6. Explain The Significance Of Main Window?

Basically, we use main window when there is a need to display text or data which can cover several pages. Say
there is a requirement to display data of all the rows of a table (a table in which you are not very sure as to how
many row it has), in such cases we always use main windows.
As soon as a main window is completely filled with text/data, the system continues to display the text/data in the
main window of the next page. It automatically triggers the page break.
Only one window can be defined in a form as main window. The main window can be called in other pages of the
form but it must have the same width on each page, but can differ in height.
A page without main window must not call itself as next page, since this would trigger an endless loop. In such a
case, the system automatically terminates after three pages.

7. Explain The Significance Of Secondary Window?

Basically, secondary window is used to display text or data output with a fixed length.
Secondary windows are used when there is a need to display text and data in a predetermined output area. There
is no flow text display with page break.
If we position a secondary window with the same name on several pages, the system displays the contents of this
secondary window on each page.
Text & data that do not fit into the secondary window are truncated and not displayed.

8. Explain The Significance Of Copies Window?

Basically, Copies Window is a special type of secondary window for making pages as copy or original. This window
type is used to output data either on original, or on copies, or both.
In simple words, Copies window is to be used when there is a requirement to print copies of the pages.
Copies window is used to define an output area for the print output, whose content you want to appear either
only on the copy or only on the original. This allows you to flag copies as copies when the form is printed.

9. Explain The Significance Of Final Window?

Final window is to be used where there is a requirement to show/display details that has to be processed only at
the end of the form processing.
The windows in a page are processed from top to bottom. So the execution first skips all the Final windows and
completes the processing of other windows. Once all the non-final windows are processed, the Final windows are
processed from top to bottom.
For example, if there is a requirement to display the total value of all the items on the first page but the total value
is known only at the end of the form processing, we can use the Final window for displaying the total value. The
sum of line items is calculated in the MAIN window.

Why to choose SAP HANA?

SAP HANA is a next-generation in-memory business platform. It accelerates analytics and application on a single
and in-memory platform.

Mentioned below are the few reasons why to choose SAP HANA –

Real Time – SAP HANA Provides Real-Time Data Provisioning and Realtime Reporting.
Speed – SAP HANA provide high speeds processing on massive data due to In-Memory Technology.
Any Data/Source- SAP HANA can access various data source including Structured and Un-Structured data from SAP
or Non-SAP data source.
Cloud- SAP HANA database and application can be deployed to the Cloud environment.
Simplicity – SAP HANA reduce efforts behind ETL process, Data Aggregation, Indexing, and Mapping.
Cost – SAP claims that SAP HANA Software can reduce Total IT cost of a company.
Choice Option – SAP HANA is supported by different hardware vendor and Software provider, so based on the
requirement, the user can choose the best option.
SAP HANA In-Memory Strategy
SAP HANA has many processes running on the SUSE Linux Server. SUSE Linux server manages the reservation of
memory to all process.
When SAP HANA starts up, Linux OS reserves memory for the program code, program stack, and static data. OS
can dynamically reserve additional data memory upon request from the SAP HANA Server.
SAP HANA create a memory pool for managing and tracking the consumption of memory. The memory pool is used
to store all the in-memory data and system tables, thread stack, temporary computations and all other data
structure required for managing the database.
When more memory is required for table growth or temporary computations, the SAP HANA memorymanager
obtains this from the pool.

Q1. What is SAP HANA?

Ans. HANA is defined as High Performance Analytical Appliance, a full transactional RDBMS system given by SAP
consisting of IMCE ( In-Memory Computing Engine ) which combine row based and column based architecture. It is
capable of doing both OLTP and OLAP in a single box which includes both Hardware and Software Innovations. It is
also knows as Hybrid Database System.
Hardware innovation
Reduction in memory and Chip (CPU) price
Multi core Processors
Operating systems are now available with high bit size 64 bit
 8084 16 bit Address Bus 
2n - 2
Software Innovation
Column Store v/s Row Store
Table Partitioning
High Compression of data
Parallel Processing
 
Q2. What is the difference between Row Storage and Column Storage?
Row Store Column Store
 
Choosing table as Row Store is not as restrict as If you see there is large amount of data and having non-unique 
column  (Repeating e.g. Material group, Material Clas.. In MARA)
 
If there is a data set where you have unique Aggregation of data is required (sales order table)
values(distinct)  
 
Not applying any aggregation on table. Always selecting FEW columns in your programs out of so many
  columns in table.
 
No Aggregation like org data, configuration  
SELECTING all column all time.  
 
 
Q3. What is a Schema in SAP HANA?
Ans. A Schema is a dedicated area of database which can be used to store database objects like table, packages,
folders, procedures.
It provides a namespace for systems which connects to Database.
Q4. What are the improvements in NW 7.5 to leverage the strength of HANA?
Code to Data paradigm ( code-pushdown )
Massive Parallel Processing
Data Encoding
Columnar Store
Run Complex Algorithms
Transparent Optimization ( order in which select query will be written and executed which is done by DB
abstraction layer – converts OPEN SQL from ABAP to Native SQL which is understood by DB )
Q5. Benefits of SAP NW 7.5?
Ans.
Transparent Optimization 
SELECT QUERY : NetWeaver creates a query plan : Plan based Optimizer & Cost Based Optimizer , which decides
the order/sequence in which query will be processed. 
Allows more complex joins
Open SQL Enhancement
Extended the static code check and SQL performance analysis
Fast Data Access, Optimized data access
Reuse Components, ALV ,Fuzzy Search
Extension to open SQL
Features specific to HANA related artifacts
Standard programming guidelines by SAP  
ABAP/ Fiori Applications
Q6. Points to be considered when Migrating to HANA?
Native SQL statements will not work – it will result into Runtime error - Dumps
EXEC SQL.
 -Native Queries
 SELECT ROWNUM, MATNR FROM SAPECC6.MARA;
ENDSQL.
If you have some indication to Database – not showstopper.
Db hits: ‘%_HINTS MSSQLNT ‘&prefer_join&’
Select orderid from table where amount < 300.
If you are doing a search based on non-pk columns in data based and you have not used ORDER BY clause in SQL
statement, it can produce problems.
Direct access to database cluster/pool tables
Code Inspector: SCI – Quality checks of our code 
When you release a transport from your dev. System a code inspector check is executed automatically.
Prio 1, 2, 3 
Q7. What are the Guidelines to be followed for SQL performance on ABAP on HANA?

Q8. What are different categories of Database Statements?

Ans. Database statements categories:
DDL – Data Definition language – Mainly used to create/change/delete new database objects.
SE11 – Data Dictionary which automatically produces the DDL statements for you.
CREATE, ALTER, DROP…
DML – Data Manipulation Language – statements which are used to manipulate data.
INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, MODIFY
DQL – Data Query Language – SELECT statement, GET
TCL – Transaction Control Statements (ACID) - COMMIT, Rollback
DCL – DATA Control Language – Security and access of data
GRANT, REVOKE ….
Q9. What is Normalization in ABAP on HANA?
Ans. Normalization concept means to reduce the redundancy of data.
Q10. What is ABAP Test Cockpit in ABAP on HANA?
Ans. Code inspector/ATC checks are static code findings against guidelines. These findings won’t help you to
prioritize your list of improvements. You need real-time performance data to find which is the first program to fix.
Q11. How to do performance testing in PRD system? What are pre-requisites?
Ans. With SAP Netweaver 7.5 SP05 you can do performance trace in PRD system without much overhead, in two
steps: 1st: Administor the SQLM ( tcode) – start and stop the trace. 2nd: Data: SQLMD ( tcode ) in the order of the
potentially expensive statement.
In order to find performance trace priority list : use tcode : SWLT ( SQL Performance tuning worklist )
Q12. Class to calculate runtime in ABAP on HANA?
Ans: CL_ABAP_RUNTIME
Q13. How to specify client field in Native Query?
Ans: Using SELECT DISTINCT / CLIENT SPECIFIED / USING CLIENT 
Q14. Tcode for EPM scenario?
Ans: SEPM_DG – Data Generator
Q15. What are different Code-pushdown techniques?
Ans: SQL Queries _ imperative and declarative logic (use literals, arithmetic, logical expression inside the
queries and using expressions like CEIL, FLOOR, ABS, TRUNC, FRAC can be part of Open SQL statements ), CDS
Views, AMDP : ABAP Managed Data Procedures, 
Information Models and consuming those in ABAP using proxy object techniques
Q16. What are Entry points?
Ans: Different ways in which an SQL query is getting called are called Entry points. Eg. Program, Background job,
Function Module .. etc
Q17. What does NW 7.4 SP 05/NW 7.5 SP 02 offers in ABAP?
Ans: Enhancements in ABAP and OPEN SQL:
 Provides Database Abstraction: - can connect to any db, where the database abstraction layer converts the
OPEN SQL statements into Native SQL
Improvements in OPEN SQL Enhancements:
Escaping of HOST Variables: eg- “:” colon , “@” 
Comma separated select list: SELECT col1, col2, col3 … , you have to use escape symbol for host variable
Right outer join available 
Possible to provide bracketing for joins
New functionality in ON condition of joins
Number of tables which can participate in joins are now 50, earlier we can include only 9 tables in a join
Maximum no of subqueries has been also increased to 50 from 9
We can use USING CLIENT keyword instead of CLIENT SPECIFIED
Q19. When do you use “GROUPBY” clause in HANA SQL statements?
Ans: while using aggregate functions in a SELECT QUERY, all the columns that do not belong to aggregate-functions
should be put in GROUP BY Clause.
Q20. What is the significance of “HAVING” clause in SQL statement?
Ans:  In order to apply further filter for the aggregation function, HAVING clause can be used in the SELECT
statement which is used with GROUPBY clause being mandatory. Eg. It is like applying where condition on the
aggregated column. 
When an aggregation is used with CASE statement, it has to be mentioned in the GROUPBY clause
Q21. What is the symbol to do “concatenation” operation in NW ABAP 7.4 ?
Ans. Pipe Symbol - |
Q22. What is constructor expression in NW ABAP 7.4?
Ans. It is used to create a Table in ABAP by specifying symbol # 
Ex:struct2 = CORRESPONDING #( struct1 ).
itab = VALUE #( ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ).
Q23. What is the transaction code to check Schema name?
Ans. DBACOCKPIT
Q24. Can multiple ABAP systems connect to ABAP Database?
Ans. Yes.  HANA 1.0 SP09 onwards
Q25. What is a Catalog in SAP HANA?
Ans.  A Catalog is collection of Database Schemas in HANA. Schema: grouping of all database objects, Schema is a
mandatory database object allows companies to use same database keeping data from multiple system where DCL
and DB constraints can be managed at schema level
Q26. What is difference between SAP User and DB user?
Ans. Schema user , i.e the database user is used to access the data with certain authorization levels. 
Q27. What is Information Model and why is it required?
Ans. Information Model: main purpose is to hide the technicalities to select data and make it easier for business
users to model their data which can be pulled w/o technical knowledge just db functional knowledge is sufficient.
An information model: ( purpose was to hide the complexity and to overcome some setbacks with the queries )
Used to convert linear structure to a multi dimension structure  w/o knowing technical language.
Are Process of converting source data (in tables) into business understandable format.
They also make use of Hardware advancements in HANA.
If we define information models inside HANA DB, We can also reduce the data transfer b/w DB and App layer.
Complex logic as well as transformation executed in DB layer.
Q28. What are different types of views in HANA?
Ans. 1. Attribute view
        2. Analytic view
        3. Calculation View
        4. Decision Table
For the purpose of taking business informed decisions and they run on top of HANA DB doing code-pushdown or
functional pushdown to the DB layer
Q29. What is the function of SQL optimizer?
Ans. SQL optimizer function is to process and optimize the SQL queries submitted to HANA and finally executed by
the SQL engine in SAP HANA
Q30. What are the other three engines which are part of SAP HANA?
Ans. Calculation Engine: index-server architecture: procedural logic
         Join Engine: regular SQL using joins
         OLAP Engine: aggregation 
Q31. Processing of models in the engine?
Ans.

 
Q32. What are different techniques of creating a Calculation view?
Ans. Graphical Editor and SQL Script Editor
Q33. What is a Star Schema in ABAP on HANA?
Ans. When we combine data of dimension (master)  with measure (transaction), it becomes Star Schema. And to
join two or more Star Schemas, it is done by Calculation View.
 Q34. What is the limitation of Analytical view?
SAP HANA Analytic view is based on STAR Schema Modelling, and it represents OLAP/Multi-Dimensional Modelling
objects.

In SAP HANA Analytic view, dimension table are joined with the fact table that contains transaction data. A
dimension table contains descriptive data. (E.g. Product, Product Name, Vendor, customer, etc.). Fact Table
contains both descriptive data and Measureable data (Amount, Tax, etc.).

SAP HANA Analytic view forms a cube-like structure, which is used for analysis of data.
Analytic View is mainly used in a scenario where we need aggregated data from the underlying table.
Ans. This view can have only one measure. It cannot have multiple measure. Basically one fact table in an
Analytical view. Ideally only one Fact Table should only be used with Analytical view since Fact Table requires
an aggregate. 
Q35. what are steps to create an Attribute view?

What are Attributes?

Attribute view acts like a dimension. It join multiple tables and act as Master. Attribute view is reusable objects.
Attribute view has the following advantage-

Attribute View act as Master data context, which provides Text or Description for Key/Non-key field.
Attribute View can be reuse in Analytic View and Calculation View.
Attributes View is used to select a subset of columns and rows from a database table.
Attributes (fields) can be calculated from multiple table fields.
There is no measure and aggregation option.
Ans. Steps to create an attribute view in HANA Studio since graphical representation is not available in ABAP on
Eclipse:
Name and description of attribute view
Table and Join
Hierarchies, Transformation, restricted and calculated columns
Save and Activate
Data Preview 
Q36. what is the limitation of an Attribute view?
Ans. Attribute view cannot be used with aggregate functions.
Q37. What is Content in SAP HANA?
Ans. Content is collection of development packages where we add different development objects including
Information Models: which are HANA specific data type. 
Q38. What is a Package in SAP HANA?
Ans. It provides a name space for your development object. Once an information model is activated, it creates a
view in the HANA DB and it is stored inside the schema.
  Eg. <packagename>::<viewName>  schema
It allows you to transport all logically related development objects. Grouping development artefacts
together known as Delivery Unit.
Q39. Why Fact Table should not be added in an Attribute View?
Ans. It is recommended to use an Attribute View with only Master Table because of performance criteria. It is
advisable that Fact/Transaction Table used with Analytical view, and not be used with Attribute view due to
performance implication since Attribute View is processed in the join Engine of SAP HANA, it is not processed by
OLAP Engine which is equipped to do aggregation.
Statement: To expose a View/Model to the user, you create a select query on top of your view and create an
OData on your query and create a fiori app to expose it to the user…sap.viz OR use ALV grid
Q40. What is View Proxy in ABAP?
Ans. View Proxy is used to pull the data from a view in ABAP. To expose a Data Model to the application layer
( ABAP Layer ), SAP NW7.4 SP02 onwards, provides a feature called View Proxy which allows SAP HANA data
models to communicate with the ABAP Layer using ADT in eclipse and lock the objects in a Delivery unit to
transport the objects.
 
Q41. What is Hierarchy?
And. Hierarchy is used to realize data based on relation of data characteristics.
 Click on Semantics -> Hierarchy Tab -> 
Two types of hierarchy
Level based hierarchy – Relation between master data w.r.t. groups, these groups can come from multiple tables.
Parent-child hierarch – the relation works as self-relation. In this the table has a relation with itself and mark one
of the column as parent and another a child. E.g. manager employee relation.
Q42. What are different types of JOINS in SAP HANA?
Ans. 
Inner This join type returns all rows when there is at least one match in both the database tables. In short.
join between 2 tables must fulfill the join criteria
Left Outer This join type returns all rows from the left table, and the matched rows from the right table. 
   
  This join type returns all rows from the right table, and the matched rows from the left
Right Outer   
  Joins the tables as like inner join, additionaly it will include the record of the table in-direction for
which no corresponding records available in transaction table.
Referential This join type is similar to inner join type, but assumes referential integrity is maintained for the join
tables. 
Its smart inner join.
If we have 2 tables connected via ref. join and a query is written on Attr. View and do not include the
join column or the column on master check table. Essentially you are just selecting data from main
table, The join will be “pruned” (exclude – don’t care). When you also apply an filter on data model,
the ref. join also acts like inner join
Text Join This join type is used to obtain language-specific data from the text tables using a language column. 
Full Outer This join type displays results from both left and right outer joins and returns all (matched or
Joins unmatched) rows from the tables on both sides of the join clause. 
Text Join A join between master table and its text table with language key
Temporal join for timeframe – also known as Equi-join. BETWEEN condition in select query. ** applicable only
Join on Analytical Views
Star join Its only used in calculation views, it is used to combine multiple fact table directly. 
Spatial Join used to join coordinates table
 
Q43. What is an Analytical View?
Ans. When a Fact table to be connected to multiple dimensions, we use analytical view. The Analytical views are
built to perform complex Aggregations(SUM, MIN, MAX, AVG, COUNT ) on measure. These views are processed by
OLAP engine in SAP HANA. They are used to build so called STAR schema. Also has capabilities to define calculated
columns, restricted columns, filters, import parameters, complex conversions.
It is important that In an analytical view, we must mark attributes and measures at the end in semantic. Because an
aggregation will be applied only on measure.
Q44. How do you achieve currency conversion in Analytical view?
Ans. Use calculated columns and define the semantics.
Q45. What are components of a View Scenario?

 
Q46. What is a Calculation View?
Ans. To include multiple facts as part of data model, we can go for calculation view, these views are processed by
Calculation Engine in SAP HANA. They are suitable for more complex calculation.  CVs can be created in two ways:
Graphical and SQL Script ( to achieve parallelization). SQL scripting in Calculation view can be implemented in two
ways: CE functions (to get better performance ) or pure SQL 
Q47. Define Calculation Engine Architecture?

 
Q48. What are CE functions?
Ans. SAP HANA Provides ready-made functions which are implemented inside Calculations engine and executed
with in the engine with enhanced performance for common tasks like :
projection (selection of some columns)
Joins (connect two data object)
Selection ( where clause )
Join with a Fact Table
Selection of data from column table
Unions
Aggregations
CE_*
 St. In case of CE functions the call/execution remains in the CE engine, whereas in case of SQL Scripts, it has to go
outside of the Caln Engine to SQL Script Optimizer to execute the function leading to a drop in performance.
Q49. What are the cases when can you use different views for different requirements?

Q50. What is an alternate to View proxy?

Ans. Alternate to View Proxy is CDS view due to synchronization of transport objects.
Q51. What is ADBC?
Ans. ADBC stands for ABAP Database Connectivity. It is used to run HANA related queries directly using ABAP code.
ADBC APIs are available since NW 7.4 to call the queries using simplified interface.
ADBC can be used when:
Your system does not have ABAP ADT available, you cannot create proxy object.
When HANA DB running as Secondary DB (Side Car Scenario)
Q52. What is a Decision Table?
Ans. A Decision Table is used for planning scenarios, that allows business users to model business rules with
less/no technical knowhow and apply the rules to see the results with read data.
2 types of DT
Decision table with update value: We can update the data of a specific column in SAP HANA by defining business
rule.
Decision table with Return Value: In this we have the result as an additional updated column. (preferred for use
business cases: not changing the actual data in the DB)
Once a decision table is activated, it creates a stored procedure in the DB
Q53. What is BRMS System?
Ans. A Business Rule Management system manages set of rules which are frequently changing in the business. 
Q54. Syntax to call a PROCEDURE in HANA?
Ans. CALL “<procedure_name>”(?)
Q55. What is the difference between Procedural (Scripting ) Vs Programming Language?
Ans.  Programming language are independent products, they generate their own executables. Code is compiled
by programming language and converted to machine code / OS code.
Eg: Compile a .java file it create a .class
Scripting languages are embedded on programming language. They rely on the APIs of programming language.
In SAP HANA, we have SQL scripting which is a Procedural Language.
Q56. What are the disadvantages of using Views?
Ans. Cannot debug a views
Decomposing complex business logic, Intermediate results from the views cannot be store.
No possibility to express business logic – if, else, case, looping
SQL queries can only return one value and has no chaining.
Imperative logic.
Q57. What is SQL Script in HANA?
Ans. SQL script is a collection of extension to SQL (DML, DDL, DQL, DCL)
Allows developer to write performance-intensive logic inside database. One of the technique used in code-to-data
paradigm.
Q58. How does the system process SQL script?

Q59. What are different type of Statements in SQL Logic?

Q60. On what all instances  SAP HANA comes out of Parallelization mode?

Ans. Instances when HANA comes out of parallel mode:
“Select Statements” are executed in SAP HANA in parallel unless:
Local scalar parameters and variables are used in containers (procedure).
Read/write procedure or DDL/DML statements are execute (eg: CREATE, INSERT,UPDATE,MODIFY).
Imperative Logic is used (IF, CASE, LOOP)
SQL statements which are not assigned to variable. ( Eg: Lt_Anubhav = select * from snwd_pd where price >
1000;  --Query 1 )
Q61. What are different types of SQL Scripts?
 
Q62. What are advantages of SQL script?
Ans. SQL Script is executed and processed in the calculation engine within the HANA database. 
SQL Script is able to perform complex calculations. 
In SQL Script, a local variable can be declared to hold the interim result.
SQL Script Procedure can return more result by using "OUTPUT Parameter" while Normal SQL Procedure can
return only one. 
In SQL Script, you can define global or local tables types which can be used as parameters.
Q63. What are different Data Types in SAP HANA?
Ans. Different Data Types that are called Primitive Data Types in HANA are:
Numeric : TINYINT, SMALLINT, INT, BIGINT, DECIMAL, SMALL-DECIMAL, DOUBLE
Characters: VARCHAR, NVARCHAR, ALPHANUM
Data/time : TIMESTAMP, DATETIME
Binary type: VARBINARY
Large obj: CLOB, BLOB, NLOB
 Q64. What are Containers in SAP HANA?
Ans. Containers are the blocks in which we write the Imperative or Declarative logic.
Q65. What are different types of Blocks ( Containers ) in SAP HANA?
Ans. 

 Q66. What is the difference between PROCEDURES and USER DEFINED FUNCTIONS in HANA?
Ans. 

Q67. How do you declare variables in SQL script?

Ans.  When we declare variable in SAP HANA SQL Script ( Scalar Parameters ), These variables are initialized with
NULL value. We can explicitly assign value during creation also.
When we want to use a variable in SQL script, we use symbol colon (:) to refer the variable. E.g.
  Declare x integer;
  should be used to refer value of x.
  When we want to assign value to x, we don’t use colon (:)  x
SQL script is case-insensitive
Every SQL script statement must end with semi-colon (;)
Q68. Syntax to declare Scalar Variable?
Ans. DECLARE <vname> <vtype> = <default_value>;
Q69. Syntax to Declare an Anonymous Block?
Ans.  DO (in pname ptype => ?, out pname ptype => ?)
BEGIN
 ….
END;
Q70. What is advantage of procedure over anonymous block?
Procedure are pre-compiled containers with name.
We can call procedure from another procedure.
Q71. Syntax to create a Procedure and Call a Procedure?
Ans.  CREATE PROCEDURE <proc_name> (in pname ptype, out pname ptype, inout pname ptype)
LANGUAGE SQLSCRIPT/R
DEFAULT SCHEMA <schema> READS SQL DATA
WITH ENCRYPTION AS
BEGIN
 ----code
END;
CALL <procname>(params);
Q72. What does DROP PROCEDURE in SQL do?
Ans. Whenever a New Procedure is created, in order to re-create or replace the existing procedure, it needs to  be
dropped first. Syntax to Drop Procedure:
 DROP PROCEDURE <proname>. 
Q73. What are different syntaxes in SQL script for different functionalities?
Ans.  If condition
IF <cond> THEN
 …..
ELSE IF <cond> THEN
 ….
END IF;
Loops – iteration
While Loop
 While <condition> DO
 END WHILE;
BREAK;
       2. For loop
FOR i IN startIndex..EndIndex DO
….
END FOR;
Q74. What does “READ SQL DATA” do?
Ans. It tells the system to enter into Parallelization mode. 
Q75. How to define EXCEPTION in SQL?
Ans.  TRY.
…..code…
…...code…
CATCH ex_class INTO lx_obj.
 …
ENDTRY.
Syntax:
DECLARE EXIT HANDLER FOR 
 1. SQLEXCEPTION –generic exception case
 2. SQL_ERROR_CODE <codeno>
---code
END;
Q76. What is the range of Custom Exceptions Error Code?
Ans. 10000 ~ 19999
Syntax: 
SIGNAL SQL_ERROR_CODE 10000 SET message_text = ‘xyz’;
Q77. What are Cursors in HANA Database?
Ans. Whenever we want to work with multiple records in DB,
 Load all data records in a table parameters, manipulate using table
 Cursor – Process records directly from DB table Line By Line
Cursors are used to fetch data records from table row-by-row from result of a query assigned to cursor. We always
bind a Query to cursor. It is also possible to parameterize cursor.
NOTE!!: If possible Avoid using Cursors in HANA DB , since HANA cannot optimize or run SQL in Parallel mode. 
Q78. What steps to process a Cursor?
 Declare a cursor and assign to query
DECLARE CURSOR(<params>) <Name> FOR <select>
 Open the Cursor (Submit the query to Database) – query submitted to DB and data is loaded
in context area (memory)
OPEN <cursor name>
3. Fetch statement to process/manipulate the data one by one record.
FETCH <cursor_name> INTO <record>;
4. To access values of fields  use:  <record>.column_name
5. Close cursor 
Q79. Syntax to create a Table Type?
Ans. Table types are created to hold multiple columns of different types
CREATE TABLE TYPE <tabtypename>( col type, col2 type);
CREATE TYPE <tabtypename> AS TABLE( col type, col2 type);
Pname TABLE(col type, col2 type….);
Q80. What is the syntax to create an Array?
Ans. An Array is a Single column table a one dimension structure to hold multiple values of same type. An Array
CANNOT be used in SIGNATURE of a PROCEDURE.
 DECLARE <array_name> < va_type>  ARRAY = ARRAY(val1, val2,…)
Q81. What is use of UNNEST Function?
Ans. UNNEST function is used to convert one or many arrays into a table.
 Syntax: Table_variable = UNNEST(:array_var) AS (column_name)
Q82. What are User Defined Functions in SAP HANA?
Ans. User Defined Functions in SAP HANA are the read only function that means we cannot perform any DDL and
DML(insert update and delete) operation inside the body of the function.
Q83. What are different types of UDFs ( User Defined Functions ) ?
Q84. Things to consider while working with SQL Script Procedures for CODE Pushdown?
 Ans.Consider client handling  while applying any aggregation on data
 Since there is no explicit functionality of LUW concept in HANA, it has to be taken care while using
SQL scripting
 There is no implicit locking mechanism, it has to be taken care while working with SQL scripting on DB
 
Q85. What are disadvantages of using ADBC to CALL PROCEDURE?
 Complex coding using SQL interface
 No syntax check at design time.
 Q86. What is bottom-up approach in HANA DB while creating proxy?
Ans. Whenever an Information Model or a Procedure is created in HANA DB, a View Proxy or Procedure Proxy is
created in ABAP Stack respectively. Which means that an object already exists in a DB and in order to communicate
with the DB object from ABAP stack, you need to create a proxy.
Q87. What is the disadvantage of using Proxies? Ans:
 Lifecycle management of HANA vs ABAP object.
 No Access Control of Procedure 
 No extensibility
 Q88. What is AMDP ( ABAP Managed Data Procedures)? 
Ans. This approach is called top-down approach where a procedure is created in ABAP stack NW 7.4 SP05 which
acts like Master for editing , activating and transporting ( life-cycle) for the procedure object. When it is called for
the 1st time corresponding HANA DB procedure gets created to support code-to-data paradigm or code-pushdown
to HANA DB.
Q89. What are points to be considered while using AMDP?
 A standard ABAP class (SE24), method used as container for AMDP.
 SQL script code which was earlier done in HANA DB is added to this method
 When we call the AMDP first time, it will create the corresponding DB procedure. Name of that procedure
will be classname=>method
 These methods are always called as static method. 
 It allows to handle runtime error. CX_AMDP_ERROR
 It will be created in your schema which used for ABAP
 When you call the AMDP, it calls the corresponding HANA DB procedure.
Q90. What are pre-requisites before using an AMDP?
Ans. Pre-requisites:
 We must add an interface to a class in ABAP to make it powerful so that it can become a AMDP,
IF_AMDP_MARKER_HDB
 An ABAP method parameters has to be passed by Value.
 All the parameters of AMDP has to be table type or scalar parameters, No object or nested tables allowed.
 Methods with Returning parameter cannot be used as AMDP.
 Q91. what are advantages & dis-advantages of using AMDP?
Advantages:
 Syntax check
 Lifecycle management is completely controlled by ABAP system.
Disadvantage:
 Client handling
 Locking and LUW
Q92. What is the syntax to create AMDP in a class-method?
METHOD method_name BY DATABASE PROCEDURE
FOR db_name(HDB) LANGUAGE sqlscript OPTIONS READ-ONLY
USING dbtab1 dbtab2 amdpname.
…..
….
…
ENDMETHOD.
Q93. What is CDS View?
Ans. CDS view is basically an abstraction of ABAP to Database layer which allows you to model semantic rich data
models ( like Information views on HANA DB ) on ABAP Stack and on activation it leads to creation of
corresponding Database View in DB. It is an enhancement of SQL which provides us DDL for defining semantically
rich data models (table/view) and user define types in Database. It is an extension of SQL : i.e DDL DQL and DCL
St. The objective behind creating CDS Data Model is that , it will be understood by all SAP products viz SAP
Fiori, KPI modeler, BO/BI, BOPF, FPM, IDA Native HANA Apps.
Q94. What is SQL enhancement ( CDS ) ?
 Annotation to enrich the data models with additional details (all annotations starts with symbol @)
 DB Entities are connected using Association at conceptual level (replacement of join conditions)
 Expressions – used to code calculation in queries
Q95. What are different types of CDS?
1. ABAP CDS
2. HANA CDS
 
Q96. How to Define a CDS view?
Ans. CDS view is defined using CDS data definitions.:-> Also known as CDS document or CDS source code.  To
create CDS views we need to use ADT. 
On activation it creates a CDS SQL view ( SE11 ) and a CDS entity.
Q97. What are Annotations in CDS?
Ans. Annotations are used to add metadata information to CDS entity. Annotation specifies the properties and
semantics of entity and its behavior when it is consumed. There are UI Annotations, Object Model annotations,
VDM annotations, Environment Annotation etc.
Q98. What is the difference between CDS views and Traditional views?
Parameters CDS Views Traditional Views
Code-push down Yes No
Complexity Easy Not Easy
Outer Join Yes No
Complex Expressions, Logic Yes No
Analytical Adaption Yes (analytical annotation) No
OData Support Direct from NW 7.5 No
Types Yes Yes
Metadata model Yes No
Extensions Yes No
Built-in function UNIONS Yes No
Parameters/ Ready to use system Yes No
variables

Q99. What are two categories of CDS?

Ans. CDS with parameters and CDS without parameters
Q100. From semantic point of view of S/4 HANA what are the categories of CDS views?
Ans. 

 
Q101. What is the concept of Association?Ans. It represents join where the two columns are used in join where
one of the column is a Projection. To make it available in the Data Preview, it has to be exposed to the DB. In S/4
HANA the association is indicated with a name starting underscore. Eg. _Supplier, _BusinessPartner etc.
 
Q102. What is Projection in CDS?Ans. Columns are indicated using a Projection of a table, We can use $projection
in CDS for the same in association join condition.
Q103. Techniques to Expose CDS to OData based on NW version ?

Q104. How to create an ALV report in SAP HANA using CDS view?
Ans. SAP NW 7.4 onwards ABAP list viewer comes with an IDA ( Integrated Data Access ) 
Advantage of Using ALV with IDA:
 Only Selected Columns will be fetched from the DB
 it is possible for tables that contain very large quantities of data to be displayed on the
UI which is called Pagination and 
 Automatic Query (No need to write a SELECT Statement, since the IDA framework prepares the
Query, sends it to the DB, pulls the data and displays it in the ALV. Only Data Source Name needs
to be provided to the IDA f/w, this data source can be a CDS View, which leverages the strength
of CDS like code pushdown and performance). The results of operations such as sorting,
grouping, or filtering are also delivered with a very fast response time.
CLASS NAME: CL_SALV_GUI_TABLE_IDA=>CREATE_FOR_CDS_VIEW()
Q105. What is the purpose of Cloud Connector?
Ans. In order to consume the OData service based on CDS, to create a Fiori app, we used concept of Cloud
Connector. To communicate securely, over the internet , by S/4 HANA On-premise with the SAP Cloud Platform,
we need Cloud Connector.
Q107. What are advantages of CDS views over AMDP?Ans. 
 Reusability of database artefact.
 Advanced Features such as Associations and Annotations.
 Client handling can be achieved in CDS.
Q108. What is a CDS entity?
Ans. A CDS entity is enriched by annotations which are used to build end-to-end fiori app utilizing these
annotations. To consume a CDS view, instead of consuming it in ABAP program it is advisable to consume it
using “CDS entity” since it allows access to metadata.
Q109. What is the purpose of UI Annotations in CDS view?
 Ans. In order to Develop CDS view for Analytical tools for BW, VDM – Virtual Data Model – Analytical
query can be build using CDS views.
 An Analytical App can be build using a CDS view ( Consumption View ) on top of a simple CDS view
( interface view) using UI annotations.
 Using UI annotations, we can define selection fields, the lines items of table, data points of chart,
measures and dimensions for chart and expose this CDS as an odata service and build a Fiori App
Q110. What is CDS Table Function?
Ans. CDS Table Function can only be implemented with NetWeaver 7.5  which calls an AMDP ( ABAP Managed
Data Procedure) using CDS view. Using CDS interface concept, underlying calls an AMDP.
This is required in case there is some functionality which CDS cannot achieve -> Eg. Data Type
Mismatch, Looping, Conditional Looping and Logic 
Q111. How can you secure your Data Access using CDS view?
Ans. Right click -> Core Data Services Folder -> Create Access Control -> mention the PFCG Role Name
Q112. What are different UI annotation in CDS Views?Ans. 
 Start with VDM Annotation : Define it as Consumption View
@UI.headerInfo – used to set the title of the table 
@UI. presentationVariant – to initialize the UI ( available only on S/4 HANA systems ), define SORT order, group
based on fields,  define default visualization at the view level 
Properties to be defined the fields in selection
@UI. selectionField – selection parameters
@UI.identification – to define label from a user point of view
@UI.lineItem – to define the position of the line item
@UI.chart   --  need to mark @UI.dataPoint : { title: xyz }
@UI.dataPoint   -- to specify a measure in the chart
 Q113. What is Full Text Search in SAP HANA?Ans. To enable Full Text search – there has to be
a FULLTEXT index that needs to be present in the Table, which is a DB specific feature.
Syntax: CREATE FULLTEXT INDEX <indextextvariable> on <table_name(field)> FAST PREPROCESSOR OFF;
Q114. What does FAST PREPROCESSOR keyword Indicate? 
Ans. HANA does pre-processing to enable searches which are case-sensitive.
 It achieves this using following techniques: 

o Normalization : converting each letter into its equivalent upper and lower care.
o Tokenization : breaking every statement into words
o It also does linguistic analysis of words: finding equivalent  word with the nearest meaning
 Q115. What is FUZZY search in SAP HANA?
Ans. FUZZY SEARCH in SAP HANA  is a Fault Tolerant search which allows a level of accuracy ( which can be
specified in the WHERE clause as percentage ) , and returns the value with an approximate match.
Ex: Query

Result: