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Development of The Atomic Theory

Democritus first proposed the idea of atoms in ancient Greece. In the early 1800s, John Dalton developed atomic theory based on experimental evidence. This included that elements are made of atoms and atoms of different elements combine in whole number ratios. In the late 1800s, discoveries of the electron, proton, and neutron led to the development of nuclear and quantum mechanical models of atomic structure that are still used today.

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Jon Mayuyu
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49 views

Development of The Atomic Theory

Democritus first proposed the idea of atoms in ancient Greece. In the early 1800s, John Dalton developed atomic theory based on experimental evidence. This included that elements are made of atoms and atoms of different elements combine in whole number ratios. In the late 1800s, discoveries of the electron, proton, and neutron led to the development of nuclear and quantum mechanical models of atomic structure that are still used today.

Uploaded by

Jon Mayuyu
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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DEVELOPMENT OF THE

ATOMIC THEORY
DEMOCRITUS

• greek philosopher
• 442 BCE
• ἄτομος : atomos : indivisible
• indestructible and unchangeable
• solid and homogeneous
• differ in size, shape, mass, position, and arrangement
• a VOID exists between them
• rejected by aristotle and plato
JOHN DALTON

• english chemist and teacher


• 1803
• atomic theory
• from macroscopic observations
• BILLIARD BALL (1) model
JOHN DALTON
JOHN DALTON

1. elements are composed of atoms


• indivisible
• indestructible
2. atoms of the same element are identical . atoms of
different elements are different
3. atoms of different elements combine in definite whole
number ratios to form compounds
4. in chemical reactions, atoms are separated, joined, or
rearranged. atoms of one element are never changed
into atoms of another element as a result of a chemical
reaction
• Law of Mass Conservation
LAWS OF
CHEMICAL • Law of Definite Proportion
COMBINATION
• Law of Multiple Proportions
• Law of Mass Conservation
Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier 1785
LAWS OF
CHEMICAL • Law of Definite Proportion
Joseph Proust 1794
COMBINATION
• Law of Multiple Proportions
law of mass conservation
DISCOVERY OF THE
FUNDAMENTAL
SUBATOMIC PARTICLES
electrostatics
cathode rays
• electrical discharge through an evacuated glass tube
• from cathode to anode when high voltage is applied
• cannot be seen but causes certain materials to fluoresce
cathode rays
cathode rays
• deflected by electric and magnetic fields
• behavior consistent with negatively charged particles
• same regardless of cathode materials
JOSEPH JOHN THOMSON

• english physicist
• awarded the 1906 nobel prize in physics for his work on
the conduction of electricity in gases
• in 1897 put forward the result of his studies on cathode
rays
• must have bodies much smaller than atoms
• possess a very large value for their charge-to-mass ratio or
m/e where m is mass and e is electric charge
• negatively charged fundamental particles of matter found in
atoms
• was able to determine m/e
cathode rays
JOSEPH JOHN THOMSON

• credited with the discovery of the cathode ray particle


which eventually became known as the electron (George
Johnstone Stoney an irish physicist coined the term in
1874)
• how are these negatively charged electrons incorporated in
the atom
• proposed the PLUM PUDDING (2) model
• electrons make up a small fraction of atomic mass > they
make up a small fraction of atomic size
• uniform positively charged sphere of matter
• electrons dispersed uniformly throughout
plum pudding model
ROBERT MILLIKAN

• american experimental physicist


• determined the charge of an electron
• -1.6022 x 10-19 C
• from thomson’s experiment which gives a value of the
charge-to-mass ratio
• the mass of an electron can be determined
• 9.1094 x 10-28 g
• awarded the nobel prize for physics in 1923 for
• the measurement of the elementary electric charge
• his work on the photoelectric effect
millikan’s oil drop experiment
discovery of radiation and radioactivity
• 1895 Wilhelm Roentgen
• observed that some materials outside crt’s fluoresced
• radiation from crt’s
• coined the term x – rays

• Henri Becquerel
• studied fluorescent materials
• contained uranium
• discovered radioactivity

• Ernest Rutherford
• identified 2 types of radiation
• alpha : α : 2 positive charges : 4He2+
• beta : β : 1 negative charge
discovery of radiation and radioactivity
discovery of radiation and radioactivity
• 1900 Paul Villard
• discovered a third type of radiation
• not deflected by electric or magnetic fields
• gamma : γ

• Pierre and Marie Curie


• discovered new radioactive elements
• Ernest Rutherford together with Frederick Soddy
• chemical properties of elements change
• as it undergoes radioactive decay
• fundamental changes at the subatomic level
• an element is changed to another > transmutation
ERNEST RUTHERFORD

• new zealand born british physicist


• father of nuclear physics
• discovered and named alpha and beta particles
• student of J J Thomson
• studied atoms using alpha particles as probes
• together with Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden
gold foil experiment
gold foil experiment
ERNEST RUTHERFORD

• from the results of the experiment


• proposed the NUCLEAR (3) model
• nucleus
• where most of the mass is concentrated
• where the positive charge is concentrated
• electrons are extra nuclear
• there are as much electrons as + charges
• most of the atom is empty space
• magnitude of the + charges
• approximately half of the atomic weight
• different for different atoms
ERNEST RUTHERFORD

• discovered the proton in 1919


• collisions of alpha particles and nitrogen nuclei
• Eugen Goldstein 1886 (canal rays)
• positively charged particles formed from gases
• greek : πρῶτον : first
• predicted the existence of another fundamental subatomic
particle in the nucleus
• from data and calculations involving mass
• electrically neutral
discovery of the proton
JAMES CHADWICK

• british physicist
• discovered the neutron in 1932
• data and calculations involving mass
• predictions of Ernest Rutherford
• inspired by and continued experiments of Walther Bothe
and Herbert Becker
• bombarded beryllium with alpha particles
• studied the emitted radiation
• Chadwick had observed odd features of this radiation

• awarded the 1935 nobel prize in physics for the discovery


of the neutron
discovery of the neutron
FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS
IN SUBATOMIC PARTICLE
PHYSICS
NIELS BOHR

• danish physicist
• awarded the nobel prize in physics in 1922 for his
foundational contributions to understanding atomic
structure and quantum theory
• advanced the theory of electrons travelling in orbits
around the atom's nucleus
• advanced the PLANETARY (4) model
• chemical properties of each element > number of electrons
in the outer orbits of its atoms
• experiments with electric discharges > atoms will only emit
light at certain discrete frequencies
• spectral emissions of hydrogen
bohr model
bohr model
NIELS BOHR

• atomic theory
• electrons in atoms orbit the nucleus
• fixed orbits with a specific energy
• electrons can only gain and lose energy by jumping from one
allowed orbit to another . absorbing or emitting
electromagnetic radiation
• E = E1 – E2 = hν
• The angular momentum L of the orbiting electron is
quantized
• results in the smallest possible orbital radius of 0.0529 nm
• Bohr radius
ERWIN SCHRÖDINGER

• austrian physicist
• awarded the nobel prize in physics in 1933 for the
formulation of the Schrödinger equation
• made significant contributions in the field of quantum
theory, statistical mechanics, thermodynamics etc
• philosopher
• created wave mechanics in 1926
• mathematical description of the behavior of electrons
• quantum objects exhibit particle-wave behavior
• probability density clouds of electrons
• gave rise to the QUANTUM MECHANICAL (5) model
quantum mechanical model
quantum mechanical model

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