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Course: Digital Systems Code: 15EEE302 Credit: 3

This document provides an introduction to digital systems. It discusses how physical quantities can be represented either analogously or digitally. Digital systems represent quantities using discrete symbols or digits rather than a continuous range of values. The document then compares digital and analog systems, providing examples of each. It outlines some advantages and disadvantages of digital techniques compared to analog. Finally, it describes the major functional parts of a digital computer including the arithmetic logic unit, memory unit, input/output units, and control unit. It also defines types of computers such as microprocessors, microcomputers, and microcontrollers.

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70 views

Course: Digital Systems Code: 15EEE302 Credit: 3

This document provides an introduction to digital systems. It discusses how physical quantities can be represented either analogously or digitally. Digital systems represent quantities using discrete symbols or digits rather than a continuous range of values. The document then compares digital and analog systems, providing examples of each. It outlines some advantages and disadvantages of digital techniques compared to analog. Finally, it describes the major functional parts of a digital computer including the arithmetic logic unit, memory unit, input/output units, and control unit. It also defines types of computers such as microprocessors, microcomputers, and microcontrollers.

Uploaded by

smart telugu guru
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Course : Digital Systems

Code : 15EEE302
Credit : 3

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INTRODUCTION

TO

DIGITAL SYSTEMS
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Representations:
Most naturally occurring physical quantities in our
world are analog in nature.
Quantities are measured, monitored, recorded,
manipulated arithmetically, observed in most physical
systems.
Important when dealing with quantities
– To represent their values efficiently and accurately
– 2 ways to represent them:
1) ANALOG representation
2) DIGITAL representation

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Analog Representation
Represent a quantity by a continuously variable,
proportional indicator
Characteristic of analog quantities
– They can vary over a continuous range of values
Example
1) Speedometer
2) Thermometer Use a mechanical means

 In terms of electrical, the measured/processed physical


quantity is converted to a proportional electrical signal (V or I)
used by the system for display, processing or control purposes
etc.
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Digital Representation
Represent a quantity by a symbol, called digits.
They are varied in discrete steps etc.
Example
1) Digital Clock
2) Digital weighting scale etc

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Digital & Analog Systems
DIGITAL SYSTEM
Combination of devices designed to manipulate logical
information or physical quantities that are represented in
digital form.
Example: digital calculator

ANALOG SYSTEM
Devices that manipulate physical quantities that are
represented in analog form.
Example: magnetic tape recording and playback equipment

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Example of a Tape
During playback, a magnetic
material in the tape head is
magnetized as the magnetic tape
passes.
Then, the magnetic field
penetrates a coil of wire which is
wrapped around it.
Change in magnetic field will
induce a voltage in the coil.
This induced voltage forms an
electrical image of the signal
which is recorded on the tape.
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Example of a Computer
All the stored and processed data are in binary
form. Why ?

•Digital circuits/devices only concerns about two operating states/logic


levels,
•This system allows computers to perform complex calculations very quickly
and efficiently
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Example of a C D

CD player: Digital and Analog parts co-exist


together
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Advantages of Digital Techniques

1. Digital systems are easier to design


2. Information storage is easy
3. Accuracy & precision are easier to maintain
throughout the system
4. Operation can be programmed
5. Digital circuits are less affected by noise
6. Digital circuitry can be fabricated on IC chips

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Disadvantages of Digital Techniques
1. The real world is analog
2. Digital systems can be fragile
3. Processing digitised signals takes time
4. Digital circuits use more energy than analogue circuits &
produce more heat
5. Digital circuits are made from analogue
components – must make sure the digital behaviour
is not affected by the analog.
6. Digital circuits are sometimes more expensive (in small
quantity)
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Digital Systems Overcomes the Drawback of
Analog Systems
When dealing with analog inputs and outputs, four steps
must be followed
1. Convert the physical variable to an electrical signal
(analog)
2. Convert the electrical (analog) signal into digital
form using ADC (Analog to Digital Converter)
3. Process (operate on) the digital information
4. Convert the digital outputs back to real-world analog
form using DAC (Digital to Analog Converter)

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Digital Computers

Functional diagram of a digital computer


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MAJOR FUNCTIONAL PARTS:

Arithmetic/logic unit (ALU)


• Performs all arithmetic calculations and logical decisions
• Sends the results to memory unit for storage

Memory unit
• Stores the instructions & data from input
• Stores the results of arithmetic operation from ALU
• Supplies information to output
• RAM (Random Access Memory) & ROM (Read-Only
Memory)

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– Output unit
•Takes data from the memory unit and prints out,
display , etc i.e. to the external

– Input unit
•Instruction set and data are fed through this

– Control unit
•Takes and interprets instructions from input
•Sends related signals to other units to cause the
specific instruction has to be executed.
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Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Combination of CONTROL unit &
ALU Function:
– Fetch and interpret instruction
– Control and perform the operation as instruction
instructed.

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Types of computers
Microprocessor ,
– CPU in an integrated circuit

Microcomputer
– Computer that use a μP to perform a wide range of
applications depending on the software
– Performs general tasks

Microcontroller
– Computer that use a μP to perform task(s)
– Have all the elements of a complete computer
(CPU, memory & I/O ports) in one integrated
circuit.
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