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University of Duhok
College of Engineering
Surveying Department

Cadastral Survey

Traversing
©2017
Yousif Y. Zaia

Angles and Directions The University of

Duhok
Surveying Engineering

Angles

Angle is the difference between two directions.

α
C

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Types of angles: Surveying Engineering
Interior angles are measured clockwise or counter-clockwise between
two adjacent lines on the inside of a closed shape.

Theoretical summation of interior angles is computed as following

𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐. 𝒐𝒇 𝑰𝒏𝒕. 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆𝒔 = 𝒏 − 𝟐 ∗ 𝟏𝟖𝟎 ᵒ

Or
𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐. 𝒐𝒇 𝑰𝒏𝒕. 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆𝒔 = 𝟐𝒏 − 𝟒 ∗ 𝟗𝟎ᵒ

Where; n = number of interior angles

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Surveying Engineering
Exterior angles are measured clockwise or counter-clockwise between two
adjacent lines on the outside of a closed shape.

Theoretical summation of exterior angles is computed as following

𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐. 𝒐𝒇 𝑬𝒙𝒕. 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆𝒔 = 𝒏 + 𝟐 ∗ 𝟏𝟖𝟎 ᵒ

Or
𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐. 𝒐𝒇 𝑬𝒙𝒕. 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆𝒔 = 𝟐𝒏 + 𝟒 ∗ 𝟗𝟎ᵒ

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In order to correct these angles, the rules are used Surveying Engineering

𝑫𝒊𝒇𝒇. = 𝑶𝒃𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒆𝒅 𝑴𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆𝒅 − 𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍

Then the correction for each single angle is computed by:

𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇.
Correction =
𝒏
Finally the corrected angle is computed by:

Corrected angle= Meas. Angle ± Correction

Deflection angles:
Are measured either right (clockwise) or left (counterclockwise) from the
extension of the back line to the forward station .
Deflection angles are always less than 180 degree , and the direction of
turning must be specified in the field book .

Angles and Directions The University of

Duhok
Surveying Engineering

Direction of a line
Direction of a line is it is horizontal angle from an established line of
reference , called reference meridian .
B

α
C

Direction of AC = α
AB is Reference Meridian

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Surveying Engineering
Reference line (meridian) is either true (Geographic) or Magnetic meridian or
grid meridian .
If neither of these can be secured readily , an assumed meridian may be
selected .
• True meridian for any point on the earths surface is the great circle ,
projected on the earth, which passes through the point and north and
south geographic poles.

• Direction of magnetic meridian is defined by a freely suspended magnetic

needle which is influenced by the earths magnetic field only.

• An assumed meridian can be established by simply assigning an arbitrary

direction .

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Grid meridian Surveying Engineering

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Surveying Engineering

Bearing is the angle which a certain line make with a certain meridian.
Bearing with respect to true meridian is called true bearings while magnetic
bearing is the angle which a line makes with respect to magnetic meridian.

There are two ways to represent the bearings,

• Azimuth (Az.) or Whole circle bearing (W.C.B)

• Bearing or Reduced Bearing (R.B) or Quadrant Bearing (Q.B)

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1- Azimuth (Az.)
It can be taken 0° to 360°. Quadrants are taken clock-wisely and angles are
also determined in clockwise direction.

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Surveying Engineering

2- Bearing or Reduced Bearing (R.B)

Reduced bearing or Quadrant bearing is the angle which a line makes from
North or South Pole whichever may be near. It is value is from 0° to 90°.

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Surveying Engineering
Whole circle bearing (W.C.B.) is converted to the Reduced bearing (R.B.) using
the rules in the below table

Side W.C.B. between Rule for R.B. Quadrant

AB 0ᵒ and 90ᵒ R.B. = W.C.B. NE
AC 90ᵒ and 180ᵒ R.B =180ᵒ - W.C B. SE
AD 180ᵒ and 270ᵒ R.B =W.C.B. - 180ᵒ SW
AE 270ᵒ and 360ᵒ R.B =360ᵒ - W.C B. NW

Also, from R.B. to W.C.B, use the below table

Side R.B. Rule for W.C.B. W.C.B. between

AB NφE W.C.B =.R.B. 0ᵒ and 90ᵒ
AC SφE W.C B. =180ᵒ - R.B. 90ᵒ and 180ᵒ
AD SφW W.C.B. = 180ᵒ + R.B. 180ᵒ and 270ᵒ
AE NφW W.C B. =360ᵒ - R.B. 270ᵒ and 360ᵒ

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Example 1: Duhok
Convert the following from R.B to W.C.B. Surveying Engineering
R.B. of AB = S 36ᵒ 30’ W
R.B. of AB = S 43ᵒ 30’ E
R.B. of AB = N 26ᵒ 45’ E
R.B. of AB = N 40ᵒ W
Solution:
W.B.C. of AB =
W.B.C. of AB =
W.B.C. of AB =
W.B.C. of AB =

Example 2:
Convert the following from W.C.B. (Az.) to R.B.
Az. AB = 210ᵒ
Az. AB = 29ᵒ 34ᵒ
Solution:
R.B. of AB =
R.B. of AB =

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3- Forward and Backward Directions Surveying Engineering

1- Fore and back Azimuth

Back Az. (BB) = fore Az. (FB) ±180o

In 1st and 2nd Quad. Back Az. = fore Az. + 180
In 3rd and 4th Quad. Back Az. = fore Az.- 180

2- Forward and back bearing

FB (AB) = N 30ᵒ E
BB is the same magnitude of FB but different direction
BB (AB) = S 30ᵒ W

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Example 3:
Calculate the BB of the following bearings
Az. (AB) = 145ᵒ 16’ 33’’
FB (AB) = S 33ᵒ W
FB (AB) = 310ᵒ 30’
Solution:
BB (AB) =
BB (AB) =
BB (AB) =

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4- Plane Coordinate System Surveying Engineering

This system is used in traverse process as a two dimension system (E, N)

Latitude and departure
1- Latitude (∆𝐍)
The latitude of a line is its projection on
the north-south meridian and is equal to
the length of the line times the cosine of
its bearing. The latitude is the (y)
component of the line.

2- Departure (∆𝐄)
The departure of a line is its projection on
the east-west meridian and is equal to the
length of the line times the sine of its
bearing. The departure is the (x)
component of the line.

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3- Computation Rules Surveying Engineering

1- ∆EAB= EB – EA
∆NAB= NB - NA
Then ∆E – ∆E +
∆N + ∆N +
𝐄B = ∆EAB + EA
NB = ∆NAB + NA

2- Sin𝜽 = ∆EAB /LAB ∆E – ∆E +

∆N – ∆N –
Then
∆EAB = LAB*sin𝜽

3- Tan𝜽 = [∆EAB/∆NAB]
𝜽 = Tan-1 [∆EAB/∆NAB]

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Note: The value of bearing (𝜃) is always given in Reduced Bearing (R.B.)
Therefore; to calculate bearing 𝜃 AB. a sketch of the line AB must be made in order to identify
which quadrant the angle is in (as different equations apply for each quadrant):

4- LAB = (∆𝑬 𝑨𝑩)𝟐 +(∆𝑵 𝑨𝑩)𝟐

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Traversing Surveying Engineering
Traverse Computations
1- What is Traverse?
Definition: Traversing is that type of survey in which a number of
connected survey lines form the framework and the directions and lengths
of the survey lines are measured with the help of an angle (or direction)
measuring instrument and a tape or chain respectively.

Uses: a network of horizontal control points are formed of known

coordinates which can be of great interest that can be used in:
Cadastral Surveying,
Topographic Surveying,
Construction Surveying,
Photographic Surveying.

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2- Traverse Types:
Surveying Engineering

1- Closed traverse: it starts from a known point and ends on the same point

Known:
Coordinates of point (A) ,Instrument angles (∅1, ∅2, ∅3, ∅4,∅5)
Length (AB, BC, CD, DE, EA) and azimuth of AB
Required:
Coordinates of (B, C, D, E)

There are two types of closed traverse:

A- Closed loop traverse:

Known: Coordinates of points (A, B), length (BC, DE, ED) and angles
(∅1, ∅2, ∅3, ∅4, ∅5)
Required: Coordinates of (C, D, and E)

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B- Closed connecting traverse (Linked Traverse)
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Known:
Coordinates of B, E and Azimuth of AB, and Azimuth of EF, and Length of
(BC, CD, and DE), and (∅1, ∅2, ∅3, ∅4,)

Required: Coordinates of (C and D),

Closed Loop

Link Traverse

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2- Open Traverse Duhok
Surveying Engineering

It starts from a known point and ends on unknown point.

Known: Coordinates of B only, Azimuth of AB, Length of (BC, CD, DE, and
EF), and (∅1, ∅2, ∅3, ∅4).
Required: Coordinates of (C, D, E, F)

Open Traverse

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3- Sides Vectors: Duhok
Surveying Engineering

1- Horizontal Vector for a Side (Departure):

𝐷𝑒𝑝. 𝐴𝐵
sin < 𝐴𝑧. 𝐴𝐵 =
𝐴𝐵
𝐷𝑒𝑝. 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝐵. sin(< 𝐴𝑧. 𝐴𝐵)

2- Vertical Vector for a Side (Latitude):

𝐿𝑎𝑡. 𝐴𝐵
cos < 𝐴𝑧. 𝐴𝐵 =
𝐴𝐵
𝐿𝑎𝑡. 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝐵. 𝑐𝑜s(< 𝐴𝑧. 𝐴𝐵)

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4. Traverse Computations Steps (Closed Loop Traverse): Surveying Engineering

• Correct the measured interior angles.

• Calculate bearing and azimuth for all sides of traverse.
• Calculate (departure, latitude) and (Easting and Northing).
𝐸𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 𝐸𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 ± 𝐷𝑒𝑝. 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑕𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑕𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 ± 𝐿𝑎𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
For Dept., take (+ve) sign in 1st and 2nd quadrants, and (–ve) in 3rd and
4th quadrant.
While for lat., take (+ve) in 1st and 4th quadrant, and (–ve) in 2nd and
3rd quadrant.
• Calculate total correction (or total error) for Dep. and Lat. or for
Coordinates.

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𝐷𝑒𝑝. = 0, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐿𝑎𝑡. = 0 (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦)

T.C for Dep. =0 − 𝐷𝑒𝑝., and T.C for Lat. = 0 − 𝐿𝑎𝑡.

Determine closing error and relative accuracy.

δE =∑∆E+ – |∑∆E -|

δN=∑∆N+ – |∑∆N -|

Closing error = δ𝐸 2 + δ𝑁 2

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𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟
𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑦 (𝑅. 𝐴) =
𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡𝑕 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠

The R.A of a traverse work is computed in normal fraction i.e. (1:5000, 1:10000),
then compared with known standards. If the R.A is less than that given by
standards, then accept the traverse computations results. And if R.A. is greater
than that given by standards, the work should be repeated.

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5- Traverse Adjustment Duhok

Surveying Engineering

For any closed traverse the linear error (error of closure ) must be distributed
throughout the traverse to close the figure.
This is true even though the closure is negligible in plotting the traverse at map
scale.

Methods for traverse adjustment:

1- arbitrary method.
2- transit rule method.
3- compass or Bowditch rule method.
4- least squares method.

Arbitrary method:
The linear error of closure is distributed arbitrarily according to the surveyors
analysis of prevailing field conditions to close the figure mathematically (to
make the algebraic sum of departures and latitudes equals zero ).

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Transit rule: Duhok
Surveying Engineering

Theoretically this method is better for surveys where the angles are
measured with greater accuracy than the distances.

Corrections are made by the following rules:

correctionin latitude for AB latitude of AB


closure in latitude arithmetical sum of all latitudes
correctionin departure for AB departure of AB

closure in departure arithmeticall sum of all departures

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Rx
CD   Di  Q  Di
i

D
Ry
CL  i  Li  Q  Li
L

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Compass (Bowditch) Rule: Duhok

Surveying Engineering

This method is most commonly used in practice and it is suitable for surveys
where the angles and distances are measured with equal precision.

Corrections are made by the following rules.

correctionin lat. for AB length of AB


closure in lat. perimeter of traverse

correctionin depa. for AB length of AB


closure in depa. perimeter of traverse

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Rx
CD   Si  K  Si
i
S
Ry
C Li   Si  K   Si
S

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6- Corrected Lengths and Directions of Sides Surveying Engineering

𝐷𝑒𝑝.𝑐 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝐵
Corr. Az. of AB= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝐿𝑎𝑡.𝑐 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝐵
And,

𝐷𝑒𝑝.𝑐 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝐵
Corr. Length of AB= 𝑆𝑖𝑛 (𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟.𝐴𝑧.𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝐵)

𝐿𝑎𝑡.𝑐 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝐵
= 𝐶𝑜𝑠 (𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟.𝐴𝑧.𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝐵)

= (𝐷𝑒𝑝. 𝑐 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝐵)2 +(𝐿𝑎𝑡. 𝑐 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝐵)2

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Example 1: For the traverse shown below, compute the coordinates of all
stations.

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Solution: The University of

Duhok
Surveying Engineering
1- Correct internal angles

∑Theoretical angle = (2n – 4)*90ᵒ = (2*6 – 4)*90ᵒ =720ᵒ00’00’’

∑Observed angles = 115ᵒ11’20’’+95ᵒ 00’10’’+129ᵒ 49’10’’+130ᵒ 36’00’’+

110ᵒ29’50’’+138ᵒ54’30’’ = 720ᵒ01’00’’

Diff = ∑Observed angles – ∑Theoretical angles

= 720ᵒ01’00’’ – 720ᵒ00’00’’
= - 00ᵒ01’00’’

𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓.
Correction = 𝑛
= (01’/6) = 10’’ (adjust -10’’ for each angle)
Corrected angle= Meas. Angle ± Correction
For station A = 115ᵒ11’20’’ – 10’’ = 115ᵒ11’10’’

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The following table shows correction for all other stations

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2- Compute azimuths (bearings)
Given AZAF = 70ᵒ00’00’’
AZAB = AZAF + ∢A
AZAB = 70ᵒ00’00’’ + 115ᵒ11’10’’ = 185ᵒ11’10’’
Then for all sides
AZBC = 100ᵒ11’10’’,
AZCD = 50ᵒ00’10’’
AZDE = 360ᵒ36’00’’ or 00ᵒ36’10’’
AZEF = 291ᵒ05’40’’
AZFA = 250ᵒ00’00’’

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3- Compute departure (∆E) and Latitude (∆N) for each sides
∆E= L*sin (AZ)
∆N= L*cos (AZ)
For line AB
∆EAB= L*sin (AZAB) = 85.874*sin (185ᵒ11’10’’) = -7.762m
∆NAB= L*cos (AZAB) =85.874*cos (185ᵒ11’10’’) = -85.522m
Then compute for all sides as above
∆EBC= +129.238m, ∆ECD= +46.246m, ∆EDE= +0.602m, ∆EEF= -98.285m,
∆EFA= -70.003
∆NBC= -23.221m, ∆NCD= +38.801m, ∆NDE= +57.479m, ∆NEF= +37.914m,
∆NFA= -25.479m

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4- Compute relative accuracy Surveying Engineering

∑∆E + = 176.086m, ∑∆E - = 176.05m

∑∆N + = 134.194m, ∑∆N - = 134.222
δE =∑∆E + - |∑∆E –| = 176.086 – 176.05 = +0.036m
δN=∑∆N + - | ∑∆N–| = 134.194 – 134.222= -0.028m
Closing error = δ𝐸 2 + δ𝑁 2

= (+0.036)2 +(−0.028)2 = 0.046m

𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟
Relative accuracy =
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡𝑕

0.046 1
= = ≈ 1:11200
515.871 11192

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5- Correction for departure (∆E) and Latitude (∆N) using

Bowditch method
∆EAB= δE*[LAB/∑L] = -0.036[85.874/514.871] = -0.006m
∆NAB= δN*[LAB/∑L] = +0.028[85.874/514.871] = +0.005m

Then compute for all sides as above (see next table)

6- Compute coordinates for all sides

Coordinates of point A are given (E, N) = (350, 500) m
EB = EA + ∆EAB = 350 + (-7.768) = 342.232m
NB = NA + ∆NAB = 500 + (-85.517) = 414.483m

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Closed connecting traverse (Linked Traverse) Duhok
Surveying Engineering

• General
In this part, computational differences between closed loop and link traverses
will be covered. Unlike a loop traverse, a link traverse does not close back on
itself. In order for a link traverse to be closed, the positions of its endpoints
must be known.
The endpoints must be known either relative to each other.

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• Angles; Misclosure & Adjustment Duhok
Surveying Engineering

Concept
Because a link traverse doesn't close back on itself there are no interior angles
sum against which to check.
Typically, angles on a link traverse are either consistently turned in the same
direction, Figure (a), or deflection angles are measured, Figure (b).

Figure (a) Figure (b)

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In order to check angle closure, the traverse must start and end with known
directions, Figure (c).

Figure (c)

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To determine and distribute the angular misclosure is a two step process

1. Using the start direction and measured angles, compute the raw direction of
each line. The difference between the computed and known end directions is the
angular misclosure.
2. Using whatever desired correction method, correct each raw direction for the
misclosure.
The known directions can be explicit (bearing or azimuth) or be computed from
coordinates. If one or other direction at the traverse ends is missing then angle
misclosure and adjustment cannot be done. This step would be skipped and the
process would continue with latitude and departure computations.

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• Traverse Closure; Adjustment Surveying Engineering
Similarities; Differences
Latitudes and departures are computed same as those for a loop traverse:
Dep. = L. sin < 𝐴𝑧.
Lat. = L. cos(< 𝐴𝑧. )
Where the two differ is in how their closure is determined and adjustments
made.
On a loop traverse, the closure condition is:
Ʃ Dep. = 0 Ʃ Lat. = 0
But because a link traverse does not close back on itself, that condition does
not apply. Instead, we need to know the location, relative or absolute, of the
traverse's end points.

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If we know the relative location, Figure (d)
Surveying Engineering

Figure (d)
the closure condition is
Ʃ 𝐷𝑒𝑝. = 𝐷𝑒𝑝 𝑒𝑛𝑑−𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡
Ʃ 𝐿𝑎𝑡. = 𝐿𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑑−𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡

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If we have coordinates of the endpoints, Figure (e), Duhok

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Figure (e)
the closure condition is
= 𝐸 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 − 𝐸 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛
= 𝑁 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 − 𝑁 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛

Linear closure and precision would be determined just as for a loop traverse.

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Surveying Engineering
Example 2: A link traverse, as shown in figure below, commence from known stations
(A and B) and connects to known stations (C and D). Angles and distances are
measured as shown in table. Compute the final coordinates for all stations?

Station Angle Line Distance

° ′ ″ (m)
B 143 54 47 B-E1 651.16
E1 149 08 11 E1-E2 870.92
E2 224 07 32 E2-E3 522.08
E3 157 21 53 E3-E4 1107.36
E4 167 05 15 E4-C 794.35
C 74 32 48

Inst. Angle Line Azimuth Dist. ∆E ∆N Easting Northing

Sta. (m)
° ′ ″
A AB 151° 27′ 38″

B 143 54 47 B-E1 115° 22′ 25″-4 651.16 588.35 - 279.02 3854.28 9372.98
115° 22′ 21″
4442.63 +0.08 9093.96
E1 149 08 11 E1-E2 84° 30′ 36″-8 870.92 866.92 83.36 -0.05
84° 30′ 28″ 4442.71 9093.91
224 07 32 E2-E3 128° 38′ 08″-12 5309.55 +0.19 9177.32
E2 522.08 407.83 - 325.94 -0.12
128° 37′ 56″ 5309.74 9177.20
106° 00′ 01″-16 5717.38 8851.38
E3 157 21 53 E3-E4 1107.36 1064.48 - 305.15 5717.64 +0.26 -0.16
105° 59′ 45″ 8851.22
93° 05′ 16″ 6781.86 8546.23
E4 167 05 15 E4-C
93° 04′ 56″
-20 794.35 793.20 - 42.71 6782.26 +0.40 8545.98 -0.25
347° 38′ 04″-23 7575.06 8503.52
C 74 32 48 C-D +0.50 -0.31
347° 37′ 41″ 7575.56 8503.21
D C-D 347° 37′ 41″

∑ 3945.86

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