U.S.

History
Outline

1. Executive Summary
- Pacific Ocean: Alaska to Siberia – 54 miles, also called
Strait of Bering.
- Ice age (50000 – 20000 BC): Nomads in India. Hunting
and food gathering. Wood-houses.
- Modern discovery of America – 1492.
- Different civilizations: Mayans, Aztec and Inkaz.
- After 20000 BC – Rivers were formed (end of Ice-age).
- 15th Century: 3 continents according to Europe
(Europe, Africa & Asia).
- Dark age of Europe (5th- 15th Century): Crusades,
Church dominancy, Muslims were enlightened &
internal warfare in Europe (multipolarity).
- Start of industrial civilization (15th Century).
- Basic needs for industry: (i) Raw material. (ii) Labor.
(iii) Market.
- Concept of Imperialism.
- Start of joint stock companies (resulted in expansion
of colonialism).
- Sectarian conflicts rose.
- War between Catholic Church and Ottoman Empire:
Europe wanted to trade with Asia, Ottoman stopped,
the quest for an alternative route started.
- Columbus – navigator & geographer.
- Modern discovery of America: Americas.
- Exploration and colonization started (Spanish, French
& Portuguese).
- In the end, England came to the East of Europe.
- Virginia – the first colony, 1607.
- Production of tobacco.
- Start of slavery, 1619.
- England’s policy for other colonists: Divide and rule
policy.
- Exploitation of colonies.
- American nationalism started.
- 4th July 1776: Declaration of Independence.
- Do or die situation.
- America got independence – 1783.
- Treaty of Paris 1783: England US truce & France was a
mediator.
- Challenges in constitution making.
- Concept of federalist and anti federalist.
- Conflict between northern and southern colonies.
- Constitution was formed 1788.
- Election 1789.
- George Washington (1789 – 1797)& John Adams
(1797 – 1801)
Both were Federalists.
Main points: (i) Economic development. (ii) National
integration. (iii) Westward expansion. (iv) Neutral
foreign policy.

2. Presidents
- Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809):
a) Democratic culture: Accountability rights. Will of
common people.
b) Industrialist policy.
c) Protective tariff policy.
d) Revision in immigration policy (14 years to 5 years)
– growth in population of America increased.
e) Civilians were above on the Military.
f) No more import of slaves according to 1788
constitution.
Southern States already imported extra slaves.
No impact of this rule then.
g) Aristocracy.
h) Territorial expansion of America.
i) Louisiana Case 1803: (i) America purchased it for
$15 million from France. (ii) Area of Louisiana
828000sq miles. (iii) Resourceful area. (iv) On 1699
– France captured Louisiana. (v) 1699 – 1763 the
area was under France. (vi) French Indian War
(France lost the war even though Spain was ally of
France). (vii) 1763 – 1800 Louisiana was under
Spain (France gave it to Spain because of the insult
in Indo war). (viii) France again acquired the area in
Napolean’s war. (ix) 1802 – America requested
France. (x) 1803 – Thomas Jefferson purchased the
area (against the constitution/didn’t pass the bill in
Congress). (xi) 15 States were later formed from
Louisiana.
- James Madison (1809 – 1817):
a) War of 1812:
(i) Chesapeak vs Leopard Crisis (1807): Leopard
(English ship) attacked Chesapeak (American ship).
Policy of Impressment: England impressed upon
the English people who were in American Navy or
technical workers in American Navy to come back.
(ii) National humiliation of America: Embargo Act
1807 – trade was banned with the entire world.
(iii) Talking about separation by New England.
(iv) Madison’s Non-intercourse Act: Trade ban was
lifted except with France & England.
(v) New England still wasn’t satisfied.
(vi) Maccon Bill II: Respect of Freedom – Whoever
respects our freedom of sea, we’ll restore trade
with that country.
France respect it.
(vii) Anti-England Campaign started: Western
border attacks from England.
War Hawks (young boys movement) wanted war
against England.
(viii) America declared war in 1812.
(ix) The war ended in 1814 since England ended the
causes of war i.e. respect of freedom of sea &
policy of impressment.
(x) Treaty of Ghantt (Belgium): Truce.
(xi) Trade prisoners were set free by England.
(xii) White House burning case (England burnt it
because soldiers there didn’t know that the war
has ended).
b) Impacts of this war:
(i) Moral victory.
(ii) Threat of division was ended.
(iii) Strong American nationalism.
(iv) First industrial revolution – 1820.
(v) Mention random good things about
development.
- James Monroe (1817 - 1825:
a) Monroe Doctrine:
(i) Neutralism. (ii) No more colonialism. (iv) No
intervention of America in European wars and vice
versa. (iv) No threat to existing European colonies
by America.
b) Principles of Monroe Doctrine:
(i) Principle of Isolationism.
(ii) Defensive doctrine.
(iii) Principles of non-intervention.
(iv) Anti-colonialism but already existing one not to
be affected.
c) Missouri Compromise (1820):
(i) There were ratio of 11 to 11 in northern and
southern colonies.
(ii) When Maine was added to Northern America,
protests in South started.
(iii) South insisted inclusion of Missouri in South to
balance it with North.
- Andrew Jackson (1829 – 1837):
a) Jacksonian Democracy: (i) Equality between white
men. (i) Politics of common man. (iii) Any white
man could vote (36% - 57%).
b) Kitchen Cabinet: President can choose anyone for
cabinet.
c) Annexation of Texas along with some Mexican
controlled territory.
- Manifest Destiny (1840s):
a) Andrew Jackson, Martin Van Burren, Taylor and
Northspoke – to expand in the world.
b) Ultimate Proposal (1848): California should be
accepted as a free state.
c) 1850 Compromise: Acceptance of California as a
free state for North.
d) Fugitive Slave Law for South: Returning of slaves
back to their masters.
e) Future of slavery on the basis of popular
sovereignty (population based).
- Texas Annexation (1845):
a) American Mexican War 1846.
b) Joint occupation of England & America in Oregon.
c) Oregon was given to America in 1846.
- Abraham Lincoln (1861 – 1865):
a) Civil War:
(i) North vs South.
(ii) Ideological differences.
(iii) Freedom for all.
(iv) End of slavery system.
(v) Absolute abolition of slavery.
(vi) Attack on Sumter Forte (one of the major
reasons of Civil War).
b) Reasons for Civil War:
I. Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Harriot Bachenour Stoves):
Best selling novel of that time. Abraham
Lincoln read it too. Slavery is the mark of
ugliness on the face of America.
II. Kansas Nebraska Act 1854: Applied for
statehood. Future of slavery will be decided on
popular sovereignty. Republican party was
formed. Abraham Lincoln joined it.
III. Dread Scottish Case 1857: He was a slave of
South. His master shifted to North taking him
along. He filed a case on bases of Missouri
Compromise – I’m in North, free me. Supreme
Court rejected it.
Tarrif Act passed 1857 – taxes and all.
Douglas vs Lincoln: Lincoln had anti-slavery
view, whereas Douglas was of view that
popular sovereignty should decide the future
in a state.
IV. Homestead Act 1862: Lands will be given to
those who’ll not use weapons against State.
V. Emancipation Proclamation 1863: Lincoln
called slaves, and 180000 showed up. Lincoln
announced the abolition of slavery. They
started to fight against their masters. South
already had less population. 89% population of
South were slaved. 1865 – North won the war.
13th amendment was done in the favor of anti
slavery. Lincoln was killed and Andrew
Johnson became the President. America was
reunited under Andrew Johnson.
c) Results of Civil War:
I. Abolishment of slavery.
II. National integration.
III. Domestic issues were solved.
IV. Era of reconstruction.
V. Working for civil rights.
VI. Development of South.
VII. Civil Rights Act 1866: Civil Right Amendment
(14th & 15th).
VIII. 2nd Industrial Revolution came in 1870.

3. Colonies of US
- Northern Colonies:
a) Plymouth 1620:
I. Separatists lived here.
II. Thanksgiving day.
III. System of self government.
b) Massachusetts 1630:
I. Puritans.
II. System of self government.
III. Free man assembly.
IV. System of local courts.
V. Strictly religious.
c) Rhode Island 1636:
I. Roger Williams –Church govt. separate,
Puritans should separate from Church of
England and Puritans should not capture any
land rather purchase.
II. Case was filed against him in local court,
decision was against him. He went on to make
Rhode Island.
III. Religious Freedom Bill in Rhode Island.
d) New Hampshire 1637:
I. John Wheel Wright.
II. He criticized Puritans.
III. Puritans expelled him.
IV. He passed religious freedom and human rights
bill in New Hampshire.
e) Connecticut 1636:
I. Thomas Hooker.
II. Puritan but wanted vast lands and free govt.
III. England gave him charter for Conneticut.
IV. He passed fundamental order of Conneticut.
V. It was the first written constitution in Colonial
history of America.
f) New England Confederation (1643):
I. Plymouth, Massachusetts, Connecticut & New
Heaven.
II. Self defense against French & Spanish.
III. Coordination of trade.
IV. Settlement of boundary dispute.
V. Taxation on basis of population.

 Massachusetts was turned into a Royal

Colony in 1684.
 Dominion of New England:
II. Purpose was to collect taxes.
III. Failed in 1689.
IV. Plymouth was merged into Massachusetts in
1691.
V. At this time all the Northern Colonies were
turned into Royal Colonies.

- Middle Colonies:
a) New York:
I. Civil War in England 1640-1660.
II. King Charles executed.
III. Charles II came in 1660.
IV. He gave charter to his brother James II.
V. James II later became King of England.
VI. Revolution was started against him (Glorious
Revolution).
VII. Effects also came in the area of New York.
b) New Jersey 1664:
I. James II captured the area of New Jersey.
II. NJ was sold to Barkley & Cartret.
III. Both were Quakers.
IV. Political administration of NJ was under NY.
V. It became a Royal Colony in 1738.
c) Pennsylvania:
I. William Penn.
II. He was a Quaker and son of a Navy Officer.
III. He established Pennsylvania.
IV. People had equality.
V. Right to vote.
VI. Right to purchase land.
d) Delaware 1664:
I. Name of the river.
II. James II captured that area.
III. William Penn bought the area of Delaware in
1682.
IV. Political administration became under control
of Pennsylvania.

- Southern Colonies:
a) Virginia 1607:
I. Introduction of slavery in 1619.
II. Joint stock company.
III. It became a Royal Colony in 1624 due to
instabilities.
b) Maryland:
I. George Calvert.
II. He was a catholic.
III. Demanded for a charter on the condition of
naming after His Highness’ wife.
IV. Freedom of religion bill was passed.
V. Production of tobacco started.
VI. Slavery system also initiated from here.
c) North 1663 & South 1669 Carolina:
I. Lord of Proprietors was Noble 8 (OctaNoblé).
II. England gave them charter after civil war.
III. King gave them charter.
IV. Spanish were in Southern part of Carolina.
V. Southern part was more fertile.
VI. They captured the area of Southern part in
1669.
d) Georgia 1733:
I. James Oglethorpe.
II. England wanted to establish a buffer state
between Florida and Southern part.
III. Prohibition of wine and slavery.
IV. People left, he took a U-turn; people came
back.
o In 1752 all charters were
cancelled and were made Royal
Colonies.
- Reasons for exploration and colonization:
a) Renaissance in Europe.
b) Technological advancement in Europe.
c) Intellectual development.
d) Industrialization.
e) Acquisition of raw material, labor etc.
f) Sectarian/religious factors.
g) Protestant reformism.
h) Imperialism.
i) Intellectual curiosity in Europe.
j) Royal patronage in Europe.
k) Population explosion.
l) Searching for alternate trade route.
m) Scarcity of resource.

4. War of Independence
- Mercantilism Theory
a) Import of raw material.
b) Export of goods.
c) England used this theory to exploit colonies.
- Acts:
a) Navigation Act:
I. Ships had to be purchased from England.
II. French ships were cheaper in comparison.
III. Ships will have ¾ crew of England.
IV. ¾ crew of England to check and balance.
b) Commodity Act:
I. All agriculture commodities will be exported to
England.
II. England took raw material and gave back
goods to them.
c) Enforcement Act:
I. To check the smuggling.
II. Registrations of ships would be necessary.
III. Ships purchased from France would be
confiscated.
d) Sugar Act:
I. Raw material would be exported to England.
II. Colonial people will HAVE to buy sugar and
coffee from England.
e) Currency Act:
I. Printing of currency was banned in colonies.
f) Quartering Act:
I. British soldiers were there for check and
balance.
II. They could live in any place they liked.
III. Against right to privacy.
g) Stamp Act:
I. Royal stamp.
II. 54 most sold commodities – stamp was
necessary.
III. Boycott of this act started.
- Reactions to these acts:
a) Disobedience.
b) Violence.
c) Liberty movements (Sons of Liberty & Daughters of
Liberty against stamp act).
d) William Penn’s Plan of Union 1697:
i. Idea to unite colonies.
ii. A body to be created.
iii. The first 3 acts were passed before
Penn’s Plan of Union.
e) Great awakening 1730 – 1740:
i. Started by Jonathan Edward.
ii. A movement on religious ground.
iii. Political awareness.
iv. Independence a basic right.
f) Albany Congress 1754:
i. In 1754 all colonies did a conference.
ii. Idea was given by Benjamin Franklin.
iii. Collect taxes from states to make force
against French (Ohio Forte Case).
iv. England rejected the plans.
v. Started war against France by herself.
g) French-Indian War 1754 – 1763:
i. England’s allies were the colonies,
whereas France’s was Spain.
ii. Issue of Ohio Forte (it was a hurdle in
England’s expansion).
iii. England won.
h) Consequences of war:
i. Americans learned to fight.
ii. Strategies and tactics of war.
iii. Role of leadership.
iv. England put burden of war on colonies.
- Royal Proclamation of 1763:
a) Banned the westward expansion of colonies.
b) A trust deficit – Quartering Act and Stamp Act were
passed before this.
- Pennsylvania Gazette:
a) John Dickonson.
b) Wrote about the British immoralities.
c) Purpose was unification.
- Letters of Samuel Adams:
a) He wrote letters to all colonial elites.
b) Purpose was unification.
c) Letters were routed via Massachusetts.
- Boston Massacre 1770:
a) Protest against England.
b) 6 to 7 people were killed by English forces.
c) England had a port in Boston.
- Boston Tea Party 1773:
a) East India Co. Case: Co. told England we are at loss
in South Asia, demanded compensation. England
compensated by giving them monopoly of tea in
America.
b) A wave of fear among the Boston tea sellers.
c) Protests started.
d) Ship of East India Co. anchored in Boston.
e) Event turned into Boston Tea Party.
f) First international event of Gesture Politics.
g) Intolerable Act was the reaction of England.
- Intolerable Act:
a) To punish the people of Massachusetts.
b) Sealing of Boston Port.
c) Start of illegal search.
- First continental conference 1774:
a) First conference by colonies for their rights.
b) Georgia wasn’t a part of it.
c) United we stand.
- Battle of Lexington and Concord 1774 – 1775:
a) Both were cities of Massachusetts.
b) These cities provided immunity to the culprits of
Boston Tea Party.
c) England waged a war against them.
d) British Gen: How to subdue not an Army but a
population in rebellion.
- Second Continental Conference:
a) All colonies get together to break relations with
Britain.
b) Collected taxes.
c) Started printing currency.
- War of Independence 1775 – 1783:
a) Thomas Paine Pamphlet: Common Sense – Basic
needs and freedom.
b) Common sense awakened in people of colonies.
c) Declaration of Independence – July 4th 1776.
d) Treaty of Alliance 1778 with France & 1779 with
Spain.
e) Battle of York Town 1781:
i. English were kicked out of NY.
ii. Some other colonies included.
iii. A decisive battle.
- Treaty of Paris 1783:
a) Truce between England & America.
b) France was the mediator.
c) Boundary settlements were discussed.
d) Prisoners were set free.
e) Acceptance of America as a free State.
- Results:
a) Got independence.
b) American nationalism.
c) Need of constitutional requirement.
d) Loyalists were exiled from America (those who
were in favor of England).
e) Economic development.
f) Political development.
g) Democracy.
h) Secularism.
i) National integration.
j) Agricultural reforms.

5. Constitutional Development of America

- Articles of Confederation 1781:
a) 1777 work on constitution started.
b) Ratified in 1781.
c) Concept of Continental Congress (one house
Congress).
d) Congress had power to sign treaties and declare
war.
e) No concept of judiciary.
f) No concept of separate executive body.
g) No concept of legislature.
h) No uniform system of tex, judiciary, basic rights &
judicial structure.
i) No management of trade.
j) No powers with President.
- Problems after independence of America:
a) Shays Rebellion (farmers of Pennsylvania).
b) Protested against freedom of America.
c) Economy was weak.
d) No proper system to solve problems of people.
- Philadelphia (city of Pennsylvania) Convention of
Constitution:
a) 55 delegates.
b) Modern draft of constitution.
c) 7 Articles.
d) Article 1 (10 Sections): Deals with Legislative
branch.
e) Article 2 (4 Sections): Deals with Executive branch.
f) Article 3 (3 Sections): Deals with Judicial branch.
g) Article 4 (4 Sections): Deals with relations among
States.
h) Article 5: Deals with amendment procedure.
i) Article 6: Oath of Office & debt payment & federal
supremacy (federal form of govt.)
j) Article 7: Ratification of these 6 Articles.
- Salient features of the Constitution:
a) Written Constitution: Means that the formal
constitution was drafted, debated and formally
approved by the continental congress.
b) Brief and simple (7 articles and only 27
amendments).
c) Rigid constitution: According to Article 5, two
processes to amend constitution:
i. 2/3 majority in Congress (House of
Representatives).
ii. Then ¾ of the States will have to ratify
(Senate).
iii. This has to be done in 7 years.
iv. President can veto the amendment (in
this case, draft has to be passed 2/3 of
majority in HOR).
d) Bicameralism: According to Article 1 – 2 Houses of
Congress.
i. Upper House (Senate).
ii. Lower House (House of Representatives).
iii. Equal representation from States in
Senate.
iv. Population based representation in HOR.
v. 2 plans for legislative branch:
i. Virginia Plan: According to
population and only 1
house.
ii. New Jersey Plan: One
house Congress but equal
representation.
vi. Connecticut Compromise: 2 Houses were
formed.
e) Space for liberal interpretation (LGBT).
f) Supremacy of Constitution.
g) Federalism.
h) Secular constitution.
i) Independence of judiciary.
j) Presidential form of govt.: President as Head of
State & Govt. Vice President as the Head of Senate.
k) Powers of President:
i. President has veto power.
ii. Kitchen Cabinet & Spoil System.
l) Republicanism.
m) Division of Power: Executive, Legislative &
Judiciary.
n) Bill of Rights: First 10 amendments. Done until
1791.
i. 1st Amendment: Freedom.
ii. 2nd Amendment: Right to possess
weapon.
iii. 3rd Amendment: No quartering for
soldiers.
iv. 4th Amendment: No illegal search of
property.
v. 5th Amendment: Double jeopardy (one
punishment for one crime).
vi. 6th Amendment: Speedy trial of cases.
vii. 7th Amendment: Right of jury in trial of
civil cases.
viii. 8th Amendment: No excessive
punishment or fine.
ix. 9th Amendment: Rights not mentioned
lies with the people.
x. 10th Amendment: Powers not mentioned
lies with the State.

6. Check & Balance

- Against absolutism: King used to be absolute (no
check and balance).
- Theory of separation of power:
a) Legislative, judicial & executive.
b) These powers can be used under constitution.
c) To prevent corruption – new system of check and
balance introduced.
- System of Check & Balance:
a) A branch can be challenged by another branch.
b) Why one branch can challenge another branch:
i. Constitutional violation.
ii. Functionality issues.
c) Types of checks: Internal & External.
d) Mechanism of check & balance:
i. Legislative can check executive.
ii. Executive can check legislative.
iii. Legislative can check judiciary and vice-
versa.
iv. Executive can check judiciary and vice-
versa.
v. As per constitution, legislative has more
power.
e) Legislative check on executive:
i. Has power to overwrite Presidential
order by 2/3 majority, even veto.
ii. Has power to confirm presidential
appointments.
iii. Power to impeach president.
iv. Declare war and sign treaty.
v. Can impose taxes and fix salary of
executives.
f) Executive can check legislative:
i. President is head.
ii. Power of all emergency sessions.
iii. Can call special sessions of Congress.
iv. Appointment of Chief of Forces.
v. Power of veto.
g) Legislative can check judiciary:
i. Appointment of judges.
ii. Can impeach judges.
iii. Increase and decrease the number of
judges.
iv. Fix salary of judges.
v. Creation of new courts.
vi. Decides about the jurisdiction of court.
h) Judiciary can check legislative:
i. Interpretation of constitution (Article 14
used to make Gay marriage legal).
ii. Equality for everyone.
iii. Power to judicial review.
iv. Declare any act unconstitutional (1916
Act was declared unconstitutional).
i) Executive can check judiciary:
i. President can appoint judges.
ii. President can pardon federal offenders.
j) Judicial check on President:
i. Judges once appointed cannot be
impeached by President.
ii. Power of judicial review.
iii. Interpretation.
iv. Act – unconstitutional.
- America as an independent country (1783 – 1819):
a) States powerful & center weak.
b) New constitution – 1788; Federal – Powerful;
Center – Weak.
c) Federalistic regime 1789 – 1801:
i. Non party elections.
ii. Center strong; state weak.
iii. Population based representation.
iv. Limited voting rights.
v. Bill of rights not part of constitution.
vi. Era of Aristocracy.
d) Works of Federalist Regime:
i. Economic system: Taxation system &
uniform system of currency.
ii. Trade with European countries.
iii. Protective tariff policy.
iv. Exercise Act 1791 – Indirect tax on
whiskey; direct tax on food.
v. Criticism by masses.
vi. Shays Rebellion.
vii. Judicial Act: Article 3 – Judicial Article was
passed.
viii. Westward expansion.
ix. Public land act – Land in West purchased
by govt. to increase population.
x. Foreign Policy:
a. 1789 – 1799 French Revolution.
b. 1793 – Anglo French war
started.
c. America adopted principle of
neutrality.
d. JS treaty with England 1794
(trade partnership).
e. San Lawrence Treat 1795
(improved relationship
between US & Spain).
f. Concept of neutrality by G.W.
1796.
g. 1798 – 1800 Era of Quasi War
(tensions at border).
h. Diplomatic ties – Napoleon &
America 1800
i. 1801 – 1809 Jefferson – Second
revolution of America.
7. America & World War I
- 1815 Congress of Vienna – Europeans to live
peacefully.
- 1870 Franco Prussian War.
- German, Ottoman & Italy alliance.
- Britain & France alliance.
- Astro Hungary Germany Ottoman alliance.
- US Russia Britain & France alliance.
- Balance of power disturbed.
- 1908 Balkan States under Ottoman.
- Key point: Bosnia Herzigovinia was annexed by Astro
Hungary.
- Serbia demanded withdrawl.
- 1914 Serbians killed Prince & Princess of Astro
Hungary. Key trigger for WWI.
- Astro Hungary declared war on Serbia.
- Russia and England and France supported Serbia.
- This converted into WWI.
- American congress declared neutrality – Woodrow
Wilson.
- Causes of American entry:
I. Submarine warfare by Germany against
America.
II. Germans thought America providing weapons
to Britain & France.
III. Zimmerman Telegraph intercepted by America
in which Germany offered help to Mexico to
get back Texas.
IV. Bulchvik Communist revolution in Russia
which threatened American capitalism.
V. Four peaceful vessels in America attacked by
Germany.
VI. America announced war on Germany.
- Americans prepared for war:
I. American expeditionary force.
II. Selective service act was passed – Maximum
induction in Army.
III. Espionage Act and Sedation Act – Spying will
result in capital punishment.
IV. American camp won the war.
- Wilson gave 14 point formula:
I. Remove the causes of war.
II. Settlement of territorial disputes.
III. Rights to self determination for the nation.
IV. Formation of association of nations.
V. Ye bik gai hai gormint.
VI. These were given in 1919 – Treaty of
Versailles.
- Wilson realized Congress was empowered. Congress
said you can’t sign it. These points were rejected.

8. Great Depression 1930

- Economic Depression:
a) Disturbance in international trade.
b) Closing of industry.
c) Downsizing of labor.
d) Protective tariff policy.
e) Other nations stopped trade with America.
- Policy of Installments:
a) Progressive era.
b) Industry used to pay debt in installments.
- Didn’t really go into depression since surplus.
- Dustbowl of Mississippi Valley:
a) Drought.
b) Agriculture production down.
c) Food insecurity.
d) Banking crisis.
- Stock Market Collapse:
a) Bubble of stock market.
b) Bursting of bubble.
- New deal of Franklin De Roosevelt:
I. 3 Rs:
 Relief – jobs, basic, emergency,
administration of work progress.
 Recovery – economic, prime the pump in
form of debt, abolish gold standards and
start printing currency.
 Reform – future economy, security,
housing, senior benefits, hydroelectric
projects.
II. New Deal came in 2 parts:
 First new deal 1933-1934:
 Relief and recovery focused with few
reform packages.
 Domestic development and increase in
the price of commodities.
 Benefits to business class.
 Federal energy relief.
 Tennessee Valley Authority.
 Economic recovery act.
 Prime the pump.
 Emergency banking act.
 Direct action to keep America out of
depression.
 Second new deal 1935 and onwards:
 Reform focused with few relief and
recovery packages.
 International trade.
 Decreased the price of commodities;
beneficiary was common man.
 Social security act.
 US Housing Authority.
 Congress of Industrial Orgs.
 Second Agricultural Adjustment Act.
 National Labor Relation Act.
 Indirect action to keep America out of
depression.
III. Reactions on New Deal:
 New deal is promoting communism and
socialism as State is controlling everything.
 Supreme Court also made most acts null
and void.
 Court Packing Plan – Judges increased from
9 to 15.
 After WWII American focus shifted from
domestic affairs to international affairs.

9. Cold War and Role of America

- Indirect political and military tension between
Western Block and Eastern Block (1947 – 1991).
- UN Development phase and role of Russia & America.
- Definition of Eastern and Western block: America –
Capitalism – Western. Russia – communism – Eastern.
- Nature of cold war:
a) Ideological – Capitalism vs Communism.
b) Nuclear Race – America 45 Russia 49.
c) Space Race – Sputnik 1 Russia, Explorer 1 America.
- Perceptions about Cold War:
a) Intl. level – race to be superpower.
b) State level – expansionists.
c) Individual level – capitalism vs communism.
- Propaganda & Persuasion:
a) U2 Spy Plane.
b) Financial tactics.
c) Cultural competition.
d) Proxy wars.
- Events of cold war:
a) Greek Civil War (1946 – 1949):
a. America won.
b. Truman Doctrine - $400m aid to Turkey &
Greece.
c. Marshall Plan - $13b aid to Western Europe.
- NATO was established in 1949.
- Warsaw Pact – in response to NATO – the defense
alliance of communist block (14th May 1955).
- Berlin Blockade:
a) Eastern Germany’s alliance with Russian, and
Western’s with America.
b) East Germany built a wall against West Germany,
tilting in favor of Russia.
c) This blocked supply of commodities to Western
Germany.
d) America sent supplies to East Germany using
planes.
- Korean War: NK – Russia. SK – US.
- Suez Crises:
a) Jamal Abdul Nasir – President Egypt – 1956 – a
commie.
b) Israel intervened in Egypt – on request of France &
England.
c) Russia – DON’T YOU DARE!!
d) US – let’s make a truce.
- Ballistic Missiles were established by America in Italy
and Turkey.
- U2 Spy Plane Crisis – Spying in Russia – Peshawar
airbase – Russia threatened.
- Bay of Pigs Invasion 1961:
a) Fidel Castro became president after revolution in
Cuba.
b) Was a commie.
c) CIA invaded in Cuba against Fidel Castro.
- Cuban Missile Crisis 1962:
a) Russian Missiles were installed in Cuba.
b) America asked Russia to get rid of them.
c) Russia asked the same from America in case of
Turkey and Italy.
d) America accepted.
- Vietnam War:
a) North Vietnam merged South Vietnam.
b) North was commie – now Vietnam became
commie.
- SALT 1969:
a) America agreed to reduce her weapons.
b) Contingency – agreement would be revised after 10
years.
c) Russian intervention in Afghanistan 1979 – America
refused to sign SALT II.
- Afghan Jihad:
a) 1985 – Gurbachev govt. came in Power.
b) Before that – Russia stagnant.
c) 1989 – rebellion started.
d) 1991 – USSR divided.
e) Became weak geographically and economically.
- After Cold War (1991 – 2001):
a) Global trade.
b) Promotion of democracy.
c) Humanitarian aid.
10. Civil Rights Movement (1950 – 1960):
a) Rights of colored people.
b) Amendment 14th & 15th – Equal but separate –
which is the violation of 13th Amendment.
c) Brown vs Board of Education Case 1950s – equal
rights in education etc.
d) Jim Crow Law – blacks were discriminated by this
law. Segregation.
e) Montgomery Bus Boycott 1956 – city of Alabama –
Rosa Park lady case. $10 fine by local court. SC –
rejected Jim Crow law and blacks got equal rights.
f) Martin Luther King Jr. – believed in Gandhism.
Started freedom rights movement.
g) National association for advancement of colored
people by King Jr.
h) Christian leadership congress – 100-year
celebration on Emancipation Proclamation 1963.
i) Eisenhower passed civil rights acts – dept. of Justice
given power – Protection of school going black and
protection black voters.
j) JFK – passed executive order to end segregation on
houses – appointment of black judges and
bureaucrats. Govt gets supportive.
k) LB Johnson – famous slogan was great society –
working for black people.
l) Richard Nixon – Equal employment opportunities.

11. 9/11 & America

- UN Response:
a) Condemned the attack.
b) Requested all nations to condemn.
c) Requested all nations to cooperate with US and
freeze terrorist assets.
- NATO Resolution: Passed an Article: Attack on one
nation is attack on all NATO nations.
- ANZUS Treaty: Attack on one ANZUS Nation is attack
on all ANZUS Nations.
- Response of America:
a) 2 embassies were hit – Kenya & Tunisia. They held
Al-Qaeda responsible.
b) America’s demands from Afghanistan:
i. Shut down terrorist camps.
ii. Hand over all members of Al-Qaeda.
iii. Release the foreigners.
iv. Protect foreign workers.
c) Demands from Pakistan:
i. Big stick diplomacy of US.
ii. Stop Al-Qaeda operatives at borders.
iii. Freeze the bank accounts of terrorists.
iv. Stop supply to them.
v. Continue to condemn 9/11.
vi. Cut off diplomatic ties with Afghanistan.
vii. Give flight rights to America.
viii. Give territorial access to America.
ix. Provide naval ports.
- Bush Doctrine:
a) Nations should decide if they’re with or against us.
b) No difference between state and terrorists if they
support terror, we’ll attack.
c) Do more.
- Obama Era 2009:
a) He gave strategic view on WOT.
b) Bush killed the terrorists, destroyed networks of
Taliban.
c) Obama – dialogue with good Taliban.
d) Stable govt. should be in Afghanistan.
e) Training of Afghan soldiers.
f) 17k additional troops.
g) Provide military assistance to Pakistan @ $1.5bn.
- 2011:
a) Osama was killed in Abbottabad operation.
b) People asked US to withdraw and US accepted.
- Arguments:
a) Stable govt.
b) Training to Afghan forces.
c) Troops of US will work if Afghanistan asks.
d) Partial withdrawal.
e) 2024 – complete withdrawal.