Circuit Breaker Ratings

The rating of the circuit breaker is given on the duties that are performed by it. For complete specification standard ratings and various tests of
switches and circuit breakers may be consulted. Apart from the normal working of circuit breakers, the circuit breaker is required to perform
following three major duties under short circuit conditions.

 It is capable of breaking the faulty section of the system. This is described as the breaking capacity of the circuit breaker.
 The circuit breaker must be capable of making the circuit in the greatest asymmetrical current in the current wave. This refers to making
the capacity of the circuit breaker.
 It must be capable of carrying fault safely for a short time while the other breaker is clearing the fault. This refers to the short-time
capacity of a circuit breaker.

In addition to the above rating, the circuit breakers should be specified in terms of

1. The number of poles

2. Rated voltage
3. Rated current
4. Rated frequency
5. Operating voltage

These terms are explained below in details.

Rated voltage  – The rated maximum voltage of the circuit breaker is the highest RMS voltage, above nominal voltage for which the circuit
breaker is designed and is the upper limits for operation. The rated voltage is depicted in KVrms and used phase to phase voltage for three phase
circuit.

Rated current – The rated normal current of the circuit breaker is the RMS value of the current with which the circuit breaker shall be able to
carry at rated frequency and at rated voltage continuously, under specified conditions.

Rated Frequency  – The rated frequency of a circuit breaker is the frequency at which it is designed to operate. Standard frequency is 50 Hz

Operating Duty – The operating duty of a circuit breaker consists of the prescribed number of unit operations at stated intervals. The operating
sequence refers the opening and closing operation of circuit breaker contacts.
Breaking Contact  – The terms expressed the highest number of short-circuit current that the breakers are capable of breaking under specified
conditions of transient recovery voltage and power frequency voltage. It is expressed in KA RMS at contact separation. The breaking capacities
are divided into two types.

 Symmetrical breaking capacity of a circuit breaker

 Asymmetrical breaking capacity of a circuit breaker.

Making Capacity  – There is always the possibility that the circuit breaker is closed under short circuit conditions. The making capacity of the
circuit breaker is its ability to withstand under the effect of electromagnetic forces which are directly proportional to the square of the peak value
of the making current of a circuit breaker.

The making current of the circuit breaker, when closed on a short circuit, is the peak value of the maximum current wave (including dc
component) in the first cycle of the current after the circuit is closed by the circuit breaker.

Short Circuit Current – The short circuit current of a circuit breaker is the RMS value of current that a breaker can carry in a fully closed
condition without damage, for the specified time interval under prescribed condition. It is normally expressed regarding terms of KA for 1 second
or 4 seconds. These ratings are based on thermal limitation.

Low voltage circuit breaker does not have any such short circuit current because these are normally equipped with straight acting series overload
trips.

Standard Cable & Wire Sizes

International standard wire sizes (IEC 60228)

0.5 mm² 0.75 mm² 1.5 mm²

6 mm² 10 mm² 25 mm²

70 mm² 95 mm² 150 mm²

300 mm² 400 mm² 630 mm²

Number strands/diameter Approximate overall
per strand diameter
mm² Aw Circ.Mils inch mm inch mm
g
0.5 987 1/.032 1/.813 0.032 0.81
20 1020 7/.0121 7/.307 0.036 0.91
0.75 1480 1/.039 1/.991 0.039 0.99
18 1620 1/.0403 1/1.02 0.04 1.02
18 1620 7/.0152 7/.386 0.046 1.16
1 1974 1/.045 1/1.14 0.045 1.14
1 1974 7/.017 7/.432 0.051 1.3
16 2580 1/.0508 1/1.29 0.051 1.29
16 2580 7/.0192 7/.488 0.058 1.46
1.5 2960 1/.055 1/1.40 0.055 1.4
1.5 2960 7/.021 7/.533 0.063 1.6
14 4110 1/.0641 1/1.63 0.064 1.63
14 4110 7/.0242 7/.615 0.073 1.84
2.5 4934 1/.071 1/1.80 0.071 1.8
2.5 4934 7/.027 7/.686 0.081 2.06
12 6530 1/.0808 1/2.05 0.081 2.05
12 6530 7/.0305 7/.775 0.092 2.32
4 7894 1/.089 1/2.26 0.089 2.26
4 7894 7/.034 7/.864 0.102 2.59
10 10380 1/.1019 1/2.59 0.102 2.59
10 10380 7/.0385 7/.978 0.116 2.93
6 11840 1/.109 1/2.77 0.109 2.77
6 11840 7/.042 7/1.07 0.126 3.21
9 13090 1/.1144 1/2.91 0.1144 2.91
9 13090 7/.0432 7/1.10 0.13 3.3
8 16510 1/.1285 1/3.26 0.128 3.26
8 16510 7/.0486 7/1.23 0.146 3.7
10 19740 1/.141 1/3.58 0.141 3.58
10 19740 7/.054 7/1.37 0.162 4.12
7 20820 1/.1443 1/3.67 0.144 3.67
7 20820 7/.0545 7/1.38 0.164 4.15
6 26240 1/.162 1/4.11 0.162 4.11
6 26240 7/.0612 7/1.55 0.184 4.66
16 31580 7/.068 7/1.73 0.204 5.18
5 33090 7/.0688 7/1.75 0.206 5.24
4 41740 7/.0772 7/1.96 0.232 5.88
25 49340 7/.085 7/2.16 0.255 6.48
25 49340 19/.052 19/1.32 0.26 6.6
3 52620 7/.0867 7/2.20 0.26 6.61
2 66360 7/.0974 7/2.47 0.292 7.42
35 69070 7/.100 7/2.54 0.3 7.62
35 69070 19/.061 19/1.55 0.305 7.75
1 83690 19/.0664 19/1.69 0.332 9.43
50 98680 19/.073 19/1.85 0.365 9.27
1/0 105600 19/.0745 19/1.89 0.373 9.46
2/0 133100 19/.0837 19/2.13 0.419 10.6
70 138100 19/.086 19/2.18 0.43 10.9
3/0 167800 19/.094 19/2.39 0.47 11.9
3/0 167800 37/.0673 37/1.71 0.471 12
95 187500 19/.101 19/2.57 0.505 12.8
95 187500 37/.072 37/1.83 0.504 12.8
4/0 211600 19/.1055 19/2.68 0.528 13.4
120 237.8mcm 37/.081 37/2.06 0.567 14.4
250mcm 37/.0822 37/2.09 0.575 14.6
150 300mcm 37/.090 37/2.29 0.63 16
350mcm 37/.0973 37/2.47 0.681 17.3
185 365.1mcm 37/.100 37/2.54 0.7 17.8
400mcm 37/.104 37/2.64 0.728 18.5
240 473.6mcm 37/.114 37/2.90 0.798 20.3
240 473.6mcm 61/.089 61/2.26 0.801 20.3
500mcm 37/.1162 37/2.95 0.813 20.7
500mcm 61/.0905 61/2.30 0.814 20.7
300 592.1mcm 61/.099 61/2.51 0.891 22.6
600mcm 61/.0992 61/2.52 0.893 22.7
700mcm 61/.1071 61/2.72 0.964 24.5
750mcm 61/.1109 61/2.82 0.998 25.4
750mcm 91/.0908 91/2.31 0.999 25.4
400 789.4mcm 61/.114 61/2.90 1.026 26.1
800mcm 61/.1145 61/2.91 1.031 26.2
800mcm 61/.0938 91/2.38 1.032 26.2
500 1000mcm 61/.1280 61/3.25 1.152 29.3
1000mcm 91/.1048 91/2.66 1.153 29.3
625 1233.7mcm 91/.117 91/2.97 1.287 32.7
1250mcm 91/.1172 91/2.98 1.289 32.7
1250mcm 127/.0992 127/2.52 1.29 32.8
1500mcm 91/.1284 91/3.26 1.412 35.9
1500mcm 127/.1087 127/2.76 1.413 35.9
800 1578.8mcm 91/.132 91/3.35 1.452 36.9
100 1973.5mcm 91/.147 91/3.73 1.617 41.1
0
2000mcm 127/.1255 127/3.19 1.632 41.5
2000mcm 169/.1088 169/2.76 1.632 41.5

Transformer standard

The standard ratings shall be 10, 16, 25, 63, 100, 160, 200, 250, 315, 400, 500, 630, 1000, 1250, 1600, 2000 and 2500 kVA for 11
kV distribution transformers and 100, 160, 200, 315, 400, 500, 630, 1000, 1250, 1600, 2000, 2500 kVA for 33 kV
distribution transformers.

Name Range
Low Voltage 50 – 1000 V
Medium Voltage 1 kV – 100 kV
High Voltage 100 kV – 345 kV
EHV Voltage 345 kV – 765 kV
UHV Voltage > 765 kV

LV or Low voltage Range

LV range contains lower-level voltages ranging 50 – 1000 volts. Examples include 120, 220, 230 volts at our homes. Technically the name
low indicates the lower range; still, the voltages are dangerous and can lead to lethal accidents. One should take care while handling such
voltages.
Medium voltage (MV)
Voltages higher than 1 kV but lower than 100 kV are classified as medium level voltages. Electrical distribution and secondary transmission
are usually done within MV range of voltages.

High Voltage (HV)

Voltages higher than 100 kV but lower than 345 kV are termed known as HV. The secondary transmission and in some countries the
primary transmission is done in HV range.

Extra High Voltage (EHV)

Voltages higher than 345 kV but lower than or equal to 765 kV belong to EHV class. Many countries of world use 465, 500 kV for
transmission purposes. Many countries are utilizing 765 kV for transmission purposes. The higher you go the lesser are the losses.

Ultra high voltage (UHV)

Voltages higher than 765 kV are graded as UHV. For lower voltages (<765 kV) AC systems are more common. For V > 765 HVDC is
preferred for transmission purposes. HVDC links of 800 and 1100 kV power transmission networks are currently working in Indian and
Chinese power systems.

UHV also finds its applications in HV lab Engineering research where 2500 kV, 5000 kV systems are used in experimentation.

 How to read the design

 Diagram

Circuit control devices 
Circuit control devices are used to “turn on” and “turn off” current flow in an electrical circuit. Circuit control devices have many
different shapes and sizes, but most circuit control devices are switches, solenoids or relays. A switch is the most common
circuit control device.
Electrical Protective Device an controlling device
Electrical Protective Device

A device used to protect equipment,machinery,components and devices,in electrical and electronic circuit,against short circuit,over
current and earth fault,is called as protective devices.

Necessity of Protective Devices 

Protective devices are necessary to protect electrical appliance or equipment against

a)Short Circuit
b)Abnormal variations in the supply voltage
c)Overloading of equipment
d)To protect operator against accidental contact with the faulty equipment,falling which the operator may get a severe shock.

Types of Protective Device 

Different types of the protective device that are commonly used in electrical and electronic circuit

1.Fuse Wire or Fuse

2.MCB – Miniature circuit breaker
3.ELCB – Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker
4.ELCB & MCB
5.Earthing or Grounding
1.Fuse

Fuse generally means a fuse wire,placed in a fuse holder.It is a safety device,which protects electrical and electronic circuit against
over loads,short circuit and earth faults.

The fuse link or fuse wire is made of low resistivity material and low melting point.

Operation of a Fuse –

Fuse is a short length of wire designated to melt and separate in case of excessive current.

The fuse is connected in the phase of the supply.

It is always connected in series with the circuit / components that need to be protected.

When the current drawn by the circuit exceeds the rated current of the fuse wire,the fuse wire melts and breaks.This disconnects the
supply from the circuit and thus protects the circuit and the components in the circuit.

Rating of Fuse Wire –

The maximum current that a fuse can carry,without being burnt,is called the rating of the fuse wire.It is expressed in Amperes.

Current rating of the fuse,selected for the circuit,should be equal to the maximum current rating of the machinery,appliance or
components connected in the circuit.

Fuse Carrier and Fuse Channel –

Fuse carrier and channel are made of porcelain or Bakelite material.They are used for all domestic,commercial and industrial
application upto 100 A capacity.

Cartridge Fuse

This fuse unit is in the form of a cartridge.

Its normally manufactured in the range of 2 A to 100 A.

Whenever the fuse blows off,fuse with carrier is replaced by a new one.

As it is sealed,it cannot be rewired.

Cartridge fuses are used to protect motors and branch circuit where higher amps or volt ratings are required. They are available in
wide variety of sizes,amp and volt ratings up to 600 Vac and 600 amps.
Cartridge fuses are used extensively in commercial,industrial and agricultural applications as well as residential fuse panels,air
conditioning,pumps,appliances and other equipment.

Cartridge Fuses are available in two types-

General purpose fuses have no time delay and protect fuse panel,appliances and branch circuits
Heavy duty fuses have a time delay feature.

HRC Fuse

HRC Fuse – High Rupture Capacity fuse unit.It is normally designed for high current.When
fuse is blown off,the entire unit is to be replaced by a new one.It cannot be rewired as it is
a sealed one.

Characteristics of a good fuse wire

A good fuse wire should possess the following characteristics

a)Low resistivity
b)Low melting point
C)Low conductivity of the metal vapors formed,when the fuse is blown off.

Advantages of HRC Fuse

1.They require maintenance

2.They are reliable
3.They operate at high speed.
4. They have consistent performance
5.They clear both low and high fault current with equal efficiency.

2. MINIATURE CIRCUIT BREAKER 

It is safety device which work magneto thermic release principle.It is connected in the phase,between the supply and load.It is
manufactured in standard rating of 6A to 40 A.We can see it on the meter board of each and every house.

When the current drawn by load exceeds the rated value,it acts and trips the circuit,the protecting the apparatus,operator and
appliance.

Advantages of MCB
1.They act and open the circuit in less than 5 milli seconds.
2.Automatic switch off under overload and short circuit condition
3.No fuse to replace or rewire.It needs no repairs.
4.Supply is restored by resetting it again.

3.EARTH LEAKAGE CIRCUIT BREAKER

This is a domestic safety device, which trips the circuit when there is a small leakage to earth or body of the appliance. Thus it protects
the operator from shocks and accidents. This is connected in the circuit of the appliance to be protected.

There are two types of ELCB

1. Voltage Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker
2. Current Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker

4. MCB & ELCB

It is the combination of both MCB and ELCB placed in one unit. It acts on both the occasion of   earth leakage and overload and
protect the circuit, appliance and the operator.

5.EARTHING OR GROUNDING

Connecting the metal body of an electrical appliance, machinery or an electrical installation to earth, through a low resistance wire, is
called Earthing or Grounding.

Necessity of Earthing 

Earthing is necessary for all domestic, commercial and industrial installation to safeguard the operator,tall buildings and machinery
against lightning.

Metal body of all the electrical appliances,equipment and machinery,the earth points of all three-pin sockets and the body of the
energy meter are connected to earth through a thick G.I. wire.
Whenever a live wire comes in contact with the body of the appliance, it is directly connected to earth the grounding wire and hence
the body voltage comes to zero. Therefor the operator does not get any shock, when he comes in contact with body of the appliance.

The high voltage included during lightning is discharged to earth through grounding wire and thereby building and machinery are
protected.

Position of socket and switch in home and road

Positioning of sockets and switches

Sockets and switches should be positioned in accordance with this diagram:
Methods for Power Factor Improvement
The following devices and equipment are used for Power Factor Improvement.
1. Static Capacitor
2. Synchronous Condenser
3. Phase Advancer
1. Static Capacitor
We know that most of the industries and power system loads are inductive that take lagging current which decrease the system power
factor (See Disadvantages of Low Power factor) . For Power factor improvement purpose, Static capacitors are connected in parallel
with those devices which work on low power factor.
These static capacitors provides leading current which neutralize (totally or approximately) the lagging inductive component of load
current (i.e. leading component neutralize or eliminate the lagging component of load current) thus power factor of the load circuit is
improved.
These capacitors are installed in Vicinity of large inductive load e.g Induction motors and transformers etc, and improve the load

circuit power factor to improve the system or devises efficiency.

Suppose,here is a single phase inductive load which is taking lagging current (I) and the load power factor is Cosθ as shown in fig-1.

In fig-2, a Capacitor (C) has been connected in parallel with load. Now a current (Ic) is flowing through Capacitor which lead 90°
from the supply voltage ( Note that Capacitor provides leading Current i.e., In a pure capacitive circuit, Current leading 90°  from the
supply Voltage, in other words, Voltage are 90°  lagging from Current). The load current is (I). The Vectors combination of (I) and
(Ic) is (I’) which is lagging from voltage at θ2 as shown in fig 3.
It can be seen from fig 3 that angle of θ2 < θ1 i.e. angle of θ2 is less than from angle of θ2. Therefore Cosθ2 is less than from Cosθ1
(Cosθ2> Cosθ1). Hence the load power factor is improved by capacitor.

Also note that after the power factor improvement, the circuit current would be less than from the low power factor circuit current.
Also, before and after the power factor improvement, the active component of current would be same in that circuit because capacitor
eliminates only the re-active component of current. Also, the Active power (in Watts) would be same after and before power factor
improvement.
Advantages:

 Capacitor bank offers several advantages over other methods of power factor improvement.
 Losses are low in static capacitors
 There is no moving part, therefore need low maintenance
 It can work in normal conditions (i.e. ordinary atmospheric conditions)
 Do not require a foundation for installation
 They are lightweight so it is can be easy to installed
Disadvantages:
 The age of static capacitor bank is less (8 – 10 years)
 With changing load, we have to ON or OFF the capacitor bank, which causes switching surges on the system
 If the rated voltage increases, then it causes damage it
 Once the capacitors spoiled, then repairing is costly
2. Synchronous Condenser
When a Synchronous motor operates at No-Load and over-exited then it’s called a synchronous Condenser. Whenever a Synchronous
motor is over-exited then it provides leading current and works like a capacitor.
When a synchronous condenser is connected across supply voltage (in parallel) then it draws leading current and partially eliminates
the re-active component and this way, power factor is improved. Generally, synchronous condenser is used to improve the power
factor in large industries.

Advantages:

 Long life (almost 25 years)

 High Reliability
 Step-less adjustment of power factor.
 No generation of harmonics of maintenance 
 The faults can be removed easily
 It’s not affected by harmonics.
 Require Low maintenance (only periodic bearing greasing is necessary)
Disadvantages:
 It is expensive (maintenance cost is also high) and therefore mostly used by large power users.
 An auxiliary device has to be used for this operation because synchronous motor has no self starting torque
 It produces noise
3. Phase Advancer
Phase advancer is a simple AC exciter which is connected on the main shaft of the motor and operates with the motor’s rotor circuit
for power factor improvement. Phase advancer is used to improve the power factor of induction motor in industries.

As the stator windings of induction motor takes lagging current 90° out of phase with Voltage, therefore the power factor of induction
motor is low. If the exciting ampere-turns are excited by external AC source, then there would be no effect of exciting current on
stator windings. Therefore the power factor of induction motor will be improved. This process is done by Phase advancer.
Advantages:

 Lagging kVAR (Reactive component of Power or reactive power) drawn by the motor is sufficiently reduced because the
exciting ampere turns are supplied at slip frequency (fs).
 The phase advancer can be easily used where the use of synchronous motors is Unacceptable
Disadvantage:
 Using Phase advancer is not economical for motors below 200 H.P. (about 150kW)
Power Factor Improvement in single phase and three phase star & delta connections
Power factor improvement in three phase system by connecting a capacitor bank in

(1). Delta connection

(2). Star Connection)

Power Factor Improvement in single phase and three phase star delta connection
Power Factor Definitions and Formulas

In electrical engineering, power factor is only and only related to AC circuits i.e. there is no power factor (P.f)  in DC
circuits due to zero frequency and phase angle difference (Φ) between current and voltage.
What is Power Factor?
Power factor may be defined by three definitions and formals as follow.
 You may also read: Is Reactive Power Useful?
1).  The Cosine of angle between Current and Voltage is called Power Factor.
 P = VI Cosθ OR
 Cosθ = P / V I OR
 Cosθ = kW / kVA OR

 Cosθ = True Power/ Apparent Power

Where:
 P = Power in Watts
 V = Voltages in Volts
 I = Current in Amperes
 W = Real Power in Watts
 VA = Apparent Power in Volt-Amperes or Watts
 Cosθ = Power factor
2). The ratio between Resistance and Impedance in AC Circuit is known as Power Factor.
Cosθ = R/Z
Where:
 R = Resistnace in Ohms (Ω)
 Z = Impedance (Resistance in AC circuits i.e. XL, XC and R known as Inductive reactance, capacitive
reactance and resistance respectively) in Ohms (Ω)
 Cosθ = Power factor
Impedance “Z” is the total resistance of AC Circuit i.e.
Z = √ [R2 + (XL + XC)2]
Where:
 XL = 2πfL   … L is inductance in Henry
 XC = 1/ 2πfC … C is capacitance in Farads
Related Post: Difference Between Active and Reactive Power
3).The ratio between Active Power and Apparent Power in volts-amperes is called power factor.
 Cosθ = Active Power / Apparent Power
 Cosθ = P/S
 Cosθ = kW / kVA
Where
 kW = Real Power in kilo-Watts
 kVA = Apparent Power in kilo-Volt-Amperes or Watts
 Cosθ = Power factor
Power Factor Formula in Three Phase AC Circuits
Power Factor Cosθ = P / √3 VL x IL
Power Factor Triangle and Examples

Beer analogy of active or true power, reactive power, apparent power and power factor.
Chips bag analogy of true or real power, reactive power, apparent power and power factor.

Good to know:

In pure resistive circuit, power factor is 1 due to zero phase angle difference (Φ) between current and voltage. 
In pure capacitive circuit, power factor is leading due to the lagging  VARs. i.e. Voltage is lagging 90° behind the
current. In other words, Current is leading 90° from voltage (Current and voltage are 90° out of phase with each others,
where current is leading and voltage is lagging).
In pure inductive circuit, power factor is lagging due to the leading VARs i.e. Voltage is leading 90° from current. In
other words, Current is lagging begging 90° behind the voltage (Current and voltage are 90° out of phase with each,
others where voltage is leading and current is lagging).
What is Active Power: (P)
Active Power is the actual power which is really transferred to the load such as transformer, induction motors, generators
etc and dissipated in the circuit.
Alternative words used for Real Power (Actual Power, True Power, Watt-full Power, Useful Power, Real Power,
and Active Power) and denoted by (P) and measured in units of Watts (W) i.e. The unit of Real
or Active power is Watt where 1W = 1V x 1 A. .
Active Power in DC Circuits:
In DC Circuits, power supply to the DC load is simply the product of Voltage across the load and Current flowing through
it i.e., P = V I because in DC Circuits, there is no concept of phase angle between current and voltage. In other words,
there is no frequency (f) or Power factor in DC Circuits.
Active Power in AC Circuits:
But the situation in Sinusoidal or AC Circuits is more complex because of phase difference (θ) between Current and
Voltage. Therefore average value of power (Real Power) is P = VI Cosθ is in fact supplied to the load.
In AC circuits, When circuit is pure resistive, then the same formula used for power as used in DC as P = V I.
Related Post: Power Formulas in DC, AC Single Phase and and AC Three Phase Circuits.
Active Power Formulas:
 P = V x I                                         (In DC circuits)
 P = V x I x Cosθ                            (in Single phase AC Circuits)
 P = √3 x VLx IL x Cosθ         or      (in Three Phase AC Circuits)
 P = 3 x VPh x IPhx Cosθ
 P = √ (S2 – Q2)or
 P =√ (VA2 – VAR2) or
Real or True Power or Active Power = √ (Apparent Power 2 – Reactive Power2) or
kW = √ (kVA2 – kVAR2)
Where:
 P = Power in Watts
 V = Voltages in Volts
 I = Current in Amperes
 Cosθ = Power Factor (Phase angle Difference)
 VL = Line Voltage
 IL = Line Current
 S = Apparent Power in VA (Volt Ampere)
 Q = Reactive Power in VAR (Volt Ampere Reactive)
Must Read: Why Transformer Does not Work on DC Supply instead of AC?
What is Reactive Power: (Q)  
Also known as (Use-less Power, Watt less Power)
The powers that continuously bounce back and forth between source and load is known as reactive Power (Q)
Power merely absorbed and returned in load due to its reactive properties is referred to as reactive power.
Reactive Power represent that the energy is first stored and then released in the form of magnetic field or electrostatic
field in case of inductor and capacitor respectively.
Reactive power is given by Q = V I Sinθ which can be positive (+ve) for inductive loads and negative (-ve) for
capacitive load.
The unit of Reactive Power is Volt-Ampere reactive i.e. VAR where 1 VAR = 1V x 1A.
In more simple words, in Inductor or Capacitor, how much magnetic or electric field produced by 1A x 1V is known as  the
unit of Reactive Power.
 Must read: Is Reactive Power Useful?
Reactive Power Formulas:
 Q = V I Sinθ
 Reactive Power = √ (Apparent Power2– True power2)
 VAR = √ (VA2 – P2)
 kVAR = √ (kVA2 – kW2)
Where:
 θ = Phase angle
What is Apparent Power: (S)
The Product of voltage and current if and only if the phase angle differences between current and voltage are
ignored.
Total power in an AC circuit, both dissipated and absorbed/returned is referred to as apparent power
The combination of reactive power and true power is called apparent power
In an AC circuit, the product of the r.m.s voltage and the r.m.s current is called apparent power which is denoted
by (S) and measured in units of Volt-amp (VA).
It is the product of Voltage and Current without phase angle.
The unit of Apparent power (S) VA i.e. 1VA = 1V x 1A.
When the circuit is pure resistive, then apparent power is equal to real or true power, but in inductive or capacitive circuit,
(when Reactances exist) then apparent power is greater than real or true power.
Apparent Power Formulas:
 S=VI
 S = √ (P + Q2)
 Apparent Power = √ (True power2 + Reactive Power2)
 kVA = √kW2 + kVAR2
What is Complex Power ? (S = P+jQ or S=VI*)
The Complex sum of Real Power (P) and Reactive Power (Q) is known as Complex Power which can be expressed
like S = P+jQ and measured in terms of Volt Amps Reactive (generally in kVAR).
It may also be expressed as S=VI* where “I*” is the conjugate of the complex current I. This current “I” flows through a
reactive load Z caused by the Voltage.
Complex Power Formulas:
Complex Power in Capacitive Loads
 Z = R – jXC
 I = IP + jIQ
 Cosθ = R / |Z| (leading)
 I* = IP – jIQ
 S = P – jQ
A Capacitive Load provide Leading VARS (i.e. it eliminates VARS and improves the overall power factor of the system).
That’s why capacitors are used to correct and improve the power factor.
Complex Power in Inductive Loads
 Z = R + jXL
 I = IP – jIQ
 Cosθ = R / |Z| (lagging)
 I* = IP + jIQ
 S = P + jQ
Where:
 Z = Impedance
 R = Resistance
 XL = Inductive Reactance
 XC = Capacitive Reactance
 Cosθ = Power Factor
 P = Active Power
 S = Apparent Power
 Q = Reactive Power
An Inductive Load provide lagging VARS (i.e. it added VARS and decrease the overall power factor.)
Complex power can also be expressed by the following formula.

Good to know:
Resistor absorbs the real power and dissipates in the form of heat and light.
Inductor absorbs the reactive power and dissipates in the form of magnetic field
Capacitor absorbs the reactive power and dissipates in the form of electric or electrostatic filed

Power Triangle
∴ Active, Reactive, Apparent Power and Power factor are trigonometrically related to each other as shown in below figure

(Power Triangle).
For easy explanation, all the related quantities can be easily understand by the funny Lays Chips  and Beer Analogy for
Real or True or Active Power, Reactive Power , Apparent Power and power factor.
Lays Chips  Analogy of Active, Reactive, Apparent power & power factor

Beer Analogy of Active power, Reactive power, Apparent Power and Power factor
Role of Active Power and Reactive Power
There is an important relationship between active and reactive power and the post below will help to understand that why
active power (P) is called true power and reactive power (Q) is called imaginary power. Explanations given in this article
are rarely available in the books.
First understand what is a coil and inductor. Take an iron rod, wrapped (i.e. winding) it with copper wire. It is a coil or you
can say inductor, electromagnet etc. If current passes through the copper wire then iron rod gets magnetized. More will be
the current, more the magnetism in the iron rod (i.e. more the flux in iron rod & more the magnetic field around it). Or, it
can be said that more the current, more the energy stored by the inductor. (Energy stored by the inductor is given by

where ‘L’ is the inductance of inductor and ‘I’ is the magnitude of current through the inductor).
(1)  Now consider the following R-L circuit as shown on Figure-1. All the value of current and voltage are also shown in
the Figure.

Figure-1
Active power consumed by the circuit is I2R = 222x6 = 2904 Watt. What is the meaning of this power? Please note that
“Watt= Joule/second”. Therefore it means that resistor in the circuit is consuming 2904 Joule energy per second and
dissipating it in the air. It is not storing any energy. So you can say it is the true power, or actual power which is used. (If
you will keep your finger near the resistor, you will find it hot, because it is dissipating energy in the air, i.e. electrical
energy is converted into thermal energy).
Now what about inductor?
It is an AC Circuit, current is changing continuously. Therefore in the first quarter cycle inductor consumes energy,

because current is increasing (energy stored by the inductor is In next quarter cycle, energy is released by the
inductor because there is a decrease in current. In next quarter cycle (third quarter) current is increasing (in reverse
direction), so again energy is stored by the inductor. In next quarter cycle (fourth quarter) current is decreased, so, again
energy is released by the inductor. This procedure is explained in Figure-2.
Fig
ure-2
So, inductor is consuming energy in a quarter cycle (taking it from voltage source) and giving back energy in next quarter
cycle to the voltage source or you can say it is exchanging energy with the voltage source. In this case, it can be said that
Inductor is consuming reactive power and voltage source is generating the reactive power. But note that it is an energy
exchange between voltage source and inductor. There is no power consumed by inductor. This is the reason reactive
power is called imaginary power.
(2)  Now take another example. Consider following RLC circuit (Figure-3):

Figure-3
In this circuit, value of inductive reactance and capacitive reactance is same. If you will calculate Power Factor (PF) of this

circuit, then you will find it unity. Energy stored by the inductor is as written earlier. Energy stored by a capacitor is

given by (V is magnitude of voltage across capacitor; here onward it will be denoted by ‘Vc’). In AC circuit both ‘I’ and
‘Vc’ are changing continuously. If you will draw the wave form of current ‘I’ and ‘Vc’ then you will find that when ‘I’ is
increasing at the same time ‘Vc’ is decreasing and vice-versa. It implies that in a particular quarter cycle if inductor is
storing the energy, at the same time capacitor is releasing the energy. In next quarter cycle reverse will happen, i.e.
capacitor will store the energy and inductor will release the energy. So, there is an energy exchange continuously
between inductor & capacitor.
It is called:
Inductor consumes reactive power and capacitor generates reactive power.
But it is an energy exchange between two elements. No true power is consumed or generated; this is the reason reactive
power (Q) is called imaginary power.
Note that:
 Inductor consumes reactive power and capacitor generates reactive power. It is the conventions made by Scholars
of Electrical Engineering. Reactive power is imaginary power; neither it is consumed nor can be generated.
 In power system, most of the loads are inductive load (induction motors, coils etc.), due to this reason, the
convention ‘reactive power is consumed by inductor’ is developed.
 In power system, to calculate complex power, formula S=VI* is used instead of S=V*I. It is because to allocate plus
sign to reactive power consumption to inductors/coils/induction motors etc.
(3)   Now consider the following circuit (Figure 4):

Figure-4
Now you can understand easily that in this case half of the total reactive power consumed by inductor will be supplied by
voltage source and half reactive power will be supplied by capacitor. (It implies that inductor will exchange the energy both
with voltage source and capacitor).
Consider the circuit diagram shown in Figure-5:
Figure-5
Value of current shown in the figure can be verified by the readers, it is –j5 A. If one ammeter is inserted in the circuit,
what will be its reading? Its reading will be 5 Amp., while no true power is consumed by circuit. So, for the purpose of
energy exchange, between voltage source and inductor, current flows in the circuit. You can understand that inductor is
consuming reactive power (imaginary power), no true power is consumed despite that flow of current is necessary. If
wattmeter is inserted in this circuit (current coil in series with voltage source and pressure coil across voltage source), its
reading can be found to be zero.
You can understand concepts of active power & reactive power with one more example. Consider Figure-6:
Figure-6
It has one synchronous generator (alternator) supplying power to induction motor with 3Ø line. Synchronous generator is
taking 20 KW Mechanical input (through steam supply), its total losses are 2 KW and electrical output is 18 KW. 2 KW
losses means, 2KJ energy per second is dissipating in the air; or we can say electrical energy is converted into the
thermal energy (this is the reason you can find generator, transformer, motor etc. hot in running condition). Synchronous
generator is supplying 10 KVAR reactive power, but it can be seen that to generate reactive power, no mechanical input is
required. Induction motor is consuming 10 KVAR reactive power (because induction motor has coils, so it has inductive
nature)*. With the figure-6, you can understand synchronous generator is generating reactive power (if running at high DC
excitation) and induction motor is consuming reactive power, but in fact it is just an energy exchange between generator
and induction motor.
Suppose a transformer is inserted in Figure-6, between synchronous generator & induction motor, what will be the load on
transformer? Answer is 20.59 KVA. It can be calculated as
The exact explanation is, To exchange the energy between synchronous generator & induction motor (i.e. to supply
reactive power by the generator), flow of current is necessary (as explained through Figure-5); So load on transformer is
just not active power, it is combination of active & reactive power. Of course, active & reactive power cannot be simply
added. Their addition follows the equation:

Rating of Voltage Controller at Your Home:

In your house, suppose you have an air-conditioner, having consumption of 2 kW power. You may require
a stabilizer (voltage controller) with this. Stabilizer is just a transformer. Stabilizer should be installed between voltage
supply and the air-conditioner. What may be the rating of stabilizer? Rating of stabilizer maybe around 4 KVA. The reason
is that air-conditioner consumes reactive power also (it has a motor inside it). So, the kVA rating of stabilizer is certainly
more than 2 kVA. Though the reactive power is imaginary power i.e. exchange of energy between air-conditioner and
voltage supply but for this exchange of energy, current flows between air-conditioner and stabilizer, that passes through
the winding of stabilizer (transformer), therefore just a 2 kVA stabilizer is not sufficient.
In most of the countries, the meters installed in residential areas are KW-Hr meter; so you have to pay electricity bill of
active power; reactive power is free; but any transformer or voltage controller is to be installed accommodates reactive
power also, hence rated in kVA (apparent power). Therefore in aforesaid example, a consumer has to pay bill of 2 kW
power (as it is true power), reactive power is free (as it is imaginary power), but while installing any transformer or voltage
controller, reactive power cannot be ignored.
Note a few more important points:
1. Induction motor always runs at lagging power factor as it always consumes reactive power along with active power.
2. Synchronous generator can run at leading, lagging or unity Power factor. Synchronous generator is a generator, so
it always supply active power, but if running on low excitation, it consumes reactive power, in this condition it can be
said it is running at leading PF.
3. Synchronous generator shown in figure-6 is running at lagging Power factor
4. It is a common question of students, if synchronous generator is generating reactive power, how you have termed it
as lagging Power factor. The reason is that suppose induction motor terminal voltage is 1∠0pu and current consumed
by it is 0.9∠-30°pu. It is lagging current, so, we can say motor is running under lagging PF. Same current is supplied by
generator & same is terminal voltage of generator, hence relation between terminal voltage of generator and current
supplied by it is lagging, hence its PF of generator is also lagging.
Or, simply if direction of P & Q is same it is lagging PF. If direction of P & Q is opposite it is leading PF.
* You can ask Synchronous motor also has coils, it has no capacitor inside it, how it can generate reactive power. The
answer is that it has field winding, which can increase the flux in the synchronous motor. The induction motor has no field
winding.
 By: Electrical Techology
 Updated By: Dr. Vipin Jain Ph.D in Electrical Engineering
Causes of low Power Factor

 The main cause of low Power factor is Inductive Load. As in pure inductive circuit, Current lags 90° from Voltage, this large difference of
phase angle between current and voltage causes zero power factor. Basically, all those circuit having Capacitance and inductance
(except resonance circuit (or Tune Circuit) where inductive reactance = capacitive reactance (X L = Xc), so the circuit becomes a resistive
circuit), power factor would be exist over there because Capacitance and inductance causes in difference of phase angle (θ) between
current and voltage.
 there are a lot of disadvantages of low Pf and we must improve Pf .
 Following are the causes of low Power factor:
 1. Single phase and three phase induction Motors(Usually, Induction motor works 
     at poor power factor i.e. at:
     Full load, Pf = 0.8 -0.9
     Small load, Pf = 0.2 -0.3
     No Load, Pf may come to Zero (0).
 2.  Varying Load in Power System(As we know that load on power system is varying. During low load period, supply voltage is increased
which increase the magnetizing current which cause the decreased power factor)
 3.  Industrial heating furnaces
 4.  Electrical discharge lamps (High intensity discharge lighting) Arc lamps (operate 
      a very low power factor)
 5.  Transformers
 6.  Harmonic Currents
Power in a Three Phase AC Circuit = P = √3 V x I CosФ

And Current in a Three Phase AC Circuits = I = P / (3 V x CosФ)

I ∝1 /CosФ….… (1)

Also,

Power in a Single Phase AC Circuits = P = V x I CosФ

And Current in a Three phase AC Circuits = I = P / (V x CosФ)

I ∝ 1/CosФ……… (2)

It is clear from both equations (1) an (2) that Current “I” is inversely proportional to CosФ i.e. Power Factor. In other words,
When Power Factor increases, Current Decreases, and when Power Factor decreases, Current Increases.

Now, In case of Low Power Factor, Current will be increased, and this high current will cause to the following disadvantages.

1.) Large Line Losses (Copper Losses):

We know that Line Losses is directly proportional to the squire of Current “I2”

Power Loss = I2xR i.e., the larger the current, the greater the line losses i.e. I>>Line Losses

In other words,  

Power Loss = I2xR = 1/CosФ2 ….. Refer to Equation “I ∝ 1/CosФ”….… (1)

Thus, if Power factor = 0.8, then losses on this power factor =1/CosФ2 = 1/ 0.82 = 1.56 times will be greater than losses on Unity
power factor.
2.) Large kVA rating and Size of Electrical Equipments:

As we know that almost all Electrical Machinery (Transformer, Alternator, Switchgears etc) rated in kVA. But, it is clear from the
following formula that Power factor is inversely proportional to the kVA i.e.

CosФ = kW / kVA

Therefore, The Lower the Power factor, the larger the kVA rating of Machines also, the larger the kVA rating of Machines, The larger
the Size of Machines and The Larger the size of Machines, The Larger the Cost of machines.

3.) Greater Conductor Size and Cost:

In case of low power factor, current will be increased, thus, to transmit this high current, we need the larger size of conductor. Also,
the cost of large size of conductor will be increased.

4.) Poor Voltage Regulation and Large Voltage Drop:

Voltage Drop = V = IZ.

Now in case of Low Power factor, Current will be increased. So the Larger the current, the Larger the Voltage Drop.

Also Voltage Regulation = V.R = (VNo Load – VFull Load)/ VFull Load

In case of Low Power Factor (lagging Power factor) there would be large voltage drop which cause low voltage regulation. Therefore,
keeping Voltage drop in the particular limit, we need to install Extra regulation equipments i.e. Voltage regulators.

5.) Low Efficiency:

In case of low Power Factor, there would be large voltage drop and large line losses and this will cause the system or equipments
efficiency too low. For instant, due to low power factor, there would be large line losses; therefore, alternator needs high excitation,
thus, generation efficiency would be low. 
6.) Penalty from Electric Power Supply Company on Low Power factor
Electrical Power supply Company imposes a penalty of power factor below 0.95 lagging in Electric power bill. So you must improve
Pf above 0.95.
Advantages of Power factor improvement and Correction:
Following are the merits and benefits of improvedPower factor;
1. Increase in efficiency of system and devices
2. Low Voltage Drop
3. Reduction in size of a conductor and cable which reduces cost of the Cooper
4. An Increase in available power
5. Line Losses (Copper Losses) I2R is reduced
6. Appropriate Size of Electrical Machines (Transformer, Generators etc)
7. Eliminate the penalty of low power factor from the Electric Supply Company
8. Low kWh (Kilo Watt per hour)
9. Saving in the power bill
10. Better usage of power system, lines and generators etc
11. Saving in energy as well as rating and the cost of the electrical devices and equipment is reduced 
 How to Calculate the Suitable Capacitor Size in Farads & kVAR for Power factor Improvement 
(Easiest way ever)
Hi there! With a very important tutorial.. I hope you will find it very useful because I have already spent two days to prepare this article. I
think all of those who have sent messages and mails about the topic will never ask again if they follow these simple methods to calculate
the proper Size of Capacitor bank in kVAR and micro-farads for power factor correction and improvement in both single phase and three
phase circuits. I think it’s too much..

Now let’s begin…

Consider the following Examples.

Example: 1

A 3 Phase, 5 kW Induction Motor has a P.F (Power factor) of 0.75 lagging. What size of Capacitor in kVAR is required to improve
the P.F (Power Factor) to 0.90?

Solution #1 (By Simple Table Method)

Motor Input = 5kW

From Table, Multiplier to improve PF from 0.75 to 0.90 is .398

Required Capacitor kVAR to improve P.F from 0.75 to 0.90

Required Capacitor kVAR = kW x Table 1 Multiplier of 0.75 and 0.90

= 5kW x .398

= 1.99 kVAR

And Rating of Capacitors connected in each Phase

1.99/3 = 0.663 kVAR

Solution # 2 (Classical Calculation Method)

Motor input = P = 5 kW

Original P.F = Cosθ1 = 0.75

Final P.F = Cosθ2 = 0.90

θ1 = Cos-1 = (0.75) = 41°.41; Tan θ1 = Tan (41°.41) = 0.8819

θ2 = Cos-1 = (0.90) = 25°.84; Tan θ2 = Tan (25°.50) = 0.4843

Required Capacitor kVAR to improve P.F from 0.75 to 0.90

Required Capacitor kVAR = P (Tan θ1 – Tan θ2)

= 5kW (0.8819 – 0.4843)

= 1.99 kVAR

And Rating of Capacitors connected in each Phase

1.99/3 = 0.663 kVAR

 
Tables (Capacitor sizing in kVAr and Farads for PF correction)

The following tables have been prepared to simplify kVAR calculation for power factor improvement. The size of capacitor in kVAR is the
kW multiplied by factor in table to improve from existing power factor to proposed power factor. Check the others Examples below.

Table – from 0.01 to 0.09 (Click image to enlarge)

Table – from 0.10 to 0.30 (Click image to enlarge)
Table – from 0.31 to 0.49 (Click image to enlarge)
Table – from 0.50 to 0.74 (Click image to enlarge)
Table – from 0.75 to 1.00 (Click image to enlarge)
The whole Table – from 0.10 to 1.0 (Click image to enlarge)
Example 2:

An Alternator is supplying a load of 650 kW at a P.F (Power factor) of 0.65. What size of Capacitor in kVAR is required to raise
the P.F (Power Factor) to unity (1)? And how many more kW can the alternator supply for the same kVA loading when P.F
improved.

Solution #1 (By Simple Table Method)

Supplying kW = 650 kW

From Table 1, Multiplier to improve PF from 0.65 to unity (1) is 1.169

Required Capacitor kVAR to improve P.F from 0.65 to unity (1)

Required Capacitor kVAR = kW x Table 1 Multiplier of 65 and 100

= 650kW x 1.169

= 759.85 kVAR

We know that P.F = Cosθ = kW/kVA . . .or

kVA = kW / Cosθ

= 650/0.65 = 1000 kVA

When Power Factor is raised to unity (1)

No of kW = kVA x Cosθ
= 1000 x 1 = 1000kW

Hence increased Power supplied by Alternator

1000kW – 650kW = 350kW

Solution # 2 (Classical Calculation Method)

Supplying kW = 650 kW

Original P.F = Cosθ1 = 0.65

Final P.F = Cosθ2 = 1

θ1 = Cos-1 = (0.65) = 49°.45; Tan θ1 = Tan (41°.24) = 1.169

θ2 = Cos-1 = (1) = 0°; Tan θ2 = Tan (0°) = 0

Required Capacitor kVAR to improve P.F from 0.75 to 0.90

Required Capacitor kVAR = P (Tan θ1 – Tan θ2)

= 650kW (1.169– 0)

= 759.85 kVAR

How to Calculate the Required Capacitor bank value in both kVAR and Farads?

(How to Convert Farads into kVAR and Vice Versa)
 
Example: 3

A Single phase 400V, 50Hz, motor takes a supply current of 50A at a P.F (Power factor) of 0.6. The motor power factor has to be
improved to 0.9 by connecting a capacitor in parallel with it. Calculate the required capacity of Capacitor in both kVAR and
Farads.

Solution.:

(1) To find the required capacity of Capacitance in kVAR to improve P.F from 0.6 to 0.9 (Two Methods)

Solution #1 (By Simple Table Method)

Motor Input = P = V x I x Cosθ

                              = 400V x 50A x 0.6

                              = 12kW

From Table, Multiplier to improve PF from 0.60 to 0.90 is 0.849

Required Capacitor kVAR to improve P.F from 0.60 to 0.90

Required Capacitor kVAR = kW x Table Multiplier of 0.60 and 0.90

= 12kW x 0.849
= 10.188 kVAR

Solution # 2 (Classical Calculation Method)

Motor Input = P = V x I x Cosθ

                              = 400V x 50A x 0.6

                              = 12kW

Actual P.F = Cosθ1 = 0..6

Required P.F = Cosθ2 = 0.90

θ1 = Cos-1 = (0.60) = 53°.13; Tan θ1 = Tan (53°.13) = 1.3333

θ2 = Cos-1 = (0.90) = 25°.84; Tan θ2 = Tan (25°.50) = 0.4843

Required Capacitor kVAR to improve P.F from 0.60 to 0.90

Required Capacitor kVAR = P (Tan θ1 – Tan θ2)

= 5kW (1.3333– 0.4843)

= 10.188 kVAR

(2) To find the required capacity of Capacitance in Faradsto improve P.F from 0.6 to 0.9 (Two Methods)

Solution #1 (Using a Simple Formula)

 

We have already calculated the required Capacity of Capacitor in kVAR, so we can easily convert it into Farads by using this simple
formula

Required Capacity of Capacitor in Farads/Microfarads

C = kVAR / (2 π f V2) in microfarad

Putting the Values in the above formula

 = (10.188kVAR) / (2 x π x 50 x 4002)

= 2.0268 x 10-4

= 202.7 x 10-6

= 202.7μF

Solution # 2 (Simple Calculation Method)

kVAR = 10.188 … (i)

We know that;

IC = V/ XC

 
Whereas XC = 1 / 2 π F C

IC = V / (1 / 2 π F C)

IC = V 2 F C

= (400) x 2π x (50) x C

IC = 125663.7 x C

And,

kVAR = (V x IC) / 1000 … [kVAR =( V x I)/ 1000 ]

= 400 x 125663.7 x C

IC = 50265.48 x C … (ii)

Equating Equation (i) & (ii), we get,

50265.48 x C = 10.188C

C = 10.188 / 50265.48

C = 2.0268 x 10-4

C = 202.7 x 10-6

C = 202.7μF
 

Example 4

What value of Capacitance must be connected in parallel with a load drawing 1kW at 70% lagging power factor from a 208V,
60Hz Source in order to raise the overall power factor to 91%.

Solution:

You can use either Table method or Simple Calculation method to find the required value of Capacitance in Farads or kVAR to improve
Power factor from 0.71 to 0.97. So I used table method in this case.

P = 1000W

Actual Power factor = Cosθ1 = 0.71

Desired Power factor = Cosθ2  = 0.97

From Table, Multiplier to improve PF from 0.71 to 0.97 is 0.783

Required Capacitor kVAR to improve P.F from 0.71 to 0.97

Required Capacitor kVAR = kW x Table Multiplier of 0.71 and 0.97

= 1kW x 0.783

=783 VAR (required Capacitance Value in kVAR)

Current in the Capacitor =

IC = QC / V
= 783 / 208

= 3.76A

And

XC = V / IC

= 208 / 3.76 = 55.25Ω

C = 1/ (2 π f XC)

C = 1 (2 π x 60 x 55.25)

C = 48 μF (required Capacitance Value in Farads)

Good to Know:

Important formulas which is used for Power factor improvement calculation as well as used in the above calculation

Power in Watts

kW = kVA x Cosθ

kW = HP x 0.746 or (HP x 0.746) / Efficiency … (HP = Motor Power)

kW = √ ( kVA2– kVAR2)

kW = P = VI Cosθ … (Single Phase)

kW = P =√3x V x I Cosθ … (Three Phase)

 

Apparent Power in VA

kVA= √(kW2+ kVAR2)

kVA = kW/ Cosθ

Reactive Power in VA

kVAR= √(kVA2– kW2)

kVAR = C x (2 π f V2)

Power factor (from 0.1 to 1)

Power Factor = Cosθ = P / V I … (Single Phase)

Power Factor = Cosθ =  P / (√3x V x I) … (Three Phase)

Power Factor = Cosθ = kW / kVA  … (Both Single Phase & Three Phase)
Power Factor = Cosθ = R/Z … (Resistance / Impedance)

XC = 1/ (2 π f C) … (XC = Capacitive reactance)

IC = V/ XC  … (I = V / R)

Required Capacity of Capacitor in Farads/Microfarads

C = kVAR / (2 π f V2) in microfarad

 

Required Capacity of Capacitor in kVAR

kVAR = C x (2 π f V2)

How to Convert Capacitor Farads into kVAR & Vice Versa (For Power factor improvement)
In this simple Calculation tutorial, we will find the way “How to Convert Capacitor Farads into kVAR and Vice Versa, usually used
in Power Factor improvement Calculation and problems. We will use two simple methods for finding and Conversion for both quantities.
For explanation, consider the following simple Example.

Example 1:

A Single phase 400V, 50Hz, motor takes a supply current of 50A at a P.F (Power factor) of 0.6. The motor power factor has to be
improved to 0.9 by connecting a capacitor in parallel with it. Calculate the required capacity of Capacitor in both kVAR and
Farads.

Solution.:

(1) To find the required capacity of Capacitance in kVAR (i.e, Convert Capacitor Farads into kVAR) to improve P.F from 0.6 to 0.9
(Two Methods)

Solution #1 (By Simple Table Method)

Motor Input = P = V x I x Cosθ

                              = 400V x 50A x 0.6

                              = 12kW

From Table, Multiplier to improve PF from 0.60 to 0.90 is 0.849

Required Capacitor kVAR to improve P.F from 0.60 to 0.90

Required Capacitor kVAR = kW x Table Multiplier of 0.60 and 0.90

= 12kW x 0.849

= 10.188 kVAR

Solution # 2 (Classical Calculation Method)

Motor Input = P = V x I x Cosθ

                              = 400V x 50A x 0.6

                              = 12kW

ActualP.F = Cosθ1 = 0..6

Required P.F = Cosθ2 = 0.90

θ1 = Cos-1 = (0.60) = 53°.13; Tan θ1 = Tan (53°.13) = 1.3333

θ2 = Cos-1 = (0.90) = 25°.84; Tan θ2 = Tan (25°.50) = 0.4843

Required Capacitor kVAR to improve P.F from 0.60 to 0.90

Required Capacitor kVAR = P (Tan θ1 – Tan θ2)

= 12kW (1.3333– 0.4843)

= 10.188 kVAR

(2) To find the required capacity of Capacitance in Farads (i.e, Convert Capacitor Farads into kVAR) to improve P.F from 0.6 to
0.9 (Two Methods)
 

Solution #1 (Using a Simple Formula)

We have already calculated the required Capacity of Capacitor in kVAR, so we can easily convert it into Farads by using this simple
formula

Required Capacity of Capacitor in Farads/Microfarads

C = kVAR / (2 π f V2) in microfarad

Putting the Values in the above formula

 = (10.188kVAR) / (2 x π x 50 x 4002)

= 2.0268 x 10-4

= 202.7 x 10-6

= 202.7μF

Solution # 2 (Simple Calculation Method)

kVAR = 10.188 … (i)

We know that;

IC = V/ XC

Whereas XC = 1 / 2 π F C

IC = V / (1 / 2 π F C)

IC = V 2 F C
= (400) x 2π x (50) x C

IC = 125663.7 x C

And,

kVAR = (V x IC) / 1000 … [kVAR =( V x I)/ 1000 ]

= 400 x 125663.7 x C

IC = 50265.48 x C … (ii)

Equating Equation (i) & (ii), we get,

50265.48 x C = 10.188C

C = 10.188 / 50265.48

C = 2.0268 x 10-4

C = 202.7 x 10-6

C = 202.7μF

Good to Know:

These are the main Formulas to Convert Capacitor kVAR into Farads and Vice Versa

Required Capacity of Capacitor in Farads/Microfarads (Convert Capacitor Farads into kVAR)

C = kVAR / (2 π f V2) in microfarad

 

Required Capacity of Capacitor in kVAR (Convert Capacitor kVAR into Farads)

kVAR = C x (2 π f V2)  

1)   A synchronous motor takes the leading current when it is

a. Overexcited
b. Under excited
c. Not excited
d. Either (a) or (b)
e. All of these
Answer    Explanation  

ANSWER: Either (a) or (b)

Explanation:
No explanation is available for this question!

2)   For voltage boosting in distribution networks the capacitors used is

a. Series capacitors
b. Shunt capacitors
c. Both (a) and (b)
d. None of these
Answer    Explanation  

ANSWER: Series capacitors

Explanation:
No explanation is available for this question!

3)   To reduce the power consumption, the capacitors should be located

a. As close as possible to the load

b. As far as possible to the load
c. Not too close not too far from the load
d. All of these
e. None of these
Answer    Explanation  

4)   If an alternator is supplying load of 350 kW at 0.6 pf lagging and its power factor is raised to unity then to
supply the alternator for the same kVA loading, the extra required kilowatts will be

a. 205 kW
b. 212 kW
c. 233 kW
d. 246 kW
Answer    Explanation  

ANSWER: 233 kW
Explanation:
No explanation is available for this question!

5)   In order to improve the power factor of equipment operating at lagging power factor, a capacitor is
connected

a. In series with the equipment

b. In parallel with the equipment
c. In series-parallel with the equipment
d. Either (a) or (b)
Answer    Explanation  

ANSWER: In parallel with the equipment

Explanation:
No explanation is available for this question!

6)   Phase advancers are used to improve the power factor of

a. Induction motors
b. Induction generators
c. Synchronous motors
d. Synchronous generators
Answer    Explanation  

ANSWER: Induction motors

Explanation:
No explanation is available for this question!

7)   Power factor of a load can be improved by using

a. Static capacitors
b. Synchronous condenser
c. Phase advancer
d. Only a and b
e. All of the above
Answer    Explanation  

ANSWER: All of the above

Explanation:
No explanation is available for this question!

8)   If power factor is less than unity then it will result in

a. Large kVA rating of equipment

b. Greater conductor size
c. Large copper losses
d. Only A and C
e. All of these
Answer    Explanation  
ANSWER: All of these
Explanation:
No explanation is available for this question!

9)   If the load current decreases then the power factor

a. Will also decrease

b. Will increase
c. Will remains unchanged
d. None of these
Answer    Explanation  

ANSWER: Will increase

Explanation:
No explanation is available for this question!

10)   The wattles component is

a. I
b. I cos∅
c. I sin∅
d. None of these
Answer    Explanation  

ANSWER: I sin∅
Explanation:
No explanation is available for this question!
Q1. What is maximum value of power factor?

a. 0.5
b. 1
c. 1.5
d. 0.95

View Answer / Hide Answer

ANSWER: b. 1

Q2. Active power and apparent power are respectively represented by?

a. kW and kVAR
b. kVAR and kVA
c. kVA and kVAR
d. kW and kVA

View Answer / Hide Answer

ANSWER: d. kW and kVA

Q3. Which among the following happens in a low power factor?

a. Large kVA rating of the equipment.

b. Greater conductor size.
c. Reduced handling capacity of the system.
d. All of the above.

View Answer / Hide Answer

ANSWER: d. All of the above.

Q4. Lower power factor is usually not due to

a. Discharge lamp.
b. Arc lamps.
c. Incandescent lamps.
d. Induction furnace.

View Answer / Hide Answer

ANSWER: c. Incandescent lamps.

Q5. For a consumer what is the most economical power factor?

a. 0.25 – 0.5 lagging
b. 0.25 – 0.5 leading.
c. 0.85 – 0.95 lagging.
d. 0.85 – 0.95 leading.

View Answer / Hide Answer

ANSWER: c. 0.85 – 0.95 lagging.

Q6. The primary reason for the low power factor is due to the installation of

a. Induction motors
b. DC motors
c. Synchronous motors.
d. Commutator motors.

View Answer / Hide Answer

ANSWER: a. Induction motors

Q7. For which among the following consumers is penalty imposed for low power factor?

a. Residential and commercial consumers.

b. Industrial consumers.
c. Agricultural consumers.
d. All of the above.

View Answer / Hide Answer

ANSWER: b. Industrial consumers.