Chapter 5 standards for

multimedia communications
 5.1 Introduction
 5.2 reference models
 5.3 standards relating to interpersonal
communications
 5.4 Standards relating to interactive
applications over the internet
 5.5 standards for entertainment
applications
5.1 introduction
 In this chapter we present an overview
of the standards that have been defined
for use with multimedia communication
 A reference model is used for defined
the various standards
 A range of application-level standards have been defined
that are concerned with how the integrated information
streams associated with the various applications are
structured.
 Standards are necessary because it is essential that the
two or more items of equipment that are used for the
application interpret the integrated information stream in
the same way.
 • It is necessary also to ensure that both communicating
parties utilize the same standards for detecting the
presence of bit errors in the received information stream.
• Aspects of communication protocol:

 • Detecting the presence of bit errors in the received

information stream and requesting for retransmission.
 • The initiation and clearing of a communications session
between 2 communicating applications
 • The setting up and clearing of a connection through the
particular network being used.
 In this chapter, we present an overview of the standards
that have been defined for use with multimedia
communications.
 • A common framework known as a reference model is
used for defining the various standards.
5.2 reference models
 The standards associated with the three
types of application,show in figure5.1
 The functionality of each set of
standards is as follows:
 Application standards
 Network interface standards
 Internal network standards
• Functionality of set of standards:
 Application standards: provide users, through an
appropriate interface, with access to a range of
multimedia communication applications.
 • Network interface standards: different types of
network operate in different modes and each type of
network has a different set of standards for
interfacing to it.
 • Internal network standards: deal with the internal
operation of the network.
Figure5.1(a)
Figure 5.1(b)(c)
 In practice, associated with each standard is the set
of procedures that are to be used to perform the
particular function such as
 How to format the source information stream
 How to detect transmission errors
 How to handle errors
 For each function, both communicating parties must
adhere to the same set of procedures and
collectively these form the communications protocol
relating to that function.
 The implementation of a communication system is
based on a layered architecture.

 The protocol layers that normally used are based on

what is called the TCP/IP reference model.
5.2 reference models-5.2.1
 A reference model is simply a common framework for
defining the specific set of protocols to be used with a
particular application/network combination.
 The resulting set of protocols are then known as the
protocol stack for that application/network combination.
 Tcp/ip reference model (figure 5.2)
 Physical layer

 Link layer

 Network layer

 Transport layer

 Application layer
Figure 5.2
Why layering?
dealing with complex systems:
 explicit structure allows identification,
relationship of complex system’s pieces
 layered reference model for discussion
 modularization eases maintenance, updating of
system
 change of implementation of layer’s service
transparent to rest of system
 e.g., change in gate procedure doesn’t affect rest of
system

Introduction 1-13
Internet protocol stack
 application: supporting network
applications
 FTP, SMTP, HTTP application
 transport: process-process data
transfer transport
 TCP, UDP
network
 network: routing of datagrams
from source to destination
link
 IP, routing protocols
 link: data transfer between physical
neighboring network elements
 Ethernet, 802.111 (WiFi), PPP
 physical: bits “on the wire”
Introduction 1-14
ISO/OSI reference model
 presentation: allow applications
to interpret meaning of data, application
e.g., encryption, compression,
machine-specific conventions presentation
 session: synchronization, session
checkpointing, recovery of data transport
exchange
network
 Internet stack “missing” these
layers! link
 these services, if needed, must be physical
implemented in application
 needed?

Introduction 1-15
message M
source
application
Encapsulation
segment Ht M transport
datagram Hn Ht M network
frame Hl Hn Ht M link
physical
link
physical

switch

destination Hn Ht M network
M application Hl Hn Ht M link Hn Ht M
Ht M transport physical
Hn Ht M network
Hl Hn Ht M link router
physical

Introduction 1-16
5.2 reference models-5.2.2
 Protocol basics
 The protocol to be used at each layer is
chosen to meet the needs of a particular
application/network combination
 Protocol control information(PCI)
 Protocol data unit(PDU)
 Show figure 5.3
Figure 5.3(a)
Figure 5.3(b)
5.3 standards relating to
interpersonal communications-
5.3.1 circuit-mode networks

 Circuit-mode network is show in figure

5.4
 Network interface standard
 Transport layer
 Multiplexer / demultiplexer
 System control application
 Audio and video codecs
 Multipoint communications service(MCS)
Figure 5.4
Table 5.1
5.3 standards relating to
interpersonal communications-
5.3.1 circuit-mode networks-cont
 H.320
 The H.320 standard is intended for use in end
systems that support a range of multimedia
application over an ISDN
 Audio:G.711,G.722,G.728
 Video:H.261
 User data:T.120
 System control/call setup:Q.391
 Multiplexing:H.221
5.3 standards relating to
interpersonal communications-
5.3.1 circuit-mode networks-cont
 H.324
 Over bit rate switched networks such as a PSTN
 Video:H.261,H.263
 Audio:G.723.1,G.729
 User data:T.120
 Multiplexing
 Total channel bandwidth is divided into a number of
separate logical channels
 Bit-oriented protocol ,the principles of which are shown
in figure 5.5
Figure 5.5
5.3 standards relating to
interpersonal communications-
5.3.1 circuit-mode networks-cont
 Adaptation
 In order to allow for the possibility of
transmission errors being present in the
received byte stream associated with each
logical channel
 The adaptation layer supports three difference
schemes-AL1,2 and 3
 Multipoint conferencing:H.324
 System control :h.245 is concerned with
the overall control of the end system
5.3 standards relating to
interpersonal communications-
5.3.1 circuit-mode networks-cont

 H.321/H.310
 Intended for use with terminals that
provide a range of multimedia application
over a B-ISDN
 H.322
 Intended for use with end systems that
support interpersonal communication
applications over a local area network(LAN)
5.3 standards relating to
interpersonal communications-
5.3.2 packet-switched networks

 H.323
 Attached either to the same LAN or to
different LANs
 H.323 is intended for use with LANs that
provide a non-guaranteed QoS
 Figure 5.6 show structure
Figure 5.6
5.3 standards relating to
interpersonal communications-
5.3.2 packet-switched networks-cont
 Audio and video coding
 Audio codec:either G.711 or G.728
 Video codec:either H.261 or H.263
 Call setup:H.323 gatekeeper can be used
 Figure 5.7 two-party call setup procedure
using an h.323 gatekeeper
 Figure 5.8 H.323 multiplexing/
demultiplexing
Figure 5.7
Figure 5.8
5.3 standards relating to
interpersonal communications-
5.3.2 packet-switched networks-cont
 Interworking
 End system that are attached to a circuit-
mode network is achieved. This is through
H.323 gateway
 Figure 5.9
Figure 5.9
5.3 standards relating to
interpersonal communications-
5.3.2 packet-switched networks-cont
 IETF
 Early IETF provided a basic two-party
telephony service between two IP hosts
 Later IETF provided a more versatile
facility supporting both multiparty
conferencing and broadcast services
 Signaling protocol
 Session initiation protocol (SIP)
 Sip provides services for user location,call
establishment,and call participation management
5.3 standards relating to
interpersonal communications-
5.3.2 packet-switched networks-cont
 Session description protocol(SDP)
 When a user is invited to join in a call/session
5.3 standards relating to
interpersonal communications-
5.3.3 electronic mail

 Internet mail
 Figure 5.10 email over the internet
 User agent(UA)
 Message transfer agent(MTA)
 Message store(MS)
 Simple mail transfer protocol(SMTP)
 Domain name server(DNS)
Figure 5.10
5.3 standards relating to
interpersonal communications-
5.3.3 electronic mail-cont

 MIME(multipurpose internet mail

extensions)
 RFC 822:email messages are written in
English and are made up of just ASCII
characters
 Extensions to the basic format defined in
RFC 822 were added. these are defined in
RFC 2045 and are known as MIME
5.3 standards relating to
interpersonal communications-
5.3.3 electronic mail-cont

 e-mail gateways
 Show figure 5.11
 Two problem:
 Format of the mail message is often different
 The application protocol are also different
 To overcome these problems,a device
known as an email gateway is used,show
figure 5.12
Figure 5.11
Figure 5.12
5.4 standards relating to
interactive applications over the
internet-5.4.1 information browsing
figure 5.14
5.4 standards relating to
interactive applications over the
internet-5.4.2 electronic commerce
 To send detail of your credit card in
order to purchase
 Figure 5.15 electronic commerce
 Common gateway interface(CGI)
 security
Figure 5.15
5.4 standards relating to
interactive applications over the
internet-5.4.3 intermediate systems
 Communication between the client and
server is achieved through a networking
device
 Show figure 5.16
 Security gateway
 Packet filtering
 Proxy server
Figure 5.16
5.4 standards relating to
interactive applications over the
internet-5.4.4 Java and JavaScript
 Figure 5.17
 Applet
 Virtual machine
 Bytecode
 Javascript
 Embed java code into an HTML page
directly
Figure5.17
5.5 standards for entertainment
applications –5.5.1 Movie/video-on-
demand

 Transmission format (figure 5.18)

 Elementary streams
 Packetized ES (PES)
 System time clock(STC)
 Pack
 System clock reference(SRC)
Figure 5.18
5.5 standards for entertainment
applications –5.5.1 Movie/video-on-
demand-cont

 Distribution network
 Figure5.19(a) show telephony company
architecture
 Figure5.19(b) show cable TV company
architecture
Figure 5.19
5.5 standards for entertainment
applications –5.5.2 Interactive
television

 Base on MPEG-2 format

 TV program multiplexing(a)PS and TS
generation (b) TS format (figure 5.20)
 System-level
 Program allocation table(PAT)
 Program map table(PMT)
 Conditional access table(CAT)
Figure 5.20