HYDRAULICS

Energy and Head

Problem 1

A turbine is rated at 600 hp when the flows of the water through it is 0.61 m3/s. Assuming an efficiency
of 87%, what is the head acting in the turbine?

a.) 82.57 m c.) 97.45 m

b.) 90.68 m d.) 85.97 m

Solution:

Given: Power output = 600 hp

Efficiency, n = 87 %
600
Power input = 0.87 = 689,655 hp

Power input = 514,483 watts

Power input = 𝑄𝛾𝐻𝐸

514,483 = 0.61(9,810)𝐻𝐸
𝐻𝐸 = 85.97 𝑚

Problem 2

A standpipe 5 m in diameter and 10 m high is filled with water. Calculate the potential energy of the
water if the elevation datum is taken 2 m below the base of the standpipe.

a.) 14,372.21 kN-m c.) 13,843.23 kN-m

b.) 15,594.43 kN-m d.) 13,483.32 kN-m

Solution

𝑃𝐸 = 𝑊𝑧
𝑊 = 𝛾 × 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝜋
= 9.81 × 4 (5)2 (10)

𝑊 = 1,962.2 𝑘𝑁
𝑃𝐸 = 1,926.2 × 7
𝑃𝐸 = 13,483.32 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

Problem 3

Determine the kinetic energy flux of 0.02 m3/s of oil (sp. gr. = 0.85) discharging through a 50-mm
diameter nozzle.

a.) 912 watts c.) 811 watts

b.) 841 watts d.) 882 watts

Solution

Kinetic energy flux = Kinetic Energy per second = Power

Power, 𝑃 = 𝑄𝛾𝐸
𝑚3
𝑄 = 0.02
𝑠

𝑣2
𝐸=
2𝑔

𝑄 0.02
𝑣= =
𝐴 𝜋/4(0.05)2

𝑚
𝑣 = 10.186 𝑠

(10.186)2
𝐸= 2(9.81)
= 5.288 𝑚

𝑃 = 0.02(9.81 × 0.85)(5.288)
𝑃 = 882 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠

Problem 4

Neglecting air resistance, determine to what height a vertical jet of water could rise if projected with a
velocity of 20 m/s?

a.) 18.8 m c.) 21.3 m

b.) 19.6 m d.) 20.4 m

Solution

As the jet rises, its kinetic energy is transformed into potencial energy.

Neglecting air resistance:

𝐾𝐸 = 𝑃𝐸
1
2
𝑀𝑣 2 = 𝑊ℎ
1
2
𝑔𝑣 2 = 𝑊ℎ

𝑣2
ℎ = 2𝑔

(20)2
ℎ = 2(9.81) = 20.4 𝑚

Problem 5

Water is flowing in an open channel at a depth of 2 m and a velocity of 3 m/s. it flows down a chute into
another channel where the depth is 1 m and the velocity is 10 m/s. Neglecting friction, determine the
difference in elevation of channel floors.

a.) 3.11 m c.) 2.14 m

b.) 2.43 m d.) 3.64 m

Solution

Neglecting friction

(head lost):

𝐸1 = 𝐸2
𝑣1 2 𝑣2 2
2𝑔
+2+𝑧 = 2𝑔
+1

32 102
2(9.81)
+ 2 + 𝑧 = 2(9.81) + 1

𝑧 = 3.64 m

Fluid Flow

Problem 1

A trapezoidal irrigation canal is to be excavated in soil and lined with coarse gravel. The canal is to be
designed for a discharge of 200 cfs, and it will have slope of 0.0016. What should be the magnitude of
the cross-sectional area and hydraulic radius for the canal if it is to be designed so that erosion of the
canal will not occur? Choose a canal cross section that will satisfy the limitations.

a.) b = 9.55 ft and y = 4.35 ft c.) b = 8.67 ft and y = 4.57 ft

b.) b = 7.59 ft and y = 3.45 ft d.) b = 7.13 ft and y = 3.12 ft

Problem 2

Water flows at a depth of 10 cm with a velocity of 6 m/s in a rectangular channel. Is the flow subcritical
or supercritical? What is the alternate depth?

a.) Supercritical; 1.93 m c.) Subcritical; 1.29 m

b.) Subcritical; 0.89 m d.) Supercritical; 2.10 m

Problem 3

Estimate the discharge in the Moyie River near Eastport, Idaho, when the depth is 4 ft. Assume S0 =
0.0032 and n = 0.038.

a.) 1200 cfs c.) 1400 cfs

b.) 1300 cfs d.) 1500 cfs

Bernoulli

Problem 1

A fire pump delivers water through a 300-mm-diameter main to a hydrant to which is connected a cotton
rubber-lined fire hose 100 mm in diameter terminating to a 25 mm-diameter nozzle. The nozzle is 2.5 m
above the hydrant and 16 m above the pump. Assuming frictional losses of 3 m from the pump to the
hydrant, 2 m in the hydrant, 10 m from the hydrant to the base of nozzle, and the loss in the nozzle of 4%
of the velocity head in the jet, to what vertical height can be the jet be thrown if the gage pressure right
after the pump is 550 kPa?
a. 22.23 m c. 24.88 m
b. 24.102 m d. 23.412 m

Problem 2

A horizontal pipe gradually reduces from 300 mm diameter section to 100 mm diameter section. The
pressure at the 300 mm section is 100 kPa and at the 100 mm section is 70 kPa. If the flow rate is 15
liters/sec of water, compute the head lost between the two sections.

a. 3.761 m c. 4.327 m
b. 3. 337 m d. 2.872 m

Problem 3

A 20-hp suction pump operating at 70% efficiency draws water from a suction line whose diameter is 200
mm and discharges into air through a line whose diameter is 150 mm. The velocity in the 150 mm line is
3.6 m/s. If the pressure at point A in the suction pipe is 34 kPa below the atmosphere, where A is 1.8 m
below B on the 150 mm line, determine the maximum elevation above B to which water can be raised
assuming a head loss of 3 m due to friction.
a. 16.58 m c. 15.19 m
b. 12.54 m d. 10.12 m

Orifice

Problem 1

A circular water tank of 4m diameter contains 5m deep water. An orifice of 400mm diameter is
provided at its bottom. Find the time taken for water level fall from 5m to 2m. Take = 0.6
a. 61.9 seconds c. 67.9 seconds
b. 58.9 seconds d. 63.9 seconds
Problem 2

A hemispherical tank of 2 meters radius contains water up to a depth 1meter. Find the time taken to
discharge the tank completely through an orifice of 1000 mm2 provided at the bottom. Take = 0.62.

a. 13mins 43 secs c. 31mins 14 secs

b. 43mins 13 secs d. 14mins 31 secs

Problem 3

A tank 6m long and 1.5m wide is divided into two parts, so that area of one part is 7.2m 2and that
of the other is 1.8m2. The water level in the larger part is 3m higher than in the lower one. Find
the time taken for difference in water levels to reach 1m if the water flows through a submerged
orifice of 75mm diameter, in the partition. Assume coefficient of discharge for orifice as 0.6.
a.4.13mins c. 4.50mins
b. 2.15mins d. 3.00mins
Weir

Problem 1

A weir of 8m long is to be built across a rectangular channel to discharge a flow of 9m3 /s. If the
maximum depth of water on the upstream side of weir is to be 2m, what should be the height of the
weir ? Adopt Cd = 0.62.

a. 2.21m c. 1.28m
b. 2.43m d. 1.98m

Problem 2

Water is flowing over a Cippoletti weir of 4 meters long under a head of 1 meter. Compute the
discharge, if the coefficient of discharge for the weir is 0.6.

a.9.18m c. 8.28m
b. 9.83m d. 7.32m
Problem 3

An ogee weir 4 meters long has 500 mm head of water. Find the discharge over the weir, if Cd = 0.62.

a. 3120liters/s c. 3880liters/s
b. 2590liters/s d. 2110liters/s

Fluid Flow in Pipes

Problem 1

Water flows at a rate of 0.020m3/s from reservoir A to reservoir B through three concrete pipes
connected in series, as shown in the figure below. Find the difference in water surface elevations in the
reservoirs. Neglect minor losses.

a. 18.34m c. 14.98m
b. 15.66m d. 16.59m

Problem 2

Three concrete pipes are connected in series, as shown in the figure below. Determine the length of an
8-in diameter equivalent pipe.
a. 4876ft c. 5674ft
b. 4573ft d. 5979ft

Problem 3

The figure shows a looping pipe system. Pressure heads at points A and E are 70.0m and 46.0m,
respectively. Compute the flow rate of water through each branch of the loop. Assume C=120 for all
pipes.

a. 0.096m3/s c. 0.045m3/s
b. 0.070m3/s d. 0.055m3/s

Problem 4

A two-branch, commercial steel pipe system shown in the figure delivers 0.42m3/s of water at 5deg
celcius. The pressure at B is 22 kPa gage. What is the pressure at A? Neglect Minor losses.
a. 450kPa c. 540kPa
b. 405kPa d. 495kPa
Problem 5

Compute the friction head per 1000ft of pipe for laminar flow at Reynolds number 50,000 (the empirical
upper limit). Consider two situations, one where the fluid is water at 60deg F, the other where the fluid
is SAE10 oil at 150deg F (v=0.00016ft2/s). Pipe diameter is 2.0in.

a. water = 1.57 ft, oil = 275 ft c. water = 1.98 ft, oil = 312 ft
b. water = 2.87 ft, oil = 315 ft d. water = 1.67 ft, oil = 215 ft

Problem 6

If the diameter of a pipe is doubled, what effect does this have on the flow rate for a given head loss if
the flow is laminar?

a. decrease the flow rate by 16 c. decrease the flow rate by 8

b. increase the flow rate by 16 d. increase the flow rate by 8

Problem 7

A 6-in diameter pipe (f= 0.032) of length 110 ft connects two reservoirs whose water surface elevation
differ by 10ft. The pipe entrance if flush, and the discharge is submerged.

i. Compute for the flow rate.

a. 2.71ft3/s c. 0.71ft3/s
b. 1.71ft3/s d. 3.71ft3/s

ii. If the last 10ft of pipe were replaced with a conical diffuser with a cone angle of 10deg,
compute the flow rate.
a. 1.95ft3/s c. 2.45ft3/s
3
b. 2.05ft /s d. 1.84ft3/s
Power and Efficiency
Situation 1
A pump draws water from reservoir A and lifts it to reservoir B as shown in Figure 4-10. The loss
of head from A to 1 is 3 times the velocity head in the 150-mm pipe and the loss of head from 2
to B is 20 times the velocity head in the 100-mm pipe.

1. Compute the horsepower output of the pump.

a. 11.75 hp
b. 12.75 hp
c. 21.57 hp
d. 22.57 hp

2. If 15 hp is delivered to the pump, what would be the efficiency of the pump?

a. 99.66%
b. 87.66 %
c. 88.33 %
d. 78.33 %

Solution to No. 1:
Discharge, Q = 12 L/s
Q=0.012 m3/s

Velocity heads
𝑣2 8𝑄 2
=
2𝑔 𝜋2 𝑔𝐷 4
𝑣1 2 8(0.0122 )
=
2𝑔 𝜋2 (9.81)(0.154 )
= 0.0235m
𝑣2 2 2
8(0.012 )
=
2𝑔 𝜋2 (9.81)(0.14 )
= 0.119m

Head lost
𝑣1 2
HLA−1=3 × 2𝑔
= 3(0.0235) = 0.0705 m
𝑣2 2
HL2−B=20 × 2𝑔 = 20(0.119)=2.38 m

Energy equation between A and B

EA − HLA−1 + HA − HL2−B = EB
𝑣𝐴 2 𝑝𝐴 𝑣 2 𝑝𝐵
𝐵
( 2𝑔 𝛾
+ +zA ) − HLA−1 + HA − HL2−B = ( 2𝑔 + 𝛾 +zB )
(0+0+0) − 0.0705 + HA − 2.38 = (0+0+72)
HA=74.4505 m

Output power of the pump

P=QγHA=0.012(9810)(74.4505)
1 ℎ𝑝
P=8764.31Watts × (746 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠)
P=11.75 hp
Situation 2

A pump (Figure 4-07) takes water from a 200-mm suction pipe and delivers it to a 150-mm discharge
pipe in which the velocity is 2.5 m/s. At A in the suction pipe, the pressure is -40 kPa. At B in the
discharge pipe, which is 2.5 m above A, the pressure is 410 kPa.

1. What horsepower would have to be applied by the pump if there were no frictional losses?

a. 37.23 hp b. 38.23 hp

c. 27.83 hp d. 28.23 hp

2. If 35 hp is delivered to the pump, what would be the efficiency of the pump?

a. 80.66 % b. 70.66 %

c. 85.66 % d. 75.66 %

Solution to No. 1:

Discharge

Q=vBAB
1
Q=2.5[ 4 π(0.152)]

Q=0.0442 m3/s

Velocity heads
𝑣2 8𝑄 2
2𝑔
= 𝜋2 𝑔𝐷4

𝑣𝐴 2 8(0.04422 )
2𝑔
= 𝜋2 (9.81)(0.24 ) = 0.1009m

𝑣𝐵 2 8(0.04422 )
2𝑔
= 𝜋2 (9.81)(0.154 ) = 0.3189m

Neglecting head lost between A and B

EA+HA=EB
𝑣𝐴 2 𝑝𝐴 𝐵𝑣 2 𝑝𝐵
2𝑔 𝛾
+ +zA+HA= 2𝑔 + 𝛾 +zB

40 410
0.1009−9,81+0+HA=0.3189+9,81++2.5

HA=48.5896 m
Power delivered by the pump

Power=QγHA=0.0442(9810)(48.5896)
1 ℎ𝑝
Power=21 058.37 Watts×( )
746 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠

Power=28.23 hp

Solution to No. 2
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
Efficiency =
𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡

28.23ℎ𝑝
Efficiency = 35ℎ𝑝

Efficiency = 80.66 %

Situation 3

The 600-mm pipe shown in Figure 4-11 conducts water from reservoir A to a pressure turbine, which
discharges through another 600-mm pipe into tailrace B. The loss of head from A to 1 is 5 times the
velocity head in the pipe and the loss of head from 2 to B is 0.2 times the velocity head in the pipe.

If the discharge is 700 L/s, what power is being given up by the water to the turbine?

a. 587.35 hp

b. 348.53 hp

c. 357.53 hp

d. 537.35 hp

Solution to No.3

Discharge

Q=0.7 m3/s

Velocity heads
𝑣2 8𝑄 2
=
2𝑔 𝜋2 𝑔𝐷 4

𝑣1 2 𝑣2 2 8(0.72 )
= = = 0.3124m
2𝑔 2𝑔 𝜋2 (9.81)(0.64 )
Head lost
𝑣1 2
HLA−1= 5 × 2𝑔
= 5(0.3124) = 1.562 m

𝑣2 2
HL2−B= 0.2 × 2𝑔
= 0.2(0.3124)= 0.0625 m

Energy equation between A and B

EA − HLA−1 − HE − HL2−B = EB
𝑣𝐴 2 𝑝𝐴 𝑣 2 𝑝𝐵
𝐵
( 2𝑔
+ 𝛾
+zA ) − HLA−1 − HE − HL2−B = ( 2𝑔 + 𝛾 +zB )

(0+0+60)−1.562−HE−0.0625=(0+0+0)

HE=58.3755 m

Power given up by the water to the turbine

P=QγHE=0.7(9810)(58.3755)
1 ℎ𝑝
P=400 864.56 Watts × ( )
746 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠

P=537.35 hp