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Solubility of Ionic Salts in Seawater (Experiment 4) : Abstract

This experiment aims to determine the solubility of ionic salts in seawater by measuring the chloride concentration. It involves standardizing a silver nitrate solution using known chloride solutions and then titrating seawater samples with the standardized silver nitrate. The concentration of chloride in the seawater samples is calculated from the titration results. Key steps include standardizing the silver nitrate, titrating seawater samples along with potassium chromate indicator, and calculating the chloride concentration and percentage in seawater from the titration volumes.

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113 views

Solubility of Ionic Salts in Seawater (Experiment 4) : Abstract

This experiment aims to determine the solubility of ionic salts in seawater by measuring the chloride concentration. It involves standardizing a silver nitrate solution using known chloride solutions and then titrating seawater samples with the standardized silver nitrate. The concentration of chloride in the seawater samples is calculated from the titration results. Key steps include standardizing the silver nitrate, titrating seawater samples along with potassium chromate indicator, and calculating the chloride concentration and percentage in seawater from the titration volumes.

Uploaded by

fiza
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© © All Rights Reserved
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SOLUBILITY OF IONIC SALTS IN SEAWATER (EXPERIMENT 4)

ABSTRACT:

This experiment is to determine the solubility of ionic salts in seawater by knowing the
concentration of chloride in seawater and used known chloride solution to standardize silver
nitrate. In doing this experiment, titration is a method to achieve the objective of this
experiment. Firstly, silver nitrate needs to be standardizing by weigh an accurate known
chloride solution until get the required pH which is between 7 – 10 pH. Then, this solution will
be titrated to get a standardize of the silver nitrate. Next, to analyze the seawater. Seawater
will be taken for 3 samples and being diluted to get a required pH within range of 7 – 10. A
standardize of silver nitrate will be used to titrate the diluted seawater and potassium
chromate is used as an indicator for this experiment.

OBJECTIVE:

1. To identify the concentration of chloride in seawater.


2. Used known chloride solution to standardize silver nitrate solution.

INTRODUCTION:
In this experiment, titration is the technique for substances that have stoichiometric
reaction which is formed precipitation when soluble salt react. This is known as precipitation
titration for example, when solution is titrated by using standardizes silver nitrate. When silver
and chloride react it will produce silver chloride and when silver nitrate is added it will form
white precipitate because silver nitrate is soluble salt. This is the equation of reaction:

Precipitation titration is when precipitating reagent is added to the substances and form
precipitate and most necessary reagent is silver nitrate. As potassium chromate is used for
indicator to determine the end-point of chloride. For this experiment, it is used Mohr method
because chromate can form precipitate, when AgCl form, the excess of Ag will react with the
chromate and give resulting red-brick precipitate. Other than that, Mohr technique is used to
determine the concentration of chloride ion in seawater.
METHODOLOGY:

First step that need to do was standardize the silver nitrate solution by weighed
accurately around 0.02 g of dry sodium chloride. Then, the amount of dry sodium chloride
was transferred into conical flask and 100mL of distilled water was added to dissolve the salt.
After solution has been dissolved, the pH was checked to ensure the pH in the range 7 – 10,
sulphuric acic or sodium hydroxide are added if necessary. Next, 1.0mL of 5% potassium
chromate was added as indicator. Before titration started, 50mL burette was cleaned up with
tap water and rinsed few times with distilled water, then rinsed and filled up with silver nitrate
solution that already been standardized. The salt solution been titrated with titrant until
permanent orange pink was appeared. Experiment was repeated until get three results.

Secondly, to analyze of seawater. 10.0mL of seawater was accurately measured and


filtered if there is any cloudy in that sample. The samples were transferred into 100mL of
volumetric flask and distilled water was added to dilute until reached the mark. Dropper also
been used to avoid the solution exceed the mark. After that, 10.0mL of diluted seawater was
pipetted into 250mL of conical flask and the solution must be ensured it within the range of
7 – 10 pH. 5% potassium chromate was added for 1.0mL as indicator and the solution been
titrated with standardize silver nitrate solution. This procedure was repeated for another three
samples.

RESULTS:

A. Standardization of the Silver Nitrate solution


1 2
Weight of sodium chloride used(g) 0.0219 0.0228
Final reading of silver nitrate (mL) 28.70 29.90
Initial reading of silver nitrate (mL) 0.00 0.00
Volume of silver nitrate (mL) used 28.70 29.90

B. Determining of the Chloride in Seawater


1 2
Volume of aliquot taken (mL) 10.0 10.0
Final reading of silver nitrate (mL) 35.90 34.40
Initial reading of silver nitrate (mL) 0.00 0.00
Volume of silver nitrate (mL) used 36.90 34.40
CALCULATIONS:
1. Calculate the accurate concentration of Silver Nitrate from each of the weight and
titration.

2. Calculate the molarity of chloride for each trials of seawater and convert into
ppm.

3. Percentage (w/w) chloride in seawater


DISCUSSION:

In this experiment, what can be discussed is to standardize the silver nitrate solution,
Mohr method was used to determine the concentration of chloride. Potassium chromate
solution is added for few drops so that it can react with chloride where this method is the
reaction between alkaline or alkaline earth with silver nitrate. To calculate the amount of
chloride Mohr titration is used, as chromate is a conjugate base of chromic acid, so when pH
lower than 7, it will be protonated and form predominates solution by chromic acid. Precipitate
will not produce at equivalence point due to the concentration of chromate ion is lower.
Meanwhile, when pH higher than 7, silver hydroxide will form red-brick color, where the end-
point is obtained. Potassium chromate also being used because of the rapidly react with the
solution also it is sensitive to the chloride ions and will not give an accurate concentration.

Moreover, in every experiment, it is necessary to avoid the parallax error because it will
affect the results at the end. There are a few causes of error or inaccurate results when doing
experiment. The stability of certain chemical may lead to the imprecise results. In this
experiment, silver chloride will depends on temperature for their solubility. Other than that, the
apparatus should be clean up very well as it may affect the accuracy of results such as the
burette. It should be rinsed and fill with distilled water for few times and rinsed filled with titrant
solution.

QUESTIONS:
1. For the purpose of carrying out the experiment, the concentration of chromate
used is less than the value found in question 2. What do you think is the reason
for this?

The concentration of chromate used less because it can form silver chromate
more rapid as the concentration of Ag is higher.

2. In previous titrations the volume of the solution in the conical flask was not
important. Why is it the reason for this?

This is because the volume of solution in the conical flask is used to standardize
and it is not use for analysis the seawater as it not affect the results.

3. What do you think might be a common source of contamination in this titration?

Contamination may be occur because of burette are not rinsed well cleanly with
distilled water and during fill in, it rarely doing primary withdrawn of titrant.
CONCLUSION:

As a conclusion, the concentration of chloride in table 1 is 0.4703M and reading 2 is


0.4472M respectively with an average concentration is 0.4586M. Meanwhile, the
concentration of silver nitrate is 2.22M. Lastly, the average mass of chloride is 16.26mg with
percentage of seawater 0.16% chloride in seawater.

REFERENCES:

 Korkmaz, D. (2001). Precipitation titration:“Determination of Chloride by the Mohr


Method”. Methods, 2(4).
 https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Ancillary_Materials/Demos%2C_Techniques
%2C_and_Experiments/General_Lab_Techniques/Titration/Precipitation_Titration
 Harvey, D. (2000). Modern analytical chemistry. Boston: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc..
APPENDIX

JOTTER

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