Women empowerment

Introduction
Women's empowerment is the process in which women elaborate and
recreate what it is that they can be, do, and accomplish in a circumstance
that they previously were denied.[1][2] Empowerment can be defined in many
ways, however, when talking about women's empowerment, empowerment
means accepting and allowing people (women) who are on the outside of
the decision-making process into it. “This puts a strong emphasis on
participation in political structures and formal decision-making and, in the
economic sphere, on the ability to obtain an income that enables
participation in economic decision-making.”[3] Empowerment is the process
that creates power in individuals over their own lives, society, and in their
communities. People are empowered when they are able to access the
opportunities available to them without limitations and restrictions such as
in education, profession and lifestyle. Feeling entitled to make your own
decisions creates a sense of empowerment. Empowerment includes the
action of raising the status of women through education, raising awareness,
literacy, and training. Women's empowerment is all about equipping and
allowing women to make life-determining decisions through the different
problems in society.[4]
Alternatively, it is the process for women to redefine gender roles that
allows for them to acquire the ability to choose between known alternatives
whom have otherwise been restricted from such an ability. [1] There are
several principles defining women's empowerment such as, for one to be
empowered, they must come from a position of disempowerment.
Furthermore, one must acquire empowerment themselves rather than have
it given to them by an external party. Other studies have found that
empowerment definitions entail people having the capability to make
important decisions in their lives while also being able to act on them.
Lastly, empowerment and disempowerment is relative to other at a
previous time; therefore, empowerment is a process, not a product. [2]
Women empowerment has become a significant topic of discussion
in development and economics. It can also point to the approaches
regarding other trivialized genders in a particular political or social context.
Women's economic empowerment refers to the ability for women to enjoy
their right to control and benefit from the resources, assets, income and
their own time, as well as the ability to manage risk and improve their
economic status and well being.[5]
One key factor for the gap in implementation of laws and policies to address
discrimination,economic disadvantages, and violence against women at the
community level is the largelypatriarchal structure that governs the community and
households in much of India. As such, womenand girls have restricted mobility,
access to education, access to health facilities, and lower decision-making power,
and experience higher rates of violence. Political participation is also hindered at
thePanchayat (local governing bodies) level and at the state and national levels,
despite existingreservations for women.The impact of patriarchal structure can be
seen in rural and urban India, although Womens empowerment in rural India is
much less visible than in urban areas. This is of particular concern,since much of
India is rural despite the high rate of urbanization and expansion of cities.
Ruralwomen, as opposed to women in urban settings, face inequality at much
higher rates, and in allspheres of life. Urban women and, in particular, urban
educated women enjoy relatively higheraccess to economic opportunities, health
and education, and experience less domestic violence.Women (both urban and
rural) who have some level of education have higher decision-making power in
the household and the direct implication on maternal mortality rates, and nutrition
and health indicators among children.
Social divisions among urban women also have a similar impact on empowerment
indicators. Upper class and educated women have better access to health,
education, and economic opportunities, whereas lower class, less educated
women in urban settings enjoy these rights significantly less. Due to rapid
urbanization and lack of economic opportunities in other parts of the country,
cities also house sprawling slum areas. Slums are informal sprawls, and most times
lack basic services such as clean water, sanitation, and health facilities.
Additionally, slum dwellers mostly work in unorganized and informal
sectors, making them vulnerable to raids by the state, abuse by employers,
and other forms of security. In addition to corruption and inadequate resources for
implementation of initiatives at thecommunity level, women‘s empowerment in
India is negatively impacted by the pervasive discrimination of women in the family and
the community. Discrimination against women in most parts of India (particularly the
north) emerges from the social and religious construct of women‘s role and their
status. As such, in many parts of India, women are considered to be less than
men ,occupying a lower status in the family and community, which consequentially restricts
equal opportunity in women and girls‘ access to education, economic possibilities, and
mobility .Discrimination also limits women‘s choices and freedom. These choices
are further dependent on structural factors like caste and class .Empowerment for
women in India requires a crosscutting approach and one which addresses the
diversity of social structures that govern women‘s lives. Identity politics in India is
a very critical political instrument, which is both used and abused throughout
political and social institutions. There are numerous social movements fighting for
the rights of the marginalized, such as the Dalit rights movement, the tribal rights
movement, etc. These movements have achieved many gains in assuring
representation of the traditionally marginalized communities into mainstream
society. Women‘s rights within these movements are largely unarticulated and thus
reinforce inequalities within the very structures from which they are demanding
inclusion. Empowerment approaches for women therefore is not only about
providing services, but also about recognizing their lived realities of multiple
layers of discrimination that hinder their access to services
women‘s security, decision making power, and mobility are three indicators for
women‘s empowerment. In India, and more so for rural and less educated women,
these three indicators are significantly low. only about one third of the women
interviewed took decisions on their own regarding household issues and their
health. Decision-making power among employed urban women was higher than
among rural and less educated women. The survey also found that older married
women had more decision-making power than the younger married women.
Younger women and girls experience an additional layer of discrimination as a
result of their age.
Data on women‘s mobility in India indicates the lack of choices women have, and
that urban and educated women have more mobility choices than rural women. The
data shows that about half the women interviewed had the freedom to go to the
market or a health facility alone. Seventy-nine percent of urban women from the
highest education brackets and only about 40 percent of rural women without
education were allowed to go to the market alone. Mobility restrictions for women are
dependent upon how the family and community view women‘s rights. They also,
however, are intrinsically dependent on the prevailing levels of violence against
women in the household and the community. Abuse and violence towards women
is predominantly perpetrated within the household, and marital violence is among
the most accepted by both men and women. Wife beating, slapping, rape, dowry
related deaths, feudal violence towards tribal and lower caste women, trafficking,
sexual abuse, and street violence permeate the Indian social fabric, and create one
of the most serious obstacles in achieving women‘s empowerment. The gap in
policy and practice in women‘s empowerment is most visible when it comes to the
level and kinds of violence women face in India. Despite the policies, laws and
initiatives by civil society institutions, violence against women in India is widespread and the
consequences for perpetrators rarely match the crime. Enforcement of laws and
sentencing of perpetrators are long and arduous processes, and the gaps in these
processes are further widened by corruption.Another gap in implementing laws and
policies on violence against women is the inaccessibility of information on victims'
rights among rural and less educated women. Additionally,social stigma and the
fear of abandonment by the family play a big role in women and girls‘ ability
or inability to access laws and policies to address sexual and physical violence
Women‘s security, decision making power, and mobility are three indicators for
women‘s empowerment. In India, and more so for rural and less educated women,
these three indicators are significantly low.
only about one third of the women interviewed took decisions on their own
regarding household issues and their health. Decision-making power among
employed urban women was higher than among rural and less educated women.
The survey also found that older married women had more decision-making power
than the younger married women. Younger women and girls experience an
additional layer of discrimination as a result of their age. Data on women‘s
mobility in India indicates the lack of choices women have, and that urban and
educated women have more mobility choices than rural women. The data shows
that about half the women interviewed had the freedom to go to the market or a
health facility alone. Seventy-nine percent of urban women from the highest
education brackets and only about 40 percent of rural women without education
were allowed to go to the market alone. Mobility restrictions for women are dependent
upon how the family and community view women‘s rights. They also, however, are
intrinsically dependent on the prevailing levels of violence against women in the
household and the community. Abuse and violence towards women is
predominantly perpetrated within the household, and marital violence is among
the most accepted by both men and women. Wife beating, slapping, rape, dowry
related deaths, feudal violence towards tribal and lower caste women, trafficking,
sexual abuse, and street violence permeate the Indian social fabric, and create one
of the most serious obstacles in achieving women‘s empowerment.The gap in
policy and practice in women‘s empowerment is most visible when it comes to the
level and kinds of violence women face in India. Despite the policies, laws and
initiatives by civil society institutions, violence against women in India is widespread and the
consequences for perpetrators rarely match the crime. Enforcement of laws and
sentencing of perpetrators are long and arduous processes, and the gaps in these
processes are further widened by corruption .Another gap in implementing laws and
policies on violence against women is the inaccessibility of information on victims'
rights among rural and less educated women. Additionally, social stigma and the
fear of abandonment by the family play a big role in women and girls‘ ability
or inability to access laws and policies to address sexual and physical violence.

2. OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY

2.1 OBJECTIVES
The principle of gender equality is enshrined in the Indian Constitution in its
Preamble, Fundamental Rights, Fundamental Duties and Directive Principles
.
The Constitution not only grants equality to women, but also empowers the State to
adopt measures of positive discrimination in favour of women. The goal is to bring about
the advancement, development and empowerment of women. Specifically, the objectives
include..Creating an environment through positive economic and social policies for full
development of women to enable them to realize their full potential. The de-jure and
de-facto enjoyment of all human rights and fundamental freedom by women on equal basis
with men in all spheres- political, economic, social, cultural and civil Equal access to
participation and decision making of women in social, political and economic life of the
nation Equal access to women to health care, quality education at all levels, career
and vocational guidance, employment, equal remuneration, occupational health
and safety, social security and public office etc .Strengthening legal systems aimed
at elimination of all forms of discrimination against women Changing societal attitudes
and community practices by active participation and involvement of both men and women.
Mainstreaming a gender perspective in the development process. Elimination of
discrimination and all forms of violence against women and the girl child.

2.2 SCOPE
Mainstreaming the gender perspective is essential to achieve parity between men
andwomen where mainstreaming is a process of assessing the implications for
women and men inrespect of any planned action in all areas and at all levels.
2.2.1 WOMEN'S RIGHTS AND SECURITY IN INDIA
Women’s Rights:
Policies relating to women's rights have had a positive trajectory in the past few decades with
the central government articulating many progressive measures to advance gender equality in
social, economic, and political arenas. The Government of India (GoI) has two
main bodies to advance gender equality: the Ministry of Women and Child Development and
the National Commission for Women, which is an autonomous organization under
the Ministry of Women and Child Development. Both bodies work on national- and state-
level legal and social policies to advance gender equality. The Ministry has widely
implemented local-level micro-finance schemes to advance economic opportunities
for rural women. The National Commission for Women has been instrumental in
creating legislative changes, and has set up Complaint and Investigate Cells at the
state level. The Grievance Cells receive complaints of gender-based violence and
are mandated to investigate, provide referrals and counseling, and ultimately report
on such cases. With a vibrant women‘s rights movement in India, there
are continuous demands for better laws, provisions, and accountability for
implementation. Most recent examples include the change in India‘s rape laws, where in
2006 marital rape was recognized. Currently, women‘s rights activists are
demanding better provisions in Sections 375 and 376 of the Indian Penal Code.
Since then, there
have been multiple challenges by the women‘s movement leading to small but
significant amendments. The 2005 Domestic Violence Act provides protection
from violence in the household from not only male perpetrators, but also female
perpetrators like mothers-in-law and other female members in extended families.
There also have been gains in women's inheritance rights, yet challenges remain in
implementation. Social biases and lack of enforcement continue to hinder the full
realization of Indian inheritance laws. Inheritance laws and property distribution
fall under the Hindu and Muslim personal laws, both of which exempt agricultural
land. For a country with a predominantly
agro based economy, women‘s inability to inherit agricultural land exacerbates fem
inization of poverty and neglects women‘s welfare. Like all other spheres of social
change in India, there is an undeniable gap between policy and practice. More
notably, the deeply entrenched social hierarchies based on class, caste, ethnic, and
communal divisions leave many communities on the margins with little knowledge
of their rights and even less protection from local, state, and national governmental
policies .Inequality between men and women runs across the board, including in
education, economic opportunities, representation in governance, and other state
and private institutions. Additionally ,women in India face high rates of violence

some of the constitutional rights given to women are

The rights and safeguards enshrined in the constitution for women in India are
listed below:

1. The state shall not discriminate against any citizen of India on the ground
of sex [Article 15(1)].
2. The state is empowered to make any special provision for women. In other
words, this provision enables the state to make affirmative discrimination in
favour of women [Article 15(3)].
3. No citizen shall be discriminated against or be ineligible for any
employment or office under the state on the ground of sex [Article 16(2)].
4. Traffic in human beings and forced labour are prohibited [Article 23(1)].
5. The state to secure for men and women equally the right to an adequate
means of livelihood [Article 39(a)].

Security rights given to women

It is very true that women in India are given a place of Goddess Lakshmi in the Indian society
however we also cannot ignore the negative aspect of women position in India. Every day and every
minute some women of all walks of life (a mother, a sister, a wife, young girls, and girl baby children)
are getting harassed, molested, assaulted, and violated at various places all over the country. Areas
like streets, public spaces, public transport, etc have been the territory of women hunters. Girl
students studying in the schools or colleges have to shield themselves through books or bags or
they have to wear clothes which can cover them completely. In some cases a girl child is sale by her
parents just to earn some money. Girls generally face acid attacks on the streets and kidnapping for
the sex purpose by strangers. According to the statistics, it is found that a woman is raped in India
every 20 minutes. In the rural areas, women are still being raped by a family member, beaten by
husbands or parents-in-law, burned for dowry, and so many cases. Nirbhaya gang-rape in the
national capital of India was a dreadful event which can never be forgotten. Woman covers almost
half population of the country so they are half participants in the growth and development of India.
We are running in the 21st century, an advanced era however it is very shame to say about the
doubtful safety of woman in India.

The multiple forms of violence experienced in the household, at

the community level, and in some instances by the state, threaten
women‘s security in India. In many parts of North India son preference
is a widely practiced phenomenon. Son preference has direct linkages to
sex-selective abortion (illegal across India; however, enforcement by
both police and some doctors is still lacking),and discrimination of girl
children in access to health, nutrition. Dowry related deaths, domestic
violence, gang rape of lower caste women by upper caste men, and physical
violence by the police towards tribal women all contribute to women‘s insecurity
in India. The class and caste structure inadvertently put poor women from lower
class and tribal communities at the most risk of violence. Class and caste divisions
also create grave challenges to poor, lower caste, and tribal women in accessing
justice and retribution as victims and survivors of victims.

Womens economic opportunities in india

india is one of the world‘s fastest growing economies, with women mainly from
the middle class increasingly entering the workforce. Urban centres like Delhi and
Bangalore have seen an influx of young women from semi- urban and rural parts
of the country, living alone and redefining themselves.
However, the story of economic empowerment for women is not a singular
narrative; rather it is located in a complex set of caste, class, religious, and ethnic
identities. In rural India, women‘s economic opportunities remain restricted by
social, cultural, and religious barriers. Most notably inheritance laws embedded in
Hindu and Shariat civil codes continue to marginalize women in the household and
the larger community. Rural women, particularly of lower caste and class, have the
lowest literacy rates, and therefore do not have the capacity to negotiate pay or
contracts and most often engage in the unorganized sector, self-employment, or in
small scale industry. Self-help groups (SHGs) are awidely practiced model for
social and economic mobility by NGOs and the government. SHGs provide
women with the opportunity to manage loans and savings that can be used by
members for varying needs. SHGs also are used to promote social change among
the members and the community at large. Members of SHGs have used their
experiences as leverage to enter other local institutions such as the Panchayat khap

Women’s economic , social and cultural rights

The movement to assure women‘s economic, social, and cultural rights (ESCR) as
basic human rights is just emerging in India. The movement aims to locate
women‘s rights within the larger human rights framework, and by doing so moves
away from looking at women‘s issues only within the framework of
violence against women and reproductive rights. ESCR attempts to look at the
broader issues facing women ,namely poverty, housing, unemployment, education, water,
food security, trade, etc. While the human rights movement on ESCR is largely
contained at the international policy level ,there are emerging social movements
around the world. In the Indian context, projects like the Programme on
Women‘s Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (PWESCR), for example, is
creating linkages between the international human rights movement and the local
articulation of women‘s rights. PWESCR aims to build a women‘s rights
movement in India that creates equality in all spheres of women‘s lives. By
empowering women economically and socially, ESCR provides for a broader
discourse on rights that moves women‘s rights from a victim-centered approach to
one that cuts across other fundamental human rights issues .Women‘s economic
opportunity in India is a rapidly changing landscape. Women are increasingly
entering the workforce particularly women professionals and are creating change,
but there remains a large number of invisible women workers in unorganized and
volatile sectors.

Women in politics
The term 'political participation' has a very wide meaning. It is not only related to 'Right to
Vote', but simultaneously relates to participation in: decision-making process, political
activism, political consciousness, etc. Women in India participate in voting, run for public
offices and political parties at lower levels more than men. Political activism and voting are
the strongest areas of women's political participation. [1] To combat gender inequality in
politics, the Indian Government has instituted reservations for seats in local governments.
Women turnout during India's parliamentary general elections was 65.63%, compared to
67.09% turnout for men. India ranks 20th from the bottom in terms of representation of
women in Parliament.[2] The Constitution of India attempts to remove gender inequalities by
banning discrimination based on sex and class, prohibiting human trafficking and forced
labor, and reserving elected positions for women.
The Government of India directed state and local governments to promote equality by class
and gender including equal pay and free legal aid, humane working conditions and
maternity relief, rights to work and education and raising the standard of living

33% reservation for women

The Women‘s Bill in April 2010, which gives 33.3% reservation for women in all
levels of Indian politics, took 14 years after its introduction to finally pass by the
Rajya Sabha (the upper house of parliament).It is yet to be passed by the Lok
Sabha (the lower house of parliament). The reservation bill will ensure 181 outof
the 543 seats at the Parliament level, and 1,370 seats out of the 4,109 seats at the
State Assembly level. Thisis a historic move in the Indian political landscape, as
currently women occupy less than 10% of seats in thenational Parliament.

The Women‘s Bill will also significantly change the demographics of class and
caste among women politicians in leadership positions in the Indian political
structure. It will create a path for women from lower classes and castes (who are
currently confined to local-level governance) to enter state and national level
governments. In addition to the existing reservations for scheduled castes and
scheduled tribes, one third of the SC and ST candidates must be women. Other
Backward Class (OBC) members are not included in the reservation due to the
wide disagreement about who constitutes OBC and a lack of existing data on the
OBC population.

Women empowerment through SHG’S in Andhra Pradesh

The Government of Andhra Pradesh has taken up the theme of women’s
empowerment as one of the strategies to tackle the socio economic poverty. Self
Help movement through savings has been taken up as a mass movement by
women. a path chosen by them to shape their destiny for better. Development
Agenda of the State in the last few years placing the people, especially women in
the fore -front has enabled formation of a large number of Self Help Groups
(SHGs)throughout the State and majority of women are saving one rupee a day
SHG’S – A Movement in Andhra Pradesh
There are about 4.65 lakhs women SHGs in Andhra Pradesh covering nearly 61.70
lakhs poor women. Andhra Pradesh alone has about half of SHGs organized in the
Country. The SHGs are also popularly called DWCRA Groups, ant this name
became popular after the DWCRA programme (Development of Women
and Children in Rural Areas) through which women’s groups were assisted
initially. The SHGs are not only resorting to thrift but also are taking small loans
out of the corpus available with the group. The group corpus conists of savings,
government assistance and also bank loan. Members use the loan out of group
corpus for their personal needs initially.

Impact of SHG’S
Various organisations evaluated SHGs. NGOs universities, National Bank for
Agricultural& Rural Development (NABARD) and ORG-Marg. Some of the
salient features are.
98% of the members make savings regularly as the norms prescribed by the
groups.
All the groups meet at least once in a month to discuss various social issues
related to theirday to day life.
98% of eligible members adopt small family norms.
100% children of SHG members are able to access immunization services
against the 6diseases.
30% of the members have access to safe cooking fuels (LPG) under the
Government promoted scheme popularly known as―DEE PAM
80% of the total SHGs have accessed financial assistance from banks and
repayment is98%.
10,000 SHG members were elected to the local bodies
Members are engaged in 450 varieties of income generating activities.
Additional family incomes to member range from Rs.1000-3000 per annum
depending onthe income generating activities.
Increase in self confidence and self esteem
Increase in awareness levels about the society and community. Voluntary
participation in community activities like laying roads, planting trees conserving
environment, construction of water harvesting structures, donations to the victims of
natural calamities helping toreduce crime against girls & women, campaign
against eradication of social evils like dowry, child marriages, untouchability,
AIDS, rescue and rehabilitation of orphaned children, counseling adolescent girls,
support to widows and destitutes are a few to mention.SHG members learning
from the past experiences are walking through the present are marching ahead for a
bright future.
Key outcomes
While this is a continuous and evolving process, these poor women’s group have
made a variety of gains in a number of spheres.

Child marriage, Trafficking of women and children

Women‘s groups have been able to prevent over 5000 child marriages. A study by
the Center for Economic and Social Studies in Hyderabad finds that the incidence
of child marriage has declined among project participants.
Child Labor
In a bid to reduce child labor, new residential schools have been set up in six
districts to provide quality education to girl child laborers. Over 40,000 girls are
now enrolled in these schools .According to an impact evaluation, these schools
have outperformed other public schools in terms of regular attendance, academic
results and facilities provided to students, leading to a fall in the dropout rate
from 14.8% in 2001 to 4.3% in 2005-2006

Exploitative social practices

Groups have achieved considerable success in eradicating exploitative social
practices such as the ―jogini‖ (temple concubine) system. Says a Community
Activist, from Mahabubnagar District:―I was made a
jogini when I was eleven years old by my parents. Joining the SHG gave meconfid
ence and, despite opposition, I got married to lead a normal life. There are still
thousandsof joginis still operating in and around my community, whom we are tryi
ng to rehabilitate. As thechildren of these jogini mothers are considered
illegitimate by the village, we are going to conduct DNA tests for four thousand of
them to determine who their father is and ask them for support. We want to ensure
that these children are proud of their mothers and lead a normal life.

Gender Violence
Women’s group discuss some sensitive issues such as gender violence, and make
special efforts to identify victims and help them to start new livelihoods

Food security
 The project has helped to improve food security of the poor. Over half a million
households in six districts have benefited from access to food grains and other
essential commodities of good quality at relatively lower prices, provided on a
credit basis. Destitute women, especially elderly widows, are being helped by a
special program through which community members contribute a fistful of
rice to a common pool which is then distributed among these women

Health insurance for poor

Over 21,000 households have been covered with health insurance on a pilot basis.
The community managed risk fund aims to provide quick financial support to meet
families‘ health expenditure, including during emergencies. 1.2 million women
SHG members have purchased life insurance cover

Disabled persons
Over 160,000 disabled persons have been mobilized into some 17,500 SHG’S and
have received support to start new livelihoods

Land access for the poor and tribals

The project has facilitated the resolution of several land issues affecting the poor
including the restoration of illegally occupied land. Para legals have been trained,
and efforts are on to establish land rights center for tribal areas in association
with the Law College at Hyderabad and organize lok adalats

Economic empowerment
Social empowerment issues have become the basis for the subsequent economic
empowerment of women. The program enables women‘s organizations to develop
the skills to negotiate with market institutions and develop other financial services
Need of women empowerment
Our constitution, in its Fundamental Rights, has provisions for equality, social
justice andprotection of women. These goals are yet to be
realized. Women continue to bediscriminated, exploited and exposed to
inequalities at various levels.
By empowerment women would be able to develop self
– esteem and confidence, realize their potential and enhance their
collective bargaining power.
Women empowerment can be viewed as a contribution of several inter- related andmutu
ally reinforcing competent.
Awareness building about women‘s situations ,discrimination, rights and
opportunities will act as a step towards gender equality.
Capacity building and skill development, especially the ability to plan, make
decisions, organize, manage and execute will enable to deal with people
and institutions in the course of business
Organizational plan
District rural development agency(DRDA)
DRDAs are established for effective implementation of anti-poverty programmes
in rural areas at the district level. It is an institution that acts as a delivery agency
to support and facilitate the development process. The role of the DRDA is to plan
for effective implementation of anti-poverty programmes; coordinating with other
agencies like Governmental, non-Governmental, technical and financial for
successful programme implementation. They enable the poor rural community to
participate in the decision making process

Objective
The primary objective of DRDA is to effectively manage the anti poverty
programmes to the ministry of rural development and interact effectively with
other agencies.
Duties of DRDA
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