~ N u c l e a r P h y s i c s B10 (1969) 516-520. N o r t h - H o l l a n d Publ. C o m p .

, A m s t e r d a m

GENERALIZED V E N E Z I A N O MODEL W I T H ISOSPIN

J. E. PATON
DetJartrnent o f T h e o r e t i c a l P h y s i c s , University of Oxford

and

CHAN HONG-MO
C E R N - Geneva

Received 24 February 1969

A b s t r a c t : A g e n e r a l i z a t i o n of the V e n e z i a n o m o d e l to t h e N - p o i n t f u n c t i o n w a s p r o -
p o s e d w h i c h w a s c r o s s i n g s y m m e t r i c and b o o t s t r a p c o n s i s t e n t in t r e a t i n g all p a r -
t i c l e s as b o u n d s t a t e s of o t h e r s . H o w e v e r , t h e m o d e l was s o f a r l i m i t e d to only
n e u t r a l m e s o n s . H e r e we p r o p o s e a v e r y s i m p l e g e n e r a l m e t h o d f o r i n c o r p o r a t i n g
i s o s p i n into t h e m o d e l w h i c h p r e s e r v e s all t h e d e s i r a b l e p r o p e r t i e s and g i v e s no
u n w a n t e d s t a t e s of h i g h i s o s p i n . P r e v i o u s l y known r e s u l t s f o r the four and five
point f u n c t i o n s a p p e a r as s p e c i a l c a s e s of o u r s o l u t i o n .

A generalisation of the Veneziano model to the N-point function has been

proposed [1-5] which could conceivably form the basis for a new phenome-
logy of multiple production processes, and even perhaps of a new dynami-
cal bootstrap model. The model is crossing symmetric and incorporates
resonance poles on lirear trajectories as well as Regge asymptotic behav-
iour. In addition, it is consistent with the bootstrap hypothesis in treating
all particles as bound states of others. However, the model is so far lim-
ited to a hypothetical world with only normal parity, neutral mesons lying
on trajectories with negative intercepts. Before applications are possible,
one should extent it to include at least:
(A): Isospin and strangeness.
(B): Trajectories with positive intercepts, such as the p and w.
(C): Abnormal parity trajectories.
In this note we address ourselves to the problem (A). Until now, the
isospin structure has been worked out in a few particular cases only [6-8].
Here, we present a very simple general solution which preserves all the
desirable property of the neutral meson model and give previously known
results as special cases. We have in mind the obvious goal of writing down
the amplitude for the realistic case where the external lines are pseudo-
scalars (TT, K...) and the internal lines are such high-lying trajectories as
the p and w. For this reason, we shall use the symbols ~, K . . . , etc, to
label the isospin, strangeness and G-parity of the external lines, and p, co
VENEZIANO MODEL 517

etc. to label the quantum n u m b e r s of the internal t r a j e c t o r i e s . To attain

our goal, however, would r e q u i r e a g e n e r a l solution also for both (B) and
(C) which has not been a c h i e v e d * .
The N - p o i n t function in the g e n e r a l i z e d Veneziano model for s p i n l e s s
n e u t r a l p a r t i c l e s take the f o r m [2]

A N : ~ B N ( 1 , 2 , 3 ,. ..,AT) , (1)

w h e r e each t e r m in the sum c o r r e s p o n d s to a distinct cyclic o r d e r i n g of the

p a r t i c l e s 1 , . . . ,N. We do not need h e r e the detailed f o r m of the functions
B N o c c u r r i n g in eq. (1). Relevant for us a r e only two p r o p e r t i e s of t h e s e
functions:
(i): F a c t o r i z a t i o n p r o p e r t y . F o r instance, for N = 6, the r e s i d u e at the
pole a123 = 0 c o r r e s p o n d i n g to the i n t e r m e d i a t e I is given by

Res. B 6 ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ) = B 4 ( 1 , 2 , 3 , I ) B 4 ( I , 4 , 5 , 6 ) • (2)
a123 =0
(ii): C y c l i c s y m m e t r y . The function B N is invariant under a cyclic p e r -
mutation of the external lines.
We seek to introduce isospin in a way which will e n s u r e :
(u) f a c t o r i z a t i o n so as to p r e s e r v e b o o t s t r a p c o n s i s t e n c y ;
(8) c y c l i c s y m m e t r y for identical external p a r t i c l e s ; this g u a r a n t e e s
c r o s s i n g s y m m e t r y although it is not demanded by it;
(7) a b s e n c e of poles with isospin l a r g e r than 1. This is dictated by p r e s -
ent e x p e r i m e n t a l evidence.
The solution t a k e s the f o r m of s i m p l e isospin f a c t o r s multiplying the
t e r m s in the sum (eq. (1)) with each t e r m and hence each cyclic o r d e r i n g of
the external lines, c o r r e s p o n d i n g to a different isospin f a c t o r . F o r conven-
ience, we distinguish the following cas.:,

(a) P i o n s (I = 1) only a s e x t e r n a l l i n e s
Give each e x t e r n a l p a r t i c l e i the isospin label ai(a i = 1, 2, 3) and let
Ta(a = 1, 2, 3) denote the 2 × 2 Pauli m a t r i c e s . Then the d e s i r e d isospin fac-
t o r for the t e r m c o r r e s p o n d i n g to the o r d e r i n g (1, 2 , . . . ,N) is simply the
trace

½ T r (Tal Ta2 T a 3 . . . TaN ) . (3)

The p r o p e r t y (fi) is i m m e d i a t e f r o m the p r o p e r t i e s of t r a c e s . The p r o p e r t y

(7) follows since the p r o d u c t of any n u m b e r of 2 x 2 m a t r i c e s is again a
2 X 2 m a t r i x and hence can r e p r e s e n t only a combination of isospin 0 and 1.
To see the p r o p e r t y (u), we need only note the following identity:

* Indeed, our solution for (A), which bears some relation to the quark model, sug-
gests a similar solution for {B) and (C) in the form of ghost-killing factors. The
result is crossing-symmetric and gives as a special case the known solution for
the five-point function. Unfortunately, it leads in general to parity-doubling of in-
ternal trajectories which we regard as unphysical.
518 J.E. PATON and CHAN HONG-MO

½ T r (~al T a 2 . . . ~aA)

= [½ Wr (Tal T a 2 . . . ~aa~][½ Wr (~'aM+l TAM+2... TaA)]

+ ~ [ ½ T r ( T a l T a 2 . . . ~aM Tal)][½ T r ( ~ a l T a M + l . . . ~ah)] . (4)

aI

w h e r e ~ai a r e again Pauli m a t r i c e s . The two t e r m s in eq. (4) c o r r e s p o n d

r e s p e c t i v e l y to i n t e r m e d i a t e s t a t e s of isospin 0 and 1.
F o r the special c a s e N = 4, the above p r e s c r i p t i o n r e d u c e s to the f o r m
given by L o v e l a c e [6] for ~ s c a t t e r i n g . F o r N = 6, it can be shown to be
identical to a f o r m obtained e a r l i e r by Bardak~i [9]. In each c a s e the solu-
tion was shown to be unique.
As an i m m e d i a t e consequence of the isospin f a c t o r (3), we obtain the
g e n e r a l i z e d e x c h a n g e - d e g e n e r a c y between the isospin 0 and 1 t r a j e c t o r i e s
coupled to two pions (the P-fo degeneracy). This follows simply f r o m the
identity
~a Tb = 5ab +i eab x Tx , (5)
which implies that any two-body pole of a B N o c c u r s in both isospin states.
However, when the B N a r e s u m m e d over, as in eq. (1), the I = 0 and 1
poles will o c c u r on opposite s i g n a t u r e t r a j e c t o r i e s b e c a u s e of the opposite
s y m m e t r y of the two t e r m s in eq. (5) under interchange of a and b. Simi-
l a r l y t h e r e is also exchange d e g e n e r a c y between isospin 0 and 1 t r a j e c t o -
r i e s of opposite s i g n a t u r e s coupled to t h r e e or m o r e e x t e r n a l pions (e.g.,
the ¢0- A2 degeneracy).

(b) Pions (I = 1) and kaons (I = ½) as external lines

The r u l e s in this c a s e a r e m o s t conveniently stated by introducing the
3 × 3 ~ m a t r i c e s of SU(3). We u s e t h e s e m a t r i c e s , however, only as a de-
vice to e n s u r e the c o r r e c t isospin s t r u c t u r e without making any SU(3) as-
sumptions of m a s s d e g e n e r a c y or coupling constant r e l a t i o n s . To each ex-
t e r n a l line we a s s o c i a t e a X m a t r i x as follows:
(;o 00
Then the isospin f a c t o r c o r r e s p o n d i n g to the o r d e r i n g (1, 2, 3 , . . . ,N) is
simply

Tr (Xalxa2... x @ . (7)
Eq. (7) obviously s a t i s f i e s all the conditions (~), (•) and (~) and in addition
f o r b i d s poles with s t r a n g e n e s s g r e a t e r than 1.
Consider the following specific examples:
(i) K1, K-2, Ir3, ~4 as external lines [7]. Our r u l e (7) gives isospin f a c t o r s
/~2 7a 3 ra4 K1 and K 2 1-a4 ra 3 K 1 for r e s p e c t i v e l y the o r d e r i n g s (2, 3,4, 1)
and (2, 4, 3, 1) but z e r o foi" the o r d e r i n g (2, 4, 1, 3). The a b s e n c e of a Vene-
VENEZIANO MODEL 519

z i a n o t e r m c o r r e s p o n d i n g to the o r d e r i n g (2, 4, 1, 3) i m p l i e s exchange de-

g e n e r a c y of I = ½ t r a j e c t o r i e s , (K*(890) and K*(1400)).
(ii) g l , K--2, g 3 , K4 as e x t e r n a l lines [7]. Our r u l e g i v e s i s o s p i n f a c t o r s
(K'2K3)(A'4K1) and (K2K1)(K'4K3) r e s p e c t i v e l y f o r the o r d e r i n g s (2, 3, 4, 1)
and (2, 1, 4, 3) but z e r o f o r the o r d e r i n g (2, 1, 3, 4). We note that in the t e r m
c o r r e s p o n d i n g to the o r d e r i n g (2, 3 , 4 , 1), p a r t i c l e s 2 and 3 m u s t be in an
i s o s p i n - 0 state, w h e r e a s p a r t i c l e s 1 and 2 can be in an i s o s p i n 0 or 1. Thus
in the v a r i a b l e a12 one has d e g e n e r a t e i s o s p i n 0(co) and l(p) t r a j e c t o r i e s ,
but in a23 t h e r e a r e only i s o s p i n 0(~) t r a j e c t o r i e s . If one identifies the two
i s o s p i n - 0 t r a j e c t o r i e s with different p a r t i c l e s , not n e c e s s a r i l y d e g e n e r a t e ,
then the couplings c o r r e s p o n d to those of a p e r f e c t nonet.
(iii) K1, K2, ~3, ~4, ~5 as e x t e r n a l p a r t i c l e s [8]. The only n o n - z e r o i s o -
spin f a c t o r s a r e K 2 ~'a3 ~'a4 ~'a5 K1 and t h o s e obtained f r o m this by p e r m u -
t a t i o n s of 3, 4 and 5. The a b s e n c e of other t e r m s i m p l i e s a s in (i) and (ii)
the exchange d e g e n e r a c y of K*(890) - K*(1400) and of p - w.
(iv) K1, K2, K3, K~4, ~5 as e x t e r n a l p a r t i c l e s [8]. The only n o n - z e r o i s o -
spin f a c t o r s a r e (K2 K3)(K'4 Ta 5 K1) and t h o s e obtained f r o m this by p e r m u -
t a t i o n s of the identical p a r t i c l e s . One notes a s in (ii) that f o r the t e r m c o r -
r e s p o n d i n g to (K'2 K3)(K4 Ta5 K1), a23 h a s p o l e s only in I = 0(~), w h e r e a s
a12 has p o l e s in both I = 0(¢o) and I = l(p). The s a m e exchange d e g e n e r a c i e s
a s in (i), (ii) and (iii) a r e implied.

(c) P a r t i c l e s w i t h I = 0 as e x t e r n a l l i n e s
E x t e r n a l p a r t i c l e s with I = 0 can be included in two ways by introducing
in the t r a c e of eq. (7) r e s p e c t i v e l y the m a t r i c e s
(:0 00
0) (0 1)
I s o s c a l a r p a r t i c l e s of the second type, as in the q u a r k model, a r e not
coupled to s t a t e s with only i s o v e e t o r p a r t i c l e s . We wish, h o w e v e r , to l e a v e
open the question of identifying t h e s e p a r t i c l e s with ~ and X °.
The s i m i l a r i t y of our solution to the q u a r k p i c t u r e [4, 10] is i n t e r e s t i n g .

We have b e n e f i t t e d f r o m d i s c u s s i o n s with Dr. H. Ruegg and Dr. J. Hop-

kinson. One of us ( J . E . P . ) is g r a t e f u l f o r the hospitality of P r o f e s s o r J.
P r e n t k i at CERN, w h e r e this work was done.

RE FE RENC ES

[1] K.Bardak~i and H.Ruegg, Phys. Letters 28B (1968) 342.

[2] Chart Hong-Mo, Phys. Letters 28B {1969) 425;
Chart Hong-Mo and Tsou Sheung-Tsun, Phys. Letters 28B (1969) 485.
[3] J. Hopkinson and E. Plahte, Phys. Letters 28B (1969) 489.
[4] Z. Koba and H. B. Nielsen, Niels Bohr Institute. preprint. Copenhagen. Dec.
(1968), Jan. (1969).
[5] K. Bardak~i and H.Ruegg, Berkeley preprint (1969).
[6] C.Lovelace, Phys. Letters 28B (1968) 264.
520 J . E . PATON and CHAN HONG-MO

[7] C. Lovelace, private communications (1968);

K. Kawarabayashi, S.Kitakado and H. Yabuki, Phys. Letters 28B (1968) 432;
G. P. Canning, Oxford preprint (1969).
[8] K. Bardak~i and H. Ruegg, CERN preprint Th. 985 (1969).
[9] K.Bardak~i and J.Hopkinson, private communications.
[10] J . L . R o s n e r , Tel-Aviv, preprint {1969).