CE 2210 Quiz Name: _______________________

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Table A.1  Properties of Plane Figures

1. Rectangle 6. Circle
y′ y y
x– A = bh
h bh 3
y = Ix =
2 12 r πd2
A = πr2 =
b hb 3 x 4
h x x = Iy = C
C 2 12 πr4 πd4
–y Ix = Iy = =
bh 3 hb 3 4 64
x′ I x′ = I y′ =
3 3
b d

2. Right Triangle 7. Hollow Circle

y
y′ y bh
−
A=
x 2 π 2
A = π ( R2 − r 2 ) =
(D − d 2 )
h bh 3 R 4
y = Ix = r
3 36 x π
C I x = I y = ( R4 − r 4 )
h b hb 3      4
x = Iy =
x
3 36 π
C −
y = (D4 − d 4 )
x′ bh 3 hb 3        64
I x′ = I y′ = d
b 12 12 D

3. Triangle 8. Parabola
y′
bh y′ y
a A= −
y 2 x h 2
y′ = x′
h bh 3 b2
y = Ix =
x− 3 36 x 2bh
h C A=
h (a + b) bh 2 −
y 3
x x = Iy = (a − ab + b 2 )
C − 3 36 x′ 3b 3h
y x = y =
3 b
x′ I = bh 8    5
x′
b 12 Zero slope

4. Trapezoid 9. Parabolic Spandrel

a
(a + b)h y′ y
A= −
x h 2
2 y′ = x′
b2
1  2a + b  Zero bh
h y =  h slope
h
A=
3 a + b  −
y
x
3
x C
C − x′
y h3 3b 3h
Ix = (a 2 + 4 ab + b 2 ) b x = y =
36(a + b) 4    10
b

5. Semicircle 10. General Spandrel

y′ y
πr2 −
h n
y, y′ A= x y′ = x′
2 bn
4r π 8  4 Zero
A=
bh
y = Ix =  − r
 8 9π 
h
slope n +1
C 3π − x
r x C y
−
y πr4 x′ n +1 n+1
x′
I x ′ = I y′ = x = b y = h
8 b n+2   4n + 2

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Fundamental Mechanics
Appendix
E
of Materials Equations
Common Greek letters Relationship between E, G, and ν
E
α Alpha µ Mu G =
2(1 + ν )
β Beta ν Nu
Definition of allowable stress
γ Gamma π Pi
σ τ
∆, δ Delta ρ Rho σ allow = failure or τ allow = failure
FS FS
ε Epsilon Σ, σ Sigma
Factor of safety
θ Theta τ Tau σ τ failure
κ Kappa φ Phi FS = failure or FS =
σ actual τ actual
λ Lambda ω Omega
Axial deformation
Basic definitions Deformation in axial members
Average normal stress in an axial member FL Fi Li
δ =   or   δ = ∑
F AE i A i Ei
σ avg = Force-temperature-deformation relationship
A
Average direct shear stress FL
V δ = + α ∆T L
τ avg = AE
AV
Average bearing stress
Torsion
F Maximum torsion shear stress in a circular shaft
σb = Tc
Ab τ max =
J
Average normal strain in an axial member where the polar moment of inertia J is defined as:
∆L δ π π
ε long = = J = [ R4 − r 4 ] = [ D4 − d 4 ]
L L 2 32
∆d ∆t ∆h
ε lat = or or Angle of twist in a circular shaft
d t h
TL Ti Li
Average normal strain caused by temperature change φ =   or   φ = ∑
JG i J i Gi
ε T = α ∆T
Power transmission in a shaft
Average shear strain P = Tω
π
γ = change in angle from rad Power units and conversion factors
2
1 N ⋅m 550 lb ⋅ ft 6,600 lb ⋅ in.
Hooke’s law (one-dimensional) 1W = 1 hp = =
s s s
σ = Eε   and  τ = Gγ 1 rev
1 Hz = 1 rev = 2π rad
Poisson’s ratio s
ε 2π rad
ν = − lat 1 rpm =
ε long 60 s

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Gear relationships between gears A and B Bending of curved bars

TA T M ( rn − r ) A
= B RAφ A = − RBφ B RAω A = RBω B σx = − where rn =
RA RB r A ( rc − rn ) dA
RA D N ∫r
Gear ratio = = A = A A
RB DB NB
Horizontal shear stress associated with bending
VQ
τH = where Q = Σ yi Ai
Six rules for constructing shear-force and It
­bending-moment diagrams Shear flow formula
Rule 1: ∆V = P0 VQ
q=
x2 I
Rule 2: ∆V = V2 − V1 = ∫x 1
w( x ) dx
Shear flow, fastener spacing, and fastener shear relationship
dV q s ≤ n f Vf = n f τ f Af
Rule 3: = w( x )
dx
x2
For circular cross sections,
Rule 4: ∆M = M 2 − M1 = ∫x1
V dx
Q=
2 3
r =
1 3
d   (solid sections)
dM 3 12
Rule 5: =V
2 3
dx Q= [ R − r 3 ] = 1 [ D 3 − d 3 ]   (hollow sections)
3 12
Rule 6: ∆M = − M 0

Beam deflections
Flexure Elastic curve relations between w, V, M, θ , and v for constant EI
Flexural strain and stress
1 E Deflection = v
εx = − y σx = − y
ρ ρ dv
Slope = = θ (for small deflections)
Flexure Formula dx
My Mc M I d2v
σx = −   or   σ max = = where S = Moment M = EI 2
Iz I S c dx
dM d3v
Transformed-section method for beams of two materials Shear V = = EI 3
dx dx
[where material (2) is transformed into an equivalent
dV d4v
amount of material (1)] Load w = = EI 4
E My My dx dx
n = 2    σ x1 = − σ x 2 = −n
E1 I transformed I transformed
Bending due to eccentric axial load Plane stress transformations
F My
σx = − y
A Iz t
Unsymmetric bending of arbitrary cross sections n
σt θ
 I z z − I yz y   − I y y + I yz z  τnt σn
σx =  2 
My +  2 
Mz τtn
 I y I z − I yz   I y I z − I yz  θ
or x
( M z I y + M y I yz ) y ( M y I z + M z I yz ) z τtn
σx = − + τnt
I y I z − I yz
2
I y I z − I yz
2
σn σt
M y I z + M z I yz
tan β =
M z I y + M y I yz Stresses on an arbitrary plane
Unsymmetric bending of symmetric cross sections σ n = σ x cos 2 θ + σ y sin 2 θ + 2τ xy sin θ cos θ
M y z Mz y M y Iz σ t = σ x sin 2 θ + σ y cos 2 θ − 2τ xy sin θ cos θ
σx = −    tan β =
Iy Iz Mz I y τ nt = − (σ x − σ y ) sin θ cos θ + τ xy (cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ )

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or Maximum in-plane shear strain

σx + σy σx − σy 2 2
σn = + cos 2θ + τ xy sin 2θ  εx − εy   γ xy 
2 2 γ max = ±2   +  or γ max = ε p1 − ε p 2
 2   2 
σx + σy σx − σy
σt = − cos 2θ − τ xy sin 2θ εx + εy
2 2 ε avg =
2
σx − σy
τ nt = − sin 2θ + τ xy cos 2θ Normal strain invariance
2
ε x + ε y = ε n + ε t = ε p1 + ε p 2
Principal stress magnitudes

σx + σy σx − σy 
2
Generalized Hooke’s law
σ p1, p 2 = ±   + τ xy
2
2  2 Normal stress/normal strain relationships
Orientation of principal planes 1
εx = [σ x − ν (σ y + σ z )]
2τ xy E
tan 2θ p = 1
σx − σy ε y = [σ y − ν (σ x + σ z )]
E
Maximum in-plane shear stress magnitude 1
ε z = [σ z − ν (σ x + σ y )]
2 E
σx − σy  σ p1 − σ p 2
τ max = ±   + τ xy
2
or τ max = E
 2  2 σx = [(1 − ν )ε x + ν (ε y + ε z )]
σx + σy (1 + ν )(1 − 2ν )
σ avg = E
2 σy = [(1 − ν )ε y + ν (ε x + ε z )]
(1 + ν )(1 − 2ν )
σx − σy E
tan 2θ s = − note: θ s = θ p ± 45° σz = [(1 − ν )ε z + ν (ε x + ε y )]
2τ xy (1 + ν )(1 − 2ν )
Absolute maximum shear stress magnitude Shear stress/shear strain relationships
σ − σ min
τ abs max = max 1 1 1
2 γ xy = τ xy ; γ yz = τ yz ; γ zx = τ zx
G G G
Normal stress invariance
where
σ x + σ y = σ n + σ t = σ p1 + σ p 2
E
G =
2(1 + ν )
Plane strain transformations
Strain in arbitrary directions Volumetric strain or Dilatation
ε n = ε x cos 2 θ + ε y sin 2 θ + γ xy sin θ cos θ ∆V 1 − 2ν
e= = εx + εy + εz = (σ x + σ y + σ z )
ε t = ε x sin θ + ε y cos θ − γ xy sin θ cos θ
2 2 V E
γ nt = −2(ε x − ε y ) sin θ cos θ + γ xy (cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ ) Bulk modulus
E
or K =
εx + εy εx − εy γ xy 3(1 − 2ν )
εn = + cos 2θ + sin 2θ Normal stress/normal strain relationships for plane stress
2 2 2
εx + εy εx − εy γ xy 1
εt = − cos 2θ − sin 2θ εx = (σ x − νσ y )
2 2 2 E
γ nt = − (ε x − ε y ) sin 2θ + γ xy cos 2θ 1 E
ε y = (σ y − νσ x ) σx = (ε x + νε y )
E   or   1 − ν2
Principal strain magnitudes ν E
ε z = − (σ x + σ y ) σy = (ε y + νε x )
2 2 E 1 − ν2
εx + εy  εx − εy   γ xy  ν
ε p1, p 2 = ±   +  εz = − (ε x + ε y )
2  2   2  1−ν
Orientation of principal strains Shear stress/shear strain relationships for plane stress
γ xy 1
tan 2θ p = γ xy = τ xy or τ xy = Gγ xy
εx − εy G

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Thin-walled pressure vessels Radial displacement for external pressure on solid cylinder
Tangential stress and strain in spherical pressure vessel (1 − ν ) po r
pr pd pr δr = −
σt = = εt = (1 − ν ) E
2t 4t 2t E
Contact pressure for interference fit connection of thick cylinder
Longitudinal and circumferential stresses in cylindrical pressure onto a thick cylinder
vessels
pr pd pr Eδ ( c 2 − b 2 )( b 2 − a 2 )
σ long = = ε long = (1 − 2ν ) pc =
2t 4t 2t E 2b 3 ( c 2 − a 2 )

pr pd pr Contact pressure for interference fit connection of thick cylinder

σ hoop = = ε hoop = (2 − ν ) onto a solid cylinder
t 2t 2t E
Eδ ( c 2 − b 2 )
pc =
Thick-walled pressure vessels 2bc 2
Radial stress in thick-walled cylinder
a 2 pi − b 2 po a 2 b 2 ( pi − po ) Failure theories
σr = −
b2 − a2 (b 2 − a 2 )r 2 Mises equivalent stress for plane stress
or
1/ 2 1/ 2
a2 p  b2  b2 p  a2  σ M = σ 2p1 − σ p1σ p 2 + σ 2p 2  = σ x2 − σ x σ y + σ y2 + 3τ xy
2

σ r = 2 i 2 1 − 2  − 2 o 2 1 − 2 
b −a  r  b −a  r 
Circumferential stress in thick-walled cylinder Column buckling
Euler buckling load
a 2 pi − b 2 po a 2 b 2 ( pi − po )
σθ = + π 2 EI
b2 − a2 (b 2 − a 2 )r 2 Pcr =
or ( KL )2
a 2 pi  b2  b2 p  a2  Euler buckling stress
σθ = 2 
1 + 2  − 2 o 2 1 + 2 
b −a 
2
r  b −a  r  π 2E
σ cr =
Maximum shear stress ( KL /r )2
1 a 2 b 2 ( pi − po ) Radius of gyration
τ max = (σ θ − σ r ) =
2 (b 2 − a 2 )r 2 I
Longitudinal normal stress in closed cylinder r2 =
A
a 2 pi − b 2 po
σ long = Secant formula
b2 − a2
Radial displacement for internal pressure only P ec  KL P 
σ max = 1 + 2 sec  
a 2 pi A r  2r EA  
δr = 2 [(1 − ν )r 2 + (1 + ν )b 2 ]
(b − a 2 )rE
Radial displacement for external pressure only
b 2 po
δr = − [(1 − ν )r 2 + (1 + ν )a 2 ]
(b − a 2 )rE
2

831
Simply Supported Beams

Beam Slope Deflection Elastic Curve

822
v
P Px
v=− (3 L2 − 4 x 2 )
2 3 48 EI
PL PL
  1 x θ1 = −θ 2 = − vmax = −
θ1 θ2 16 EI 48 EI L
vmax for 0 ≤ x ≤
L
— L
— 2
2 2

v
P Pb( L2 − b 2 )
θ1 = − Pa 2 b 2 Pbx 2
6 LEI v=− v=− (L − b2 − x 2 )
x 3 LEI 6 LEI
  2
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θ1 θ2
Pa( L2 − a 2 ) at x = a for 0 ≤ x ≤ a
a b θ2 = +
6 LEI
L

v ML2
ML vmax = −
θ1 = − 9 3 EI
M 3EI Mx
  3 x v=− (2 L2 − 3 Lx + x 2 )
θ2 ML 6 LEI
θ1 θ2 = +  3
6 EI at x = L  1 −
L  3 

v
w
wL3 5wL4 wx
  4 x θ1 = −θ 2 = − vmax = − v=− ( L3 − 2 Lx 2 + x 3 )
θ1 θ2 24 EI 384 EI 24 EI
vmax
L
— L
—
2 2

wx
v=− ( Lx 3 − 4 aLx 2 + 2a 2 x 2
v 24 LEI
w wa 2 + 4 a 2 L2 − 4 a 3 L + a 4 )
θ1 = − (2 L − a)2 wa 3
x 24 LEI v=− (4 L2 − 7aL + 3a 2 ) for 0 ≤ x ≤ a
  5 θ2 24 LEI
θ1 wa 2
wa 2 at x = a v=− (2 x 3 − 6 Lx 2 + a 2 x
a θ2 = + (2 L2 − a 2 ) 24 LEI
24 LEI
L + 4 L2 x − a 2 L )
for a ≤ x ≤ L
v 3
w0 7 w0 L
θ1 = − w0 L4
360 EI vmax = −0.00652 w0 x
  6 x EI v=− (7 L4 − 10 L2 x 2 + 3 x 4 )
θ1 360 LEI
θ2 w0 L3 at x = 0.5193 L
θ2 = +
L 45EI
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Cantilever Beams

Beam Slope Deflection Elastic Curve

v
P
PL2 PL3 Px 2
7 x θ max = − vmax = − v=− (3 L − x )
vmax 2 EI 3EI 6 EI
θmax
L
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v
Px 2 L
P v=− (3 L − 2 x ) for 0 ≤ x ≤
12 EI 2
PL2 5PL3
8 x θ max = − vmax = −
vmax 8 EI 48 EI PL2 L
L L v=− (6 x − L ) for ≤ x ≤ L
— — 48 EI 2
2 2 θmax

M
ML ML2 Mx 2
9 x θ max = − vmax = − v=−
v max EI 2 EI 2 EI
θ max
L

v
w
wL3 wL4 wx 2
10 x θ max = − vmax = − v=− (6 L2 − 4 Lx + x 2 )
vmax 6 EI 8 EI 24 EI
θmax
L

v w0

w0 L3 w0 L4 w0 x 2
11 x θ max = − vmax = − v=− (10 L3 − 10 L2 x + 5 Lx 2 − x 3 )
vmax 24 EI 30 EI 120 LEI
θmax
L

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