Topic 3

Flexure Design of Beam Sections

1
Case Review
𝒒 = 𝟔𝟎 𝒌𝑵/𝒎 𝒒 = 𝟔𝟎 𝒌𝑵/𝒎 select a structural steel beam of wide-flange
shape to support the loads.

𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑤 = 110 𝑀𝑃𝑎

A B
𝟒𝒎 𝟐𝒎 ∑𝐹𝑦 = 0 𝑅𝐴 − 𝑞 × 4𝑚 − 𝑞 × 2𝑚 + 𝑅𝐵 = 0
𝟏𝒎

188.6
∑𝑀𝐴 = 0 𝑞 4𝑚 2𝑚 + 𝑞 2𝑚 6𝑚 − 𝑅𝐵 7𝑚 = 0
𝑽
(𝐤𝐍)
𝑹𝑨 = 𝟏𝟖𝟖. 𝟔 𝒌𝑵 𝑹𝑩 = 𝟏𝟕𝟏. 𝟒 𝒌𝑵

𝑥1
−51.4
𝑉 = 𝑅𝐴 − 𝑞𝑥1 = 0
−171.4

𝑅𝐴 188.6 𝑘𝑁
𝑥1 = = = 3.14 𝑚
𝑞 60 𝑘𝑁 𝑚
𝒒𝒙𝟐𝟏
Goodno, B.J. and Gere, J. M. EX 5-7 𝑴𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝑹𝑨 𝒙𝟏 − = 𝟐𝟗𝟔. 𝟑 𝒌𝑵 ∙ 𝒎
𝟐 2
Case Review
Required section modulus:

𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 296.3 × 106 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚𝑚

𝑆= = = 2.694 × 106 𝑚𝑚3 = 2694 𝑐𝑚3
𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 110 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Trial beam: Now turn to Table

F-1 and select the lightest
wide-flange beam having a
section modulus greater than
2694 cm3. The lightest beam
that provides this section
modulus is HE 450A with S
=2896 cm3. This beam weighs
140 kg/m, or 1.373 kN/m.

3
Case Review
Now recalculate the reactions, maximum bending moment, and required section modulus
with the beam loaded by both the uniform load q and its own weight. Under these combined
loads the reactions are

𝒒𝒘 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟕𝟑 𝒌𝑵/𝒎
𝑹𝑨 = 𝟏𝟗𝟑. 𝟒 𝒌𝑵 𝑹𝑩 = 𝟏𝟕𝟔. 𝟐 𝒌𝑵

𝒒 = 𝟔𝟎 𝒌𝑵/𝒎 𝒒 = 𝟔𝟎 𝒌𝑵/𝒎 𝑅𝐴 188.6 𝑘𝑁

𝑥1 = = = 3.151 𝑚
𝑞 + 𝑞𝑤 60 + 1.373 𝑘𝑁 𝑚

A 𝒒 + 𝒒𝒘 𝒙𝟐𝟏
B 𝑴𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝑹𝑨 𝒙𝟏 − = 𝟑𝟎𝟒. 𝟕 𝒌𝑵 ∙ 𝒎
𝟐
𝟒𝒎 𝟏𝒎 𝟐𝒎

The new required section modulus:

𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 304.7 × 106 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚𝑚

𝑆= = = 2770 𝑐𝑚3 < 2896 𝑐𝑚3 (HE 450A ok)
𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 110 𝑀𝑃𝑎
4
How to design
𝑃𝑢
Geometries: section width, section height
𝑏 =? ℎ =?

Materials: concrete strength, steel strength

𝐿
𝑓𝑐′ =? 𝑓𝑦 =?
Reinforcements: tension? compression? both?

𝐴𝑠 =? 𝐴′𝑠 =?
𝑏
Bar arrangements and concrete cover: one layer?
two layers? three layers?

𝑑 =? 𝑑 ′ =?
𝑑

𝑑𝑡 =?
ℎ

Purpose: reduced design strength(provided moment)

can be equal or greater than design factored moment
(required moment)
𝜙𝑀𝑛 ≥ 𝑀𝑢
5
Estimating the Effective Depth of a Beam

For beams with one layer of tension reinforcement

𝑑 ≅ ℎ − 6.5 𝑐𝑚 ~7.5 𝑐𝑚 𝑏
𝑑′
For beams with two layer of tension reinforcement

𝑑
ℎ
𝑑 ≅ ℎ − 9 𝑐𝑚 ~10 𝑐𝑚

For beams with one layer of compression reinforcement

𝑑 ′ ≅ 6.5 𝑐𝑚 ~7.5 𝑐𝑚

6
Trial and Adjustment
𝑏 Try tension reinforcement in one layer : choose D25
𝑑 = 𝑑𝑡 = 43.46 𝑐𝑚
Try 2-D25 𝐴𝑠 = 2 × 5.067 = 10.134 𝑐𝑚2
𝑑
ℎ

𝜙𝑀𝑛 = 15.669 𝑡𝑓 ∙ 𝑚 < 𝑀𝑢 N.G.

𝜀𝑡 = 0.01869 > 0.005

Try 4-D25 𝐴𝑠 = 4 × 5.067 = 20.268 𝑐𝑚2

𝑴𝒖 = 𝟓𝟎 𝒕𝒇 ∙ 𝒎
𝜙𝑀𝑛 = 29.382 𝑡𝑓 ∙ 𝑚 < 𝑀𝑢 N.G.
Select
𝑏𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 2 × 4 + 2 × 1.27 + 7 × 2.54 = 28.32 𝑐𝑚
Geometries:
𝜀𝑡 = 0.00784 > 0.005
𝒃 = 𝟑𝟓 𝒄𝒎 𝒉 = 𝟓𝟎 𝒄𝒎
Try tension reinforcement in two layers :
Materials: 𝑑𝑡 = 43.46 𝑐𝑚
𝑑 = 40 𝑐𝑚
𝑓𝑐′ = 280 𝑘𝑔𝑓/𝑐𝑚 2
Try 8-D25
𝐴𝑠 = 8 × 5.067 = 40.536 𝑐𝑚2
𝑓𝑦 = 4200 𝑘𝑔𝑓/𝑐𝑚2
𝜙𝑀𝑛 = 34.713 𝑡𝑓 ∙ 𝑚 < 𝑀𝑢 N.G.
Stirrup: D13 𝑑𝑠 = 1.27 𝑐𝑚 𝜀𝑡 = 0.00247 < 0.005 N.G.7
′
Trial and Adjustment
𝑑
𝑏
Try tension reinforcement in two layers and
compression reinforcement in one layer :
𝑑 = 40 𝑐𝑚 𝑑𝑡 = 43.46 𝑐𝑚 𝑑 ′ = 6.54 𝑐𝑚
𝑑
ℎ

Try 8-D25 𝐴𝑠 = 8 × 5.067 = 40.536 𝑐𝑚2

Try 2-D25 𝐴′𝑠 = 2 × 5.067 = 10.134𝑐𝑚2
𝑴𝒖 = 𝟓𝟎 𝒕𝒇 ∙ 𝒎 𝜙𝑀𝑛 = 44.911 𝑡𝑓 ∙ 𝑚 < 𝑀𝑢 N.G.
Select 𝜀𝑡 = 0.00398 < 0.005 N.G.
Geometries: Try 8-D25 𝐴𝑠 = 8 × 5.067 = 40.536 𝑐𝑚2
𝒃 = 𝟑𝟓 𝒄𝒎 𝒉 = 𝟓𝟎 𝒄𝒎
Try 4-D25 𝐴′𝑠 = 4 × 5.067 = 20.268𝑐𝑚2
Materials:
𝜙𝑀𝑛 = 51.429 𝑡𝑓 ∙ 𝑚 ≥ 𝑀𝑢 O.K.
𝑓𝑐′ = 280 𝑘𝑔𝑓/𝑐𝑚2
𝑏𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 2 × 4 + 2 × 1.27 + 7 × 2.54 = 28.32 𝑐𝑚 O.K.
𝑓𝑦 = 4200 𝑘𝑔𝑓/𝑐𝑚2
𝜀𝑡 = 0.00575 > 0.005 O.K.
Stirrup: D13 𝑑𝑠 = 1.27 𝑐𝑚 8
Trial and Adjustment
𝑏 Try tension reinforcement in one layer : choose D25
𝑑 = 𝑑𝑡 = 63.46 𝑐𝑚

Try 2-D25 𝐴𝑠 = 2 × 5.067 = 10.134 𝑐𝑚2

𝑑
ℎ

𝜙𝑀𝑛 = 23.454 𝑡𝑓 ∙ 𝑚 < 𝑀𝑢 N.G.

Try 4-D25 𝐴𝑠 = 4 × 5.067 = 20.268 𝑐𝑚2

𝑴𝒖 = 𝟓𝟎 𝒕𝒇 ∙ 𝒎
𝜙𝑀𝑛 = 45.194 𝑡𝑓 ∙ 𝑚 < 𝑀𝑢 N.G.
Select
Geometries:
Try 6-D25 𝐴𝑠 = 6 × 5.067 = 30.402 𝑐𝑚2
𝒃 = 𝟒𝟎 𝒄𝒎 𝒉 = 𝟕𝟎 𝒄𝒎
Materials: 𝜙𝑀𝑛 = 65.223 𝑡𝑓 ∙ 𝑚 > 𝑀𝑢 O.K.
𝑓𝑐′ = 280 𝑘𝑔𝑓/𝑐𝑚2 𝑏𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 2 × 4 + 2 × 1.27 + 11 × 2.54 = 38.48 𝑐𝑚 O.K.
𝑓𝑦 = 4200 𝑘𝑔𝑓/𝑐𝑚2
𝜀𝑡 = 0.00906 > 0.004
Stirrup: D13 𝑑𝑠 = 1.27 𝑐𝑚 9
Minimum Areas of Longitudinal Reinforcement
(混凝土結構設計規範 9.6.1.2)

0.8 𝑓𝑐′ 14
𝐴𝑠 ≥ 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 , 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦

𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 0.8 𝑓𝑐′ 14

𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 ,
𝑏𝑤 𝑑 𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦
10
Design for Reinforced Section
(混凝土結構設計規範 9.3.3)

𝜀𝑡 ≥ 𝜀𝑡,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝜀𝑡𝑦 + 0.003 𝑓𝑐′ 𝜀𝑐𝑢

𝐴𝑠 ≤ 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.85𝛽1 𝑏𝑑
𝑓𝑦 𝜀𝑐𝑢 + 𝜀𝑦 + 0.003
11
Design for Reinforced Section
Given: 𝑀𝑢 𝑏 𝑑 𝑑𝑡 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑓𝑦 Restriction: 𝜺𝒕 ≥ 𝜺𝒕,𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝜺𝒕𝒚 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑
𝝆 ≤ 𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙
Find: 𝐴𝑠 𝐴′𝑠
𝑨𝒔 ≤ 𝑨𝒔,𝒎𝒂𝒙

𝝓𝑴𝒏,𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒅 ≥ 𝑴𝒖,𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅

For 𝒇𝒚 = 𝟒𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒌𝒈𝒇/𝒄𝒎𝟐
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎0.005 𝑏 3
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐴𝑠,0.005 = 𝑎0.005 = 𝛽1 𝑐0.005 = 𝛽1 𝑑
𝑓𝑦 8

𝑎0.005 1 𝐴𝑠,0.005 𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑛,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑀𝑛,0.005 = 𝐴𝑠,0.005 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 − = 𝐴𝑠,0.005 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 − ×
2 2 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏

𝝓𝑴𝒏,𝒎𝒂𝒙 ≥ 𝑴𝒖 Singly reinforced beam sections

𝝓𝑴𝒏,𝒎𝒂𝒙 < 𝑴𝒖 Doubly reinforced beam sections

12
Design for Singly Reinforced Section
Tension-controlled

𝑀𝑢 𝑎 1 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
= 𝑇𝑠 𝑑 − = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 − × Solve 𝑨𝒔
𝜙 2 2 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏

or 𝑀𝑢 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦2 2
= − 𝐴
𝜙𝑏𝑑 2 𝑏𝑑 2𝑏 2 𝑑 2 × 0.85𝑓𝑐 𝑠
′

𝑀𝑛 𝑀𝑢 𝑓𝑦
let 𝑅𝑛 = 2 = 𝑚= 𝑅𝑛 :flexural resistance factor
𝑏𝑑 𝜙𝑏𝑑 2 0.85𝑓𝑐′
𝑚 :material parameter
2𝑏𝑑 2𝑏 2𝑑2
𝐴2𝑠 − 𝐴 + 𝑅 =0
𝑚 𝑠 𝑚𝑓𝑦 𝑛

𝑏𝑑 2𝑚𝑅𝑛
𝐴𝑠 = 1− 1− Note: 𝜙 = 0.9
𝑚 𝑓𝑦
13
Example 3-1
A reinforced concrete beam section is subjected to a total factored moment
𝑀𝑢 = 30 𝑡𝑓 ∙ 𝑚 , including its self-weight. Design the section and select the
appropriate reinforcement at the tension and/or compression faces to carry the
required load.
Assume
Geometries: 𝑏 = 30 𝑐𝑚 ℎ = 50 𝑐𝑚
Materials: 𝑓𝑐′ = 420 𝑘𝑔𝑓/𝑐𝑚2 𝑓𝑦 = 4200 𝑘𝑔𝑓/𝑐𝑚2

Stirrup: D13 𝑑𝑠 = 1.27 𝑐𝑚

𝑑
ℎ

𝑴𝒖 = 𝟑𝟎 𝒕𝒇 ∙ 𝒎 14
Example 3-1
𝑏 Try tension reinforcement in one layer (singly reinforced
section) :

choose 𝑑 = 𝑑𝑡 = 43.5 𝑐𝑚
𝑑
ℎ

0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎0.005 𝑏
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐴𝑠,0.005 =
𝑓𝑦
0.85 × 420 × 0.75 × 0.375 × 43.5 × 30
= = 31.198 𝑐𝑚2
𝑴𝒖 = 𝟑𝟎 𝒕𝒇 ∙ 𝒎 4200

Assume 𝑎0.005
𝑀𝑛,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑀𝑛,0.005 = 𝐴𝑠,0.005 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 −
2
Geometries:
0.75 × 16.3125
𝑏 = 30 𝑐𝑚 ℎ = 50 𝑐𝑚 = 31.198 × 4200 × 43.5 − × 10−5
2
Materials: = 48.983 𝑡𝑓 ∙ 𝑚
𝑓𝑐′ = 420 𝑘𝑔𝑓/𝑐𝑚 2
𝝓𝑴𝒏,𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝝓𝑴𝒏,𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟓 = 𝟎. 𝟗 × 𝟒𝟖. 𝟗𝟖𝟑 = 𝟒𝟒. 𝟎𝟖𝟓 𝒕𝒇 ∙ 𝒎 > 𝑴𝒖
2
𝑓𝑦 = 4200 𝑘𝑔𝑓/𝑐𝑚
Try singly reinforced section
Stirrup: D13 𝑑𝑠 = 1.27 𝑐𝑚 15
Example 3-1
Assume tension-controlled section

𝑀𝑢 𝑎 1 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
= 𝑇𝑠 𝑑 − = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 − ×
𝜙 2 2 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏

30 1 𝐴𝑠 × 4200
= 𝐴𝑠 × 4200 × 43.5 − × × 10−5
0.9 2 0.85 × 420 × 30

𝐴2𝑠 − 221.939𝐴𝑠 + 4049.198 = 0

choose
𝟐 Note: D25 𝑑𝑏 = 2.54 𝑐𝑚, 𝐴𝑏 = 5.067 𝑐𝑚2
𝑨𝒔 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟕 𝒄𝒎 4-D25

Alternative method
𝑀𝑢 30 × 105
𝑅𝑛 = = = 58.719
𝜙𝑏𝑑 2 0.9 × 30 × 43.52
𝑏𝑑 2𝑚𝑅𝑛
𝐴𝑠 = 1− 1− = 20.058 𝑐𝑚2
𝑓𝑦 4200 𝑚 𝑓𝑦
𝑚= = = 11.765
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 0.85 × 420
16
Example 3-1
Select 4-D25 𝐴𝑠 = 4 × 5.067 = 20.268 𝑐𝑚2
𝑏 = 30𝑐𝑚
𝑑 = 43.46 𝑐𝑚

𝑑 = 43.46 𝑐𝑚 Check
ℎ = 50𝑐𝑚

𝜀𝑡 = 0.00930 > 0.005 O.K.

𝜙𝑀𝑛 = 30.253 𝑡𝑓 ∙ 𝑚 > 30 𝑡𝑓 ∙ 𝑚 = 𝑀𝑢 O.K.

𝑠 𝐴𝑠 = 20.268 𝑐𝑚2 > 5.09 𝑐𝑚2 = 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 O.K.

𝑠 = 30 − 2 × 4 − 2 × 1.27 − 4 × 2.54 /3 = 3.1𝑐𝑚 > 2.54 𝑐𝑚

O.K.
Note

0.8 𝑓𝑐′ 14
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑑, 𝑏𝑑 = 5.09 𝑐𝑚2
𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦

𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 1.0𝑑𝑏 , 2.5 𝑐𝑚, 1.33𝑑𝑖𝑎 = 2.54 𝑐𝑚

17
Design for Doubly Reinforced Section
𝑐 𝐴′𝑠 𝐴′𝑠

𝐴𝑠 𝐴𝑠1 𝐴𝑠2

𝐶𝑠 𝐶𝑠
𝑀𝑛 𝑀𝑛1 𝑀𝑛2
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐 𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐
𝐶𝑐 𝐶𝑐
𝑎 𝑎 𝑑 − 𝑑′
𝑑− 𝑑 − 𝑑′ 𝑑−
2 2

𝑇𝑠 𝑇𝑠1 𝑇𝑠2

18
Design for Doubly Reinforced Section
for 𝑓𝑦 = 4200 𝑘𝑔𝑓/𝑐𝑚2
𝜺𝒄𝒖 𝟑
choose 𝜺𝒔 = 𝜺𝒕𝒚 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓 𝒄= 𝒅= 𝒅
𝜺𝒄𝒖 + 𝜺𝒔 𝟖

𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦 = 4200 𝑘𝑔𝑓/𝑐𝑚2 𝜙 = 0.9

𝒄 − 𝒅′
′
𝒅 = 𝟔. 𝟓~𝟕. 𝟓 𝒄𝒎 𝜺′𝒔 = 𝜺𝒄𝒖 𝑓𝑠′ = 𝐸𝑠 𝜀𝑠′
𝒄

𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐 𝑀𝑛1 𝐶𝑐 = 𝑇𝑠1 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝛽1 𝑐𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑦

𝐶𝑐
𝑑−
𝑎 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′𝒄 𝜷𝟏 𝒄𝒃
2 𝑨𝒔𝟏 =
𝒇𝒚
𝐴𝑠1
𝑎
𝑇𝑠1 𝑀𝑛1 = 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝛽1 𝑐𝑏 𝑑 −
2

19
Design for Doubly Reinforced Section
𝑀𝑢
𝑀𝑛2 = 𝑀𝑛 − 𝑀𝑛1 = − 𝑀𝑛1
𝐴′𝑠 𝜙

𝑀𝑛2 = 𝐴𝑠2 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 − 𝑑′

𝐴𝑠2 𝑴𝒏𝟐
𝑨𝒔𝟐 =
𝒇𝒚 𝒅 − 𝒅 ′

𝐶𝑠 = 𝑇𝑠2
𝐶𝑠
𝑀𝑛2
𝐴′𝑠 𝑓𝑠′ − 0.85𝑓𝑐′ = 𝐴𝑠2 𝑓𝑦

𝑑 − 𝑑′ 𝑨𝒔𝟐 𝒇𝒚
𝑨′𝒔 =
𝒇′𝒔 − 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′𝒄

𝑇𝑠2
𝑨𝒔 = 𝑨𝒔𝟏 + 𝑨𝒔𝟐

20
Example 3-2
A reinforced concrete beam section is subjected to a total factored moment
𝑀𝑢 = 35 𝑡𝑓 ∙ 𝑚 , including its self-weight. Design the section and select the
appropriate reinforcement at the tension and/or compression faces to carry the
required load.
Assume
Geometries: 𝑏 = 30 𝑐𝑚 ℎ = 50 𝑐𝑚
Materials: 𝑓𝑐′ = 280 𝑘𝑔𝑓/𝑐𝑚2 𝑓𝑦 = 4200 𝑘𝑔𝑓/𝑐𝑚2

Stirrup: D13 𝑑𝑠 = 1.27 𝑐𝑚

𝑑
ℎ

𝑴𝒖 = 𝟑𝟓 𝒕𝒇 ∙ 𝒎 21
Example 3-2
𝑏 Try tension reinforcement in one layer (singly reinforced
section) :

choose 𝑑 = 𝑑𝑡 = 43.5 𝑐𝑚
𝑑
ℎ

0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎0.005 𝑏
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐴𝑠,0.005 =
𝑓𝑦
0.85 × 280 × 0.85 × 0.375 × 43.5 × 30
= = 23.572 𝑐𝑚2
𝑴𝒖 = 𝟑𝟓 𝒕𝒇 ∙ 𝒎 4200

𝑎0.005
Assume 𝑀𝑛,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑀𝑛,0.005 = 𝐴𝑠,0.005 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 −
2
Geometries: 0.85 × 16.3125
= 23.572 × 4200 × 43.5 − × 10−5
𝑏 = 30 𝑐𝑚 ℎ = 50 𝑐𝑚 2

Materials: = 36.202 𝑡𝑓 ∙ 𝑚
𝑓𝑐′ = 280 𝑘𝑔𝑓/𝑐𝑚2
𝝓𝑴𝒏,𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝝓𝑴𝒏,𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟓 = 𝟎. 𝟗 × 𝟑𝟔. 𝟐𝟎𝟐 = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟓𝟖𝟐 𝒕𝒇 ∙ 𝒎 < 𝑴𝒖
𝑓𝑦 = 4200 𝑘𝑔𝑓/𝑐𝑚2
Try doubly reinforced section
Stirrup: D13 𝑑𝑠 = 1.27 𝑐𝑚 22
Example 3-2
𝟑
choose 𝜺𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓 𝒄= 𝒅 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟑𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝒄𝒎𝟐
𝟖

𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦 = 4200 𝑘𝑔𝑓/𝑐𝑚2 𝜙 = 0.9

′
𝒄 − 𝒅′
𝒅 = 𝟔. 𝟓 𝒄𝒎 𝜺′𝒔 = 𝜺𝒄𝒖 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟖𝟎
𝒄

𝑓𝑠′ = 𝐸𝑠 𝜀𝑠′ = 3672 𝑘𝑔𝑓 𝑐𝑚2

𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐 𝑀𝑛1 𝐶𝑐 = 𝑇𝑠1 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝛽1 𝑐𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑦

𝐶𝑐
𝑎 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′𝒄 𝜷𝟏 𝒄𝒃
𝑑−
2 𝑨𝒔𝟏 = = 𝟐𝟑. 𝟓𝟕𝟐 𝒄𝒎𝟐
𝒇𝒚

𝑎
𝑇𝑠1 𝑀𝑛1 = 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝛽1 𝑐𝑏 𝑑 − = 36.202 𝑡𝑓 ∙ 𝑚
2 23
Example 3-2
35
𝐶𝑠 𝑀𝑛2 = 𝑀𝑛 − 𝑀𝑛1 = − 36.202 = 2.687 𝑡𝑓 ∙ 𝑚
𝑀𝑛2 0.9

𝑑 − 𝑑′ 𝑀𝑛2 = 𝐴𝑠2 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 − 𝑑 ′

𝑴𝒏𝟐
𝑨𝒔𝟐 = ′
= 𝟏. 𝟕𝟐𝟗 𝒄𝒎𝟐
𝒇𝒚 𝒅 − 𝒅
𝑇𝑠2
𝐶𝑠 = 𝑇𝑠2 𝐴′𝑠 𝑓𝑠′ − 0.85𝑓𝑐′ = 𝐴𝑠2 𝑓𝑦

𝑨𝒔𝟐 𝒇𝒚
𝑨′𝒔 = = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟏𝟓 𝒄𝒎𝟐
𝒇′𝒔 − 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′𝒄

𝑨𝒔 = 𝑨𝒔𝟏 + 𝑨𝒔𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓. 𝟑𝟎𝟏 𝒄𝒎𝟐 choose 5-D25

𝑨′𝒔 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟐𝟗 𝒄𝒎𝟐 2-D13

24
Note: D25 𝑑𝑏 = 2.54 𝑐𝑚, 𝐴𝑏 = 5.067 𝑐𝑚2 D13 𝑑𝑏 = 1.27 𝑐𝑚, 𝐴𝑏 = 1.267 𝑐𝑚2
Example 3-2
𝑑′ = 6.5 𝑐𝑚
Select 5-D25 𝐴𝑠 = 5 × 5.067 = 25.335 𝑐𝑚2
𝑏 = 30𝑐𝑚
2-D13 𝐴′𝑠 = 2 × 1.267 = 2.534 𝑐𝑚2

𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑 = 43.46 𝑐𝑚
𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑 = 43.46 𝑐𝑚 𝑑′ = 6.5 𝑐𝑚
ℎ = 50𝑐𝑚

Bar spacing limits

𝑠

Check
𝜀𝑡 = 0.00509 > 0.005 O.K. 0.8 𝑓𝑐′ 14
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑑, 𝑏𝑑 = 4.336 𝑐𝑚2
𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦
𝜙𝑀𝑛 = 35.092 𝑡𝑓 ∙ 𝑚 > 35 𝑡𝑓 ∙ 𝑚 = 𝑀𝑢 O.K.
𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 1.0𝑑𝑏 , 2.5 𝑐𝑚, 1.33𝑑𝑖𝑎 = 2.54 𝑐𝑚
2 2
𝐴𝑠 = 40.536 𝑐𝑚 > 4.336 𝑐𝑚 = 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 O.K.

30 − 2 × 4 − 2 × 1.27 − 5 × 2.54
𝑠= = 1.69𝑐𝑚 < 2.54 𝑐𝑚 N.G.
4 25
Example 3-2
𝑑′ = 6.5 𝑐𝑚
Select 4-D29 𝐴𝑠 = 4 × 6.469 = 25.876 𝑐𝑚2
𝑏 = 30𝑐𝑚
2-D13 𝐴′𝑠 = 2 × 1.267 = 2.534 𝑐𝑚2

𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑 = 43.295 𝑐𝑚
𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑 = 43.295 𝑐𝑚 𝑑′ = 6.5 𝑐𝑚
ℎ = 50𝑐𝑚

Bar spacing limits

𝑠

Check
𝜀𝑡 = 0.00489 < 0.005 N.G. 0.8 𝑓𝑐′ 14
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑑, 𝑏𝑑 = 4.33 𝑐𝑚2
𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦
𝜙𝑀𝑛 = 35.196 𝑡𝑓 ∙ 𝑚 > 35 𝑡𝑓 ∙ 𝑚 = 𝑀𝑢 O.K.
𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 1.0𝑑𝑏 , 2.5 𝑐𝑚, 1.33𝑑𝑖𝑎 = 2.87 𝑐𝑚
2 2
𝐴𝑠 = 25.876 𝑐𝑚 > 4.33 𝑐𝑚 = 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 O.K.

30 − 2 × 4 − 2 × 1.27 − 4 × 2.87
𝑠= = 2.66𝑐𝑚 < 2.87 𝑐𝑚 N.G.
3 26
Example 3-2
𝑑′ = 6.5 𝑐𝑚
Select 3-D36 𝐴𝑠 = 3 × 10.07 = 30.21 𝑐𝑚2
𝑏 = 30𝑐𝑚
2-D13 𝐴′𝑠 = 2 × 1.267 = 2.534 𝑐𝑚2

𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑 = 43.295 𝑐𝑚
𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑 = 42.94 𝑐𝑚 𝑑′ = 6.5 𝑐𝑚
ℎ = 50𝑐𝑚

Bar spacing limits

𝑠

Check
𝜀𝑡 = 0.00367 < 0.005 N.G. 0.8 𝑓𝑐′ 14
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑑, 𝑏𝑑 = 4.294 𝑐𝑚2
𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦
𝜙𝑀𝑛 = 34.901 𝑡𝑓 ∙ 𝑚 < 35 𝑡𝑓 ∙ 𝑚 = 𝑀𝑢 N.G.
𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 1.0𝑑𝑏 , 2.5 𝑐𝑚, 1.33𝑑𝑖𝑎 = 3.58 𝑐𝑚
2 2
𝐴𝑠 = 30.21 𝑐𝑚 > 4.294 𝑐𝑚 = 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 O.K.

30 − 2 × 4 − 2 × 1.27 − 3 × 3.58
𝑠= = 4.36𝑐𝑚 > 3.58 𝑐𝑚 O.K.
2 27
Example 3-2
𝑑′ = 6.5 𝑐𝑚
Select 5-D25 𝐴𝑠 = 5 × 5.067 = 25.335 𝑐𝑚2
𝑏 = 30𝑐𝑚
2-D13 𝐴′𝑠 = 2 × 1.267 = 2.534 𝑐𝑚2

𝑑2 = 36.54 𝑐𝑚
𝑑𝑡 = 43.46 𝑐𝑚
𝑑 = 40 𝑐𝑚
𝑑𝑡 = 43.46 𝑐𝑚 𝑑 = 40 𝑐𝑚
ℎ = 50𝑐𝑚

𝑑2 = 36.54 𝑐𝑚 𝑑′ = 6.5 𝑐𝑚

𝑠1 Bar spacing limits

𝑠2

Check
𝜀𝑡 = 0.00509 > 0.005 O.K. 0.8 𝑓𝑐′ 14
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑑, 𝑏𝑑 = 4 𝑐𝑚2
𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦
𝜙𝑀𝑛 = 31.778 𝑡𝑓 ∙ 𝑚 < 35 𝑡𝑓 ∙ 𝑚 = 𝑀𝑢 N.G.
𝑠2,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 1.0𝑑𝑏 , 2.5 𝑐𝑚, 1.33𝑑𝑖𝑎 = 2.54 𝑐𝑚
𝐴𝑠 = 40.536 𝑐𝑚2 > 4 𝑐𝑚2 = 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 O.K.

𝑠1 = 43.46 − 36.54 − 2.54 = 4.38 𝑐𝑚 > 2.5𝑐𝑚 O.K.

30 − 2 × 4 − 2 × 1.27 − 3 × 2.54
𝑠2 = = 5.92𝑐𝑚 > 2.54 𝑐𝑚 O.K. 28
2
Example 3-2
𝑑′ = 6.54 𝑐𝑚
Select 6-D25 𝐴𝑠 = 6 × 5.067 = 30.402 𝑐𝑚2
𝑏 = 30𝑐𝑚
3-D25 𝐴′𝑠 = 3 × 5.067 = 15.201 𝑐𝑚2

𝑑2 = 36.54 𝑐𝑚
𝑑𝑡 = 43.46 𝑐𝑚
𝑑 = 40 𝑐𝑚
𝑑𝑡 = 43.46 𝑐𝑚 𝑑 = 40 𝑐𝑚
ℎ = 50𝑐𝑚

𝑑2 = 36.54 𝑐𝑚 𝑑′ = 6.54 𝑐𝑚

𝑠1 Bar spacing limits

𝑠2

Check
𝜀𝑡 = 0.00655 > 0.005 O.K. 0.8 𝑓𝑐′ 14
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑑, 𝑏𝑑 = 4 𝑐𝑚2
𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦
𝜙𝑀𝑛 = 38.978 𝑡𝑓 ∙ 𝑚 > 35 𝑡𝑓 ∙ 𝑚 = 𝑀𝑢 O.K.
𝑠2,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 1.0𝑑𝑏 , 2.5 𝑐𝑚, 1.33𝑑𝑖𝑎 = 2.54 𝑐𝑚
𝐴𝑠 = 30.402 𝑐𝑚2 > 4 𝑐𝑚2 = 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 O.K.

𝑠1 = 43.46 − 36.54 − 2.54 = 4.38 𝑐𝑚 > 2.5𝑐𝑚 O.K.

30 − 2 × 4 − 2 × 1.27 − 3 × 2.54
𝑠2 = = 5.92𝑐𝑚 > 2.54 𝑐𝑚 O.K. 29
2
References
1. Darwin, D. and Dolan, C.W., Design of Concrete Structures, Sixteenth Edition, McGraw-Hill, 2021.

2. Wight, J.K., Reinforced Concrete: Mechanics and Design, Eighth Edition, Pearson Prentice Hall,
2021.

3. Wight, J.K. and MacGregor, J.G., Reinforced Concrete: Mechanics and Design, Seventh Edition,
Pearson Prentice Hall, 2016.

4. McCormac, J.C. and Brown, R.H., Design of Reinforced Concrete, Ninth Edition, John Wiley &
Sons, 2014.

5. Wang, C.K., Salmon, C.G. and Pincheira, J.A., Reinforced Concrete Design, Seventh Edition, John
Wiley & Sons, 2007.

6. Nilson, A.H., Darwin, D. and Dolan, C.W., Design of Concrete Structures, Fourteenth Edition,
McGraw-Hill, 2010.

7. Nawy, E.G. , Reinforced Concrete A Fundamental Approach. Fifth Edition, Pearson Prentice
Hall, 2005

8. 內政部國土管理署，「建築物混凝土結構設計規範」，民國112年

9. 內政部國土管理署，「建築技術規則」，民國112年 30