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Pressure Vessels Intro - CPED

A pressure vessel is a closed container designed to hold gases or liquids at a pressure different from the ambient pressure. Pressure vessels have cylindrical or spherical shells and formed heads. They are classified based on manufacturing method, material, shape, installation, pressure situation, wall thickness, technological process, operating temperature, design pressure, and usage mode. Common uses of pressure vessels include industrial air receivers, hot water tanks, diving cylinders, autoclaves, and nuclear reactor vessels. The ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code sets safety standards for pressure vessels through material specifications and construction and inspection rules. Non-destructive testing methods like visual testing, liquid penetrant, magnetic particle, ultrasonic, radiographic, and thermographic inspections are

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233 views

Pressure Vessels Intro - CPED

A pressure vessel is a closed container designed to hold gases or liquids at a pressure different from the ambient pressure. Pressure vessels have cylindrical or spherical shells and formed heads. They are classified based on manufacturing method, material, shape, installation, pressure situation, wall thickness, technological process, operating temperature, design pressure, and usage mode. Common uses of pressure vessels include industrial air receivers, hot water tanks, diving cylinders, autoclaves, and nuclear reactor vessels. The ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code sets safety standards for pressure vessels through material specifications and construction and inspection rules. Non-destructive testing methods like visual testing, liquid penetrant, magnetic particle, ultrasonic, radiographic, and thermographic inspections are

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Fran Lee
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PRESSURE VESSELS

WHAT IS A PRESSURE VESSEL?


A pressure vessel is a closed container designed to hold gases or liquids at a pressure substantially different from the
ambient pressure.

ASME Section VIII, Division 1 Introduction:


“Pressure Vessels are containers for the containment of pressure either external or internal. The pressure may be
obtained by an external source, or by the application of heat from a direct or indirect source, or any combination
thereof.” A pressure vessel is defined as a container with a pressure differential between inside and outside.

TYPICAL COMPONENTS OF A PRESSURE VESSEL


1. Cylindrical or Spherical Shell
2. Formed Heads
4. Nozzles
5. Supports

CLASSIFICATION OF PRESSURE VESSELS


A. BASED ON MANUFACTURING METHODS:
1. Welded Vessels
2. Forged Vessels
3. Multiwall Vessels
4. Multiwall Wrapped Vessels
5. Band Wrapped Vessels

B. BASED ON MANUFACTURING MATERIALS:


1. Steel Vessels
2. Non Ferrous Vessels
3. Non Metallic Vessels

C. BASED ON GEOMETRIC SHAPES:


1. Cylindrical Vessels
2. Spherical Vessels
3. Rectangular Vessels
4. Combined Vessels

D. BASED ON INSTALLATION METHODS:


1. Vertical Vessels
2. Horizontal Vessels

E. BASED ON PRESSURE-BEARING SITUATION:


1. Internal Pressure Vessels
2. External Pressure Vessels

F. BASED ON WALL THICKNESS


1. Thin Wall Vessel
2. Thick Wall Vessel

G. BASED ON TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESSES


1. Reaction Vessel
2. Heat Exchanger Vessel
3. Separation Vessel
4. Storage Container Vessel

H. BASED ON OPERATING TEMPERATURE


1. Low Temperature Vessels (less than or equal to -20oC)
2. Normal Temperature Vessels (between -20oC and 150oC)
3. Medium Temperature Vessels (between 150oC and 450oC)
4. High Temperature Vessels (more than or equal to 450oC)
I. BASED ON DESIGN PRESSURE:
1. Low Pressure Vessels (0.1MPa to 1.6MPa)
2. Medium Pressure Vessels (1.6MPa to 10MPa)
3. High Pressure Vessels (10MPa to 100MPa)
4. Ultra High Pressure Vessels (More than 100MPa)

J. BASED ON USAGE MODE:


1. Fixed Pressure Vessel
2. Mobile Pressure Vessel

USES OF PRESSURE VESSELS


1. Industrial compressed air receivers
2. Domestic hot water storage tanks
3. Diving cylinders
4. Recompression chambers
5. Distillation towers
6. Autoclaves
7. Oil refineries and petrochemical plants
8. Nuclear reactor vessels
9. Pneumatic and hydraulic reservoirs
10. Storage vessels for liquefied gases such as ammonia, chlorine, propane, butane and LPG.

ASME CODE FOR PRESSURE VESSELS


HISTORY:
Boiler explosions were common in the 1800’s to early 1900’s. By early 1900’s, thousands were killed across the United
States. Commonwealth of Mass enacted the first set of rules. In 1911, ASME recognized the need for uniform rules
regarding design and build of pressure vessels.

ASME CODES FOR PRESSURE VESSELS


 ASME BPVC Section II
PART A – Ferrous Material Specifications
PART B – Nonferrous Material Specifications
PART C – Specifications for Welding Rods, Electrodes and Filler Metals
PART D – Properties
 ASME BPVC Section V – Non-destructive Examination
 ASME Section VIII – Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC)
Division 1 – Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels
Division 2 – Alternative Rules
Division 3 – Alternative Rules for Construction of High Pressure Vessels

NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTS (NDT) OF PRESSURE VESSELS


1. VISUAL TESTING (VT)
It is a non-intrusive visual inspection of the external components of the vessel.

2. PENETRANT TESTING (PT) OR LIQUID PENETRANT INSPECTION (LPI)


It’s a non-destructive test typically comprising a penetrant, a method of excess removal and a developer to produce a
visible indication of surface-breaking discontinuities. Used for non-porous, non-magnetic and non-ferrous materials.
Inspection is performed under ultraviolet or white light, depending on the type of dye used – fluorescent or
nonfluorescent (visible).
3. MAGNETIC PARTICLE TESTING (MT) OR MAGNETIC PARTICLE INSPECTION (MPI)
It is an NDT process for detecting surface and slightly subsurface discontinuities in ferromagnetic materials such as iron,
nickel, cobalt and some of their alloys. It involves the application of fine iron particles (either liquid or dry dust) that are
applied to a part while it is an externally magnetized state. The particles will be attracted to leakage fields within the
test object, and form on the objects surface.

4. ULTRASONIC TESTING (UT)


Ultrasonic Testing equipment works with the principle of sending a pulsed beam of high ultrasound from a handheld
transducer, which is placed upon the surface of the object being tested.

This wave will be disturbed and then partially returned from spots with internal imperfection or from the back of the
material wall. Capturing and analysing the return sound collect useful information, which are displayed upon the screen
of the ultrasonic equipment, presenting the amplitude of the pulse and the duration taken for return to the transducer.
It has greater accuracy than other non-destructive methods in determining the depth of internal flaws and the
thickness of parts with parallel surfaces.

5. RADIOGRAPHIC TESTING (RT)


RT or industrial radiography, is a non-destructive testing (NDT) method of inspecting materials for hidden flaws by using
the ability of short wavelength electromagnetic radiation (high energy photons) to penetrate various materials.
a. WET RADIOGRAPHY: use of dark room and photographic films
b. DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY: aided by a computer

6. THERMOGRAPHY
Thermographic inspection refers to the NDT of parts, materials or systems through the imaging of the thermal paaterns
at the object’s surface. For instance, the application of a temperature sensitive coating to a surface in order to measure
its temperature is a thermographic inspection contact technique based on heat conduction where there is no infrared
sensor involved. Infrared thermography, on the other hand, is a non-destructive, nonintrusive, noncontact mapping of
thermal patterns or “thermograms”, on the surface of objects through the use of some kind of infrared detector.
a. PASSIVE: the features of interest are naturally at a higher or lower temperature than the background, for example:
the surveillance of people on a scene
b. ACTIVE: an energy source is required to produce a thermal contrast between the feature of interest and the
background, for example: an aircraft part with internal flaws.

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