CHAPTER 1

Introduction
Now that we’re on the 21st century generation there are a lot of machine that are
making different kinds of soap with different ingredients like in this study, the researcher
will use the corn silk as a medium of ingredient. We know that the corn silk is no longer
useful after it was removed to the corncobs.
Corn silk (Maydis stigma) is a waste material from corn cultivation, but it is also
an inexpensive medical diet of plant .Corn seed are used as nutritional source for humans,
and the stem and leaves are utilized as the fodder for cattle throughout the world. Corn silk
and corn cobs are usually discarded as waste. Corn (Zea mays L.), which belongs to the
family Poaceae, is the principle cereal crop around the world following the wheat and rice.
It contains proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, and fiber. It also contains chemicals
which might work like water pills (diuretics), and it might alter blood sugar levels, and help
reduce inflammation. Corn silk can also use as cure for bladder infections, inflammation
of the urinary system, inflammation of the prostate, kidney stones, and bedwetting. It is
also used to treat congestive heart failure, diabetes, high blood pressure, fatigue, and high
cholesterol levels. Corn silk, or maize tassel, is the glossy, thread-like material that serves
as a cushion between an ear of corn and its outer husk. While most people discard corn silk
when preparing corn-on-the-cob, the silky string was considered a valuable raw material
to Native Americans, as well as to the indigenous peoples of Central and South America.
Traditionally, corn silk is prepared as a tea, but it can also be used topically to address
minor skin irritations. The major nutrient in corn silk is potassium. It is this potassium that
is responsible for all of the benefits that come from this part of the corn plant. It is believed
to act as a powerful diuretic and that probably accounts for the help that corn silk can
provide for the urinary system.
This study hopes to provide an objective evaluation on variables included in the
study for the purposes of synchronizing both positive and negative issues and concerns to
enlighten the minds.
Statement of the Problem
This Study aims to produce an organic soap made up of Corn silk.
Specifically, it seeks answers to the following questions:
1. How does the corn silk can be useful in terms of its:
1.1 Content and
1.2 Medical Uses
2. In what way can this soap help the:
2.1 Teenagers and
2.2 Farmers
3. What does it take to maintain the good effect of this soap?
4. Can we assure that the soap will be a good quality?

Scope, Limitation and Delimitation of the Study

This study focuses on how to produce acorn silk soap that can be useful to the
teenagers as well as the farmers and can produce a product without exerting so much effort.
This involves the enhancement of the previous researcher about the topic.
However, every research study requires a lot of facilities that are needed for every
question to be encountered.
Significance of the Study
The researcher believe that corn silk liquid hand soap is beneficial for the
manufacturers, consumer, farmers and agriculturists and researchers because the corn silk
would not be a waste anymore that is scattered through the farm areas. The results and
findings of this study will benefit the following:
To the manufacturers - this study will increase their profit. Large scale production
of corn silk extract can yield higher and better liquid hand soap.
To consumer - this study will be beneficial and effective since it focused on the
different health and economical concern regarding the use of synthetic foaming agents that
can cause danger to the clients.
To farmers and agriculturists - this study will also support and encourage them
to plant more corn as possible sources of earnings for small scale livelihood business in the
industry.
Researchers- This study will help the researchers in their future professions. The
findings may serve as the guide to determine the difficulties
CHAPTER II
Review of Related Literature and Studies
This chapter presents the conceptual literature, research literature,
conceptual framework, research paradigm and definition of terms. It serves as the
background of the study and provides idea that helps the researchers conceptualize the
framework necessary to the background.
Conceptual Literature
This portion presents the idea and concepts related to the topics. Different
books, online researches, and magazines have been the main source of this section. It
includes the necessary information used by the researcher in order to conceptualize the
ideas related to the study.
Maize (/meɪz/ MAYZ; Zea mays subsp. mays, from Spanish: maíz after Taino:
mahiz), also known as corn, is a cereal grain first domesticated by indigenous peoples in
southern Mexico about 10,000 years ago. The leafy stalk of the plant produces pollen
inflorescences and separate ovuliferous inflorescences called ears that yield kernels or
seeds, which are fruits.
Maize has become a staple food in many parts of the world, with the total
production of maize surpassing that of wheat or rice. However, little of this maize is
consumed directly by humans: most is used for corn ethanol, animal feed and other maize
products, such as corn starch and corn syrup. The six major types of maize are dent corn,
flint corn, pod corn, popcorn, flour corn, and sweet corn.] Sugar-rich varieties called sweet
corn are usually grown for human consumption as kernels, while field corn varieties are
used for animal feed, various corn-based human food uses (including grinding into
cornmeal or masa, pressing into corn oil, and fermentation and distillation into alcoholic
beverages like bourbon whiskey), and as chemical feedstock’s. Maize is also used in
making ethanol and other biofuels.
Maize is widely cultivated throughout the world, and a greater weight of maize is
produced each year than any other grain. In 2014, total world production was 1.04 billion
tones. Maize is the most widely grown grain crop throughout the Americas, with 361
million metric tons grown in the United States in 2014. Approximately 40% of the crop—
130 million tons—is used for corn ethanol. Genetically modified maize made up 85% of
the maize planted in the United States in 2009.
History of Corn
Most historians believe maize was domesticated in the Tehuacán Valley of Mexico.
Recent research in the early 21st century has modified this view somewhat; scholars now
indicate the adjacent Balsas River Valley of south-central Mexico as the center of
domestication. An influential 2002 study by Matsuoka et al. has demonstrated that, rather
than the multiple independent domestications model, all maize arose from a single
domestication in southern Mexico about 9,000 years ago. The study also demonstrated that
the oldest surviving maize types are those of the Mexican highlands. Later, maize spread
from this region over the Americas along two major paths. This is consistent with a model
based on the archaeological record suggesting that maize diversified in the highlands of
Mexico before spreading to the lowlands.
According to a genetic study by Embrapa, corn cultivation was introduced in South
America from Mexico, in two great waves: the first, more than 6000 years ago, spread
through the Andes. Evidence of cultivation in Peru has been found dating to about 6700
years ago. The second wave, about 2000 years ago, through the lowlands of South America.
The earliest maize plants grew only small, 25 millimetres (1 in) long corn cobs, and only
one per plant. In Spielvogel's view, many centuries of artificial selection (rather than the
current view that maize was exploited by interplanting with teosinte) by the indigenous
people of the Americas resulted in the development of maize plants capable of growing
several cobs per plant, which were usually several centimetres/inches long each. The
Olmec and Maya cultivated maize in numerous varieties throughout Mesoamerica; they
cooked, ground and processed it through nixtamalization. It was believed that beginning
about 2500 BC, the crop spread through much of the Americas. Research of the 21st
century has established even earlier dates. The region developed a trade network based on
surplus and varieties of maize crops.
Types of Corn
Maize is an annual grass in the family Gramineae, which includes such plants as
wheat, rye, barley, rice, sorghum, and sugarcane. There are two major species of the genus
Zea (out of six total): Zea mays (maize) and Zea diploperennis, which is a perennial type
of teosinte. The annual teosinte variety called Zea mays mexicana is the closest botanical
relative to maize. It still grows in the wild as an annual in Mexico and Guatemala
Many forms of maize are used for food, sometimes classified as various subspecies
related to the amount of starch each has:
Flour corn: Zea mays var. amylacea
Popcorn: Zea mays var. everta
Dent corn: Zea mays var. indentata
Flint corn: Zea mays var. indurata
Sweet corn: Zea mays var. saccharata and Zea mays var. rugosa
Waxy corn: Zea mays var. ceratina
Amylomaize: Zea mays
Pod corn: Zea mays var. tunicata Larrañaga ex A. St. Hil.
Striped maize: Zea mays var. japonica
Related Studies
Maize is a plant wherein its sexier are divided into subset: plastic like or the where
female flower and staminate o tassel to male flower part. It has a determinate development
in habit and the shoot lapse into the inflovences influencing the staminate or the pistrillate
flower into it. (Dhillon et.al, 2011)
Thoudam Bhaigyabati et al. (2011), made a study entitled Phytochemicals
Constituents and Antioxidant Activity of Various Extracts of Corn Silk (Zea mays).
Liu et al. (2011), entitled The Antioxidant and Free-Radical Scavenging Activities
of Extract and Fractions from Corn Silk (Zea mays) and Related Flavone Glycosides.
Synthesis
The study of Thoudam Bhaigyabati et al. (2011), entitled “Phytochemicals
Constituents and Antioxidant Activity of Various Extracts of Corn Silk (Zea mays)”.
Because the liquid hand soap we’re about to produce contains the extract of corn silk (Zea
mays).
The study of Liu et al. (2011), entitled “The Antioxidant and Free-Radical
Scavenging Activities of Extract and Fractions from Corn Silk (Zea mays) and Related
Flavone Glycosides.” Is also related due to its study about the closely related activities of
corn silk. This may help us further develop our liquid hand soap.
Conceptual Framework
As our community evolve and develop, the germs and bacteria continue to
contaminate our surroundings.
This study focuses on the development of liquid hand soap using corn silk
(stigma maydis) extract will be useful in decreasing bacterial infection and contamination.
The conceptual mode of the study consists of input that indicates the capabilities of liquid
hand soap in decreasing the bacterial contamination of the user. Also, the well-maintained
production of the liquid hand soap. Lastly, the assurance of a good quality production of
liquid hand soap.
The process includes corn silk extraction trough the use of microwave
assisted extraction.
Conceptual Paradigm
Input Process Output

. How does the corn silk can

be useful in terms of:

1.1 Content and

1.2 medical uses

2. In what way can this soap Preparation of Materials Production of Corn silk
Soap
help the: Microwave extraction

2.1 Teenagers and

2.2 Farmers

3. What does it take to

maintain the good effect of

this soap? Research Paradigm of the Production of Liquid Hand Soap using Corn Silk Extract
Figure1.1
Hypothesis
This study tested the null hypothesis. There is no significant difference
between manual peeling and machine powered peeler.
Definition of Terms
For clearer and better understanding of the study, the following were defined
conceptually operationally.
Microwave- a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths ranging from about
one meter to one millimeter; with frequencies between 300 MHz (1 m) and 300 GHz
(1 mm).
Extraction- a way to separate a desired substance when it is mixed with others. The
mixture is brought into contact with a solvent in which the substance of interest is soluble,
but the other substances present are insoluble.
Corn- (Zea mays), also called Indian corn or maize, cereal plant of the grass family
(Poaceae) and its edible grain. The domesticated crop originated in the Americas and is
one of the most widely distributed of the world's food crops
Soap- is a salt of a fatty acid used in a variety of cleansing and lubricating products
Production- the action of making or manufacturing from components or raw materials, or
the process of being so manufactured.
Phytochemicals- any of various biologically active compounds found in plants
Saponification- is a process by which triglycerides are reacted with sodium or potassium
hydroxide (lye) to produce glycerol and a fatty acid salt, called "soap." The triglycerides
are most often animal fats or vegetable oils.
Alkaloid- a chemically related group of substances found in a variety of foods, including
cocoa, coffee, tea, black pepper, and honey (depending on the types of flowers found in
the bees' foraging zone).
Flavonoids- a large class of plant pigments having a structure based on or similar to that
of flavone.
Saponins- a toxic compound which is present in soapwort and makes foam when shaken
with water.
Glycosides- a molecule in which a sugar is bound to another functional group via a
glycosidic bond.

Chapter III
METHODS OF RESEARCH AND PROCEDURE
This chapter discusses the techniques and procedures that will be used in this
study. The components of the research include the research design, the locale of the study,
the respondents of the study, the data gathering procedure, the establishment of the validity
and reliability status of the instruments, and the data gathering procedure.
Research Design
The purpose of this study is to produce a soap that can be a great help for
those person who has sensitive skin. To obtain this purpose, the experimental method of
research will be use. Experimental method is a systematic and scientific approach to
research in which the researcher manipulates one or more variables, and controls and
measures any change in the variable.
Locale of the Study
This study will be conducted in Evangelista’s residence located at Mavalor,
Rosario Batangas for a span of 3-5 months.
Respondents of the Study
The researcher will not use any respondents because the study will be
focusing on the design and development of pomelo peeling machine.
Research Instruments
The research instruments that will be used are the Corn silk waste from the
corn farm.
Validity and Reliability of the Instruments
The establishments of the validity and reliability status of the instruments
will be made. The researcher will be using a well microwaved extract of Corn Silk that will
be mix to the liquid unflavored soap. We assure that everything that we are going to use is
good and well maintained materials.