew about the
dam. Their land where considered as a protected area because it is their ancestral land but all of the sudden, they just don’t
have the right to stay from their land because of the construction of the dam. It is a proof that even if there are laws and
regulations that protects the indigenous people of our country, it’s still not enough when crisis like this came. They were
also afraid that they would end up like the other known IP’s that were relocated because of the same situation that they
have, that when they moved into the resettlement for the affected people is that not all of the promises or programs that
were told to them where not true. They don’t have water or electricity and that they were relocated into the remote areas.
And for lose who chose to stay within the watershed were not allowed to enter from their land. They were forced to find
something to eat or sell far from their houses. They chose to live far from the people that cannot understand them and yet
the government would choose their land as a water supply for other people not considering the lives and the culture of the
indigenous people residing in there.

Cultural Aspects of Dumagat tribe

 They also have sacred places namely, Mainit, Tinapak, Tulaog that they believed that can heal all of their wounds.
They also used it as a ritual for baptism. They also used this place as a gathering place for their worship and their
feast gathering which is held every 4th of August once a year.
 Pagmamaman is practiced by the Dumagats because of social reasons. It is used to initiate, maintain, and propagate
friendship and camaraderie. The Dumagat offers maman as a sign of friendship. Pagmamaman is a social

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equalizer. In the Dumagat community, everybody chews maman. Young, old, women, men, elders, and leaders are
all the same and equal when it comes to maman everybody spits red. Pagmamaman will remain as a Dumagat
social practice. It is a tradition that the Dumagats inherited from their elders and would like to keep and pass on to
the younger generation. They are aware of the warnings about the health risk related to maman chewing. Despite
these warnings, no Dumagat has complained that they experience ed the harmful health effects of maman.
 The Dumagats have changed a lot, but their understanding and unity for each other makes them as one. How they
look at each other and respect their environment is enough for them to live. They live very different from others
and they live like they were the only tribe in their place. They could live without fully coping with modern living
but they leave at ease far from the city.

Muyong system of Ifuago

The inhabitants of Ifugao, in the Philippines, have developed a unique way of life, reflected in the way they grow and tend
forests. This unique system of tending forests has been referred to in the literature as the “muyong system,” coined from
the local dialect meaning forest or woodlot. The muyong system has been recognized internationally as an ideal forest
management strategy that is deeply ingrained in the culture of the Ifugao people. Muyong are traditionally inherited

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properties and are privately owned, although owners do not possess title deeds. Ownership is simply defined by
inheritance and this mode of ownership transfer is highly respected and recognized by everybody within the cultural vein.
The muyong plays an important role within the tribal economy. It is the primary source of fuelwood, construction
materials, food and medicines.

The Ifugao agro-ecological zones consist of five key components, namely: micro forest (muyong or pinugo), swidden
fields (habal), terraced paddies (payo), settlement districts (boble) and braided riverbeds (wangwang). As a whole, Ifugao
agroecological zones represent a hilly type or a watershed model production system.

The Ifugaos are considered traditional practitioners of agroforestry. The Ifugaos adopted agroforestry in woodlots and
multiple cropping in swiddens as an economic insurance in case of crop failure in the terraces. The integration of value-
added tree crops and herbs in natural muyong vegetation and swiddens has been found to be highly compatible

How the muyong system could help the Dumagat tribe

 It will give them their possible source of living through the application fo their knowledge in farming. Since
muyong system consist of rice terraces, they could also grow vegetables or fruits for their own good or for their
livelihood.

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 This will give them other methods of preserving their lands. Since they will be relocated in the mountains as well,
they could use muyong to bring back their environment through planting trees that they used to have in their
ancestral land.
 The natural watershed that muyong is providing could help their community in being sustainable and productive.
Enrichment planting with forest species is also done in woodlots to enhance diversity. Included in enrichment
planting are fast-growing reforestation species and other fruit trees

Muyong system is commonly used by other provinces like Benguet, Kalinga, La union and other mountainous provinces.
It will not be hard for the Dumagat to adapt to it since they were familiar with the application of the indigenous knowledge
since they do have their own beliefs and knowledge with nature. Indigenous forest management systems could be very
good tools in promoting forest development and watershed management. It is a knowledge that normal people could not
understand.

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Through the collation of data and its analyzation, the researched are able to present an in-depth and detailed proposals
based on the recommendations and proposals. This may be used as a template or a guide for the development of such
institution. The researchers explored the possibility of a successive and progressive process of reformation through
categorizing the process relative to its architectural appropriation.

Cultural Development
Needs Recommendation Proposal

 Conceptual planning of the

The need of relocating the resettlement that reflects to the
indigenous community in an  Identify the present condition existing condition of the
environment where they could of the Dumagat tribe. Dumagat tribe
adapt easily.

 Consider their practices and  Selection of proper resettlement

beliefs in site selection. area that have the resemblance
of the environment of the
ancestral land of the Dumagat.

 Propose a cultural center

The need of preservation of the  Identify the evolution of the showcasing the rich indigenous
cultural aspect of the cultural elements of the culture of the community in
indigenous community as they

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cope with modernization community to improve their every aspect of the culture.
cultural practice.
 Use their culture in designing  Provision of a facility that gives
their community. proper briefing for the other non
Dumagat tribe.
Community Development
Needs Recommendation Proposal

 Locating the best place for the  Propose a community health care
facilities to be placed for easy facility to provide the health
access and function well services needed by the patients.
within the vicinity of the
whole barangay.  Propose an administration office
The need to have proper
for the elders and for the
facilities within the community.
 Facilities should be adaptive community to function well.
to the natural environment.
 Propose a chapel according to th
design concept that will show the
characteristic and significance of
 Aside from the proper the people.
community planning the

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cultural character must be  Providing an educational facility

incorporated to the design of that will educate the tribe to
the community. highlight their native languages.

 Enough public toilets for the  Providing a proper sanitation

community will improve their system to be able to use for those
The need to have a proper sanitation. households and also for the health
sanitation of the public toilet
of the community.
and drainage system for proper
 Proposing a committee for
disposal
garbage disposal where there  Provide a proper waste disposal
can be a schedule for picking area for the tribe that can apply
up the garbage. some waste management that can
be used fertilizer for the crops.
 Identifying the present  Using Muyong system as an
livelihood conditions of the alternative way of farming for
community. their daily needs and livelihood.
Proposing a proper livelihood
community
 Identify possible alternative  Propose a livelihood center that
livelihood that is relevant to educates the community for their
their present source of income. alternative source of income.

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 Identify the traditions and

occasions that the Dumagat
The need to have places to tribe celebrate.  Propose a session hall where they
wherein they could still could held their occasions and
perform their cultural practices. celebrations.
 Provision of public and private
areas for gatherings and
meetings of the council and
the tribe.

BACKGROUND
In this chapter of the book, the Sitio Cablao in Pagsangahan Quezon will be discussed further given the site’s evident flaw
and potential that will determine the appropriate architectural solution in relocating the Dumagat tribe because of the
Kaliwa Dam Project that the said tribe will be affected through site reconnaissance and inventory

Based on the data gathered an analyzed on the previous chapter, the area will be narrowed down by classifying the site
selected in line with the main and pocket nodes developments which will be assessed and justify based on the required

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parameters prior to the need for development , building laws and local ordinances. The site selected will be supported by
baseline studies as a guide of site considerations and by swot with behavioral studies to suffice the distinctive pattern of
movement of the user towards the area.

SITE JUSTIFICATION
Sitio Cablao in Barangay Pagsangahn is the given or relocation by the government. Through months of planning and
deliberation, the municipality agreed to the New Centennial Kaliwa dam in exchange with the retaining the rights of the
ethnic group of dumagat to reside or relocate around the ground zero of the dam to continue their lives. The given solution
is to relocate the affected people in the same barangay but on a higher grounds.

In terms of its physical environment, the proposed relocation site in Sitio Cablao doesn’t have that much difference in the
ancestral land of the Dumagat since there are settlement in the area. Sitio Cabalo is much higher than the affected area
which makes it possible for relocation. Both sites have the same flora and fauna which will make it easier for the Dumagat
to adapt to their environment. In terms of farming, the soil type where also the same so the affected people that will reside
in the resettlement could still use or eat the crops that they used. The first concern of the Dumagat tribe is that if they will
be relocated far from their land, they won’t be able to go to their sacred places but since they are in the same barangay
they could still have an access to their sacred area. The people were used to the climate and temperature of the place so
they know the different signs of nature in case of natural disasters. They will also have their houses be designed based on

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the needs of their environment. They will also be given the opportunity to have the facilities that they think te needed
provided by the government. They could have school, healthcare center, livelihood, session hall and barangay hall for
their own good.

On the other hand, the disadvantages of the site is really concerning. Since the people residing near the proposed dam
where threatened by the possible effects of the dam to their environment. The sacred places of Dumagat might be
inundated by the dam which will destroy their faith and beliefs. Their resources might also be under the supervision of the
Metropolitan Waterworks Sewerage System (MWSS), they couldn’t live freely in their own land. The native animals in
the area will be also disturbed by the construction of the dam and eventually will force them to leave their territory that
might end up of unbalanced biodiversity. Also, in the
stated possible environmental impact of the project, the
resettlement and its environment will also be affected.

MACRO SITE ANALYSIS

Background

General Nakar, officially the Municipality of General

Nakar, is a 1st class municipality in
the province of Quezon, Philippines. According to the 2015

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census, it has a population of 29,705 people.[3] It is the largest municipality in the province in terms of land area,
occupying 1,343.75 square kilometres (518.82 sq mi).

It was named after Major General Guillermo Peñamante Nakar (1905–1942), the martyred leader of the 1st Battalion of
the 71st Infantry Division of the USAFFE against the attacking Japanese Forces.

With an area extending until 162,600.96 ha, General Nakar is known as the largest municipality of Quezon. Its area
hectarage is abode to as much as 29,874 individuals (CBMS, 2016), compacted to a mean population density of 1,155
individuals per ha.

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The municipality consists of 19 different barangays

congregated into three major clusters: The Kabilogan
Cluster, Baybay Cluster, and Ilaya Cluster. Barangays
Anoling, Banglos, Catablingan, Pamplona, and
Poblacion constitute the Kabilogan Cluster, while
Barangays Magsikap, San Marcelino, Sablang,
Maligaya, Canaway, and Umiray make up the Baybay
Cluster. On the other hand, the remaining eight
barangays; namely, Minahan Norte, Minahan Sur,
Maigang, Batangan, Pisa, Mahabang Lalim,
Pagsangahan, and Lumutan collectively form the Ilaya
Cluster.

Land Classification

Types are the Alienable & Disposable (A & D) and

forestlands land. A & D lands cover 3,741.62 ha or about 3 %
of the municipality’s total land area. This excludes the 19,248
hectares (13 %) of titled forestlands owned by the Green
Circle Properties and Resources, Inc. (GCPRI). About 89 %
of the A & D lands are devoted to agricultural production. On

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the other hand, forestlands cover 141,865 hectares or 97 % of the municipality’s total land area including forestlands northwest of the
Umiray River measuring 11,217.19 hectares.

Based on the estimated area of various land uses taken from the Present Land Use Map of the Bureau of Soils and Water
Management, forestland is the dominant land use of the municipality of General Nakar. This covers 141,865.57 hectares or 97.43%
of the municipality’s total land area. Other land uses include Agricultural areas, built-up areas brush land and other uses covering
3,332.02 ha (2.28 %), 209.85 ha (0.14 %), 13 ha ( 0.008%) and 186.75 ha (0.12 %), respectively (Table 6 & Map 11). Agricultural
land uses, consisting of rice, coconut, and crops rotated with upland and high value crops intercropped to coconuts are found on the
lowlands and some undulating to rolling areas of the municipality.

Political Subdivision and Land Area

General Nakar is the largest municipality of Quezon Province with 161,640 hectares land area. About 72.36 % of the
municipality’s total land area is covered by barangays Umiray and Pagsangahan sharing 38.57 % and 33.79 %,
respectively.

Geographical Location

General Nakar is the northernmost municipality of Quezon Province. It is bounded on the north by the Municipality of
Dingalan, Aurora, on the east by Polilio Strait, on the south by the municipalities of Real and Infanta, Quezon, and on the
west by the Provinces of Rizal, Bulacan and Nueva Ecija. It lies geographically between 1210 8’ and 1210 42’ east
longitudes, and 140 45’ and 150 20’ north latitudes.

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Based on the great-circle distance (the shortest distance between two points over the surface of the Earth), the cities
closest to General Nakar are Antipolo, Marikina, San Jose del Monte, Pasig, Quezon City, and Taguig. The nearest
municipalities are Infanta, Real, Panukulan, Polillo, Burdeos, and Santa Maria. Its distance from the national capital is
73.14 kilometers (45.44 miles). The following list delineates such distance measurements.

PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

Agriculture

The aforementioned cover as much agricultural areas 93% or 36,973.56 ha, affecting such commodities as coconut, rice,
watermelon, banana, rasa, calamansi, ginger or turmeric, taro, bamboo, vegetable crops, and various fruit-bearing trees
among others. The prevalent crops of each barangay, in case of extreme precipitation change occurrence, would likely
bring about losses equivalent to ₱720,600.00 per ha. Irrigated rice land covers 784 hectares or 25 % of the total
agricultural land. More than half or 57% of this area is found in barangays Umiray and Pagsangahan.

Soil type
Quingua Silt Loam- These are secondary soils derived from alluvial deposits washed down from the adjoining uplands. This soil
type is characterized by nearly level to slightly undulating relief and fair to good drainage conditions.

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Annam Clay Loam- This soil type belongs to the Annam Series of soil developed from weathered basalt, andesite and tuffaceous
rocks. Usually found in hilly and mountainous areas with good to excessive external drainage and fair internal drainage, acidic and
with low phosphorous content.

Antipolo Sandy Clay- This soil type is under the Antipolo Series formed from weathered basalts and Igneous rocks. It is found
mostly on rolling to hilly and mountainous areas at the southeastern part of the municipality. The soils contain spherical-iron
concretions with good to high external drainage and good internal drainage.

Mountain Soils Undifferentiated - This is categorized miscellaneous land type. It covers the entire western portion of the
municipality stretching from north to south orientation. This land type is heavily covered with forests, rugged and mostly
inaccessible.

Topography

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General topography is rugged and mountainous with few plain areas. The Kabilogan Valley is the dominant plain area of the
municipality plus some strips of lowland along the coast and river valleys where crops are grown. Mt Malabito is the highest
mountain peak of the General Nakar with elevation of 1,334 m. Comprehensive Land Use Plan, Municipality of General Nakar, 2009
Page 10 General Nakar Quezon above mean sea level (msl). Dominant elevation Range is 1 to 500 meters above msl. The 1,000
meters and above elevation is the subject of protection, basis of which is DAO 24 Series of 1991. Dominant Slope is 50 % and above,
categorized steep hills and mountains. This constitutes 54,169 ha or 37 % of the municipality’s total land area. Described level to
hilly is 0 to 50% slopes covering 80,221 ha.
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Geological-Fault Zones

These faults are earthquake generators that cause

Tsunamis and landslides. The widespread mass
wasting and flooding in November 2004 was not
due to this earthquake triggering type but by high
intensity rainfall, degraded vegetation cover and
steepness of mountain slopes.

All 25.85 ha residential area of General Nakar is

exposed to an earthquake hazard. For High-risk
category, three out of 19 barangays are included for
this category with one coming from the Kabilogan
cluster, and two from Baybay cluster, while the rest
are considered as Moderate Risk areas.

Ancestral Domain

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Logging activities, through the granting of Timber License Agreement (TLA) and Integrated Forest Management
Agreement (IFMA), have led to the reduction of forest stands within ancestral domains of the Agta Dumagat in Barangay
Sablang, General Nakar, Quezon. Logging activities and the creation of logging roads have also contributed to the influx
of migrants and, consequently, resulted to the entry of market-based, profit-oriented mode of production and technologies
in the area. Such processes facilitated further the competition for forest resources and decline in forest productivity. The
Agta Dumagat traditional indigenous knowledge and value system suggest reverence of the natural environment via the
subsistence system. However, the new knowledge systems brought by the legal and illegal commercial loggers and other
non-indigenous migrants are being incorporated to their livelihoods. This is because the Agta Dumagat traditional
livelihood activities are no longer effective to meet their basic needs as the forests are being less productive due to logging
and other profit-oriented forest activities. The decision to shift traditional knowledge system is further intensified as the
Agta Dumagat is exposed to the more efficient and lucrative modes of production of migrant lowlanders, and new
economic relations are introduced. While such move is viewed as necessary for survival, it exacerbates the degradation of
the Agta Dumagat ancestral domains within the forest region of Sierra Madre. 

Transportation (Barangay)

Majority of the Barangays in Kabilogan area can be reached through tricycles, the major means of transportation. Tricycle
fare ranges from P10.00 for Poblacion to P120.00 outside Kabilogan like Maigang, Batangan and Pesa. Far flung and
coastal Barangays like Umiray, Maligaya, Sablang, San Marcelino, Magsikap, Mahabang lalim, Pagsangahan and
Lumutan can be reached through motorized boat (Big and small motor). It ranges from P240.00 for Mahabang Lalim to P
3,600 for Umiray (one way only). Barangay Magsikap and other part of San Marcelino can also reached through
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passenger jeepney ranges from P 700.00 to P1,000.00 one way only while Sitios like Tatwiran, Makalya, Lagmak,
Landing and Malining through horse riding for.

Majority of the Barangays in Kabilogan area can be reached through tricycles, the major means of transportation. Tricycle fare ranges
from P10.00 for Poblacion to P120.00 outside Kabilogan like Maigang, Batangan and Pesa. Far flung and coastal Barangays like
Umiray, Maligaya, Sablang, San Marcelino, Magsikap, Mahabang lalim, Pagsangahan and Lumutan can be reached through
motorized boat (Big and small motor). It ranges from P240.00 for Mahabang Lalim to P 3,600 for Umiray (one way only). Barangay
Magsikap and other part of San Marcelino can also reached through passenger jeepney ranges from P 700.00 to P1,000.00 one way
only while Sitios like Tatwiran, Makalya, Lagmak, Landing and Malining through horse riding for one way ranging from P1,200.00
to P2,400.00 depending on the distance of destination.

DEMOGRAPHIC DATA OF THE BARANGAYS

Barangay Population ( 2015) Population (2010

Anoling 3,463 3028
Banglos 835 761
Batangan 1,475 1121
Canaway 1,482 1742
Catablingan 2,427 2169
Lumutan 1,166 939
magsikap 1,641 1360
Mahabang Lalim 593 450
Maigang 932 620
Maligaya 1,089 1123
Minahan Norte 370 365
Minahan Sur 1472 1437
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Pagsangahan 2120 1578

Pamplona 1794 1662
Pisa 1128 990
Poblacion 1104 1114
Sablang 872 630
San Marcelino 768 640
Umiray 5019 4244
General Nakar Total 29,705 25,973
Population

Estimated Households for the Resettlement

the highlighted part represents the affected settlement of Baranagy Pagsangahan due to the construction of Kaliwa Dam.

Pigtaanan Barangay/Municipal/Province No. of Chieftain

(Settlement) Households
Makid-ata Pangsangahan, General Nakar, 24 Apolinario Dela Cruz
Quezon
Baycuran Pangsangahan, General Nakar, 16 Rodrigo Piston
Quezon
Atburan Pangsangahan, General Nakar, 14 Elita Penamante
Quezon
Tatawiran Pangsangahan, General Nakar, 14 Leonardo Pranada
Quezon
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Cablao Pangsangahan, General Nakar, 17

Quezon Ernesto Adornado
Taloto Pangsangahan, General Nakar, 6
Quezon
Tinipak Pangsangahan, General Nakar, 18 Danilo Dela Cruz
Quezon
Yokyok Pangsangahan, General Nakar, 15
Quezon
Binuna Pangsangahan, General Nakar, 10
Quezon
Crisanto Dela Carzada
Katigbakanan Pangsangahan, General Nakar, 8
Quezon

MICRO SITE ANALYSIS

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Barangay Pagsangahan is known for its natural

tourist spots and in its vicinity. It is also a home for
the Dumagat tribe. The natural envrionemnt of the
barangay makes it popular not just to locals but also
to other places. The thing is that their tourist spots
were hard to find.

Pagsangahan is situated at approximately 14.6570,

121.4621, in the island of Luzon. Elevation at these
coordinates is estimated at 341.4 meters or 1,120.1
feet above mean sea level.

It is the second Barangay in General Nakar that have

the largest land area. It has a 49,831 ha of land
which is abundant in crops and exotic trees. It is also
undeveloped area since it is in the mountainous part
of the municipal.

Transportation

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There are two ways to reach barangay pagsangahan since the

Pagsangahan is located in the forest area of
general nakar, it is not accessible for vehicles.
The first one is through Barangay Magsaysay
in infanta, there is a jeepney that leaves on
scheduled time only, one in the moring
around 9am and 2 pm in the afternoon. After
riding the jeepney, it is time for walking and
trecking. Since Barangay Pagsangahan is
known for their various tourist spots, there are
trails that are already provided. Expect 2-3
hours of walking and climbing mountains
through muddy and rocky road. There are also called as “habal-habal” which is
a motorcycle ride. It could take you to the vicinity of the area but just like riding
the jeep, walking and trecking is really necessary. But riding the jeep is way more cheaper than habal-habal.

Physical Data of Barangay Pagsangahan

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Economy

Farming and fishing are the main sources of livelihood in the province. Commercial, industrial, and banking activities are
mostly concentrated in the south-central part of the province.

Agro-industry

Coconut is the number one product they’ve produce because most of their mountains consist of. As for the residents of
Brgy. Pagsangahan, since they were located far from the see, they mostly depend on farming and producing crops as their
livelihood. An area of 146.90 hectares is allocated for combined forestry and agro-forestry (F/Agf) land use. These
proposed land use is mostly found in barangay Banglos covering the original land area of the barangay and areas west of
barangays Anoling and Catablingan just besides the Industrial and other crops Land uses. The F/Agf land use will provide
protection to Banglo’s continuing reduction of land as eaten by the Agos River in one part and protection of Catablingan
from erosion on the other part.

Fishing

Kaliwa river is the main source of the fishing industry in Brgy. Pagsangahan. Especially for the Dumagat, when the
climate is good, they came to fish in the rover and stayed for a few days. They were slightly far from the sea or shoreline
that they depend on the river itself.

Forestry

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Due to its proximity to the southern fringes of the Sierra Mountain range. It has been a hotspot for illegal logging.
Frequent raids in towns like Mauban often yield hardwood timber like Narra and Kamagong.
Soil Type

Type of soil is factor to soil fertility and permeability. Loam soils are more fertile than sandy soils, while coarse soil has higher
permeability rates than fine soil a factor that contributes to high percolation rates of water down the sub-soils carrying essential
elements needed by plants. The various soil types of General Nakar are the Quingua Silt Loam, Annam Clay Loam, Antipolo Sandy
Clay and Mountain Soils Undifferentiated and Umingan Loam.

Climate and Rainfall

This means that there is a relatively dry season from November to April. Although these are the patterns observed, it is
important to note that with climate change, these patterns have become more erratic. Typhoons have become stronger
through the years, causing problems such as power outages, road blockages, landslides, flashfloods and crop damages.

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Large Watershed Reservation Areas and

Untapped Vast Production Forest

Of the 97% forestland area of General Nakar, of the total

land area of General Nakar 28 % is protection forest and
65% production forest. Protection forests are covered by
watershed forest reserves and national park, wildlife
sanctuary and Game refuge. There is no direct economic
benefit from these protected areas which the municipality
can derive except for the fact that they form part of its
official land area, hence they are positive factor in the
calculation of its share in the Internal Revenue Allotment.
Indirect economic benefits are derivable such as serving as
carbon sink, improvement on local Climate, increase water
yield, wildlife habitats and many others. Some portions of
the forest protection area are potential for reclassifying
into multiple use zone and this may be a challenge to the
local government unit to pursue this endeavor in order to
widen the economic base of the municipality vis-à-vis
revenues. On the other hand, production forests are

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potential source for forest product raw materials as well as for generation of hydropower and tourism development. This
forest land use covers about 95,000 hectares,

Flora

This table shows some of the different kinds of plants that is in the area of the three Barangay involved in the construction
of the dam. The X represent the presence of the specific flora (plant) in the mountains of the barangay. Some of them have
what other don’t.

Common Name Endemicity General Nakar

Affected Sitio in Brgy.
Pagsangahan Pangsangahan Sitio
Cablao
Balinghasai Indigenous X
Mangga Exotic X X
Ligas Indigenous X X
Bagang Aso Indigenous X X
Guayabano Exotic X X
Anolang Endemic X
Bolon Endemic X
Batino Indigenous X X
Pandakaking Puti Indigenous X
Bayag Usa Endemic X
Lanete Indigenous X
Aglaonema Indigenous X X
Gabing Tigre Endemic X
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Kamay Kastila Indigenous X

Malapapaya Exotic X X
Galmay Amo Indigenous X X
Limuran Endemic X X
Takipan Endemic X
Niyog Endemic X X
Sarauag Indigenous X
Hagonoi Indigenous X
Anonang Indigenous X
Pagsahangin Endemic X
Malaikmo Endemic X
Magabuyo Indigenous X X
Anabiong Indigenous X
Bitanghol Indigenous
Salingogon Indigenous X X
Paguringon Endemic X
Talisai Indigenous X
Kalumpit Indigenous X X
Sakat Endemic X
Alikbangon Indigenous X
Salibangon Indigenous X
Malatapai Indigenous X
Tubing usa Exotic X X
Sarat Indigenous X X
Katmon Endemic X X
Palosapis Endemic X X
Saplungan Indigenous X X
Bagtikan Indigenous X X

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Kamagong Indigenous X X
Bolong ate Indigenous X
Anang Indigenous X X
Bogong Endemic X
Aporosa Indigenous X X
Busilak Indigenous X X
Santiki Endemic X X
Mangagos Indigenous X
Hamindang Exotic X X
Takip asin Indigenous X
Himbabao Exotic X X
Upling gubat Endemic X X
Salisi Endemic X
Basikong Indigenous X
Kanapai Indigenous X X
Hagimit Indigenous X
Tibig Indigenous X X
Pakiling Endemic X X
Niog-niogan Endemic X
Is-is Endemic X
Dulalog Indigenous X X
Tangisang bayawak Indigenous X
Tambalau Indigenous X X
Duguan Endemic X X
Bayabas Exotic X X
Duhat Exotic X
Mimisan Endemic X
Lipote Endemic X X

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Malaruhat sapa Indigenous X

Tamayuan Indigenous X
Kamias Exotic X X
Binayuyu Indigenous X X
Subiang Indigenous X
Malabagang Indigenous X X
Halakan Endemic X
Mamalis Indigenous X
Cogon Indigenous X X
Pakong bato Indigenous X

The trees and plants found in the three barangay have their own characteristics and role in the biodiversity of their
environment. This species were feared to be gone after the project is constructed. Some of them were endangered which
means that only few of that could only found on the area and after the dam is constructed, it will inundate all the species in
there .

Sample Photos of Indigenous Trees and plants on Brgy. Pagsangahan, Sitio Cablao

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Water Creatures

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Phytoplankton and zooplankton

Phytoplankton and zooplankton would be generally subjected to short-term impacts during the construction. Threat to
plankton community would come from the increase load of suspended solids during the construction of the project
resulting to reduction of depth of photosynthetic activity of the phytoplankton. Similarly, highly turbid water would affect
the grazing success of zooplankton. This would temporarily result to lower rates of photosynthesis and primary
production. However, plankton population recovery after construction would be generally rapid due to quick reproduction
periods including recruitment and advection from adjacent unaffected areas. Given, the temporary and limited extent of
the effect of highly turbid waters relative to the overall area of Taal Lake, the impact on plankton community are predicted
to be low in long term. Mitigating measures however needs to address for the short-term negative impacts of high turbid
waters during the construction. Phytoplankton groups like diatoms, cyanobacteria and green algae before the operation of
project, thrive beneath boulders, stones, fallen logs along the river at depth where light could penetrate. With the increase
in water elevation, some of these organisms may perish since light penetration would decrease affecting their
photosynthetic capacity Plankton can be also generally negatively affected by overflow of material released during
construction activities.

Benthic Macroinvertebrates

The benthic macroinvertebrates community in this survey was mostly comprised of arthropods, mollusks and annellids.
These groups of organisms are dependent on the availability of food in the benthic zone and mainly part of the food chain

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as well. Some species are tolerant to pollution and can survive by feeding on the organic materials deposited in the bottom
part of the aquatic habitat. Macro-benthos can migrate to other area once disturbed; hence, the project is not expected to
pose significant impact on this aquatic community.

Clear cutting hardwood timber, heavy crop irrigation, and industrial/residential development which occur in the watershed
can impact populations of biotic macroinvertebrate and fish communities in the study area. Cutting of bottomland
hardwoods eliminates leaves and woody debris which are an important primary food source. Loss of canopy cover allows
solar radiation to raise water temperature to high levels, especially in summer. Erosion and siltation resulting from logging
operations can also have detrimental effects on water quality. Activities such as earth moving and removal of vegetation
within the development area will proportionately increase runoff. Most of the water will be directed to the downstream
zones and outfall areas adjacent to the river mouth. Sediment runoff will have a potential impact Environmental Impact
Statement of the to river organisms as well as flora and may be a potential source of threat to existence of locally
important species.

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Topography

The Sierra Madre Mountain Range straddles along the entire length of
the municipality with Mount Malabito as the highest peak that towers
1,334 meters above sea level. Though the municipality is about 97 %
mountainous, low to moderate elevation (0-500 meters above sea level)
dominate the elevational range of the planning area. A very small
portion of the municipality constitutes the above 1,000 meters above sea
level (very high elevation) and this is the subject of mountain areas
classified for protection.

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SWOT ANALYSIS

Category Strength Weakness Opportunities Threat

Accessibility  One of the reasons  It is hard for them  It is now easier to  Their culture might
why ethnic group to communicate trade with the be affected by their
could protect their with other people lowlanders. location since they
culture, is because  They became will relocate near
they were not culture sensitive the road.
directly accessible
for other people
Cultural Development  They have a better  Their present  They will be able to  Things might
understanding in generation were teach their future change when they
nature easily influenced generation through reside from their
 They could live by others the new facilities home
without the help of  They depend on provided for them
the government or their own land
other people.
Adaptation to the new  They used to live in  The area will still  New facilities  The tribe may not
environment different places be affected by the might help them in find the site enough
before they settled dam living their new life for their needs.
in their permanent  They may try to go
houses back to their land
since it is already
near them
Community  They follow the  Each of the tribe  Let the Misunderstanding

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Involvement orders of their have their own community could happen

Chieftain Chieftain practice their between settlements
culture
Natural Environment  Their ancestral  They could not  They could find  Some of the sacred
land were similar find all their needs alternative source places may
with the in the relocation of their living inundate when the
relocation site area within the area dam is constructed
 They could explore  They could not live
their land freely

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ISSUES RELEVANT TO THE STUDY

Hazard Zone Maps

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These maps shows hazardous parameters of the site in barangay Pagsangahan. Since the site will be located in Sitio
Cablao inside the barangay, it is a clear statement of what could have happen to the site. Disaster resilient approach will be
used in the resettlement to mitigate and be prepared for these kind of natural pehnomena. Since the site is in slope, risk

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management would be implemented to ensure the safety of the users. Even if the people were used to live with these kind
of environment, planning with theses possible effect and considering the hazards and danger that could happen in the
relocation site must have a deeper understanding.

National laws, Code Policies about Territory and Ancestral Domain.

An act to recognize, Protect and promote the rights of indigenous cultural communities/ indigenous peoples creating a
national commission on indigenous people, establishing implementing mechanisms, appropriating funds therefore and for
other purposes chapter

Indigenous Peoples’ Rights Act of 1997

October 29, 1997

CHAPTER III: Rights to Ancestral Domains

SECTION 4. Concept of Ancestral Lands/Domains.

Ancestral lands/domains shall include such concepts of territories which cover not only the physical environment but the
total environment including the spiritual and cultural bonds to the areas which the ICCs/IPs possess, occupy and use and
to which they have claims of ownership.

SECTION 5. Indigenous Concept of Ownership

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Indigenous concept of ownership sustains the view that ancestral domains and all resources found therein shall serve as
the material bases of their cultural integrity. The indigenous concept of ownership generally holds that ancestral domains
are the ICC’s/IP’s private but community property which belongs to all generations and therefore cannot be sold, disposed
or destroyed. It likewise covers sustainable traditional resource rights.

SECTION 6. Composition of Ancestral Lands/Domains

Ancestral lands and domains shall consist of all areas generally belonging to ICCs/IPs as referred under Sec. 3, items (a)
and (b) of this Act.

SECTION 7. Rights to Ancestral Domains

The rights of ownership and possession of ICCs/IPs to their ancestral domains shall be recognized and protected. Such
rights shall include:

a) Right of Ownership. — The right to claim ownership over lands, bodies of water traditionally and actually occupied
by ICCs/IPs, sacred places, traditional hunting and fishing grounds, and all improvements made by them at any time
within the domains.

b) Right to Develop Lands and Natural Resources — Subject to Section 56 hereof, right to develop, control and use
lands and territories traditionally occupied, owned, or used; to manage and conserve natural resources within the territories
and uphold the responsibilities for future generations; to benefit and share the profits from allocation and utilization of the
natural resources found therein; the right to negotiate the terms and conditions for the exploration of natural resources in

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the areas for the purpose of ensuring ecological, environmental protection and the conservation measures, pursuant to
national and customary laws; the right to an informed and intelligent participation in the formulation and implementation
of any project, government or private, that will affect or impact upon the ancestral domains and to receive just and fair
compensation for any damages which they may sustain as a result of the project; and the right to effective measures by the
government to prevent any interference with, alienation and encroachment upon these rights;

c) Right to Stay in the Territories — The right to stay in the territory and not to be removed therefrom. No ICCs/IPs will
be relocated without their free and prior informed consent, nor through any means other than eminent domain. Where
relocation is considered necessary as an exceptional measure, such relocation shall take place only with the free and prior
informed consent of the ICCs/IPs concerned and whenever possible, they shall be guaranteed the right to return to their
ancestral domains, as soon as the grounds for relocation cease to exist. When such return is not possible, as determined by
agreement or through appropriate procedures, ICCs/IPs shall be provided in all possible cases with lands of quality and
legal status at least equal to that of the land previously occupied by them, suitable to provide for their present needs and
future development. Persons thus relocated shall likewise be fully compensated for any resulting loss or injury;

d) Right in Case of Displacement. — In case displacement occurs as a result of natural catastrophes, the State shall
endeavor to resettle the displaced ICCs/IPs in suitable areas where they can have temporary life support systems:
Provided, That the displaced ICCs/IPs shall have the right to return to their abandoned lands until such time that the
normalcy and safety of such lands shall be determined: Provided, further, That should their ancestral domain cease to exist
and normalcy and safety of the previous settlements are not possible, displaced ICCs/IPs shall enjoy security of tenure

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over lands to which they have been resettled: Provided, furthermore, That basic services and livelihood shall be provided
to them to ensure that their needs are adequately addressed;

e) Right to Regulate Entry of Migrants. — Right to regulate the entry of migrant settlers and organizations into the
domains.

f) Right to Safe and Clean Air and Water. — For this purpose, the ICCs/IPs shall have access to integrated systems for
the management of their inland waters and air space.

g) Right to Claim Parts of Reservations. — The right to claim parts of the ancestral domains which have been reserved
for various purposes, except those reserved and intended for common public welfare and service.

h) Right to Resolve Conflict. — Right to resolve land conflicts in accordance with customary laws of the area where the
land is located, and only in default thereof shall the complaints be submitted to amicable settlement and to the Courts of
Justice whenever necessary.

SECTION 8. Rights to Ancestral Lands

The right of ownership and possession of the ICCs/IPs to their ancestral lands shall be recognized and protected.

a) Right to transfer land/property. — Such right shall include the right to transfer land or property rights to/among
members of the same ICCs/IPs, subject to customary laws and traditions of the community concerned.

b) Right to Redemption. — In cases where it is shown that the transfer of land/property rights by virtue of any agreement
or devise, to a nonmember of the concerned ICCs/IPs is tainted by the vitiated consent of the ICCs/IPs, or is transferred
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for an unconscionable consideration or price, the transferor ICC/IP shall have the right to redeem the same within a period
not exceeding fifteen (15) years from the date of transfer.

SECTION 9. Responsibilities of ICCs/IPs to their Ancestral Domains

ICCs/IPs occupying a duly certified ancestral domain shall have the following responsibilities:

a) Maintain Ecological Balance. — To preserve, restore, and maintain a balanced ecology in the ancestral domain by
protecting the flora and fauna, watershed areas, and other reserves.

b) Restore Denuded Areas. — To actively initiate, undertake and participate in the reforestation of denuded areas and
other development programs and projects subject to just and reasonable remuneration.

c) Observe Laws. — To observe and comply with the provisions of this Act and the rules and regulations for its effective
implementation.

SECTION 10. Unauthorized and Unlawful Intrusion.

Unauthorized and unlawful intrusion upon, or use of any portion of the ancestral domain, or any violation of the rights
hereinbefore enumerated, shall be punishable under this law. Furthermore, the Government shall take measures to prevent
nonICCs/IPs from taking advantage of the ICCs/IPs customs or lack of understanding of laws to secure ownership,
possession of land belonging to said ICCs/IPs.

SECTION 11. Recognition of Ancestral Domain Rights

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The rights of ICCs/IPs to their ancestral domains by virtue of Native Title shall be recognized and respected. Formal
recognition, when solicited by ICCs/IPs concerned, shall be embodied in a Certificate of Ancestral Domain Title (CADT),
which shall recognize the title of the concerned ICCs/IPs over the territories identified and delineated.

SECTION 12. Option to Secure Certificate of Title Under Commonwealth Act 141, as amended, or the Land
Registration Act 496

Individual members of cultural communities, with respect to their individually owned ancestral lands who, by themselves
or through their predecessorsininterest, have been in continuous possession and occupation of the same in the concept of
owner since time immemorial or for a period of not less than thirty (30) years immediately preceding the approval of this
Act and uncontested by the members of the same ICCs/IPs shall have the option to secure title to their ancestral lands
under the provisions of Commonwealth Act 141, as amended, or the Land Registration Act 496.

CHAPTER VI Cultural Integrity

SECTION 29. Protection of Indigenous Culture, Traditions and Institutions

The State shall respect, recognize and protect the right of ICCs/IPs to preserve and protect their culture, traditions and
institutions. Itshall consider these rights in the formulation and application of national plans and policies.

SECTION 30. Educational Systems

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The State shall provide equal access to various cultural opportunities to the ICCs/IPs through the educational system,
public or private cultural entities, scholarships, grants and other incentives without prejudice to their right to establish and
control their educational systems and institutions by providing education in their own language, in a manner appropriate to
their cultural methods of teaching and learning. Indigenous children/youth shall have the right to all levels and forms of
education of the State.

SECTION 31. Recognition of Cultural Diversity

The State shall endeavor to have the dignity and diversity of the cultures, traditions, histories and aspirations of the
ICCs/IPs appropriately reflected in all forms of education, public information and culturaleducational exchange.
Consequently, the State shall take effective measures, in consultation with ICCs/IPs concerned, to eliminate prejudice and
discrimination and to promote tolerance, understanding and good relations among ICCs/IPs and all segments of society.
Furthermore, the Government shall take effective measures to ensure that the Stateowned media duly reflect indigenous
cultural diversity. The State shall likewise ensure the participation of appropriate indigenous leaders in schools,
communities and international cooperative undertakings like festivals, conferences, seminars and workshops to promote
and enhance their distinctive heritage and values.

SECTION 32. Community Intellectual Rights

ICCs/IPs have the right to practice and revitalize their own cultural traditions and customs. The State shall preserve,
protect and develop the past, present and future manifestations of their cultures as well as the right to the restitution of

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cultural, intellectual, religious, and spiritual property taken without their free and prior informed consent or in violation of
their laws, traditions and customs.

SECTION 33. Rights to Religious, Cultural Sites and CeremoniesICCs/IPs shall have the right to manifest, practice,
develop, and teach their spiritual and religious traditions, customs and ceremonies; the right to maintain, protect and have
access to their religious and cultural sites; the right to use and control of ceremonial objects; and, the right to the
repatriation of human remains. Accordingly, the State shall take effective measures, in cooperation with the ICCs/IPs
concerned, to ensure that indigenous sacred places, including burial sites, be preserved, respected and protected. To
achieve this purpose, it shall be unlawful to:

a) Explore, excavate or make diggings on archeological sites of the ICCs/IPs for the purpose of obtaining materials of
cultural values without the free and prior informed consent of the community concerned.

b) Deface, remove or otherwise destroy artifacts which are of great importance to the ICCs/IPs for the preservation of their
cultural heritage.

SECTION 34. Right to Indigenous Knowledge Systems and Practices and to Develop own Sciences and
Technologies

ICCs/IPs are entitled to the recognition of the full ownership and control and protection of their cultural and intellectual
rights. They shall have the right to special measures to control, develop and protect their sciences, technologies and
cultural manifestations, including human and other genetic resources, seeds, including derivatives of these resources,
traditional medicines and health practices, vital medicinal plants, animals and minerals, indigenous knowledge systems
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and practices, knowledge of the properties of fauna and flora, oral traditions, literature, designs, and visual and performing
arts.

SECTION 35. Access to Biological and Genetic Resources

Access to biological and genetic resources and to indigenous knowledge related to the conservation, utilization and
enhancement of these resources, shall be allowed within ancestral lands and domains of the ICCs/IPs only with a free and
prior informed consent of such communities, obtained in accordance with customary laws of the concerned community.

SECTION 36. Sustainable AgroTechnical Development

The State shall recognize the right of ICCs/IPs to a sustainable agrotechnological development and shall formulate and
implement programs of action for its effective implementation. The State shall likewise promote the biogenetic and
resource management systems among the ICCs/IPs and shall encourage cooperation among government agencies to
ensure the successful sustainable development of ICCs/IPs.

SECTION 37. Funds for Archeological and Historical Sites.

The ICCs/IPs shall have the right to receive from the national government all funds especially earmarked or allocated for
the management and preservation of their archeological and historical sites and artifacts with the financial and technical
support of the national government agencies.

National laws, Code Policies about Territory and Ancestral Domain.

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Implementing Rules and Regulation to ensure the observance of proper and Humane Relocation and Resettlement
procedures mandated by the Urban Development and Housing Act of 1992.

Pursuant to Article XII, Section 44 entitled "Moratorium on Eviction and Demolition" and Article VII, Section 28, entitled
"Eviction and Demolition of Squatters" of Republic Act No. 7279, otherwise known as the "Urban Development and
Housing Act of 1992,"

SECTION 3. GUIDELINES FOR IMPLEMENTATION

The following procedures and guidelines on relocation operation shall be strictly observed by the Local Government Unit
(LGU) or government agency authorized to demolish.

3.1. PRE-RELOCATION PHASE

a. Identification of Resettlement Site: Negotiations and arrangements are finalized between the proponent LGU or
government agency authorized to demolish and the recipient LGU on the resettlement site and their corresponding roles
and responsibilities.

Census:

1.0 Physical Survey: Using the location and vicinity map, title and technical description submitted, the LGU shall
determine the physical boundary of the land to be cleared of squatters.

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2.0 Tagging: The LGU shall attach the tag card with the corresponding number to every structure for identification,
inventory and control of illegal construction. The LGU shall encourage participation of community leaders in this
undertaking.

3.0 Mapping and Household Listing: In coordination with the community leaders, the LGU shall prepare a preliminary
listing of the names of owners/households of the affected houses/structures. A structural map shall be prepared and used to
locate the structures and identify the names of the structure owners/households. During the relocation operation, every
dismantled structure shall be cross-out from the structural map to prevent the possibility of new or disqualified families
from claiming residency on cleared lots.

3.2 RELOCATION PHASE

a. Preparations Before the Dismantling of Structures:

1.0 Confirmation of Actual Date of Relocation: The proponent LGU or government agency authorized to demolish shall
issue notices of actual relocation to the affected families and shall furnish a copy of the rolling schedule, three (3) days
before relocation, to the recipient LGU or the NHA.

2.0 Ensuring Availability of Resources and Necessary Documents: The LGU or government agency authorized to
demolish shall review the documents and check the availability of resources/services as committed by the participating
agencies.

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b. Dismantling of Structures/Movement of Families: 1.0 during the actual relocation, the LGU or government agency
authorized to demolish shall:

1.1 Provide the necessary identification to all staff and crew involved in the operation.

1.2 Ensure that members of the PNP who are in proper uniform occupy the first line of law enforcement and civil
disturbance control, and do not participate in the physical dismantling of any structure.

1.3 Ensure that the electricity of the affected area has been shut off.

1.4 Give the order to commence, or to stop or suspend the demolition especially during inclement weather.

1.5 Ensure that the dismantling of structure shall be executed as carefully as possible for the maximum recovery of
materials which could be reused by families to rebuild their structures in the resettlement project, and that heavy
equipment are not use except for structures which are permanent and of concrete materials.

1.6 Encourage and motivate families to voluntarily and peacefully dismantle their structures and whenever requested by
the families, assign manpower to assist families in the dismantling

ARTICLE IV

LAND USE, INVENTORY, ACQUISITION AND DISPOSITION

Sec. 7. Inventory of Lands.

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Within one (1) year from the effectivity of this Act, all city and municipal governments shall conduct an inventory of all
kinds and improvements thereon within their respective localities. The inventory shall include the following:

(a) Residential lands;

(b) Government-owned lands, whether owned by the National Government or any of its subdivisions, instrumentalities, or
agencies, including government-owned or-controlled corporations and their subsidiaries; chan robles virtual law library

(c) Unregistered or abandoned and idle lands; and chan robles virtual law library

(d)Other lands.

In conducting the inventory, the local government units concerned, in coordination with the Housing and Land Use
Regulatory Board and with the assistance of the appropriate government agencies, shall indicate the type of land use and
the degree of land utilization, and other data or information necessary to carry out the purposes of this Act

Sec. 8. Identification of Sites for Socialized Housing

After the inventory the local government units, in coordination with the National Housing Authority, the Housing and
Land Use Regulatory Board, the National Mapping Resource Information Authority, and the Land Management Bureau,
shall identify lands for socialized housing and resettlement areas for the immediate and future needs of the
underprivileged and homeless in the urban areas, taking into consideration and degree of availability of basic services and
facilities, their accessibility and proximity of jobs sites and other economic opportunities, and the actual number of
registered beneficiaries

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Sec. 9. Priorities in the Acquisition of Land.

Lands for socialized housing shall be acquired in the following order:

(a) Those owned by the Government or any of its subdivisions, instrumentalities, or agencies, including government-
owned or -controlled corporations and their subsidiaries (b) Alienable lands of the public domain;

(c) Unregistered or abandoned and idle lands;

(d) Those within the declared Areas for Priority Development, Zonal Improvement Program sites, and Slum Improvement
and Resettlement Program sites which have not yet been acquired

Sec. 10. Modes of Land Acquisition.

The modes of acquiring lands for purposes of this Act shall include, among others, community mortgage, land swapping,
land assembly or consolidation, land banking, donation to the Government, joint-venture agreement, negotiated purchase,
and expropriation: Provided, however, That expropriation shall be resorted to only when other models of acquisition have
been exhausted: Provided, further, That where expropriation is resorted to, parcels of land owned by small property
owners shall be exempted for purposes of this Act: Provided, finally, That abandoned property, as herein defined, shall be
reverted and escheated to the State in a proceeding analogous to the procedure laid down in Rule 91 of the Rules of Court.

Sec. 11. Expropriation of Idle Lands.

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All idle lands in urban and urbanizable areas, as defined and identified in accordance with this Act, shall be expropriated
and shall form part of the public domain. These lands shall be disposed of or utilized by the Government for such purposes
that conform with their land use plans. Expropriation proceedings shall be instituted if, after the lapse of one (1) year
following receipt of notice of acquisition, the owner fails to introduce improvements as defined in Section 3(f) hereof,
except in the case of force majeure and other fortuitous events. Exempted from this provision, however, are residential
lands owned by small property owners or those the ownership of which is subject of a pending litigation.

Sec. 12. Disposition of Lands for Socialized Housing.

The National Housing Authority, with respect to lands belonging to the National Government, and the local government
units with respect to other lands within their respective localities, shall coordinate with each other to formulate and make
available various alternative schemes for the disposition of lands to the beneficiaries of the Program. These schemes shall
not be limited to those involving transfer of ownership in fee simple but shall include lease, with option to purchase,
usufruct or such other variations as the local government units or the National Housing Authority may deem most
expedient in carrying out the purposes of this Act

Sec. 21. Basic Services

Socialized housing or resettlement areas shall be provided by the local government unit or the National Housing Authority
in cooperation with the private developers and concerned agencies with the following basic services and facilities:

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(a) Potable water.

(b) Power and electricity and an adequate power distribution system.

(c) Sewerage facilities and an efficient and adequate solid waste disposal system.

(d)Access to primary roads and transportation facilities.

The provisions of other basic services and facilities such as health, education, communications, security, recreation, relief
and welfare shall be planned and shall be given priority for implementation by the local government unit and concerned
agencies in cooperation with the private sector and the beneficiaries themselves.

Sec. 22. Livelihood Component.

To extent feasible, socialized housing and resettlement projects shall be located near areas where employment
opportunities are accessible. The government agencies dealing with the development of livelihood programs and grant of
livelihood loans shall give priority to the beneficiaries of the Program.

Sec. 23. Participation of Beneficiaries

The local government units, in coordination with the Presidential Commission for the Urban Poor and concerned
government agencies, shall afford Program beneficiaries or their duly designated representatives an opportunity to be
heard and to participate in the decision-making process over matters involving the protection and promotion of their
legitimate collective interest which shall include appropriate documentation and feedback mechanisms. They shall also be
encouraged to organize themselves and undertake self-help cooperative housing and other livelihood activities. They shall
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assist the Government in preventing the incursions of professional squatters and members of squatting syndicates into
their communities.

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