Scribd
Upload
41 views

Highway and Traffic Engineering

The document discusses factors influencing hill road alignment such as stability, drainage, geometric standards, and resisting length. It also describes the different stages of engineering surveys conducted before finalizing a highway alignment, including map study, reconnaissance, preliminary surveys, and final location and detailed surveys. These stages aim to identify feasible routes and collect necessary data to compare alternatives and select the best alignment based on technical and cost considerations.

Uploaded by

Nazaf Ahzam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
41 views

Highway and Traffic Engineering

The document discusses factors influencing hill road alignment such as stability, drainage, geometric standards, and resisting length. It also describes the different stages of engineering surveys conducted before finalizing a highway alignment, including map study, reconnaissance, preliminary surveys, and final location and detailed surveys. These stages aim to identify feasible routes and collect necessary data to compare alternatives and select the best alignment based on technical and cost considerations.

Uploaded by

Nazaf Ahzam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 37

CE 210

HIGHWAY AND TRAFFIC ENGINEERING


LECTURE 5
Dr. Indrajit Ghosh
Associate Professor
Transportation Engineering Group
Department of Civil Engineering
IIT Roorkee
HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT

 Influencing factors for hill roads


 Stability

 Drainage

 Geometric standard
 Resisting length
HILL ROAD ALIGNMENT

 Stability
 Special care to be taken
 Align road along stable side of hill
 Common problem
 Land Slides
 Cutting and filling
 Road construction
 Steepen slopes
 Affect stability
HILL ROAD ALIGNMENT

 Drainage
 Several hill-side drains
 Adequate drainage facility
 Cross drainage
 Costly

 Alignment
 Minimum requirement of cross drains
HILL ROAD ALIGNMENT

 Geometric standard
 Different sets
 Gradient

 Curve

 Speed

 Influence
 Sightdistance
 Radius of curve

 Other features
HILL ROAD ALIGNMENT

 Geometric standard
 Route should enable
 Rulinggradient in most length
 Minimize
 Steep gradients
 Hair pin bends

 Needless rise and fall


HAIR PIN BEND
HILL ROAD ALIGNMENT

 Resisting length
 Length we are moving actually compared to
horizontal
 Should be as low as possible
 Keep ineffective rise and fall minimum
ENGINEERING SURVEYS FOR LOCATIONS

 Before finalizing highway alignment


 Engineering surveys are conducted
 Four stages
 Firstthree stages consider all possible alternate
alignments
 Fulfill various requirements
 Fourth stage for detailed survey of selected alignment
ENGINEERING SURVEYS FOR LOCATIONS

 Stages of engineering surveys


 Map study
 Reconnaissance

 Preliminary surveys

 Final location and detailed survey


ENGINEERING SURVEYS FOR LOCATIONS

 Map study
 Topographic maps
 Suggestion for likely road routes
 Survey of India
 15 to 30 meter contour interval
 Main features shown
 Rivers

 Hills

 Valleys
ENGINEERING SURVEYS FOR LOCATIONS

 Map study
 Careful observations
 Get idea of several possible alternate routes
 Further details can be studied at site later
 Locate probable alignment on map
 Alignment avoiding valleys, ponds, lakes
 Alignment crossing through a mountain pass
 While crossing a row of hills
ENGINEERING SURVEYS FOR LOCATIONS

 Map study
 Locate probable alignment on map (contd..)
 Bridge site for crossing rivers
 Avoid bending of river
 Suggest alternate routes for connecting two stations
 Keeping in view
 Ruling gradient
 Maximum permissible gradient
ENGINEERING SURVEYS FOR LOCATIONS

 Map study
 Drop a certain route
 Unavoidable obstructions
 Undesirable ground, en-route

 Gives rough guidance of routes to be further


surveyed
 In field
ENGINEERING SURVEYS FOR LOCATIONS

 Reconnaissance
 Examine general character of area
 Decide most feasible routes for detailed studies

 All relevant details not available in map are


collected
 Noted down
ENGINEERING SURVEYS FOR LOCATIONS

 Details collected
 Valleys,
ponds, lakes, marshy land, ridge, hills,
permanent structures, other obstructions
 Not available in map
 Approx. value of gradient, its length, radius of
curves of alternate alignments
 # and type of cross drainage structures, maximum
flood level, natural ground water level
 Along probable routes
ENGINEERING SURVEYS FOR LOCATIONS

 Details collected
 Soil type along routes from field identification tests,
observations of geological features
 Sources of construction materials, water, location of
stone quarries
 Hilly terrains
 Additional data
 Geological formations
 Rock types
Stable vs. unstable side of hill
 Dip of strata

 Seepage flow
ENGINEERING SURVEYS FOR LOCATIONS

 Details collected
 Rapid reconnaissance of the area
 Vast and difficult terrain
 Aerial survey

 Collected data
 Alignment proposed after map study
 May be altered and changed completely
 Few alternate alignments may be chosen for further
study
 Based on practical considerations observed at site
PRELIMINARY SURVEYS

 Objectives
 Surveyvarious alternate alignments proposed after
reconnaissance
 Collect
 Necessary physical information
 Details of topography

 Drainage

 Soil

 Compare different proposals


 In view of requirements of good alignment
PRELIMINARY SURVEYS

 Objectives
 Estimatequantity of earth work materials and other
construction aspects
 Work out cost of alternate proposals
 Finalize best alignment from all considerations
 Methods
 Conventional
 Equipment, Measurement, topographical data, soil
survey
 Modern rapid
 Aerial photographs
PRELIMINARY SURVEYS
 Conventional (Traffic survey)
 Details
# of lanes
 Road Width
 Pavement Design
 Economic analysis

 Volume count
 Classified

 O-Dsurvey
 Required data
 10-20 year periods
FINAL LOCATION AND DETAILED SURVEYS

 Alignment finalized at design office


 First locate on field by establishing centre line

 Next, detailed survey


 Carry out survey to collect necessary information
 Forpreparation of plans
 Construction details
FINAL LOCATION AND DETAILED SURVEYS
 Location
 Centre line is translated on ground during location
survey
 Theodolite/Total Station
 Location of centre line should follow
 Alignment finalized after preliminary surveys
 Majorand minor control points are established on
ground
 Centre pegs are driven
 Modification can be made in field
 If essential
FINAL LOCATION AND DETAILED SURVEYS

 Detailed survey
 Temporary benchmarks are fixed at intervals about
250 m
 All drainage and underpass structures
 Leveling work is required
 Vertical
alignment
 Earthwork calculations

 Drainage details
FATIGUE-RELATED ACCIDENTS ON RURAL
HIGHWAYS
&
THEIR MITIGATIONS
RUN-OFF-THE-ROAD ACCIDENT
HEAD-ON ACCIDENT
SHOULDER RUMBLE STRIP
SHOULDER RUMBLE STRIP
CENTERLINE RUMBLE STRIP
CENTERLINE RUMBLE STRIP
REST AREA
REST AREA

You might also like