St.

MICHEAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Department of Mechanical Engineering

BE8256/BASIC MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Question Bank
Syllabus

BE8256 BASIC MECHANICAL ENGINEERING L T PC

4004

OBJECTIVE To impart knowledge on thermodynamics and thermal engineering power generating units• such as engines and
theory of machines

UNIT I LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS 12

Basic concepts and hints; Zeroth law; First Law of Thermodynamics - Statement and application; Steady flow energy equation-
problems- Second law of Thermodynamics – Kelvin - Plank statement and Clausius statement- problems; Limitations; Heat
Engine, Refrigerator and Heat Pump, Available energy, Third law of Thermodynamics - Statement.

UNIT II HEATING AND EXPANSION OF GASES 12

Expressions for work done, Internal energy and heat transfer for Constant Pressure, Constant Volume, Isothermal, Adiabatic
and Polytropic processes-Derivations and problems; Free expansion and Throttling process.

UNIT III AIR STANDARD CYCLES 12

Carnot cycle; Stirlings cycle; Joule cycle; Otto cycle; Diesel cycle; Dual combustion Cycle-Derivations and problems.

UNIT IV I.C. ENGINES, STEAM AND ITS PROPERTIES AND TEAM 12

Engine nomenclature and classification; SI Engine; CI Engine; Four Stroke cycle, Two stroke cycle; Performance of I.C.Engine;
Brake thermal efficiency; Indicated Thermal Efficiency, Specific fuel consumption. Steam - Properties of steam; Dryness fraction;
latent heat; Total heat of wet steam; Dry steam; Superheated steam. Use of steam tables; volume of wet steam, volume of
superheated steam; External work of evaporation; Internal energy; Entropy of vapour, Expansion of vapour, Rankine cycle.
Steam turbines – Impulse and Reaction types - Principles of operation.

UNIT V SIMPLE MECHANISM, FLY WHEEL, DRIVES AND BALNCING 12

Definition of Kinematic Links, Pairs and Kinematic Chains; Flywheel-Turning moment Diagram; Fluctuation of Energy. Belt and
rope drives; Velocity ratio; slip; Creep; Ratio of tensions; Length of belt; Power Transmitted; gear trains-types. Balancing of
rotating masses in same plane; Balancing of masses rotating in different planes. TOTAL : 60 PERIODS
OUTCOME Students should learn thermodynamics and thermal engineering to understand the principles behind the operation
of thermal equipments like IC engines and turbines etc., Students should be able to appreciate the theory behind operation of
machinery and be able to design simple mechanisms

TEXT BOOKS

1. Nag, P.K., “Engineering Thermodynamics “, IInd Edition, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co., Ltd., 1995

2. Rajput, R .K, “Thermal Engineering”, Laxmi publications (P) Ltd, 2001.

3. Khurmi R.S., and Gupta J.K, “Theory of Machines”, Eurasia Publishing House (P) Ltd., 2004.

REFERENCES

1. Bhaskaran, K.A., and Venkatesh, A., “Engineering Thermodynamics “,Tata McGraw Hill, 1973.

2. Khurmi R.S., and Gupta J.K, “Thermal Engineering”, S.Chand & Company (P) Ltd.,2001.

3. Kothandaraman and Dhomkundwar,”: A course in Thermal Engineering (SI Units)”, Dhanpat Rai and Sons, Delhi (2001)

4. Pandya A. and Shah, “ Theory of Machines “, Charatakar Publishers, 1975.

5. Smith, “Chemical Thermodynamics “, Reinhold Publishing Co., 1977.

Two Marks Question and Answers

BE8256/Basic Mechanical Engineering

UNIT-I LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS

Part-A (2 Marks)

1. Define thermodynamic system.

A thermodynamic system is defined as a quantity of matter or a region in space, on which the

analysis of the problem is concentrated.

System is a quantity of matter of fixed identity, around which we can draw a boundary (see
above Figure for an example). The boundaries may be fixed or moveable. Work or heat can be
transferred across the system boundary. Everything outside the boundary is the surroundings

2. Name the different types of system.

1. Closed system (only energy transfer and no mass transfer)

2. Open system (Both energy and mass transfer)

3. Isolated system (No mass and energy transfer)

3. Define thermodynamic equilibrium.

If a system is in Mechanical, Thermal and Chemical Equilibrium then the system is in

thermodynamically equilibrium. (or) If the system is isolated from its surrounding there will be no
change in the macroscopic property, then the system is said to exist in a state of thermodynamic
equilibrium.

4. What do you mean by quasi-static process?

Infinite slowness is the characteristic feature of a quasi-static process. A quasi-static process is

that a succession of equilibrium states. A quasi-static process is also called as reversible process.

5. Name and explain the two types of properties.

The two types of properties are intensive property and extensive property.

1. Intensive Property: It is independent of the mass of the system .Example: pressure,

temperature, specific volume, specific energy, density.
2. Extensive Property: It is dependent on the mass of the system. Example: Volume, energy. If the
mass is increased the values of the extensive properties also increase

6. What is a steady flow process?

Steady flow means that the rates of flow of mass and energy across the control surface are
constant

It is assumed that the mass flow through the system is constant. It is also assumed that the
total energy input to the system is equal to the total energy output.

7. Prove that for an isolated system, there is no change in internal energy

In isolated system there is no interaction between the system and the surroundings. There is no
mass transfer and energy transfer. According to first law of thermodynamics as

dQ = dU + dW

dU = dQ – dW

dQ = 0, dW = 0,

Therefore dU = 0 by integrating the above equation U = constant, therefore the internal energy
is constant for isolated system.

8. Indicate the practical application of steady flow energy equation.

1. Turbine

2. Nozzle

3. Condenser

4. Compressor.

9. Differentiate closed and open system

Closed System Open System

There is no mass transfer. Only heat transfer Mass and heat transfer will take place
takes palce
System boundary is fixed one System boundary may or may not change
Ex: Piston & cylinder arrangement Air compressor, boiler
10.Define Thermodynamic equilibrium

Mechanical equilibrium.

If the forces are balanced between the system and surroundings are called Mechanical
equilibrium

Chemical equilibrium

If there is no chemical reaction or transfer of matter form one part of the system to another is
called Chemical equilibrium

Thermal equilibrium

If there is no heat transfer form one part of the system to another is called Thermal equilibrium

11. Define the term thermal engineering?

Thermal engineering is the science that deals with the energy transfer to practical applications
such as energy transfer power generation, refrigeration, gas compression and its effects on the
properties of working substance

12. Define Zeroth law of Thermodynamics

When two systems are separately in thermal equilibrium with a third system then they
themselves is in thermal equilibrium with each other

13. What are the limitations of first law of thermodynamics?

According to first law of thermodynamics heat and work are mutually convertible during any
cycle of a closed system. But this law does not specify the possible conditions under which the heat is
converted into work
• According to the first law of thermodynamics it is impossible to transfer heat from lower
temperature to higher temperature
• It does not give any information regarding change of state or whether the process is possible or
not
• The law does not specify the direction of heat and work

14. What is perpetual motion machine of first kind?

It is defined as a machine, which produces work energy without consuming an equivalent of
energy from other source. It is impossible to obtain in actual practice, because no machine can produce
energy of its own without consuming any other form of energy
15. Differentiate Intensive and Extensive properties

Intensive Properties Extensive Properties

Independent on the mass of the system Dependent on the mass of the system
If we consider part of the system these If we consider part of the system it will have
properties remain same a lesser value
e.g pressure, Temperature specific volume Total energy, Total volume, weight etc

16. Define the term internal energy

Internal energy of a gas is the energy stored in a gas due to its molecular interactions. It is also
defined as the energy possessed by a gas at a given temperature

17. What is meant by thermodynamic work?

It is the work done by the system when the energy transferred across the boundary of the
system. It is mainly due to intensive property difference between the system and surroundings.

18. What is meant by closed system? Give an example.

When a system has only heat and work transfer, but there is no mass transfer, it is called as
closed system.

Example: piston and cylinder arrangement.

19. Define an open system. Give an example.

When a system has heat, work and mass transfer, it is called as open system

Example: Air compressor.

20. Define an isolated system:

Isolated system is not affection by surroundings. There is no heat, work and mass transfer takes
place. In this system, total energy remains constant.

21. When a system is said to be in “Thermodynamic Equilibrium”?

When a system is in thermodynamic equilibrium, it should satisfy the following three conditions

1. Mechanical Equilibrium: - Pressure remains constant

2. Thermal Equilibrium : - Temperature remain constant
3. Chemical Equilibrium : - There is no chemical reaction
22. Define the term internal energy.
Internal energy of a gas is the energy stored in a due to its molecular interaction.
It is also defined as the energy possessed by a gas at a given temperature.
23. What is meant by thermodynamic work?
It is the done by the system when the energy transferred across the boundary of the system.
It is mainly due to intensive property difference between the system and surrounding

24.Define Clausius statement

It is impossible for a self-acting machine working in a cyclic process, to transfer heat from a body at
lower temperature to a body at a higher temperature without the aid of an external agency

25. What is Perpetual motion machine of the second kind?

A heat engine, which converts whole of the heat energy into mechanical work is known as Perpetual
motion machine of the second kind.

26. Define Kelvin Planck Statement

It is impossible to construct a heat engine to produce network in a complete cycle if it exchanges

heat from a single reservoir at single fixed temperature

27.Define Heat pump and Heat engine & What are the assumptions made on heat engine?

A heat pump is a device, which is working in a cycle and transfers heat from lower temperature
to higher temperature. Heat engine is a machine, which is used to convert the heat energy into
mechanical work in a cyclic process.

ASSUMPTION

The source and sink are maintained at constant temperature the source and sink has infinite
heat capacity.

28. What are the assumptions made on heat engine?

1. The source and sink are maintained at constant temperature.

2. The source and sink has infinite heat capacity.

29. State Carnot theorem.

It states that no heat engine operating in a cycle between two constant temperature heat
reservoir can be more efficient than a reversible engine operating between the same reservoir

30.Define availability and unavailability

The maximum useful work obtained during a process in which the final condition of the system
is the same as that of the surrounding is called availability of the system. The unavailability of the system
is defined as the difference between available energy of the system and total change in entropy of the
system
31.Explain the term source and sink

Source is a thermal reservoir, which supplies heat to the system and sink is a thermal reservoir,
which takes the heat from the system. From the source heat supplied from the engine at the time from
the sink heat reject from the engine or pump, refrigerator. Both temperature are in Kelvin.(K)

32.State Third law of thermodynamics

Third law of thermodynamics: The entropy of a system approaches a constant value as the
temperature approaches absolute zero. With the exception of non-crystalline solids (glasses) the
entropy of a system at absolute zero is typically close to zero, and is equal to the natural logarithm of
the product of the quantum ground states.

33. Define the term COP?

Co-efficient of performance is defined as the ratio of heat extracted or rejected to work input

Heat extracted or rejected

COP = --------------------------------

Work input

34. Write the expression for COP of a heat pump and a refrigerator?

COP of heat pump

Heat Supplied T2

COP HP = ------------------- = --------

Work input T2-T1

COP of Refrigerator

Heat extracted T1

COP Ref = ------------------- = --------

Work input T2-T1

UNIT-1/PART – B
1. a) A rigid tank containing 0.4m3 of air at 400 kPa and 30oC is connected by a valve to a piston
cylinder device with zero clearance. The mass of the piston is such that a pressure of 200 kPa is required
to raise the piston. The valve is opened slightly and air is allowed to flow into the cylinder until the
pressure of the tank drops to 200 kPa. During this process, heat is exchanged with the surrounding such
that the entire air remains at 30oC at all times. Determine the heat transfer for this process.

b) A reciprocating air compressor taken in 2m3 /min air at 0.11MPa, 293K which it delivers at 1.5
Mpa, 384 K to an after cooler where the air where the air is cooled at constant pressure to 298 K. the
power absorbed by the compressor is 4.15 kW Determine the heat transfer in (i) the compressor (ii) the
cooler. State your assumptions.

2. In a turbo machine handling an incompressible fluid with a density of 1000kg/m3 the

conditions of the fluid at the rotor entry and exit are as given below:

Inlet Exit
Pressure 1.15 MPa 0.05MPa
Velocity 30 m/sec 15.5 m/sec
Height above datum 10 m 2m

If the volume flow rate of the fluid is 40 m3 /s, estimate the net energy transfer from the fluid as
work.

3. Describe steady flow energy equation and deduce suitable expression for the expansion of
gas in a gas turbine with suitable assumptions. apply the equation to a nozzle and derive an equation
for velocity at exit. Derive the suitable expression for the ideal compressor and specify the assumptions
under which such equation is applicable.

4. a) Air expands isentropic process through a nozzle from 784 kPa and 220oC to an exit
pressure of 98 kPa. Determine the exit velocity and the mass flow rate, if the exit area is 0.0006m2 .

b) In an air compressor, air flows steadily at the rate of 0.5 kg/sec. At entry to the compressor,
air has a pressure of 105 kPa and specific volume of 0.86 m3 /kg and at exit of the compressor those
corresponding values are 705 kPa and 0.16 m3 /kg. neglect kinetic and potential energy change. The
internal energy of air leaking the compressor is 95 kJ/kg greater than that of air entering. The cooling
water in the compressor absorbs 60 kJ/sec. of heat from the air. Find power required to drive the
compressor

5. Air contained in the cylinder and piston arrangement comprises the system. A cycle is
completed by four process 1-2, 2-3, 3-4 and 4-1. The energy transfers are listed below. Complete the
table and determine the network in kJ. Also check the validity of the first law of thermodynamics.

Process Q (kJ) W (kJ) ΔU (kJ)

1-2 40 ? 25
2-3 20 -10 ?
3-4 -20 ? ?
4-1 0 8 ?

6. Calculate the power developed and diameter of the inlet pipe, if a gas enters into the gas
turbine at 5 kg/sec, 50 m/s with an enthalpy of 0.9MJ/kg. the heat loss to the surrounding is 0.025
MJ/kg. the heat loss to the surrounding is 0.025 MJ/kg. the heat loss to the surrounding is 0.025 MJ/kg.
assume 100 kPa and 300 K at the inlet.

7. a. Define the following terms:

Thermodynamics

Macroscopic approach

Continuum

8. A gas of mass 1.5 kg undergoes a quasistatic expansion, which follows a relationship P=a+bV,
where ‘a’ and ‘b’ are constants. The initial and final pressures are 1000 kPa and 200 kPa respectively and
the corresponding volumes are 0.2 m3 and 1.2 m3 . The specific internal energy of the gas is given by
the relation U = (1.5PV – 85) kJ/kg, where P is in kPa and V is in m3 . Calculate the net heat transfer and
the maximum internal energy of the gas attained during expansion.
UNIT-II HEATING AND EXPANSION OF GASES

Part-A (2 Marks)

1.Define an isentropic process.

Isentropic process is also called as reversible adiabatic process. It is a process which follows the
law of PVγ = C is known as isentropic process. During this process entropy remains constant and no heat
enters or leaves the gas. Here gamma as the index of adiabatic process.

2.Explain the throttling process

When a gas or vapor expands and flows through an aperture of small size, the process is called
as throttling process. The throttling process enthalpy remains constant for the inlet system to outlet
system.

3.Why a heat engine cannot have 100% efficiency?

For all the heat engines there will be a heat loss between system and surroundings. Therefore
we can’t convert all the heat input into useful work, Based on the second law of thermodynamics of
Kelvin plank statement

4.What are the processes involved in Carnot cycle

Carnot cycle consist of

1. Reversible isothermal compression

2. Isentropic compression
3. Reversible isothermal expansion
4. Isentropic expansion

5.Define: Specific heat capacity at constant pressure.

It is defined as the amount of heat energy required to raise or lower the temperature of unit
mass of the substance through one degree when the pressure kept constant. It is denoted by Cp

6."Two reversible adiabatic lines cannot intersect". Is this statement true or false? Justify the answer.

Yes .It is true because entropy is constant through out of the process. So constant property lines
never can intersect with each other. If it is so, it will violate Kelvin Planck statement. So there can only
pass one reversible adiabatic through one point

7. What is clausius in equality & what are the conditions?

The clausius inequality is defined as the ratio between the summation of dq/t is less than or
equal to zero.
1. The summation of dq/t is less than or equal to zero. This equation is known as clausius
inequality. It provides the criterion of the reversibility of a cycle.

2. The summation of dq/t is equal to zero means the cycle is reversible.

3. The summation of dq/t is less than zero means the cycle is irreversible and possible.

4. The summation of dq/t is greater than zero means the cycle is impossible.

8.Define: Specific heat capacity at constant volume

It is defined as the amount of heat energy required to raise or lower the temperature of unit
mass of the substance through one degree when volume kept constant.

Cv = 0.718 kJ/kg.K (for air)

9.Define specific heat capacity at constant pressure.

It is defined as the amount of heat energy required raising or lowering the temperature of unit
mass of the substance through on one degree when volume kept constant. It is denoted by

Cp = 1.005 kJ/kg.K (for air)

10. What is meant by dead state?

The state of a system when it is in thermodynamic equilibrium with its environment is called
dead state. If the system is in a state different than the dead state it can always produce more work.
Normally the dead state is taken to our environment. For many cases, it is taken as 250c, 101.325kpa. at
dead state 1. Zero velocity relative to the environment, 2. At the lowest elevation in the environment -
ground level

11. What is meant by thermodynamic temperature scale?

A temperature scale which is independent of the properties of the substance that are used to
measure temperature is called a thermodynamic temperature scale.

This temperature scale should be very much useful in thermodynamic calculation and its derivation
using some reversible heat engine

12Differentiate between flow and non flow process

S.No Flow process Non flow process

1 The working fluid enters the system and The same working fluid is re circulated
leaves to the atmosphere after doing the again and again
work
2 Both energy and mass cross the boundary Only energy crosses the boundary the
form of heat and work

13.Define Path function.

The work done by a process does not depend upon the end of the process. It depends on the
path of the system follows from state 1 to state 2. Hence work is called a path function.

14.Define point function.

Thermodynamic properties are point functions. The change in a thermodynamic property of a

system is a change of state is independent of the path and depends only on the initial and final states of
the system.

15 What is meant by reversible and irreversible process?

A reversible process is one, which is performed in such a way that at the conclusion of process,
both system and surroundings may be restored to their initial state, without producing any changes in
rest of the universe. The mixing of two substances and combustion also leads to irreversibility. All
spontaneous process is Irreversible.

16. Explain entropy?

It is an important thermodynamic property of the substance. It is the measure of molecular

disorder. It is denoted by S. The measurement of change in entropy for reversible process is obtained by
the quantity of heat received or rejected to absolute temperature

17. What is Quasi – static process?

The process is said to be quasi – static, it should proceed infinitesimally slow and follow
continuous series of equilibrium states. Therefore, the quasi-static process may be a reversible process

18. Define the term Enthalpy(h)?

The Combination of internal energy and flow energy is known as enthalpy of the system. It may
also be defined as the total heat of the substance. Mathematically, enthalpy (h) = U + pv KJ) Where, U –
internal energy p – pressure, v – volume,
In terms of Cp & T → h = mCp (T2-T1)KJ

19.Define heat and thermodynamic definition of work

Heat: Heat is defined as the energy crossing the boundary of a system due to temperature
difference between system and surrounding.
Thermodynamic work: It is the work done by the system when the energy transferred across
the boundary of the system. It is mainly due to intensive property difference between the
system and surrounding.
2 o
20. Determine the molecular volume of any perfect gas at 600N/mm and 30 C. Universal gas constant may be
taken as 8314J/kg-mol-K
Given
2
p= 600N/mm
o
T= 30 C=30+273 = 303K
R=8314J/kg-mol-K
Solution
To find Molecular volume
ideal gas equation PV=mRT
600 x V = 1 x 8314 x 303
3
V= 4198.57m /kg-mol

21.An insulated rigid vessel is divided in to two parts by a membrane. One part of the vessel contains
air at 10Mpa and other part is fully evacuated. The membrane ruptures and the air fills the entire
vessel. Is there any heat and / or work transfer during this process? Justify your answer.
Solution
For rigid vessel and unrestrained expansion,
Change in volume, dV = 0
work transfer W = ⌡pdV = 0
For insulated vessel, heat transfer, Q = 0
According to first law of thermodynamics, the sum of work transfer is equal to the sum of heat transfer
W=Q=0

22.What is Quasi-static process?

The process is said to be quasi-static, if it proceeds infinitesimally slow and follows continuous series of
equilibrium states. Therefore, the quasi-static process may be reversible process.
It is also called as Isothermal process

23.Define the term enthalpy

The combination of internal energy and flow energy is known as enthalpy of the system
h = U + pV
In terms of Cp and T
h = mCp(T2-T1)

24.Prove that the difference in specific heat capacities equal to Cp-Cv=R

Consider gas heated at constant pressure
Heat supplied Q = mCp(T2-T1)
Work Done W = p(V2-V1)=mR(T2-T1)
Change in internal energy ΔU = mCv(T2-T1)
According to first law
Q=W+ ΔU
so
mCp(T2-T1) = mR(T2-T1) + mCv(T2-T1)
Cp = R + Cv
Cp - Cv = R

25.Sketch PV diagram and for constant volume process

26.Sketch PV diagram and TS diagram for constant Pressure process

26.Sketch PV diagram and TS diagram for Isothermal process

27.Sketch PV diagram and TS diagram for Isentropic process

UNIT-2/Part B
1. Air is compressed by an adiabatic compressor from 100 kPa and 12oC to a pressure of 800 kPa at a
steady rate of 0.2 kg/s. if the isentropic efficiency of the compressor is 80 percent, determine the exit
temperature of air and the required power input to the compressor

2. A 200 m3 rigid tank initially contains atmospheric air at 100 kPa and 300 K and is to be used as storage
vessel for compressed air at 1 MPa and 300 K. Compressed air is to be supplied by a compressor that
takes in atmospheric air at Po = 100 kPa and To = 300 K. determine the minimum work required for this
process.

3. The interior lighting of refrigerators is provided by incandescent lamps whose switches are actuated
by the opening of the refrigerator door. Consider a refrigerator whose 40 W light bulp remains on
continuously as a result of a malfunction of the switch. If the refrigerator has a co efficient performance
of 1.3 and the cost of electricity is Rs. 8 per kWh, determine the increase in the energy consumption of
the refrigerator and its cost per year if the switch is not fixed.

4. An ideal gas of 0.12 m3 is allowed to expand isentropically from 300 kPa and 120oC to 100 kPa, 5 kJ of
heat is then transferred to the gas at constant pressure. Calculate the change in entropy for each
process. Assume γ=1.4 and Cp=1.0035 kJ/kg.K. if these two processes are replaced by a reversible
polytropic expansion, find the index of expansion between original and final states. What will be the
total changes in entropy?

5. A heat engine operating between two reservoirs at 100 K and 300 K is used to drive heat pump which
extracts heat from the reservoir at 300 K at a rate twice that at which engine rejects heat to it. If the
efficiency of the engine is 40 % of the maximum possible and the co efficient of performance of heat
pump is 50 % of the maximum possible, make calculations for the temperature of the reservoir to which
the heat pump rejects heat. Also work out the rate of heat rejection from the heat pump if the rate of
supply of heat to the engine is 50 kW.

6. Two kg of air at 500 kPa, 80oC expands adiabatically in a closed system until its volume is doubled and
its temperature becomes equal to that of the surroundings which is at 100 kPa, 5oC for this process,
Determine
The maximum work
The change in availability and
The irreversibility
For air taken, Cv = 0.718 kJ/kg. K, u=Cv T where Cv is constant and Pv = mRT where P is pressure in kPa,
V volume in m3, ‘m’ mass in kg, R a constant equal to 0.287 kJ/kg K and T temperature in K.

7. Air is compressed from 100 kPa and 300 K to 5 bar isothermally and then it receives heat at constant
pressure. It is finally returns to its initial condition by a constant volume path. Plot the cycle on p-V and
T-s diagram and calculate the net heat and work transfer.

8. In a Carnot cycle the maximum pressure and temperature are limited to 18 bar and 410oC. The
volume ratio of isentropic compression is 6 and isothermal expansion is 1.5. assume the volume of the
air at the beginning of isothermal expansion as 0.18m3. show the cycle on p-V and T-s diagrams and
determine
The pressure and temperature at main points and Thermal efficiency of the cycle
UNIT-III AIR STANDARD CYCLES

1. What is a thermodynamic cycle?

Thermodynamic cycle is defined as the series of processes performed on the system, so that the
system attains its original state.

2. What are the assumptions made for air standard cycle analysis?

(i)The working medium is a perfect gas throught i.e., It follows the law pv = mRT

(ii)The working medium does not undergo any chemical change throughout the Cycle.

(iii)The compression and expansion processes are reversible adiabatic i.e., There are no loss or gain of
entropy.

(iv)The operation of the engine is frictionless.

3. Mention the various processes of dual cycle.

(i) Isentropic compression.

(ii) Constant pressure heat supplied.

(iii) Isentropic expansion, and

(iv) Constant pressure heat rejection.

4. Define air standard cycle efficiency.

Air standard efficiency is defined as the ratio of work done by the cycle to heat supplied to the cycle.

ή=

5. Define mean effective pressure as applied to gas power cycles.

Mean effective pressure is defined as the constant pressure acting on the piston during the
working stroking.

It is also defined as the ratio of work done to the stroke volume or piston displacement volume.

6. Define the following terms (i) Compression ratio (ii) Cut off ratio and (iii) Expansion ratio?

(i) Compression ratio is defined as the ratio between total cylinder volumes to clearance volume. (ii) Cut
off ratio is defined as the ratio of volume after the heat addition to volume before the heat addition.

(iii) Expansion ratio is the ratio of volume after the expansion to the volume before expansion
7.What is the effect cut-off ratio on the efficiency of diesel cycle when the compression ratio is kept
constant?

When cut-off ratio of diesel cycle increases, the efficiency of cycle is decreased when
compression ratio is kept constant and vice versa.

8.Write any four major differences between Otto and diesel cycle

Otto cycle Diesel cycle

It consists of two isentropic and two constant It consists of two isentropic, one constant volume
volume processes. and one constant pressure processes.
Heat addition takes place of constant volume Heat addition takes place of constant pressure.
Compression ratio is equal to expansion ratio. Compression ratio is greater than expansion ratio.
Efficiency is more than diesel cycle for the same Efficiency is less.
compression ratio and heat input.

9. Sketch PV and Ts Diagram for Otto Cycle

10. Sketch PV and Ts Diagram for Diesel Cycle

11. Sketch PV and Ts Diagram for Dual Cycle

12. Sketch PV and Ts Diagram for Carnot Cycle

13. Sketch PV and Ts Diagram for Stirling Cycle

14. Sketch PV and Ts Diagram for Joule Cycle

15.Why Carnot cycle not used in real application?(AU Dec10)

In a Carnot cycle all four process are reversible but in actual practice there is no process
reversible. There are two process to be carried out during compression and expansion. For isothermal
process, the piston moves very slowly and for adiabatic process the piston moves as fast as possible.
This speed variation during
ing the same stroke of the piston is not possible
possible.

16.A Carnot cycle works between the temperatures 300K and 700K. Find the maximum work possible
per kg of air.(AU Nov 07)

Given

TH=700K,bfbfbnf

TL = 300K

Solution

Maximum possible efficiency ή=

=

= 0.571 = 51.7%

17.What is an air standard cycle? Why such cycles are conceived?(AU Oct'96, Oct'97,Nov'10,
May'11,Dec'12 &May'14)

Cycle is defined as the series of operation or processes performed on a system so that the
system attains its original state. The thermodynamic cycles which use air as the working fluid are known
as air standard cycles.

18.Name the various "gas power cycles".

There are many thermodynamic gas power cycles

I. Carnot cycle
II. Otto cycle
III. Diesel cycle
IV. Brayton cycle
V. Dual combustion cycle

19.What are the assumptions made for air standard cycle(AU Oct'96, Oct'97,Nov'10, May'11,Dec'12
&May'14)

1. The working medium is perfect gas throughout. I follows the law pv = mRT
2. The working substance does not undergo any chemical change throughout the cycle.
3. The compression and expansion are reversible and adiabatic. There is no loss or gain of entropy.
4. The operation of engine is frictionless
5. Heat supplied and rejected in a reversible manner.

20Mention the various process of Otto cycle.

I. Isentropic compression
II. Constant volume heat supplied.
III. Isentropic expansion.
IV. Constant volume heat rejection.

21.Mention the four thermodynamic process involved in a Diesel cycle.

I. One reversible adiabatic compression.

II. One constant pressure process.
III. One reversible adiabatic expansion.
IV. One constant Volume process
22.Mention the various process of Dual cycle

I. Isentropic compression
II. Constant volume heat supplied.
III. Constant Pressure heat supplied
IV. Isentropic expansion.
V. Constant volume heat rejection

23.Mention the various process of Brayton cycle

Isentropic compression

Constant Pressure heat supplied.

Isentropic expansion.

Constant Pressure heat rejection

24.Define mean effective pressure(Pm)

Mean effective pressure is defined as the constant pressure acting on the piston during the working
stroke. It is also defined as the ratio of work done to the stroke volume or piston displacement volume.

Indicatesd Power
Pm =
No of Working Stroke x Stroke volume per second

25.What is compression ratio?(AU Nov 10, May 14)

It is the ratio of volume when the piston is at BDC to the volume when the piston is at TDC
23 23 23625
r = 24 = 25 = 25

26.Define cut-off ratio and expansion ratio.

I. Cut-off ratio is defined as the ratio of volume after the heat addition to the volume before heat
addition.
II. Expansion ratio is defined as the ratio of volume after expansion to the volume before
expansion.

27.Define the term actual thermal efficiency and relative efficiency

Actual efficiency is defined as the ratio of work output by the cycle to the heat input to the
cycle.

Relative efficiency is defined as the ratio between actual efficiency and air standard efficiency

ήactual
ήrelative =
ήair standard
UNIT-3/ Part B

1. Derive an expression for air standard efficiency of an Otto cycle. Obtain an expression for Mean
effective pressure of an Otto cycle

2. An engine works on Otto Cycle. The initial pressure and temperature of the air is 1 bar and 40˚C. 825
KJ of heat is supplied per Kg of air at the end of the compression. Find the temperature and pressure at
the salient points if the compression ratio is 6. Also find the efficiency and mean effective pressure for
the cycle. Assume air is used as working fluid and take all ideal conditions.

3. In an engine working on constant volume cycle, the pressure, temperature and volume at the
beginning of the cycle are 1.2 bar, 35˚C and 0.5 m3 respectively. At the end of compression stroke, the
pressure is 12 bars. 315 KJ of heat is added per kg of gas during constant volume heating process.
Calculate the pressure, temperature and volume at all points. Also find the air standard efficiency of the
cycle

4. Derive an expression for mean effective pressure of a Diesel cycle in terms of pressure ratio, cut off
ratio and compression ratio.

5. An air standard Diesel cycle has a compression ratio of 12 and cutoff takes place at 6 % of the stroke.
Calculate the air standard efficiency of the cycle.

6. 1kg of air is taken through a diesel cycle. Initially the air is at 25˚C and 1 bar. The compression ratio is
14 and the heat added is 1850 KJ. Calculate the ideal cycle efficiency and the mean effective pressure.

7. In a dual cycle the air is compressed isentropically to 1/14th of its initial volume. At the end of
compression heat is added at constant volume till its pressure increases to twice the pressure at the end
of compression. Then heat is added at constant pressure till its volume increases to twice the volume
after compression. Find the efficiency of the cycle.

8. In engine working on Dual cycle, the temperature and pressure at the beginning of cycle are 90˚C and
one bar. The compression ratio is 9. The maximum pressure is limited to 68 bar and total heat supplied
per kg of air is 1750 KJ. Determine air standard efficiency and mean effective pressure.
9. Derive an expression for air standard efficiency of a Brayton cycle in terms of pressure ratio and
compression ratio. Also prove that the pressure ratio for maximum work is a function of limiting
temperature ratio.

10. A gas turbine works on an air standard Brayton cycle. The initial condition of the air is 25˚C and 1
bar. The maximum pressure and temperature are limited to 3 bars and 650˚C. Determine the following
(i) Cycle efficiency (ii) Heat supplied and rejected per kg of air. (iii) Work output (iv) Exhaust
temperature.

11. The extreme of pressure and temperature in an open circuit constant pressure gas turbine plant are
1 bar, 5.25 bar and 25˚C and 560˚C respectively. The isentropic efficiency of the turbine is 88 % and that
of the compressor is 84 %. Determine the efficiency of the plant.
UNIT-IV I.C ENGINES, STEAM AND ITS PROPERTIES

1. Name the different components in steam power plant working on Rankine cycle

The different components in steam power plant working on Rankine cycle is

• Boiler,
• Turbine,
• Cooling Tower
• Condenser and Pump
2.What are the advantages& disadvantages of reheating?
Reheating increases the condenser capacity due to increased dryness fraction, increases the cost of the
plant due to the reheats and its very long connections.
It increases the turbine work. It increases the heat supply, increases the efficiency of the plant It reduces
the wear on the blade because of low moisture content in LP state of the turbine
The purpose of reheating is to increase the dryness fraction of the steam passing out of the later stages of
the turbine
3. Mention the improvements made to increase the ideal efficiency of Ranking Cycle

1. Lowering the condenser pressure

2.superheated steam is supplied to the turbine

3. Increasing the boiler pressure to certain limit

4.Implementingf reheat and regeneration in the cycle

4. What are the effects of condenser pressure on the Rankine Cycle?

By lowering the condenser pressure, we can increase the cycle efficiency. The main disadvantage is
lowering the back pressure in release the wetness of steam. Isentropic compression of a very wet vapor is
very difficult
5 Explain the term critical point, critical temperature and critical pressure
In the T-S diagram the region left of the waterline, the water exists as liquid. In right of the dry steam
line, the water exists as a super heated steam. In between water and dry steam line the water exists as a
wet steam. At a particular point, the water is directly converted into dry steam without formation of wet
steam. The point is called critical point. The critical temperature is the temperature above which a
substance cannot exist as a liquid; the critical temperature of water is 374.15oC. The corresponding
pressure is called critical pressure
6.Define dryness fraction (or) What is the quality of steam?
It is defined as the ratio of mass of the dry steam to the mass of the total steam.
If V>vg then super-heated steam,
V= vg then dry steam and
V< vg then wet steam
7.Define latent heat of evaporation or Enthalpy of evaporation.& Define enthalpy of steam
The amount of heat added during heating of water up to dry steam from boiling point is known as Latent
heat of evaporation or enthalpy of evaporation.
It is the sum of heat added to water from freezing point to saturation temperature and the heat absorbed
during evaporation
8. Mention the improvements made to increase the ideal efficiency of Ranking Cycle.
1. Lowering the condenser pressure.
2. Superheated steam is supplied to the turbine.
3. Increasing the boiler pressure to certain limit
9. What is meant by superheated steam? & Indicate its use.
If the dry steam is further heated, then the process is called superheating and the steam is known as
superheated steam
1.Superheated steam has more heat energy and more work can be obtained using it
2.Thermal efficiency increases as a temperature of superheated steam is high
3.Heat losses are due to condensation of steam and cylinder wall friction
10. Define heat of vaporization &. The term “Super heat enthalpy”.
1. The amount of heat required to convert the liquid water completely into vapour under this
condition is called the heat of vaporization.
2. The heat supplied to the dry steam at saturation temperature, to convert into superheated
steam at the temperature Tsup is called superheat heat enthalpy
11. Define the term Efficiency ratio.& overall efficiency
The ratio of actual cycle efficiency to that of the ideal cycle efficiency is termed as efficiency ratio. It is
the ratio of the mechanical work to the energy supplied in the fuel. It is also defined as the product of
combustion efficiency and the cycle efficiency
12. What is meant by steam power cycles?
Thermodynamic cycles which use steam as the working fluid is called steam power cycles.
The ratio of actual cycle efficiency to that of idea cycle efficiency is turned efficiency ratio.
Efficiency ratio = Actual cycle efficiency/Ideal Rankine efficiency
13. What is steam turbine ?
Steam turbine is a device which is used to convert kinetic energy of steam into mechanical energy.
It is a device that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam and uses it to do mechanical work on a
rotating output shaft.
14.Classify steam turbines.
Steam turbines are classified as follows:
On the basics of methods of steam expansion
• Impulse turbine
• Reaction turbine
• Combination of impulse and reaction turbine.
On the basis of number of stages
• Single stage turbine
• Multi stage turbine
On the basics of steam flow direction
• Axial turbine
• Radial turbine

15.How does impulse turbine work ?

The high velocity jet of steam which is obtained from the nozzle impinges on blades fixed on a
rotor. The blades change the direction of the steam flow without changing its pressure. It causes the
change in momentum and the force developed drives the turbine rotor.
16. State the function of fixed blades ?
The function of fixed blades is to guide the steam as well as to allow it for expansion to a larger velocity.
The function of the fixed blades is to redirect the steam leaving from the first ring of
moving blades to the second ring of moving blades
17. State any three functions of lubrication?
a) It reduces friction between moving parts.
b) It reduces wear and tear of the moving parts.
c) It minimizes power boss due to friction.
18. What is the purpose of a thermostat in an engine cooling system?
A Thermostat valve is used in the water-cooling system to regulate the circulation of water in
system to maintain the normal working temperature of the engine parts during the different operating
conditions.
19.What is the purpose of providing spark plug in SI engine?
The function of a spark plug is to produce an electric spark for the ignition of compressed air-
fuel mixture inside the engine cylinder.
20. Define delay period with respect to a CI engine
The physical delay period is the time between the beginning of injection and the attainment of
chemical reaction reaction conditions. During this period fuel is atomized, mixed with air and raised to
its self-ignition temperature. During the chemical delay reactions start slowly ad then accelerate until
ignition takes place.
21. Mention different types of fuel injection systems in C. I engines
a) Air injection system
b) Airless or Solid injection
(i) Common rail system (ii) Individual pump system.
22.Which is better efficient two stroke or four stroke engines?
Two-stroke engine give always lesser efficiency than four-stroke engine due to incomplete
combustion and poor scavenging.
23. What do you mean by scavenging in I.C. Engines?
The process of removing the burnt gases from the combustion chamber of engine cylinder by
using fresh air fuel mixture is known as Scavenging.
24. Compare the thermal efficiency of petrol engines with diesel engines. Give reasons.
Thermal efficiency of diesel engine is greater than petrol engine this is due to high compression
ratio. So due to high compression ratio thermal efficiency is high.
25. List the various components of engine.
(i)Cylinder block
(ii)Cylinder head
(iii)Crankcase
(iv) Cylinder liners
(v) Piston& piston rings

26.What is the fundamental difference between the operation of impulse and reaction steam
turbines?

Impulse Turbine Reaction Turbine

It consists of nozzles and moving blades. t consists of fixed blades and moving blades.
Pressure drop occurs only in nozzles not in moving Pressure drop occurs in fixed as well as moving
blades. blades
Steam strikes the blades with kinetic energy. Steam passes over the moving blades with
pressure and kinetic energy.
UNIT-4 / Part B

1. Explain with neat sketches the method of lubrication of the following parts of the I.C. Engines. (i)
Piston and cylinder (ii) Crank-pin and Gudgeon pin (iii) Cam-shaft.

2. Explain any four types of classification of Internal Combustion engines.

3. The blade speed of a single ring of an impulse turbine is 300 m/s and the nozzle angle is 20°C. The
isentropic heat drop is 473 KJ/Kg and the nozzle efficiency is 0.85. Given that the blade velocity
coefficient is 0.7 and the blades are symmetrical, draw the velocity diagrams and calculate for a mass
flow of 1 kg/s: (i) Axial thrust on the blading. (ii) Steam consumption per B.P. hour if the mechanical
efficiency is 90 per cent. (iii) Blade efficiency and stage efficiency

4. In a 50 percent reaction turbine stage running at 50 revolutions per second, the exit angles are 30°C
and the inlet angles are 50°C. The mean diameter is 1m. The steam flow rate is 10000 kg/mm and the
stage efficiency is 85%. Determine (i) The power output of the stage (ii) The specific enthalpy drop in the
stage and (iii) The percentage increase in the relative velocity of steam when it flows over the moving
blades.

5. A 50 % reaction turbine running at 400 rpm has the exit angle of the blades as 20° C and the velocity
of steam relative to the blades at the exit is 1.35 times the mean speed of the blade. The steam flow
rate is 8.33 Kg/s and at a particular stage the specific volume is 1.381 m3 /Kg. Calculate for this stage. (i)
A suitable blade height, assuming the rotor mean diameter 12 times the blade height, and (ii) The
diagram work

6. A single row impulse turbine develops 132.4 kW at a blade speed of 175 m/s, using 2 kg of steam per
sec. Steam leaves the nozzle at 400 m/s. Velocity coefficient of the blades is 0.9. Steam leaves the
turbine blades axially. Determine nozzle angle, blade angles at entry and exit, assuming no shock.

7. Steam at a pressure of 15 bar saturated is discharged through a convergent-divergent nozzle to a back

pressure of 0.2 bar. The mass flow rate is 9 kg/kW-hr, if the power developed is 220 kW, determine
number nozzles required if each nozzle has a throat of rectangular cross section of 4mm x 8mm. If 12%
of overall isentropic enthalpy drop occurs in the divergent portion due to friction, find the cross section
of the exit rectangle?
UNIT V SIMPLE MECHANISM, FLY WHEEL, DRIVES AND BALNCING

1. Define Kinematic Link & Mention its characteristics.

Each part of a machine which moves relative to some other parts is called a kinematic link or element. It
need not be a rigid body, but it must be a resistant body.

Characteristics:

• It must be a resistant body.

• It should have relative motion.
2. Define Structure.
It is an assemblage of number of rigid resistant bodies having no relative motion between them
and meant for carrying loads having straining action. eg: a railway bridge, a roof truss, frames, etc.,

3. Distinguish between a Machine and a Structure.

MACHINE STRUCTURE
The parts of the machine move relative to 1.The members of a structure do not move
one another . relative to one
another.
A machine transforms the available energy 2.In a structure,no energy is transformed
into some useful work. into useful work.
The links of a machine may transmit both 3.the members of a struture transmit forces
power and motion. only.

4. Define Kinematic Pair.

The two links or elements of a machine, when in contact with each other, are said to form a pair. If
the relative motion between them is completely or successfully constrained (i.e,in a definite
direction),the pair is known as kinematic pair.

5. Write a note on classification of kinematic pairs.

a)According to the type of relative motion between the elements.

• Sliding pair
• Turning pair
• Rolling pair
• Screw pair
• Spherical pair
b)According to the type of contact between the elements.

• Lower pair
• Higher pair
c)According to the type of closure

• Self closed pair

• Force closed pair
•
6. What are the three types of constrained motions?
• Completely constrained motion
• Incompletely constrained motion
• Successfully constrained motion
7. Define Kinematic Chain.
When the kinematic pairs are coupled in such a way that the last link is joined to the first link to
transmit definite motion (i.e., completely or successfully constrained motion),it is called a kinematic
chain.

8. What the different types of joints?

• Binary joint
• Ternary joint
• Quaternary joint
9. Define Mechanism.
When one of the links of a kinematic chain is fixed, the chin is known as mechanism. It may be used
for transmitting or transforming motion. e.g: engine indicators, typewriter, etc.,

Types of Mechanisms:

• Simple mechanism
• Compound mechanism
10. What is meant by a Machine?
When a mechanism is required to transmit power or to do some particular type of work, then that
mechanism is called as machine.

11. Define Degree of Freedom.

It is defined as the number of input parameters which must be independantly controlled in order to
bring the mechanism into a useful engineering purpose.

n=3(l-1)-2j-h (kutzbach equation is used to find the number of degree of freedom)

13. Define sliding pair.

When the two elements of a pair are connected in such a way that one can only slide relative to
another, the pair is known as a sliding pair. It has a completely constrained motion. e.g., piston and
cylinder, cross-head and guides of a reciprocating steam engine

14. Define turning pair.

When two elements of a pair connected in such a way that one can only turn or revolve about a
fixed axis of another link, the pair is known as the turning pair. It also has a completely constrained
motion .e.g., the crankshaft in a journal bearing in an engine

15. Define rolling pair.

When the two elements in a pair are connected in such a way that one link rolls over the
another fixed link,the pair is known as rolling pair. e.g. ball bearing and roller bearing

16. Define screw pair.

When the two elements in a pair are connected in such a way that one element can turn about
the other by screw threads,the pair is known as screw pair. e.g. the laed screw of a lathe with nut,

17. Define lower pair.

When the two elements of a pair have a surface contact when relative motion takes place and
the surface of one element slides over the surface of the other, the pair formed is known as lower pair.
sliding pairs, turning pairs, screw pairs

18. Define higher pair.

When the two elements of a pair have a line or pont of contact when relative motion takes place and
the motion between the two elements is partly turning and partly aliding,then the pair is known as
higher pair. e.g. a pair of friction discs, toothed gearing, cam and follower.

19. Define pressure angle.

It is the angle between the direction of follower motion and a normal to the pitch curve. It is very

important while designing a cam profile. If its value is too large, it will jam a reciprocating

follower in its bearings.

20.Define gear.

Gears arc defined as toolhed wheels which can transmit power and motion from one shaft to another
shaft by means or successive engagement of teeth.

21.Give advantages of gear drive.

1. It can transmit large power with low velocity.

2. It has high efficiency.
3. It is compact in size.
4. It is more reliable than other drives.

22.Give disadvantages of gear drive.

1. Manufacturing cost of gear is high.

2. Manufacturing process of gears is complicated.
3. It requires precise alignement of shafts.
4. It requires lubrication system.
23.What are the types of gears ?

I. Parallel shaft axes gears

II. Intersecting shaft axes gears
III. Non-intersecting and perpendicular shaft axes gears
IV. Non-intersecting and non-perpendicular shaft axes gears.

24.Give types of parallel shaft axes gears.

I. Spur gears
II. Helical gears
III. Herringbone gears
IV. Rack and pinion gears
V. Internal gears

25.Define Addendum

It is defined as the radial distance of a gear tooth from the pitch circle to the top of gear tooth. It
is also defined as the radial height of the gear tooth above the pitch circle.

26. What is backlash ?

Backlash is the difference between the tooth space and the toòth thickness which is measured
along the pitch circle. Theoretically, it should be zero but practically some backlash must be allowed to
prevent jamming of the teeth due to tooth errors and thermal expansion during manufacturing.

27. Explain circular pitch.

The circular pitch is defined as the distance measured along the circumference of the pitch circle
from a point on one tooth to the corresponding point on the next tooth.

9:
78 = =9∙=
;

28. Define Dedendum.

Dedendum is the radial distance of a gear tooth from the pitch circle to the bottom of the gear
tooth. It is also defined as the radial depth of the gear tooth below the pitch circle.

29. Define gear ratio.

The gear ratio is defined as the ratio of pinion speed to the gear speed. It is also defined as the
ratio of number of teeth on gear to the number of teeth on pinion or it is the ratio of diameter of gear to
the diameter of pinion.

> ? @
Gear Ratio G = = = @?
? > >
30.What is a gear train? & applications of gear train?

Gear train is combination of two or more gears which is used to transmit motion from one
shaft to another shaft.

Applications of gear train

1) Automobiles 2) Clocks 3) Strips

31.What are the types of gear train?

1) Simple gear train 2) Compound gear train

3) Reverted gear train 4) Epicyclic gear train

32.What are the desirable properties of belt materials?

1. High coefficient of friction to transmit the power from one pulley to another.
2. High tensile strength to avoid tearing.
3. High wear resistance and durability.
4. High flexibility

33. What is meant by angle of contact (Lap angle)

It is the angle made by a common normal drawn to the tangent line at the point of engagement

and at the point of disengagement of the belt on a pulley, at its centre

34. Give advantages of flat belt.

1. Flat belts are easy to produce, hence have low cost.

2. Flat belt are simple to design and manufacture.
3. They have higher efficiency.
35.Give disadvantages of flat belt.
Flat belts have limited frictional contact and hence have lower power transmitting capacity.
Used for limited speed reduction upto 4: 1.

36.What are the disadvantages of V-belt drive over flat belt?

V-belt cannot be used for large distance.
It is not as durable as flat belt. Since the V-belt subjected to certain amount of creep therefore it is not
suitable for constant speed applications such as synchronous machines timing devices.
It is a costlier system
37.What is meant by turning moment diagram or crank effort diagram?
It is the graphical representation of the turning moment or crank effort for various position of the crank.
In turning moment diagram, the turning moment is taken as the ordinate(Y-axis) and crank angle as
abscissa( X-axis)
38.Explain the term maximum fluctuation of energy in flywheels.(*AU/Dec 2003)
The difference between the maximum and the minimum energies is known as maximum fluctuation of
energy.
∆E=Maximum energy-Minimum energy.
39.Define coefficient of fluctuation of energy.(*AU/MAY 2006,DEC 2006)
The ratio of the maximum fluctuation of energy (∆E ) to the workdone per cycle is known as the
coefficient of fluctuation of energy. it is denoted by CE.
CE =Maximum fluctuation of energy/ Work done per cycle.
40.What is meant by maximum fluctuation of speed?
The difference between the maximum and minimum speeds during a cycle is called maximum
fluctuation of speed.it is denoted by ∆S.
∆S=Maximum speed –Minimum speed.
41. Define coefficient of fluctuation of speed .(*AU/MAY 2006,DEC 2006)
The ratio of the maximum fluctuation of speed to the mean speed is called the coefficient of fluctuation
of speed, it is denoted by Cs
Cs=N1-N2/N or Cs=2(N1-N2)/(N1+N2) ,
N1 and N2 are maximum and minimum speeds during the cycle.
42..List out few machines in which fly wheel is used?
1.Punching machines.
2. Shearing machines.
3.Riveting machines.
4.Crushing machine
43.Define unbalance and spring surge.(AU/MAY-2003)
1. Unbalance: A disc cam produces unbalance because its mass is not symmetrical with the axis of
rotation.
2. Spring Surge: Spring surge means vibration of the retaining spring
44.What is the purpose of flywheel used in an engine?
A flywheel serves as a mechanical reservoir for storing mechanical energy. its function to store the
energy during the period when the supply of energy is more than the requirement, and to give away the
same when the requirement of energy is more than the supply.
45. Differentiate between static & dynamic equilibrium.
Necessary and sufficient conditions for static and dynamic equilibrium are:
1. 1.vector sum of all the forces acting on a body is zero.
2. The vector sum of all the moments of all the forces acting about any arbitrary pointor axis
is zero. First conditions are sufficient conditions for static equilibrium together with
second condition is necessary for dynamic equilibrium
46.How will you reduce a dynamic analysis problem into an equivalent problem of static equilibrium?
By applying D'Alembert's principle to a dynamic analysis problem, we can reduce it to an equivalent
problem of static equilibrium. equivalent problem which is shows the actual analysis of dynamic system
47.Write the importance of balancing?
If the moving part of a machine are not balanced completely then the inertia forces are set up which
may cause excessive noise, vibration, wear and tear of the system. So the balancing of machine is
necessary.

48. Why balancing of dynamic forces are necessary?(AU/May 2005& Dec 2006)
If dynamic forces are not balanced, they will cause worse effects such as wear and tear on bearings and
excessive vibrations on machines. It is very common in cam shafts, steam turbine rotors, engine crank
shafts and centrifugal pumps etc.

49.Write the different types of balancing.

Balancing of rotating masses
1. 1.Static Balancing-A system of rotating masses is said to be in static balance if the combined
mass centre of the system lies on the axis of rotation.
2. 2.Dynamic balancing-A system rotating masses is in dynamic balance when there is does not
exist any resultant centrifugal force as well as resultant couple
Balancing of Reciprocating masses
50.Define static balancing and condition for static balancing.
A system of rotating masses is said to be in static balance if the combined mass centre of the system lies
on the axis of rotation.
The net dynamic force acting on the shaft is equal to zero. This requires that the line of action of their
centrifugal forces must be same.
51.Dynamic balancing implies static balancing. Justify.
Condition for dynamic balancing are
1.The net dynamic force acting on the shaft is equal to zero. This is the condition for
static balancing.
2.The net couple due to dynamic forces acting on the shaft is zero.
52. Write the phenomenon of transferring forces from one plane to another.
Transferring a force (F) from one plane to another plane having a distance ‘l’ is equivalent to transfer
of same force ‘F’ in magnitude and direction in the reference plane is accompanied by a couple of
magnitude ‘Fl’
53. Why complete balancing is not possible in reciprocating masses?
Balancing of reciprocating masses is done by introducing the balancing mass opposite to the crank. The
vertical component of the dynamic force of this balancing mass gives rise to hammer blow. In order to
reduce hammer blow, a part of the reciprocating mass is balanced. Hence complete balancing is not
possible.
54. What are the various cases of balancing revolving masses?
1. Balancing of single rotating mass by a single mass rotating in the same plane.
2. Balancing of single rotating mass by a two masses rotating in the diff plane.
3. Balancing of several rotating masses in single plane.
4. Balancing of several masses rotating in different planes.
55.What is meant by balancing of rotating masses? (AU?Dec 2007)
The process of providing second mass in order to counteract the effect of the centrifugal of the
unbalanced first mass is called balancing or rotating masses. In mechanical system many components
are based on rotating balancing system.
56.Differentiate static balancing and dynamic balancing.
S.No. Static balancing Dynamic balancing

1. The dynamic forces as a result of the The arrangement made in static balancing gives
unbalanced masses are balanced by rice to a couple which tends to rock the shaft in
introducing balancing masses in the bearings
plane of rotation or different planes.
2. It deals only with balancing of dynamic It deals with balancing of dynamic force and
forces. balancing of couple due to dynamic force.

57. Differentiate between the unbalanced force caused due to rotating and reciprocating
masses.(AU/Dec 2006)
Complete balancing of revolving mass can be possible.But fraction of reciprocating mass only balanced.
The unbalanced force due to reciprocating mass varies in magnitude but constant in direction.but in the
case of revolving masses,the unbalanced force is constant in magnitude but varies in direction.
58.What for the balancing machines are used?(AU/June 2006)
Balancing machines are used to:
I. determine whether the rotating parts of machine is completely balanced or not,
II. check the static and dynamic balancing of rotating parts and,
III. determine the extent to which the balancing is done(in case of unbalance system)
59.What are different types of balancing machines?
1. Static balancing machines-used to analyze the balancing of a system when it is in static
condition.
2. Dynamic balancing machines-Used to analyze static as well as dynamic system.
3. Universal balancing machines.
UNIT-5 / Part B

1. What do understand by inversion of a kinematic chain? Describe the mechanism obtained by

inversion of the four bar chain.

2. The equation of the turning moment diagram for the three crank engine is given by: T(Nm) = 25000 –
7500 sin 3θ, where θ radians is the crank angle from inner dead centre. The moment of inertia of the
flywheel is 400 kg-m2 and the mean engine speed is 300 rpm. Calculate,
1. The power of the engine, and
2. The total fluctuation of speed of the flywheel when
a) The resisting torque is constant, and
b) The resisting torque is (25000 + 3600 sin θ) N-m.

3. A steam engine runs at 150 rpm. Its turning moment diagram gave the following area measurements
in mm2 taken in order above and below the mean torque line: 500, -250, 270, -390, 190, -340, 270, -
250. The scale for the turning moment is 1 mm = 500 N-m, and for crank angle is 1 mm = 5o . If the
fluctuation of speed is not to exceed ± 1.5 % of the mean, determine a suitable diameter and cross-
section of the rim of the flywheel assumed with axial dimension (i.e., width of the rim) equal to 1.5
times the radial dimension (i.e., thickness of the rim). The hoop stress is limited to 3 Mpa and the
density of the material of the flywheel is 7500 kg/m3

4. Three masses are attached to a shaft as follows: 10 kg at 90 mm radius, 15 kg at 120 mm radius and 9
kg at 150 mm radius. The masses are to be arranged so that the shaft is in complete balance.
Determine the angular position of masses relative to 10 kg mass. All the masses are in the same plane

5. The cranks of a three-cylinder locomotive are set at 120o . The reciprocating masses are 450 kg for
the inside cylinder and 390 kg for each outside cylinder. The pitch of the cylinder is 1.2 m and the
stroke of each piston 500 mm. The planes of rotation of the balance masses are 960 mm from the
inside cylinder. If 40% of the reciprocating masses are to be balanced, determine
1. The magnitude and the position of the balancing masses required at a radial distance of 500
mm; and
2. The hammer blow per wheel when the axle rotates at 350 rpm.

6. An air compressor has four vertical cylinders 1, 2, 3 and 4 in line and the driving cranks at 90o
intervals reach their upper most positions in this order. The cranks are of 150 mm radius, the
connecting rods 500 mm long and the cylinder centre line 400 mm apart. The mass of the
reciprocating parts for each cylinder is 22.5 kg and the speed of rotation is 400 rpm. Show that there
are no out-of-balance primary or secondary forces and determine the corresponding couples,
indicating the position of No.1 crank for maximum values. The central plane of the machine may be
taken as reference plane
7. Explain the various inversions of single slider crank mechanism with neat sketches. [Nov/Dec 2014]

8. (i) In a slider crank mechanism, the length of the crank OB and connecting rod AB are 125 and 500
mm respectively. The center of gravity G of the connecting rod is 275 mm from the slider A. The crank
speed is 600 rpm clockwise. When the crank has turned 45° from the IDC, determine 1. Velocity of the
slider A, 2. Velocity of point G, 3. Angular velocity of the AB. (10) (ii) Derive an expression for angular
velocity of link in a 4 bar linkage (6) [April/May 2014]

9. Calculate: (i) Length of path of contact (ii) Arc of contact and (iii) the contact ratio when a pinion
having 23 teeth drives a gear having teeth 57. The profile of the gears is involute with pressure angle
20o , and module 8mm and addendum equal to one module. [ April/May 2015]

10. Two gear wheels mesh externally and are to give a velocity ratio of 3 to 1. The teeth are of involute
form; module=6mm, addendum=one module, pressure angle= 20°. The pinion rotates at 90 rpm.
Determine (1) the number of teeth on the pinion to avoid interference on it and the corresponding
number of teeth on the wheel, (2) The length of path and arc of contact, (3) the number of pairs of
teeth in contact, and (4) the maximum velocity of sliding.[ April/May 2014]

11. Two pulleys, one 450mm diameter and the other 200mm diameter are in parallel shafts 1.95m apart
and are connected by a crossed belt. Find the length of the belt required and the angle of contact
between the belt and each pulley. What power can be transmitted by the belt when the larger pulley
rotates at 200rpm if the maximum permissible tension in the belt is 1kN and the coefficient of friction
between the belt and pulley is 0.25?[ April/May 2014]