ANCIENT SCIENCE INSTITUTE OF RESEARCH

ON ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE(ASIRAM)
PERPARED BY
ARUVI MUGUNDAN

DIAGNOSTIC SKILLS
OF ACUPUNCTURE
I) The Four Pillars
1) Asking (10 Questions)
2) Looking (tongue, face, &tc.)
3) Smelling and Listening
4) Palpation (pulse, ahshi points, &tc.)
II) The 8 Parameters
1) Yin/Yang
2) Interior/Exterior (just chills, or just fever = internal condition)
3) Excessive/Deficient
4) Hot/Cold
III) Diagnoses
1) Zang/Fu
2) Channels
3) Qi (Deficiency; Stagnation; Rebellion; Collapse)
4) Blood (Stasis; Deficiency; Heat)
5) 6 Levels (Shan Han Lun)
6) 4 Stages (Wen Bing)
7) Divergent Channels
8) Luo Channels
9) Sinew Meridians
10) 8-Extra Vessels
IV) 10 Questions
1) Chills and fever
If simultaneous Exterior condition
Mostly chills Wind-Cold
Mostly fever Wind-Heat
Chills only Internal condition
Fever only Internal condition
Alternating chills & fever Internal condition (Shao Yang
condition)
Low daily fever Yin Deficiency
5-Palm Heat Yin Deficiency
Constant low-grade fever Damp-Heat
2) Sweating
Area of body
Time of day
Type of sweat (i.e., oily?)
Oily sweat on forehead Yang collapse (happens
during heart attack)
Extremities Spleen-Qi Deficiency
Only on hands Lung-Qi Deficiency
Whole body with minimal exertion Lung-Qi
Deficiency
Night sweating Yin Deficiency
Axillary sweating Heart-Qi Deficiency
Lower back Kidney-Qi Deficiency
3) Head and Body
Headache
Onset
Sudden attack of Wind
Gradual Qi or Blood Deficiency
Location
Occiput Tai Yang
Forehead Yang Ming
Temples Shao Yang (migraines due to GB/Lr Heat)
Vertex Jue Yin
Interior Shao Yin (often comes and goes gradually)
Quality
Heaviness Damp
Boring Blood Stasis
Dizziness Wind; Fire; Phlegm; or Blood or Qi Deficiency
Condition
Body
Pain after exertion Qi Deficiency
Pain in back Wind-Cold
Pain in muscles Spleen/Stomach issues
Pain with heaviness Dampness
Pain that moves from joint to joint Wind
Fixed pain Blood Stasis; Cold; or Cold Bi (very painful)
Dull back pain Kidney Deficiency
Numbness Phlegm (channel related)
Numbness in first three fingers possibility of Wind Stroke

To Flesh Out an Understanding of a Symptom, Find Out:

1) Etiology
insidious recurring
idiopathic indeterminable cause
iatrogenic doctor caused disease
2) Location
3) Quality
4) Whether therere ameliorating or exacerbating characteristics
5) Chronicity
How long disease has lasted
When disease occurs (time of day)

4) Thorax and Abdomen

Pain in the chest?
If in upper chest: Stasis of Blood
With yellow sputum
Lung-Heat
Pain in epigastrium
Stomach/Spleen problems
Hypogastric pain
Damp-Heat
Hypochondriac pain
Liver-Blood Stasis
5) Food and Taste
Lack of appetite
Stomach-Qi Deficiency
Urge to eat sweet or greasy junk food
Spleen-Qi Deficiency
Constipation
Lower GI problems
Preference for Hot or Cold food
Patient trying to create balance

Heart = bitter
Spleen = sweet
Kidney = salty
Liver = sour
Lung = pungent; spicy; acrid
Bitter taste in mouth = Gall Bladder problems
if after a restless night of sleep = Blazing Heart-Fire
Sour vomiting = Liver invading Stomach
Bitter vomiting = Gall Bladder/Liver Heat
Clear watery vomiting = Stomach Cold
Vomiting with loud noises = Excess

6) Stools and Urine

Old gold (in Chinese) = stools
New gold = urine
Healthy stools:
Defecate upon waking (or thereabouts)
Consistent texture
No undigested food
1 solid piece (or a few)
Constipation:
Due to Blood or Qi Deficiency
This is due to:
Old age
Hemorrhage
Childbirth
Feels worse after deficating = Empty condition
Sudden Heat in Stomach or Intestines = Acute condition
Lr-Qi Stagnation or Yin Deficiency = Chronic condition
With abdominal pain = Cold condition
Alternating constipation/diarrhea = Liver invading Spleen
Diarrhea:
Painful and/or smelly; burning sensation = Heat condition
Painless or watery, or lacking urgency = Cold in Intestines
Cocks crow diarrhea (deficating at 5 am) = Yang Deficiency
Chronic condition = Spleen-Yang Deficiency
Diarrhea with blood; can also have mucus mixed in with blood =
Damp-Heat
This is a common condition
Its hard to treat because Heat is Yang and Damp is Yin so
the two really stick together
Undigested food = Spleen-Qi Deficiency
Tinestmus (the feeling that if you dont clench your anus, youll crap
yourself) = Spleen/Stomach Deficiency, or Spleen Qi Sinking
Stools, the blood, then water = Spleen not controlling Blood due to Qi
Deficiency
Flatulence = Liver-Qi Stagnation
Damp-Heat = if foul
Cold condition = if odorless
Melena = black, tary stools
A serious condition indicating bleeding in the upper GI tract
Urine:
Normal urination
4 5 times a day
stream should be unbroken
should not need to pee in the middle of the night
Incontinence = Kidney Deficiency
Tinestmus (feeling like if you dont hold it in real hard, youll piss
yourself) = Damp-Heat
Burning pain = Dampness
Can also be cloudy
Pale urine = Cold
Dark urine = Heat
Copious white urine = Kidney-Yang Deficiency
Scanty urine = Kidney-Yin Deficiency

7) Sleep
Liver and Heart have the most to do with sleep
The quality of sleep depends on the state of Blood and Yin
Insomnia = Heart problem
Easily awakened = Spleen-Yin Deficiency
Waking up very early = Kidney-Yin Deficiency
Cant get out of bed = Yang-Deficiency
Dream-disturbed sleep = Liver issue
Restless sleep with dreams = Retention of food
Lethargy = Qi or Blood Deficiency
Lethargy with heaviness = Qi or Blood Deficiency with Dampness
Exhaustion = Kidney-Yang Deficiency
Extreme lethargy with rattling sound in throat, sticky tongue and
Slippery pulse = Phlegm condition
Waking up early and not being able to get back to sleep = Gall Bladder
Deficiency

8) Ears and Eyes

HEENT = Head, Ears, Eyes, Nose and Throat
Ears
Controlled by Kidneys
Tinnitus
Gradual onset = Kidney related
Low-pitched (Kidney-Yang Deficiency)
Sudden onset = Excess condition; Liver related
High-pitched (Liver condition; can also be due to Kidney-Yin
Deficiency)
Deficient condition = if pressure on ears feels good
Excess condition = if pressure on ears feels worse
Diminished hearing = Kidney problem
Ear infection = local heat toxin
Eyes
Related to Liver and Heart
Fire-poison in Heart channel = pain and redness
Red eyes
Liver-Yin Deficiency
Liver Heat
Qi Deficiency (when tired
Wind Heat
Internal Heat
Blurry vision or floaters = Liver-Blood Deficiency
Feeling of pressure = Kidney-Yin Deficiency
Photophobia = Kidney-Yin Deficiency
Dryness = Kidney or Liver condition
Macular degeneration = sign of Heat
Eye crust = Dampness
Twitching eyes = Wind

9) Thirst and Drink

Need to drink copious cold fluids = Heat or Fire
Lack of thirst = Dampness
Thirst with no desire to drink; or drinking in sips = Damp-Heat
Sipping = Yin Deficiency or Cold
Prodrome = signs and symptoms before getting sick
Syndrome = signs and symptoms of sickness

10) Pain
Occurs from either Excess or Deficient conditions
Find out:
Location(s)
Quality
Intensity
Chronicity
Etiology
Exacerbating and ameliorating factors
Concomitant symptoms (other symptoms present)
This set of questions can be used even if the problem isnt specifically pain
Causes:
EPFs the 6 Evils:
Wind
Cold
Heat
Summer Heat
Damp
Dryness
Interior pathogens
Interior Wind
Interior Damp
Stasis of Blood or Qi
Obstructive Phlegm
Food retention
Body Fluid Deficiency

11) GYN
Menstruation
Ask about:
Days of cycle
Quality of blood
Quantity of blood
Normal menstruation = 28-day cycle with 4 5-day period
25 days = short
32 days = long
Generally, blood goes from bright to dark
Heaviness and suddenness of onset depends on person
As people get older (or after childbirth) clots appear
A short cycle is due to:
Heat in Blood
Qi or Blood Deficiency
A long cycle is due to:
Blood or Qi Deficiency
Blood Stagnation
Cold
Irregular cycles are due to:
Liver-Qi or Blood Stagnation
Amenorrhea = three months without a period
Metrorrhagia = non-menstrual bleeding from the uterus
A heavy period is due to:
Heat in Blood
Qi Deficiency
Bright red or dark red menstrual blood = Heat
Purple blood = Stasis
Pale blood = Deficiency
Congealed or clotted blood = Cold or Stasis
Watery or thin blood = Yin or Blood Deficiency
Thick blood = Damp-Heat
Fishy or leathery smell = Damp-Heat
Leucorrhea = white discharge, indicating:
Excess Cold
Yang Deficiency
Exterior Cold-Damp in the Uterus
Yellow, greenish, or combined red and white discharge = Damp-Heat
in the Lower Jiao
Pain
Before period = Excess
After period = Deficiency
During period = Heat or Stagnation
These questions dont help in determining a patients condition if
theyre on birth control pills or have had 3 or more children
Infertility = Jing or Blood Deficiency
Miscarriage in 1st trimester = Jing or Blood Deficiency
Miscarriage in 2nd trimester = Sinking Spleen-Qi or Liver-Blood Stasis

12) Men
Impotence:
Complete (no erection)
Kidney-Yin or Yang Deficiency
Jing Deficiency
Incomplete (-assed erection, or erection only at night during sleep)
Kidney-Yin Deficiency (in young men)
Kidney-Yang Deficiency (in older men)
Liver/Heart related
Sometimes due to invasion of Shao Yang
Prostititis
Inflammation of the prostate
Men over 40 often get benign hyperplasia (a tumor)
This is a Phlegm build-up due to Kidney-Qi Deficiency
Its treated very well with herbs and acupuncture
If malignant
Cancer grows slowly
If prostate taken out:
Incontinence and pain occur
Therere a lot of nerve endings here
Spermatorrhea = Kidney-Qi Deficiency
Premature ejaculation = Kidney-Qi Deficiency

V) Pulse/Blood Pressure/Respiration/Temperature

1) Pulse
Pulse = regular expansion and contraction of blood vessels, taken at the
radial or carotid artery
Pulse taking checks: 1) Rate; 2) Rhythm; 3) Force
Normal pulse = 60 80bpm
72bpm = ideal pulse
120bpm = newborns
Girls from the age of 12 upward have a slightly quicker pulse than men
Their constitution is more Blood-based than Qi-based
Cardiac regurgitation = a.k.a. valvular insufficiency, when AV valve
doesnt close correctly; typically the mitre valve
Pulse types
Normal = rounded (Slippery and Full)
~72bpm
Weak/Small = can be indicative of Heart insufficiency
Large/Bounding pulse = can be indicative of arteriosclerosis (plaque in
blood stream)
Alternating pulse (between Strong and Weak) = due to left ventricular
failure
Paradoxical pulse = indicates pericardius i.e., a buildup of fluid in
the pericardium; a.k.a. tamponade; beat of heart will sound slushy
2) Blood Pressure
Blood pressure = the resistance to blood flow in the arteries, taken at the
brachial artery
Youre measuring the peripheral vascular resistance
Hypertension = high blood pressure
Hypotension = low blood pressure
120 = systolic pressure pressure upon ventricular contraction
80 = diastolic pressure pressure upon heart relaxation
newborn = ~50/27
3 year old = ~90/65
10 year old = ~110/80
teen = ~105/80
adult = ~120/80
senior = ~150/85
Normal = 120-139/80-89 now known as pre-hypertension
High/normal = 140-159/90-99 now known as Stage I Hypertension
Hypertension = 140/100
Hypertension II = 160/110 now known as Stage II Hypertension
Hypertension III = 180/120 SERIOUS
Hypertension IV = 210/120 SERIOUS
Changes in blood pressure are due to:
Force of ventricular contraction
Elasticity of arteries
Peripheral vascular resistance
Blood volume
Viscosity of blood
Blood pressure varies in various areas of the body
Theres more blood pressure at the calves

HYPERTENSION
High blood pressure is also known as the silent killer
No signs or symptoms
White coat hypertension = false hypertension due to nervousness around
doctor
Primary hypertension is caused by:
Stress
Caffeine
Excess sodium
Oral contraceptives
Obesity
Drugs
Secondary hypertension is caused by :
Kidney disease
Arteriosclerosis
WARNING SIGNS of advanced hypertension:
Headache
Shortness of breath
Rapid pulse
Dizziness
Sweating
Visual disturbances
TREATMENT PROTOCOL:
Dietary/lifestyle change
No smoking
Exercise
Diuretics rid body of excess fluids and therefore lower blood pressure
Reduce heart rate via:
Beta-blockers
Calcium channel blockers
Peripheral dilation (increasing blood flow to the extremities, taking
the load off the heart) via:
Sympathetic nerve inhibitors
ACE inhibitors
Vasodilators
These cause less of an incidence in arthritis among patients
taking these
Main drawback to the above drugs:
Hypotension
Impotence

HYPOTENSION
Caused by:
Loss of fluid or blood
Infection
Iatrogenic causes (doctor or drug induced)
Symptoms:
Dizziness and faintness, especially on standing (same as hypertension)
Orthostatic hypotension/Postural hypotension = happens when carotid
baroreceptors are out of whack, or when you stand up too quickly
Dizziness and lightheadedness occur

High blood pressure is also caused by:

Heredity
Blacks have a tendency for this, possibly because their skin (epithelial
tissue) is tougher and tighter (has more collagen)
Epithelial tissue extends into the GI tract and blood vessels
Blood vessels dont have as much elasticity
Men have a tendency
Menopause
Pregnancy
Pre-eclampsia = high blood pressure during pregnancy

3) Taking Blood Pressure

get gauge up to 180mmHg
let air out slowly
at the point where the pulse is no longer occluded, the needle (or
mercury) will start to jump up and down at regular intervals
You will hear the pulse through the stethoscope
This point indicates the systolic pressure
The point at which you can no longer hear the pulse indicates the
diastolic pressure
Taken at brachial artery
If any problems arise while blood pressure is being taken, both arms
should be done
Also if arms are in some way diseased
Korotkoff sounds = the sound of the pulse as the cuff loosens
1st beat registers the systolic pressure
2nd 4th beats have a whooshing quality
5th and last beat indicates the diastolic pressure
Person needs to be relaxed
Theres a false high reading if the person just drank coffee, smoked
pot, &tc.
Or if arm is too low
Sphygmomanometer
Sphygmo = pulse
Bladder = the rubber piece that fills up with air within the cuff
Cuff = the thing you wrap around the patients arm
Aneroid gauge = analog dial gauge
Manometer = mercury gauge

4) Respiration
Respiration = 1 inhalation + 1 exhalation
When you open a soda bottle and all the CO2 fizzes up thats very
similar to whats happening in the alveoli of your lungs
Newborns: 40 50 respirations per minute
Older children: 20 25rpm
Adults: 15 20rpm; optimally 18rpm
Those with a higher than normal breath rate include those who:
Are obese
Smoke/use drugs
Have left ventricular failure
To get the breath rate from your patient
DONT TELL THEM!!!
Act like youre taking the pulse, and watch their chest or some article
of clothing
Hyperpnea/hyperventilation = rapid breathing; can be deep
Trachypnea = rapid shallow breathing
Commonly due to emphysema (which causes elevation of the
diaphragm)
Bradypnea = slow breathing
Apnea = lack of breath (dead or unconscious and nearing death)

5) Temperature
97 99F = normal
98.6 F = optimal
though every part of the body has a slightly different temperature,
depending on blood supply
Fever = the bodys way of destroying a pathogen
Usually low in the morning and reaching a high in the afternoon or
evening
The mechanism of the body to increase temperature is chills
You generally dont feel hot until youre at 102 F
If 104 F theres a severe infection
Above 104 F very dangerous, especially for an adult
105F severe condition; person should be hospitalized
if theres fever at 101 103 F for over 72 hours, medical attention
should be sought (rooted infection)
You must keep a glass thermometer in your mouth for at least 3 minutes
It needs to be shaken down first!
If taken at axilla add 1 F
If taken rectally subtract 1 F
Oral route is the most accurate
Spinal meningitis = highly contagious
Difficulty in being awakened
Convulsions
Difficulty breathing

VI) Tongue Diagnosis

1) The Tongue
More reliable than pulse (less subjective)
Color of tongue body = true condition of zang-fu
Body/color of coat is unaffected by acute conditions
To look at the tongue properly, you must have good lighting (a pen
flashlight will do)
You cant have the patient extend the tongue for more than 15 20
seconds at a time
Be aware of specs of food, and tobacco and coffee use
Be aware of medication patient is on it can change tongue appearance

2) The 5-Aspects (not part of the classics)

a) Spirit general appearance of tongue (Ooh, you have a nice one!)
b) Body color
c) Body shape/movement
d) Coat
e) Moisture

3) Normal Tongue
Vibrant
Pale red
Suppleness
No cracks, no ulcerations
Thin white even coating (perhaps slightly thicker at back)
Normal amount of moisture
All channels traverse tongue either directly or indirectly
Reflects the Stomach (source of Qi and Blood) especially
It generates the tongues coat
The tongue is the extension of the Heart
The Kidney meridian flows to the root of the tongue (as does the Spleen)
4) Topography

Kidneys
Bladder
intestines
Gall
Bladder Liver
Stomach
spleen

lungs
heart

Kidneys
Bladder
Intestines
Lower Burner
Liver
Uterus Stomach

Middle Burner Spleen

Liver
Gall
Upper
Lungs Bladder
Heart
Burner

Pericardium

Small Large
Intestines Kidneys Intestines
Bladder

Gall
Bladder Liver
Stomach
spleen

lungs
heart
Small Large
Intestines Kidneys Intestines
Bladder

Gall
Bladder Liver
Stomach
spleen

Lr/GB Lr/GB
lungs
heart

Interior

Exterior

Interior

Exterior
5) Tongue EPF Signs
In general, an initial attack will not change the tongues looks
a) Wind-Cold
Thin white coating; Dry; or
Wet thin white coating
b) Wind-Damp
Very common
Thin white coat; a little greasy
c) Damp-Heat
Yellow greasy coat; can be thick
d) Wind-Heat
White dry coat that changes to yellow in time
e) Shao-Yang condition ( internal external)
Thickened, slightly Slippery white coat on right side
Tongue body Red
f) Deficient Cold
Pale body with thin white coating
Excess moisture due to Yang not transforming fluids
If Yang Deficiency is long-standing, tongue will be Dry since Yang
is so deficient it cant bring up fluids
g) Excess Cold
Pale body since Yang is blocked
Moist greasy white coat
If theres stagnation, tongue will be Purple/bluish
h) Deficient Heat
Red; no coat
i) Excess Heat
Red; yellow coat
Grey, brown or black coat = long-standing Heat
Black coat = residual Heat-toxin
j) Tongue can be used to tell if a condition is caused by an infection or
not
True infection = Red with red points and a thick, greasy yellow
coat
If not = Red with thin yellow coat (no points)
6) Tongue Qi/Blood Signs
a) Qi Deficiency
Tongue body usually flabby
Can be only one side, or middle can be convex
If severe, can be scalloped
b) Yang Deficiency
Pale puffy/swollen tongue
Spleen-Yang Deficiency = very Pale
Kidney-Yang Deficiency = very very Pale and scalloped
Heart-Yang Deficiency = Purple/blue tongue
c) Yin Deficiency
Red tongue; other signs will present according to organ
involvement
d) Blood Stagnation
Veins under tongue will be blue/purple
e) Blood Deficiency
Pale and Dry tongue

7) Spirit
Tongue of Life = good prognosis
Tongue of Death = bad prognosis
Usually has dark color at root

8) Body Color
Single most important factor in tongue diagnosis
Does not change over a short period of time
Reflects over-all functioning of zang-fu
Front usually Pale-red
a) PALE:
Pale and Dry = Blood Deficiency
Pale and Wet = Yang Deficiency
Pale-Bright and Shiny = Spleen/Stomach Deficiency
A.k.a. Mirrored, Peeled or Coatless tongue
No coat with some moisture
b) RED:
Red = Heat
Red tip or Exterior level = Heart Excess
Red beyond tip = Lung Heat
Red sides = Liver-Yang Rising or Liver-Fire
Swollen Red sides = chronic Spleen-Qi or Yang Deficiency
Red center = Stomach Heat
Purple center = Stomach/Middle Jiao Stasis
Red with coating = Excess Heat
Red with no coat = Deficient Heat
Red and Peeled at center = Stomach-Yin Deficiency (preceding
Kidney-Yin Deficiency)
Red to root = Kidney Deficiency
Red and Wet = retention of Dampness with Heat
= Ying-Level Heat in Wen Bing
= Spleen-Qi Deficiency
Heat has not been in body long enough to injure Body Fluids
Red and Scarlet = Yin Deficiency
Common in those 50+
Usually due to Lung or Heart-Yin Deficiency
Indicates emotional problems taxing Yin
Crimson = old condition or more Heat
With coat = Heat at Yong and Blood level
Red and Dry = Exterior Heat in Interior
Moisture level affected
Red and Swollen = accumulation of Damp-Heat or Kidney-Yin
Deficiency
Can also be due to steroids
Bronchiodialators Red tip
Diuretics Peeled tongue
Anti-inflammatory agents Thin shape
All of the above cause Yin-Deficiency over a long period
Big papillae (points) = Heat
Red points or spots = Excess Heat
Possibly due to Blood Stasis
Where they appear on the tongue indicates the organ involved
Blood or Yang Deficiency before attack of an EPF = red points on a
Pale tongue
White points = Cold
Red with red spots = Heat with Blood Stasis
Red with Purple spot in center = Heat with Blood Stasis in Stomach
Red left or right of center = EPF Interior Exterior (Shao-Yang
condition)

c) PURPLE:
Purple = Blood Stasis
Blue/Purple = Cold with resultant Blood Stasis
Red/Purple = Heat with resultant Blood Stasis
Red/Purple tip = Blood Stasis causing Heart Heat
Dark Red-Purple = Extreme Heat
Red-Purple and distended = Heat and Blood Stasis in Liver and Heart
Usually a result of alcoholism
d) BLUE:
Blue = Cold congealing
Due to Yang Deficiency causing Blood Stasis
Blue without coating = collapse of Jing and Blood
Blue in middle with Slippery/greasy coat = Damp-Phlegm (Spleen-
Yang Deficiency)

9) Tongue Underside
Swollen veins = Qi Stagnation or (slight)Qi Deficiency
Darker and swollen = severe Qi Stagnation and Blood Stasis

10) Tongue During Pregnancy:

Blue tongue with Red face = death of fetus, mother lives
Herbs and acupuncture can be used to tonify Qi and Blood so that this
doesnt occur
Red tongue with Blue face = death of mother, survival of fetus
11) Tongue Shape
a) Thin
Deficiency of Yin or Blood or Body Fluids
b) Swollen
Qi or Yang Deficiency
Damp-Heat
Retention of Dampness
Swollen and Pale = Deficiency
Swollen and dark = Excess
Swollen edges = Spleen Deficiency/ Liver-Blood Deficiency
If Red or dark = congestion of Liver-Qi and/or Liver-Blood
Stagnation
If starting to curl = Heat starting to form
c) Stiff tongue
Invasion of Pericardium by Heat
Wind-Stroke
Sequele of Wind-Stroke
Heat injuring Body Fluids
Heart-Fire
d) Flaccid tongue
Flabby and has trouble moving
Can fall out of mouth
If Red = deficiency of Body Fluids
If Pale = Blood Deficiency
e) Long Tongue
Excess or Deficiency, depending on color
Phlegm
Heart-Fire
Qi Deficiency
f) Short tongue
Qi and Blood problems
Cold contracting muscles
Heat drying out Body Fluids
Yang-Qi Deficiency
g) Cracked
Yin Deficiency
Body Fluids dried up
Cracks at sides = Spleen-Yin Deficiency
Ice flow = little cracks concentrated in a certain area
Yin Deficiency (common in the elderly)
h) Deviated
Liver-Yang Rising
Deficient Liver-Blood
i) Quivering
If Pale = Qi and Blood Deficiency
If Red = Liver Heat
Internal Heat generating Wind
j) Ulcerated
High Heat
With white edges = Yin Deficiency
Apthae = sores on tongue and inner cheek; skin sloughs off
K) Moving tongue (moves slowly from side to side) = Liver issue
l) Numb Pale tongue = Blood Deficiency
If Slippery = Wind-Phlegm
m) If tongue rolled up = Excess
n) If tongue rolled down = Deficiency

12) Tongue Coating

A.k.a. Fur or moss
Formed by turbid Qi rising from the Stomach
If coat disappears after breakfast = weak Stomach-Qi
Thickness determined by the strength of the EPF
Though some people have a natural thick coat
Always check if coating is rooted i.e., if it looks like it cant be rubbed
off
Thickness
Moisture level
Color
Distribution
Viscosity
A coat without a root indicates a more serious condition than one with it
Wind-Cold = white
Wind-Heat = yellow; later becomes dry
Wind-Damp = slimy/sticky coat
White, thick and slipery = Cold-Damp
White thin and dry = Blood or Body Fluid Deficiency
White thick and wet = Yang Deficiency
White thick and dry = Interior condition due to Stomach retension of
turbid fluids, with Heat
Dry, thick yellow coat = Excess Heat
Thin yellow coat = Deficient Heat
Wet coat = Dampness or Yang Deficiency
Watery coat just behind tip = Cold in Lung
Greasy coat = Yang Deficiency
Damp-Phlegm
Phlegm-Heat
Pot-heads have this due to smoke steaming fluids in the Lungs
Phlegm-Cold
Moldy coat = Excess Heat
looks like cottage cheese
Not rooted
Heat in Stomach with Stomach-Yin Deficiency
Peeled/mirror coating = Damp; no coat
Coat on left = Liver
On right = Shao-Yang
If Slippery = Damp-Heat in Gall Bladder
A True Thinning of the coat from hard to soft, from tip to root can
indicate the condition is improving
Usually happens over the course of ~3 days
A False Thinning of the coat indicates condition is getting worse
Happens suddenly
Indicates Body Fluids are drying up or Qi Deficiency
If coat gets progressively thicker towards the back or towards the center,
the disease is getting more serious

VII) Pulse Taking

Mai = vessel or tide
In the Jin dynasty (1115 1230 AD) 24 pulses were decided upon,
with 3 positions Li Zhi Zhen (~1550) wrote about the 27 pulses (which
are still used)

1) The Normal Pulse

Ping Mai = normal pulse
Has spirit/shen (rhythm and strength)
Has force
Its coming and going is distinct
Has qi (its related to the Stomach)
Is supple
Is uninhibited
Has root (i.e., the last position is felt)
2) Points at which Pulse is taken
Cun Kou = Cun Gates, located at Lu-9
Ren Ying = Mans Prognosis, located at St-9
Right hand = Yang pulse (Yang and Qi)
Left pulse = Yin pulse (Yin and Blood)
Left Hand Right Pulse
SI/Ht Cun: Upper Jiao LI/Lu
Lr/GB Guan: Middle Jiao St/Sp
Bl/Ki Chi: Lower Jiao P/SJ (typically not used)
Ki-Yin Chi Ki-Yang
Yang Xi-cleft points
LI-5
Bl-40
K-3
St-42
Lr-3
These points are used to diagnose (via pulse) the energetics of the
points pertaining organ
3) The Methods of Pulse Taking
Lifting superficial level
Seeking moderate level
Pressing looking for the pulse at the deepest level
The three positions of pulse taking (at the wrist) are:
Cun (inch) -- .6 cun in length
Guan (bar or gate) -- .6 cun in length
Chi (cubit) -- .7 cun in length
a) Pulse taking
The best time for taking a pulse is in the morning
The patient should have their arm at the level of their heart
Breathing and posture should be relaxed
When taking a pulse, find the guan position just medial to the
styloid process of the radius, then lay down the other fingers
Take the pulse for 1 15 minutes
b) Pulse qualities to keep in mind
1) Speed
2) Depth (3 depths)
3) Force
4) Length (can go beyond the chi position, or be shorter)
5) Rhythm (has to do with Yang)
6) Width (has to do with state of Yin)
c) Things that affect the pulse
Age (faster in youth)
Sex (has to do with thinness of pulse man have a stronger pulse)
Body type
Life-style
Seasons
State of Qi/Blood and zang-fu
d) Organs that affect the pulse
Lung supplies Qi
Spleen generaes Qi/Blood
Liver governs flow and storeage of Blood
Heart has to do with the force of the Blood and the state of the
vessels
Kidneys has to do with the storeage of Blood and prevents

recless overflow