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87 views

PT - Introdection To Petrolum Geology PDF

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hussein
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Lecture 2

‘’Introduction to Petroleum Geology’’


Prepared by
Ass. Lec. Marwah Dhahir
What is the petroleum geology?

• It is the study of origin, occurrence, movement,


accumulation, and exploration of hydrocarbon fuels.
• It refers to the specific set of geological disciplines
that are applied to the search for hydrocarbons (oil
exploration).
Petroleum geology is principally concerned with the evaluation
of seven key elements in sedimentary basins:

• Source
• Reservoir
• Seal
• Trap
• Timing
• Maturation
• Migration
• Source:
 Evaluation of the source uses the methods of geochemistry to
quantify the nature of organic-rich rocks which contain the
precursors to hydrocarbons, such that the type and quality of
expelled hydrocarbon can be assessed.

• Reservoir:
 The reservoir is a porous and permeable lithological unit or
set of units that holds the hydrocarbon reserves.
 Analysis of reservoirs at the simplest level requires an
assessment of their porosity (to calculate the volume of in situ
hydrocarbons) and their permeability (to calculate how easily
hydrocarbons will flow out of them).
 Some of the key disciplines used in reservoir analysis are the
fields of structural analysis, stratigraphy, sedimentology, and
reservoir engineering.
• Seal:
 The seal, or cap rock, is a unit with low permeability that impedes the escape
of hydrocarbons from the reservoir rock.
 Common seals include evaporites, chalks and shales.
 Analysis of seals involves assessment of their thickness and extent, such that
their effectiveness can be quantified.

• Trap:
 The trap is the stratigraphic or structural feature that ensures the
juxtaposition of reservoir and seal such that hydrocarbons remain trapped in
the subsurface, rather than escaping (due to their natural buoyancy) and being
lost.

• Maturation:
 Analysis of maturation involves assessing the thermal history of the source
rock in order to make predictions of the amount and timing of hydrocarbon
generation and expulsion.

• Finally, careful studies of migration reveal information on how hydrocarbons


move from source to reservoir and help quantify the source (or kitchen) of
hydrocarbons in a particular area
Major subdisciplines in petroleum geology:

• Source rock analysis


 Delineation and identification of potential source rocks depends
on studies of the local stratigraphy, paleogeography and
sedimentology to determine the likelihood of organic-rich
sediments having been deposited in the past.
• Exploration stage
 Exploration geology comprises all the activities and studies
necessary for finding new hydrocarbon occurrence.
 Usually seismic (or 3D seismic) studies are shot, and old exploration
data (seismic lines, well logs, reports) are used to expand upon the
new studies.
 Sometimes gravity and magnetic studies are conducted, and oil
seeps and spills are mapped to find potential areas for hydrocarbon
occurrences
• Appraisal stage:
 Hydrocarbon reservoir properties, connectivity, hydrocarbon type and gas-oil
and oil-water contacts are determined to calculate potential recoverable
volumes by
This is usually done by drilling more appraisal
wells around the initial exploration well

 Geochemical and petrophysical analysis gives information on the type (viscosity,


chemistry, API, carbon content, etc.) of the hydrocarbon and the nature of the
reservoir (porosity, permeability, etc.).

• Production stage:
 This stage focuses on extracting the hydrocarbons in a controlled way (without
damaging the formation, within commercial favorable volumes, etc.).
 Sometimes enhanced recovery (steam injection, pumps, etc.) is used to extract
more hydrocarbons or to redevelop abandoned fields.
Hydrocarbon Traps

o Structural traps
• Formed by structural deformation (folding,
faulting or doming).
• Types:
(Anticlinal domes, salt domes ,fault traps)
o Stratigraphic traps
1. Structural traps :
a) Anticlinal Domes:
b) salt domes :

o Formed due to salt (sp.gr. 1.8 -2) is lighter than the overlying rock
therefore the salt is floats up because the buoyancy effect.
o Salt minerals are halite (NaCl 2.16 gm/cm³ density),gypsum (2.32
gm/cm³ density). Anhydrate (2.96 gm/cm³ density)

o In order for the salt to move upwards and form a salt dome, a
certain thickness of overburden is required and the salt beds
themselves must be at least 100–200 m thick. The upward
movement of salt through the overlying sequence, and the
resultant deformation of the latter, is called halokinetics or salt
tectonics.
o Traps may be created (1) in the layers above the salt dome, (2)
in the top of the salt dome (cap rock), (3) in the beds which
are faulted and turned up against the salt structure and (4)
through stratigraphic pinching out of beds round the salt
dome.
c) Fault Trap
• Normal
• Reverse
• Thrust
Impermeable Well Well
Cap Rock

Impermeable
Permeable Cap Rock
Reservoir Gas
Rock
Oil Oil

Water
Water
Example 1:

Which petroleum trap would be formed by


a simple fold?
(A) anticline (B) fault
(C) salt dome (D) stratigraphic

Copyright © 2014 All rights reserved, Government of


Newfoundland and Labrador
Example 2:

Based on the diagram below, which is the


correct match between the force and
petroleum trap produced?
Force Petroleum
Trap
(A) Compression Fault Oi
al l

(B) Compression Anticline


al
(C) Tensional Anticline
(D) Tensional Fault

Copyright © 2014 All rights reserved, Government of


Newfoundland and Labrador
• Which sequence is correct from highest density to
lowest density?

(A) gas → oil → water


(B) oil → gas → water
(C) oil → water → gas
(D) water → oil → gas

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