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Analog Butterworth Filter Design

1. The document describes the steps to design an analog low-pass Butterworth filter based on given specifications for the pass band and stop band frequencies and tolerances. 2. It provides formulas to calculate the order of the filter and cutoff frequency to meet the specifications. 3. The transfer function of the Butterworth filter is then determined based on the calculated order and cutoff frequency.

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Madhan kumar
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1K views

Analog Butterworth Filter Design

1. The document describes the steps to design an analog low-pass Butterworth filter based on given specifications for the pass band and stop band frequencies and tolerances. 2. It provides formulas to calculate the order of the filter and cutoff frequency to meet the specifications. 3. The transfer function of the Butterworth filter is then determined based on the calculated order and cutoff frequency.

Uploaded by

Madhan kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module 2 Analog Filters

Steps to design an analog low pass Butterworth Filter:

(1) Find the order of the filter N, from the given specifications.
(2) Round it off to the next higher integer.
(3) Find the transfer function H(s) for c = 1 rad/sec for the value of N.
(4) Calculate the value of cut-off frequency c.
(5) Find the transfer function Ha(s) for the above value of c by substituting in H(s).

Magnitude specifications for an

Analog low pass filter Digital low pass filter

Analog low pass filter specifications:

p - pass band edge frequency in radians/sec


s - stop band edge frequency in radians/sec
c - 3dB cut-off frequency in radians/sec
- parameter specifying allowable pass band
- parameter specifying allowable stop band
p - peak pass band ripple (pass band error tolerance)
s - peak stop band ripple (maximum allowable magnitude in the stop band)

Digital low pass filter specifications:

p - pass band edge angular frequency in Hertz


s - stop band edge angular frequency in Hertz
c - 3dB cut-off frequency in Hertz
p - peak pass band ripple (pass band error tolerance)
s - peak stop band ripple (maximum allowable magnitude in the stop band)

P. Mahalakshmi Design of Analog Butterworth Filters Page 1


Formulae:

Order of the filter N:

10 . 1
log .
10 1
N
s
log
p

log
N
s
log
p
log
N
1
log
k
p
, =
s
. .
10 1
= = .
10 1
. .
= (10 1)
. .
= (10 1)

=
(10 . 1)

List of Butterworth polynomials

N Denominator of H(s)
1 s+1
2 s + 2s + 1
3 ( + 1)( + 2 + 1)
4 ( + 0.76537 + 1)( + 1.8477 + 1)
5 ( + 1)( + 0.61803 + 1)( + 1.61803 + 1)
6 ( + 1.931855 + 1)( + 2 + 1) )( + 0.51764 + 1)
7 ( + 1)( + 1.80194 + 1) ( + 1.247 + 1) ( + 0.445 + 1)

P. Mahalakshmi Design of Analog Butterworth Filters Page 2


1. Design an analog Butterworth filter that has a -2dB pass band attenuation at a
frequency of 20 rad/sec and atleast -10dB stop band attenuation at 30 rad/sec.
Solution:
= 2 dB (PB attenuation); = 20 rad/sec (PB frequency)
= 10 dB (SB attenuation) ; = 30 rad/sec (SB frequency)
Step 1:
To find the order of the filter N:
10 . 1
log .
10 1
N
s
log p

10 . 1 10 1
log . log 1.585 1 log(3.922) 0.5935
10 1
N 3.37
30 30 0.176 0.176
log 20 log 20

Step 2:
Rounding it off to the next higher integer; N=4.
Step 3:
The normalized low pass Butterworth filter for N=4 can be found from
Polynomials Table.
1
(s) =
( + 0.76537 + 1)( + 1.8477 + 1)

Step 4:
Calculating the value of cut-off frequency c,

=
(10 . 1)

= = = .
= = . .
( . ) ( . ) ( . ) .

Step 5:
The transfer function Ha(s) for c = 21.3868 can be obtained by substituting
. in ( ).
1
(s) =
( + 0.76537 + 1)( + 1.8477 + 1)

1
(s) =
+ 0.76537 21.3868 + 1 + 1.8477 21.3868 + 1
21.3868 21.3868

0.20921 10
(s) =
( + 16.3686 + 457.394)( + 39.517 + 457.394)

P. Mahalakshmi Design of Analog Butterworth Filters Page 3

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