Field Guide to Survey and

Manage Terrestrial Mollusk

Species from the
Northwest Forest Plan
June 1999

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT

Bureau of Land Management

Oregon State Office
Field Guide to Survey and
Manage Terrestrial Mollusk
Species from the
Northwest Forest Plan

June 1999

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT

Bureau of Land Management

Oregon State Office
Table of Contents
Page
Contributors i
Introduction ii
Shell Shapes iii
Shell Terminology iv
Anatomy of a Slug viii
Species
Ancotrema voyanum ............................ Hooded Lancetooth 1
Cryptomastix devia ................................... Puget Oregonian 5
Cryptomastix hendersoni ................... Columbia Oregonian 9
Helminthoglypta hertleini ................ Oregon Shoulderband 13
Helminthoglypta talmadgei ............ Klamath Shoulderband 17
Megomphix hemphilli .......................... Oregon Megomphix 21
Monadenia chaceana ............... Chace or Siskiyou Sideband 25
Monadenia churchi ............Klamath or Churchs Sideband 29
Monadenia fidelis klamathica ................. Klamath Sideband 33
Monadenia fidelis minor ............................. Dalles Sideband 37
Monadenia fidelis ochromphalus .... Yellow-based Sideband 41
Monadenia troglodytes troglodytes ............ Shasta Sideband 45
Monadenia troglodytes wintu ..................... Wintu Sideband 49
Oreohelix new species 1 .................... Chelan Mountainsnail 53
Pristiloma arcticum crateris ............... Crater Lake Tightcoil 57
Trilobopsis roperi ....................................... Shasta Chaparral 61
Trilobopsis tehemana .............................. Tehama Chaparral 65
Vertigo new species .......................................... Hoko Vertigo 69
Vespericola pressleyi .............................. Pressley Hesperian 73
Vespericola shasta ..................................... Shasta Hesperian 77
Deroceras hesperium ............................... Evening Fieldslug 81
Hemphillia burringtoni ..................... Keeled Jumping-slug 85
Hemphillia glandulosa ......................... Warty Jumping-slug 89
Hemphillia malonei ........................... Malone Jumping-slug 93
Hemphillia pantherina ...................... Panther Jumping-slug 97
Prophysaon coeruleum .................... Blue-gray Tail-dropper 101
Prophysaon dubium .......................... Papillose Tail-dropper 105
Glossary 109
Contributors

Rachel Kelley, BLM Oregon State Office, OR

Stephen Dowlan, BLM Salem, OR
Nancy Duncan, BLM Roseburg, OR
Tom Burke, USFS Entiat, WA

i
Introduction

This field guide is intended for use in identifying 27 terrestrial mollusk

species listed in Table C-3 or page C-6 of the Record of Decision for the
Northwest Forest Plan, which require survey prior to ground
disturbing activities. This guide is provided in loose leaf format
allowing sections to be removed and taken to the field. Also, it
provides a method for updating current information with new
illustrations and range data.

The first section offers some basic information about mollusk

morphology and terminology used in the descriptive text. Refer to the
glossary provided at the end of the guide for more detailed
explanations of terms.

The main body of the guide contains photographs, species

descriptions, and range and habitat information for the terrestrial
mollusk species listed in the Record of Decision for the Northwest
Forest Plan. This section is divided into two parts (twenty terrestrial
snail species and seven terrestrial slug species) each organized
alphabetically by scientific name. Information and photographs of
similar species are also included in this section.

ii
Shell Shapes

Illustration 1962 John B. Burch

iii
Shell Terminology

Illustration 1962 John B. Burch

Shell terminology and surface sculpture. a, Striae (indented spiral lines)

(a), lirae (raised spiral lines) (b); ribs (raised transverse lines) (c); wrinkles
(d); puncta or pits (e); papillae or granules (f); hairs or bristles (g); dents
(malleated) (h). b, Transverse or growth lines (a); spiral lines or striae (b).

iv
Illustration 1962 John B. Burch

Shell terminology. a, Shell with whorls increasing gradually in size; b,

sutures slightly indented; c, sutures strongly indented; d, crenulate
sutures; e, whorls rapidly increasing in size; f, flattened whorl; g, shoul-
dered whorl; h, moderately shouldered whorl; i, rounded whorl; j,
sunken spire; k, last whorl not descending in front, i.e., not deflected; l,
last whorl descending in front, i.e., deflected; m, globose shell; n, de-
pressed shell; o, strongly depressed shell; p, discoidal shell; q, doubly
carinate periphery; r, carinate periphery; s, angular periphery; t, round
periphery; u, dextrally (to the right) whorled shell; v, sinistrally (to the
left) whorled shell.

v
Illustration 1962 John B. Burch

Shell terminology. a, Umbilicate shell; b, perforate shell; c, imperforate

shell; d, method of measuring shell and umbilicus diameters; e, method
of counting whorls; f, straight outer lip; g, curved outer lip; h, lip
retracted to the suture; i, truncate columella; j, straight columella; k,
straight (not reflected) lip; l, reflected lip.

vi
Illustration 1962 John B. Burch
Shell terminology. a, Round aperture; b, oval aperture; c, narrowly oval
aperture; d, roundly lunate aperture; e, ovate-lunate aperture;
f, narrowly ovate-lunate aperture; g, broadly lunate aperture; h, deeply
lunate aperture; i, narrow slit-like aperture; j, multispiral operculum;
k, paucispiral operculum; l, concentric operculum; m, concentric
operculum with spiral nucleus.

vii
Anatomy of a Slug

Illustration 1994 Joyce Bergen

viii
Ancotrema voyanum Hooded Lancetooth

DESCRIPTION
11 to 15 mm in diameter with 5-5.5 whorls that are smooth at first, but
then develop into closely-set, round-topped whorls with collabral ribs.
The ribs extend from suture to umbilicus and the tops are cut by fine
incised spiral striae. The body whorl is rather closely coiled and not
markedly descending to the aperture. The spire is flat or barely
elevated, and the sutures are moderately impressed and crenulated.
The aperture is oblique and semicircular to triangular in basal view.
The lip is weakly turned outward with a narrow, crustose border, and
the upper lip is strongly depressed so that the margin is sinuate. The
shell is translucent to opaque, and the periostracum is an orange-
brown color.

RANGE
Trinity and Shasta Counties, California. Also known in Klamath
Mountains, California on the Six Rivers and Klamath National Forests.
A larger form, subspecies Ancotrema voyanum humboltense (to 17 mm
diameter and 8 mm high) has stronger, more coarse striations and is
found in Humbolt County, CA.

HABITAT
Near streams or intermittent stream channels where substrate is
permanently damp. Late successional conditions such as coarse
woody debris, riparian hardwood trees, deep leaf mold, and a
relatively closed forest canopy provide suitable habitat conditions.
This species appears to be associated with limestone substrates mostly
within an elevation range of 168-960 meters.

SIMILAR SPECIES
Ancotrema sportella

1
J.S. Applegarth
Figure 1a. Ancotrema voyanum

J.S. Applegarth

Figure 1b. Ancotrema voyanum (three specimens). Note triangular

aperture shape.

2
N. Duncan
Figure 1c. Ancotrema sportella. May be larger (12 to 22 mm diameter in 5
1/4 to 6 1/3 whorls) than A. voyanum, and the incised spiral lines are
much deeper, creating a beaded texture. The lip of A. sportella is much
less deflected, and the sinuosity is distinctly less acute with an indented
crease running obliquely back from the center of the palatal margin
toward the outer edge.

3
4
Cryptomastix devia Puget Oregonian

DESCRIPTION
20 to 25 mm in diameter with 5.5-6.0 whorls. The depressed globose-
shaped shell has a heavy, broadly reflected apertural lip which
partially or mostly covers the umbilicus. The narrow umbilicus is one-
eighth to one-tenth the diameter of the shell. Cryptomastix are
generally hairless as adults (except Cryptomastix germana). Immature
C. devia have short, hooked microscopic bristles on the dorsal surface
which are lost by adulthood and are soon lost on preserved shells. The
umber-snuff brown surface is somewhat glossy or semi-matte, with
irregular, shallow spiral striae which appear as wavy lines under the
microscope. Adult specimens have a white, blunt tooth located on
the parietal wall of the aperture and a thickening on the lower lip with
a low cusp on its outer end. The animal is usually light brown,
sometimes with a lilac undertone.
This description best fits western Cascade lots. A few lots from the
Columbia Gorge area have a narrower, brown lip, lighter periostracum,
more depressed spire, thinner shell, and nearly smooth shell surface.

RANGE
Found in the western Cascade Range and Puget Trough from southern
Vancouver Island, B.C. through western Washington to the Oregon side
of the Columbia Gorge. Oregon: Multnomah and Wasco Counties.
Washington: Clark, Cowlitz, King, Lewis, Pierce, Skamania, and
Thurston Counties.

HABITAT
Mature to late successional moist forest and riparian zones, under logs,
in leaf litter, around seeps and springs, and often associated with
hardwood debris and leaf litter and/or talus. It is often found under
or near big-leaf maple and may be under sword-fern growing under
these trees, or on the underside of big-leaf maple logs. Canopy cover
is generally high. Low to mid-elevations. Young individuals may be
found under mosses growing on the trunks of big-leaf maple.

SIMILAR SPECIES
Allogona ptycophora
Allogona townsendiana
Cryptomastix hendersoni

5
T. Burke
Figure 2a. Cryptomastix devia

T. Burke

Figure 2b. Cryptomastix devia

6
T. Burke
Figure 2c. Allogona townsendiana (left) and Allogona ptycophora (right) lack
apertural teeth.

T. Burke

Figure 2d. Cryptomastix hendersoni. Smaller (15-20 mm diameter) than C.

devia, usually with no parietal tooth, or occasionally a very small parietal
tooth.

7
8
Cryptomastix hendersoni Columbia Oregonian

DESCRIPTION
15 to 20 mm in diameter with 5.0-5.5 whorls. The spire is moderately
depressed, and the suture is slightly impressed. The initial whorls are
smooth or slightly granular. There is no trace of hairs, papillae, or hair
scars on the succeeding whorls. The aperture is moderately oblique.
The lip is typically white to light brown, narrowly reflected except at
the base, and barely covers the umbilicus. The umbilicus is shallow
and small, about one-tenth the shells diameter. The shell is semi-
transparent with the periostracum a dilute-snuff brown or yellow-
brown color. The surface is generally somewhat glossy. The animal is
a light-tan color with pinkish undertones.

RANGE
Oregon: Columbia River Gorge, Wasco and Sherman Counties.
Washington: Skamania and Klickitat Counties. Its range may extend
north into Yakima County, Washington.

HABITAT
Generally within 100 meters of streams, seeps, and springs. It may be
a riparian associate in steppe communities at low to mid-elevations
and may be found among moist talus, leaf litter and shrubs, or under
logs and other debris.

SIMILAR SPECIES
Allogona ptycophora
Allogona townsendiana
Cryptomastix devia

9
J.S. Applegarth
Figure 3a. Cryptomastix hendersoni

T. Burke

Figure 3b. Cryptomastix hendersoni

T. Burke

Figure 3c. Cryptomastix hendersoni

10
T. Burke
Figure 3d. Allogona townsendiana (left) is larger (25.5 mm diameter),
rougher in appearance, and the whorls are not as tight as in C. hendersoni.
Allogona ptycophora (right) may be equal to or slightly larger (up to 22
mm diameter) than C. hendersoni in size, and color varies from gray to
dark brown. Also, the spire is higher and more acute in A. ptycophora,
and there is no apparent constriction before the reflected lip margin.

T. Burke

Figure 3e. Cryptomastix devia. Larger (20-25 mm diameter) than C.

hendersoni with a well-developed parietal tooth and an umbilicus which
is usually at least half-covered by the reflected lip margin.
11
12
Helminthoglypta hertleini Oregon Shoulderband

DESCRIPTION
18 to 28 mm in diameter with 5.0-5.7 whorls. The shell is rather
globose in shape, very thin and delicate, and pinkish-tan under a
straw-colored periostracum. A reddish shoulder band is present with a
narrow band of a lighter shade below. The spire is broadly conic. The
lip is thickened and only reflected over the umbilicus, which is half
covered. Embryonic whorls are smooth and swollen. Post-embryonic
whorls have rather coarse growth ridges with light malleation and no
spiral striae. The body whorl has rather coarse growth lines on the
shoulder but is nearly smooth below the periphery.

RANGE
Klamath Province, including Jackson County (OR), on or near BLM
Medford District land, and Siskiyou County (CA), with Shasta River
sites on or adjacent to BLM land and near the eastern border of the
Klamath National Forest. It may also be found as far north as Douglas
County, Oregon.

HABITAT
Generally associated with, though not restricted to talus and other
rocky substrates. It is suspected to be found within its range wherever
permanent ground cover and/or moisture is available. This may
include rock fissures or large woody debris sites. This species is also
adapted to somewhat dry conditions during a portion of the year.

SIMILAR SPECIES
There is a geographically defined population of H. hertleini found from
southern Douglas County, OR south into Northern California. Within
and adjacent to this region, there are also similar undescribed species.

Helminthoglypta talmadgei

13
C. Telford
Figure 4a. Helminthoglypta hertleini
C. Telford

Figure 4b. Helminthoglypta hertleini

14
C. Telford
Figure 4c. Helminthoglypta talmadgei (left) has a subtle pattern of fine
malleations on the shell surface when compared to H. hertleini (right).
This feature is especially evident on the shoulder, and is best viewed
under magnification.

15
16
Helminthoglypta talmadgei Klamath Shoulderband

DESCRIPTION
18 to 28 mm in diameter with 5.2-6.1 whorls which are somewhat
flattened. The spire is broadly conic, and the suture is moderately
impressed. The post-embryonic sculpture is of coarse growth lines,
incised from the fourth whorl on by fine spiral striae and disrupted by
irregular malleation. The body whorl has a matte appearance due to
malleations, especially on the shoulder. The aperture is broadly ear-
shaped. The lip is turned outward and thickened. The inner lip covers
less than half of the umbilicus. The shell is a pale pinkish-tan color
under a golden brown periostracum. The surface may be matte to
silky. The animal is pale tan.

RANGE
Trinity and Humboldt Counties, California. Also known in Klamath
National Forest.

HABITAT
Stable talus and rockslides in limestone substrates, especially near
springs or streams. Trees and bushes appear to be important for
shading and food, though deep shade is not necessary.

SIMILAR SPECIES
Helminthoglypta hertleini

17
C. Telford
Figure 5a. Helminthoglypta talmadgei

C. Telford

Figure 5b. Helminthoglypta talmadgei

18
C. Telford
Figure 5c. Helminthoglypta talmadgei

C. Telford

Figure 5d. Helminthoglypta hertleini (right) lacks the subtle pattern of fine
malleations on the shell surface when compared to H. talmadgei (left).
Also, H. hertleini is smoother in appearance and has fewer whorls.

19
20
Megomphix hemphilli Oregon Megomphix

DESCRIPTION
15 to 20 mm in diameter with up to 6.0 whorls in adults. The
distinguishing features of this species include the tight spiral pattern
formed by consecutive whorls and the translucent, pearly appearance
of the shell. The shell is smooth, moderately thin, has no spiral
grooves, and is almost discoidal in shape with a slightly raised spire.
The periphery of the aperture is rounded and the basal margin of the
aperture is somewhat flattened when compared to the Haplotremes.
Also, the aperture is on the same plane as the whorls or very slightly
offset below. The periostracum is relatively transparent and slightly
amber-tinted in live specimens. The umbilicus is moderately large in
diameter, occupying about a third of the shells diameter. Neither
adult nor juvenile snails have a reflected apertural lip.

RANGE
Known from the Puget Trough of western Washington through the
Willamette Valley, Cascade Range foothills, and coast range of Oregon.
Oregon: Benton, Clackamas, Clatsop, Coos, Douglas, Lane, Marion,
Multnomah, and Tillamook Counties. Washington: Cowlitz, Grays
Harbor, Lewis, and Thurston Counties.

HABITAT
In moist conifer/hardwood forests up to 915 meters. A big-leaf maple
component and an abundance of sword-fern on forested slopes and
terraces seem characteristic. This species is somewhat photophobic,
preferring a moist habitat under forest litter, and is seldom found
active on the surface. Typically, it is associated with big-leaf maple
litter and is commonly found between layers of partially decomposed
leaves.

SIMILAR SPECIES
Ancotrema sportella
Haplotrema vancouverense

21
J.S. Applegarth
Figure 6a. Megomphix hemphilli

N. Duncan

Figure 6b. Ancotrema sportella (left), Megomphix hemphilli (center), and

Haplotrema vancouverense (right). M. hemphilli appears to be more tightly
coiled in comparison to the other two, a feature most apparent towards
the outer whorls.
22
J.S. Applegarth
Figure 6c. H. vancouverense (right) is larger and has a moderately
depressed and more oval-shaped aperture in comparison with M.
hemphilli (left).
T. Burke

T. Burke

Figure 6d. Ancotrema sportella. Figure 6e. The shell surface of H.

The shell surface has spiral vancouverense lacks the strong spiral grooves
grooves perpendicular to the which form the beaded texture in A.
radial growth lines, forming a sportella. Very fine microscopic spiral striae
fine beaded texture and a non- are distinct, but may be visible only with a
10x or greater hand lens. Though somewhat
reflective surface in compari-
shiny in appearance, H. vancouverense is less
son to the shiny appearance of shiny than M. hemphilli and is more greenish
Megomphix shells . This in color. A whitish coloring around micro-
pattern may be obvious only scopic pits or other shell injuries is more
around the umbilicus. conspicuous in M. hemphilli than in
Haplotrema species.
23
24
Monadenia chaceana Chace or Siskiyou Sideband

DESCRIPTION
18 to 26 mm in diameter with 5.2-5.8 whorls and a low-spire. The
ground color is yellowish with a reddish-brown base. The peripheral
band color is usually dark reddish-brown, bordered by a lighter brown
shoulder stripe. The first two embryonic whorls have a fine granular
texture grading into microscopic wrinkles which are parallel to the
growth lines. Body whorls have irregular low rugae and fine, wavy
incised spiral striations. The last portion of the body whorl behind the
aperture is deflected downward, and the lip is moderately reflected,
especially at the base. The umbilicus is less than a quarter covered by
the reflected lip. The periostracum is smooth and lustrous with a
glossy appearance.

RANGE
Known from Siskiyou County, California. Range extension expected to
extend to Jackson and Josephine Counties, Oregon.

HABITAT
Lower reaches of major drainages, in talus and rock slides, under rocks
and woody debris in moist conifer forests, in caves, and in shrubby
areas in riparian corridors. Rocks and large woody debris serve as
refugia during the summer and late winter seasons.

SIMILAR SPECIES
Monadenia scottiana
Monadenia fidelis fidelis
Monadenia fidelis leonina
Monadenia churchi

25
N. Duncan
Figure 7a. Monadenia chaceana

N. Duncan

Figure 7b. Monadenia churchi. In comparison to the larger M. chaceana, the

umbilicus is slightly less covered by the reflected lip and the overall
appearance is duller and more matte-like, especially at the basal area.
Also, the post-embryonic sculpture of M. churchi contains distinctive
regularly-spaced, elongated, raised tubercles arranged in spiral order.
26
T. Pearce
Figure 7c. Monadenia fidelis fidelis. Umbilicus is half-covered by the
reflected lip and the peripheral band and basal patch is blackish-brown.

N. Duncan

Figure 7d. Monadenia scottiana. Shiny, but not extremely glossy, this
species has a more prominent band and a darker background color than
M. churchi. M. scottiana also lacks incised spiral striations and papillae on
the post-embryonic whorls. Found only around streams tributary to the
Scott River Ca., though one outlier from the Mad River district is known.

27
N. Duncan
Figure 7e. Monadenia fidelis leonina. The shell surface has a more rugose
texture compared to the overall smooth appearance of M. chaceana.

28
Monadenia churchi Klamath or Churchs Sideband

DESCRIPTION
17.8 to 23.5 mm in diameter with 5-6 whorls. The spire is low-conic to
moderately raised with straight or weakly convex sides. Embryonic
whorls 1.6-1.9 have fine granules arranged in diagonal rows. The
post-embryonic sculpture contains distinctive regularly-spaced,
elongated, raised tubercles arranged in spiral order. The thick,
reflected lip is turned outward and is thickened by callus. The inner
lip impinges slightly on the umbilicus. The umbilicus is contained
about 9 times in the diameter of the shell. The spire, shoulder, and
base are reddish-brown (or rarely tan), with single or double, narrow
stripes. The periostracum is smooth, matte or silky, and light
yellowish tan in color. The animal is tan or blackish with cream or
salmon-colored tubercles and a light mid-dorsal stripe.

RANGE
California counties: Butte, Humboldt, Shasta, Siskiyou, Tehama, and
Trinity.

HABITAT
Limestone outcrops, caves, talus slides, and lava rockslides, especially
in riparian areas and under nearby forest debris in heavy shade. Many
sites around Shasta Lake are in brush and pine-oak woodland.

SIMILAR SPECIES
Monadenia chaceana
Monadenia troglodytes troglodytes
Monadenia scottiana

29
N. Duncan
Figure 8a. Monadenia churchi

N. Duncan

Figure 8b. Monadenia troglodytes troglodytes. Shell surface has a glossier

appearance and is lighter in color compared to M. churchi.

30
N. Duncan
Figure 8c. Monadenia chaceana. The umbilicus is slightly more covered by
the reflected lip, and the appearance of the shell is glossier than in M.
churchi, especially at the basal area. Also, raised sculpture on the early
post-embryonic whorls is weaker and less regularly arranged.

N. Duncan

Figure 8d. Monadenia scottiana. Shiny, but not extremely glossy, this
species has a more prominent band and a darker background color than
M. churchi. Also, M. scottiana has a gray body and lacks incised spiral
striations and papillae on the post-embryonic whorls. Found only
around streams tributary to the Scott River, Ca., though one outlier from
the Mad River district is known.
31
32
Monadenia fidelis klamathica Klamath Sideband

DESCRIPTION
27.4 to 33.2 mm in diameter with about 6.25 whorls. Umbilicus is
steep-walled and about one-twelfth to one-fourteenth the diameter of
the shell. Aperture is ovate and somewhat flattened below. The
surface of the shells main portion is smooth and polished with very
finely incised microscopic spiral striation. The ground color is dark
brown with a tri-colored band bordering the periphery. The dark
central stripe is about 2.5 mm thick and resembles the color of the
shells base. The dark-yellow stripe below is about 1.5 mm thick, and
the lighter uppermost band is even narrower.

RANGE
Known from Siskiyou and Humboldt Counties, California. Range may
extend as far north as Josephine County, Oregon, but not east of the
Sacramento River Basin or into coastal areas.

HABITAT
Stable riparian zones within semi-dry mixed deciduous and conifer
forests, but not necessarily restricted to riparian zones. Late
successional forest with high canopy closure, a mixed conifer and
hardwood component, and the presence of large, down woody debris
or rock talus is considered optimum habitat. This species has been
found under logs, in rocky areas, and on pine needle and oak leaf
litter.

SIMILAR SPECIES
In the southern part of its range, Monadenia fidelis, which is elsewhere
relatively uniform in morphology, tends to form distinctive local
geographic races. These races are listed below.

Monadenia fidelis ochromphalus

Monadenia fidelis leonina
Monadenia fidelis salmonensis

33
sculpture (n.) The natural surface markings on snail shells.

Calafornia Acadamy of Science

Figure 9a. Monadenia fidelis klamathica. Photo from Henry A. Pilsburys
Land Mollusca of North America (Philadelphia Academy of Natural
Sciences Monograph #3, 1939).

N. Duncan

Figure 9b. Monadenia fidelis leonina. Smaller and paler than M. f.

klamathica with a more rugose texture. Many specimens are pale yellow-
ish, even at the base.

34
J.L. Furnish
Figure 9c. Monadenia fidelis ochramphalus. The area around the umbilicus
is yellow, rather than blackish-brown as with M. f. klamathica. Monadenia
fidelis salmonensis (no photo) from areas along the Salmon River, CA is
also very similar to M. f. klamathica, but has radial streaks of yellow on
the base. Also, M. f. salmonensis appears glossy only on the base, in
comparison to the overall glossy appearance of M. f. klamathica.

35
36
Monadenia fidelis minor Dalles Sideband

DESCRIPTION
20 to 25 mm in diameter with 5.5-6.0 whorls at maturity. The rough
shell has sharp growth lines and is a yellowish-brown color with a
chestnut-colored base. Peripheral band is yellowish with a wider, dark
brown supraperipheral band and another narrower, less distinct
yellowish band above. The dorsal color is diffuse yellowish or grayish
brown. The lip is thin and slightly reflected, covering little of the
umbilicus. The spire is low, nearly conic. The live animal has a
gray-brown body with bluish pigment granules.

RANGE
Known from the central and eastern Columbia Gorge of Washington
and Oregon, and up the Deschutes River as far as 50 miles from its
mouth. This species has been found in Wasco County, Oregon and
Klickitat County, Washington.

HABITAT
Associated with talus habitat and moist rocky areas, especially around
seeps and springs, in steppe or dry forest plant communities. However,
it is not found in the springs or seeps, nor is it considered to be a talus
obligate. Rocks and large woody debris serve as refugia during the
summer and late winter seasons.

SIMILAR SPECIES
Monadenia fidelis fidelis

37
J.L. Furnish
Figure 10a. Monadenia fidelis minor

38
T. Burke
Figure 10b. Monadenia fidelis fidelis (below) is larger in comparison to M.
f. minor (above), and the last whorl may be more sharply deflected before
the aperture, though this is not always the case. Juveniles of M. f. fidelis
may be similar in size to M. f. minor, but will have an angled periphery
and lack the reflected lip.

39
40
Monadenia fidelis
ochromphalus Yellow-based Sideband

DESCRIPTION
29.6 to 32.7 mm in diameter with 6.5 whorls. The shell is highly
polished with a very fine spiral sculpture, especially on the base. The
base is a lustrous blackish umber, with yellow on the area immediately
surrounding the umbilicus. The umbilicus is open and permeable to
the apex and one-third covered by the reflected lip. The shell color is
dark with a wide peripheral band of dark umber bordered below by a
narrow buff-colored band.
This species is considered in the Northwest Forest Plan under the
section for protection from grazing. It is also a riparian assessment
species. Although not required for survey prior to activities, the plan
does suggest that it be protected.

RANGE
Known from Siskiyou and Humboldt Counties, California. Range may
extend as far north as Josephine County, Oregon, and possibly east of
the Sacramento River Basin.

HABITAT
Stable riparian zones within semi-dry mixed deciduous and conifer
forests, but not necessarily restricted to riparian zones. Late
successional forest with high canopy closure, a mixed conifer and
hardwood component, and the presence of large, down woody debris
or rock talus is considered optimum habitat. This species has been
found under logs, in rocky areas, and on pine needle and oak leaf
litter.

SIMILAR SPECIES
Monadenia fidelis fidelis
Monadenia fidelis klamathica
Monadenia fidelis salmonensis

41
J.L. Furnish
Figure 11a. Monadenia fidelis ochramphalus

42
T. Pearce
Figure 11b. Monadenia fidelis fidelis (above) is larger with a higher and
more conic spire compared to M. f. ochramphalus. Also, the shell lacks the
yellow center at the base and the appearance of a polished surface.
Monadenia fidelis salmonensis (no photo) from areas along the Salmon
River, CA is also very similar to M. f. ochramphalus, but has radial streaks
of yellow on the base rather than the solid yellow umbilical patch. Also,
M. f. salmonensis appears glossy only on the base, in comparison to the
overall glossy appearance of M. f. ochramphalus. Another similar species
Monadenia fidelis klamathica (no photo) lacks the yellow center on the
base.

43
44
Monadenia troglodytes troglodytes Shasta Sideband

DESCRIPTION
20.5 to 29.0 mm in diameter with 5-6 whorls. The ground color is
white or light tan with a reddish-brown peripheral band. The
periostracum is smooth and colorless or a light yellow-tan. The
depressed shell has a somewhat flattened profile. The whorls are
somewhat flattened, and the sutures are weakly indented. The
periphery is broadly rounded. The aperture is broadly ear-shaped and
oblique. The lip is turned outward, reflected, and thickened by callus.
The inner lip impinges slightly on the umbilicus. The umbilicus is
contained 5-11 times in diameter. Embryonic shell sculpture is
granular, grading into fine wavy radial lines. The post-embryonic
whorls have increasingly sparse papillation, disappearing by the third
or fourth whorl. The body whorl is characterized by fine, parallel,
incised growth lines which can be somewhat wavy and are most
obvious just behind the apertural lip. The animal is gray to sooty
black with a reddish or purplish cast and a light dorsal stripe.

RANGE
Known only from Shasta County, California along the McCloud River
arm and near the Pit River arm of Shasta Lake.

HABITAT
Limestone areas, including caves, talus slopes, and other rocky areas
which are open, brush-covered, or associated with pine-oak
woodlands. Refuge sites do not need to have vegetative cover.

SIMILAR SPECIES
Monadenia troglodytes wintu

45
J.L. Furnish
Figure 12a. Monadenia troglodytes troglodytes

46
N. Duncan
Figure 12b. Monadenia troglodytes wintu. On average, larger and higher-
spired when compared with M. t. troglodytes. Also, shell is thicker, more
opaque and more highly colored (the difference in color is best viewed
on a white background). Underside is pale for both subspecies.

47
48
Monadenia troglodytes wintu Wintu Sideband

DESCRIPTION
20.5 to 29.0 mm in diameter with 5-6 whorls. The ground color is
white or light tan with a bright reddish-brown peripheral band
bordered by whitish bands. The periostracum is smooth and colorless
or a light yellow-tan color. The depressed shell has a somewhat
flattened profile. The whorls are somewhat flattened, and the sutures
are weakly indented. The periphery is broadly rounded. The aperture
is broadly ear-shaped and oblique. The lip is turned outward,
reflected, and thickened by callus. The inner lip impinges slightly on
the umbilicus. The umbilicus is contained 5-11 times in diameter.
Embryonic shell sculpture is granular, grading into fine wavy radial
lines. The post-embryonic whorls have increasingly sparse papillation,
disappearing by the third or fourth whorl. The body whorl is
characterized by fine, parallel, incised growth lines which can be
somewhat wavy and are most obvious just behind the apertural lip.
The animal is gray to sooty black with a reddish or purplish cast and a
light dorsal stripe.

RANGE
Known from Shasta County, California along the Pit River arm of
Shasta Lake over to Squaw Creek and at Mountain Gate.

HABITAT
Limestone areas, including caves, talus slopes, and other rocky areas
which are open, brush-covered, or associated with pine-oak
woodlands. Refuge sites do not need to have vegetative cover.

SIMILAR SPECIES
Monadenia troglodytes troglodytes

49
N. Duncan
Figure 13a Monadenia troglodytes wintu

50
J.L. Furnish
Figure 13b. Monadenia troglodytes troglodytes. On average, smaller and
lower-spired when compared with M. t. wintu. Also, shell is thinner, less
opaque and less colorful (the difference in color is best viewed on a white
background). Underside is pale for both subspecies.

51
52
Oreohelix new species 1 Chelan Mountainsnail

DESCRIPTION
Up to 18 mm in diameter with up to 4.5 whorls. The conic-shaped
spire is moderately tall. The shell is a dirty white color with two well-
developed, brown bands. The periphery is rounded. The embryonic
shell surface has radial striae, moderately even throughout. There are
weak periostracal lirations on both surfaces of all whorls. The aperture
is rounded, not considerably thickened, and only slightly oblique. The
lip is not reflected or expanded. The parietal callus is very thin. The
umbilicus is moderate in size and about one-quarter of the shells
diameter.

RANGE
Known only from northeastern Chelan County, Washington. It is also
suspected to occur in parts of Okanogan County, WA.

HABITAT
Preferred habitat is not well-defined. It was originally found in schist
talus above the southwest shore of Lake Chelan. However, shells
have been found at several sites with no apparent talus. Sites are near
ridgetops, often in small draws, benches or depressions, and in open
Ponderosa pine or Douglas-fir forest edge with ground cover of
pinegrass (Calamagrostis rubescens) or elk sedge (Carex geyeri).

SIMILAR SPECIES
Oreohelix junii
Oreohelix strigosa
Undescribed new species

53
T. Burke
Figure 14a. Oreohelix new species 1

54
T. Burke
Figure 14b. Mad River Mountainsnail, another undescribed Oreohelix
species (under review) has a lower spire and prominent, sharp growth
wrinkles.

T. Burke

Figure 14c. Oreohelix junii (below). Similar to O. new species 1, but has a
very low spire. O. strigosa (above) is larger than O. n. sp. 1, and shells of
immatures have a strongly angular periphery.

55
56
Pristiloma arcticum crateris Crater Lake Tightcoil

DESCRIPTION
Up to 2.75 mm in diameter and 1.5 mm in height. Specimens are best
viewed under a dissecting microscope. The shell has a rounded
periphery with the widest point at about mid-whorl. This species has
a low conic spire with 5.5-6.0 whorls which are closely coiled. The
shell has no umbilicus (imperforate). The aperture is crescent-shaped
and is somewhat flattened on the base when compared to Pristiloma
arcticum arcticum. The lip is thickened and reflected only where it
meets the columella. The outer and basal margins of the lip are thin.
The peripheral region and base are smooth except for very weak lines
of growth. Very fine, close spiral lines are seen on the upper surface.
The live shell is pinkish-buff in color, smooth, and very glossy.

RANGE
Known from south of Crater Lake, Klamath County, Oregon. There
has also been an occurrence in Jefferson County, Oregon. Federal lands
include Crater Lake National Park and the Deschutes National Forest.
This species is also suspected to occur on the Winema, Umpqua, and
Willamette National Forests and parts of BLM districts adjacent to
these forests east of Interstate 5. It may occur throughout the Oregon
Cascades in widely scattered populations.

HABITAT
Above 610 meters elevation in moist conifer forests and among mosses
and other vegetation near wetlands, springs, seeps, and riparian areas.
Specimens may be found on logs, among sedges, attached to decaying
leaf surfaces, in litter, or inside other shells.

SIMILAR SPECIES
Pristiloma articum arcticum
Pristiloma lansingi
Other Pristiloma species

57
T. Burke
Figure 15a. Pristiloma arcticum crateris. Periphery of last whorl is more
rounded than in other imperforate Pristiloma species. P. a. arcticum (no
photo) found from Washington is very similar, but the base of P. a..
crateris is more flattened, producing a less deeply concave basal lip and a
somewhat different aperture shape.

T. Burke

Figure 15b. Pristiloma arcticum crateris

T. Burke

Figure 15c. Pristiloma arcticum crateris

58
T. Burke
Figure 15d. Pristiloma lansingi. Periphery of the largest whorl has a
shouldered appearance, and an irregularly toothed rib is present within
the outer margin of the apertural lip (unique to this Pristiloma species).

59
60
Trilobopsis roperi Shasta Chaparral

DESCRIPTION
About 8 mm in diameter with 5.8-6.2 tightly-coiled whorls. The shell
is depressed and discoidal. The spire is almost flat, and the suture is
impressed. The overall shell color of a live specimen is reddish-brown.
The periostracum bears short, erect, well-spaced bristles when not
eroded. The umbilicus is wide, contained about 4.5 times in the
diameter of the shell. The pinkish-tan lip is gradually turned outward,
deeply reflected on the outer and basal margins, and has three teeth
within the aperture. The parietal tooth is long and high, the basal
tooth is thick and rounded, and the outer tooth is thick and square
topped. The shell sculpture, seen under magnification, shows a
pattern of long granules along the radial growth lines and microscopic
spiral lines. The embryonic whorls are smooth. On the last body
whorl, erect short hairs can be seen in parallel rows following the
growth lines in protected places. The mantle is spotted with black.

RANGE
An endemic species of Shasta County, California.

HABITAT
May be found within 100 meters of lightly to deeply shaded limestone
rockslides, draws, or caves with a cover of shrubs or oak.

SIMILAR SPECIES
Trilobopsis loricata
Trilobopsis tehemana
Cryptomastix germana

61
C. Telford
Figure 16a. Trilobopsis roperi

C. Telford

Figure 16b. Trilobopsis roperi

62
C. Telford
Figure 16c. Trilobopsis tehemana. Smaller than T. roperi with a slightly
more elevated spire and a narrower umbilicus. Sculpturing is formed by
growth wrinkles with weak spiral striae in places.

C. Telford

Figure 16d. Trilobopsis tehemana. Reflected apertural lip is angled sharply

at 90 degrees, rather than turned gradually outward. Trilobopsis loricata
(no photo) is smaller than T. roperi with a more elevated spire, a smaller
umbilicus, and sculpture formed by crescent-shaped scales. Cryptomastix
germana (no photo) is imperforate or the umbilicus is very small and
partly closed by the reflected lip margin. Also, the spire is higher than in
T. roperi or T. tehemana, and only a single parietal tooth is present.
63
64
Trilobopsis tehemana Tehama Chaparral

DESCRIPTION
About 7 mm in diameter with 5.4-5.5 tightly-coiled whorls. The shell
is depressed, nearly discoidal. The spire is nearly flat, and the suture
is impressed. The embryonic whorls are smooth. The shell color is
cinnamon brown with a matte surface due to a fine pattern of radial
wrinkles and weak spiral lines. The periostracum bears minute, sparse
bristles (usually lost by abrasion) and low papillae. The umbilicus is
moderately wide and is contained five times in the shell diameter.
Within the umbilicus, coarse papillae are present. The lip is pinkish
tan in color, sharply turned outward, and deeply reflected. The
aperture is small, triangular and contains three teeth: a long, high
parietal tooth; a tubercular tooth on the basal margin; and a square
tooth on the outer lip. The mantle is spotted with black.

RANGE
An endemic species of Tehama, Butte, and Siskiyou Counties,
California.

HABITAT
Usually associated with rocky talus. This species has also been found
under leaf litter and woody debris on the ground within 100 meters of
limestone outcrops.

SIMILAR SPECIES
Trilobopsis roperi
Trilobopsis loricata
Cryptomastix germana

65
C. Telford
Figure 17a. Trilobopsis tehamana

C. Telford

Figure 17b. Trilobopsis tehamana

66
C. Telford
Figure 17c. Trilobopsis roperi. Larger, with a rougher shell sculpture than
T. tehamana.

C. Telford

Figure 17d. Trilobopsis roperi. Reflected apertural lip is turned gradually

outward, rather than angled sharply at 90 degrees . Trilobopsis loricata
(no photo) is smaller than T. tehemana with a more elevated spire, a
smaller umbilicus, and sculpture formed by crescent-shaped scales.
Cryptomastix germana (no photo) is imperforate or the umbilicus is very
small and partly closed by the reflected lip margin. Also, the spire is
higher than in T. roperi or T. tehemana, and only a single parietal tooth is
present.
67
68
Vertigo new species Hoko Vertigo

DESCRIPTION
Less than 3 mm in length with 7-9 whorls. This snail has a distinct
beehive shape. The shell surface is relatively smooth and somewhat
glossy. The single parietal apertural tooth is fairly prominent. The
short, multiple palatal and basal teeth are fused into one wide tooth in
fully adult specimens. The umbilicus is large and open. The aperture
is distinctly flared with a barely reflected lip. The middle whorls are
wider than the final whorl. Positive identification of this species
requires fully adult specimens.

RANGE
Known only from the Hoko River drainage on the Olympic Peninsula,
Clallam County, Washington. It is expected to be found on federal
lands in the Olympic National Forest and Olympic National Park.

HABITAT
Arboreal and considered an old-growth forest and riparian species. It
may be found on the smooth trunks and lower limbs of deciduous
trees and shrubs, or in leaf litter under such vegetation within 200
meters of streams, seeps, or springs. This snail typically hangs upside
down from limbs and trunks of trees and shrubs with smooth bark,
where it may appear to be a small bud.

SIMILAR SPECIES
Vertigo colombiana

69
T. Burke

Figure 18a. Vertigo new species (Hoko Vertigo). Note the tapered spire
and the smaller cusps connecting the palatal and basal teeth.

70
T. Burke
Figure 18b. Vertigo columbiana. Spire is typically more cylindrical than in
Hoko Vertigo, and there are four distinct apertural teeth: parietal,
columellar, palatal and basal.

Parietal tooth

Columellar tooth
Palatal teeth
Basal tooth
one of the palatal teeth when present

Figure 18c. Arrangement of apertural teeth on Vertigo snails.

71
72
Vespericola pressleyi Pressley Hesperian

DESCRIPTION
12.5 to 17.5 mm in diameter with a depressed-helicoid shell and 5.5 -
6.4 whorls. The spire is straight-sided or slightly convex, and the
suture is deeply impressed. The first 0.2 embryonic whorl is obscurely
granulose. The next 0.8 whorls have papillae in radial rows, succeeded
with radiating, sometimes partly papillose wrinkles. This species has
sparse, short hairs as a juvenile which are usually lost in adults. The
periostracum has a brown color and matte appearance. The white to
pinkish-buff colored lip is turned outward and is strongly reflected,
but only covering one-quarter of the umbilicus. The umbilicus is
contained about 8.5 times in diameter. The aperture is broadly
ear-shaped and has no parietal tooth. The live animal is charcoal gray
with a pinkish-buff tone.

RANGE
Trinity County, California, within the boundaries of the Shasta-Trinity
National Forest, up to 915 meters elevation.

HABITAT
Inhabits forests of conifer and/or hardwood trees in permanently
damp areas within 200 meters of seeps, springs, and stable streams.

SIMILAR SPECIES
Vespericola shasta

73
N. Duncan
Figure 19a. Vespericola pressleyi

74
Figure 19b. Vespericola shasta. This illustration is from Henry A.
Pilsburys Land Mollusca of North America (Philadelphia Academy of
Natural Sciences Monograph #3, 1939). V. shasta is smaller than V.
pressleyi, has a shiny periostracum, and its umbilicus is half-covered.

75
76
Vespericola shasta Shasta Hesperian

DESCRIPTION
12.7 to 14.5 mm in diameter with a depressed-helicoid shell and 5.5-6.0
whorls. The spire is straight-sided or weakly convex, and the suture is
moderately impressed. The first 0.5 embryonic whorl is irregularly
granulose. The periostracum is brown with an olive or pinkish tint
and is shiny, especially on the base. Bristles are minute and stubble-
like, or absent. The base is tumid and solid-looking. The aperture is
broadly ear-shaped. The lip is pinkish buff to whitish in color and is
turned outward and thickened within, especially at the base. V. shasta
have no apertural teeth, and the reflected lip covers approximately half
of the umbilicus. The umbilicus is contained about ten times in
diameter.

RANGE
Endemic to the Klamath Province, primarily in the vicinity of Shasta
Lake, up to 915 meters elevation.

HABITAT
Has been found in moist bottom lands, such as riparian zones, springs,
seeps, marshes, and in the mouths of caves.

SIMILAR SPECIES
Vespericola pressleyi

77
Figure 20a. Vespericola shasta. This illustration is from Henry A. Pilsburys
Land Mollusca of North America (Philadelphia Academy of Natural
Sciences Monograph #3, 1939).

78
N. Duncan
Figure 20b. Vespericola pressleyi. The periostracum has a matte appear-
ance, and the lip covers only one-quarter of the umbilicus.

79
80
Deroceras hesperium Evening Fieldslug

DESCRIPTION
Length is about 16 mm. The mantle is brown with small, scattered
light spots. The flanks are paler below the mantle. Elsewhere, the
animal is usually light brown with some slightly darker brown spots.
The upper surface of the mantle has weak, closely spaced concentric
wrinkles. The back is rounded, except close to the end where it is
shortly carinate above. The sole is tripartite with areas of equal width;
the middle is slightly darker than the sides.

RANGE
Low to mid-elevations between the western Cascade Range and the
Pacific Ocean from northwestern Oregon through western Washington,
and on Vancouver Island, B.C. Oregon: Clackamas, Multnomah, and
Wasco Counties. Washington: Clallam County.

HABITAT
May be associated with a variety of low vegetation, litter, and debris.
Rocks also may be used. Little is known about this species and its
habitat.

SIMILAR SPECIES
Deroceras reticulatum
Deroceras laeve

81
Figure 21a. Deroceras hesperium. This illustration from Henry A.
Pilsburys Land Mollusca of North America (Philadelphia Academy of
Natural Sciences Monograph #3, 1939) is one of the few illustrations
available.

Illustration 1962
John B. Burch

Figure 21b. Deroceras laeve. Length may be up to 25mm. While the color
is usually quite uniform, it may vary from shades of amber to purple, but
sometimes black.

82
N. Duncan
Figure 21c. Derocerus reticulatum. This is a medium-sized slug, rather
stout-looking, up to 50 mm in length. The background color is pale gray,
cream or flesh-colored with gray flecks on the mantle and darker reticu-
lations elsewhere on the body and sides. The very large mantle has a
distinctive pattern of concentric grooves resembling a fingerprint. The
center one-third of the sole is darker gray than the whitish outer bands.
Tail is slightly keeled at the end. This slug secretes clear slime when
crawling, but produces a milky white slime when touched or irritated. T. Burke

Figure 21d. Derocerus sp. The species of this slug is uncertain, though it is
very similar to the description of Derocerus hesperium. Note the extension
of the head in front of the mantle.
83
84
Hemphillia burringtoni Keeled Jumping-slug

DESCRIPTION
Adults range from 13-26 mm in length. A distinct visceral hump is
covered by the mantle. The shell plate is visible through a slit in the
back of the mantle. The pneumostome is located about mid-way on the
right of the mantle. The caudal horn is relatively well-developed. The
tail has a distinct, arched keel with a carinate midline. The head and
tentacles are black. The mantle may lack distinct papillae and has light
borders, which shade into dark blotches and reticulations above. The
anterior and dorsal mantle is heavily speckled with dark gray and black.
The ground color varies, usually gray to yellowish. The sole and pedal
flange are white. There is usually a row of distinct gray to black dots
along the sides just above the pedal furrows. Live specimens typically
curl their tail around to the side of their body, and when irritated can
fling themselves away by sharply thrashing it from side to side.

RANGE
May be found throughout the Olympic Peninsula, Washington. Its
range may also extend across the Puget Trough to the western Cascade
Range in Washington and to the Coast Range of northwestern Oregon.
Washington: Clallam, Grays Harbor, Island, Pacific, and Thurston
Counties.

HABITAT
Moist conifer forests. Associated with conifer logs and/or heavy
ground cover of low vegetation, litter, and debris.

SIMILAR SPECIES
There are basically two species groups in Hemphillia, which probably
represent separate genera or subgenera. One group, including H.
burringtoni, H. glandulosa, and H. pantherina, has a short, thick body with
the visceral mass and mantle covering 50% or more of the total length
(in live animals) and a strong posterior dorsal keel. These species are
confined as far as known to western WA and adjacent parts of western
OR and western BC. The second group has a narrow, rather worm-like
body, subdued posterior dorsal keel, and a visceral mass covering less
than 50% of the full length. This group, which includes H. camelus, H.
danielsi, H. dromedarius, H. malonei, and at least two undescribed species,
occupies the same territory as the first, but extends also to western MT
and the lower Salmon River-Hells Canyon area of western ID.

Caution should be exercised in identification of Hemphillia species, as

additional undescribed forms are quite possible and color variation is
extensive in some forms. Anatomical criteria are best, but need further
refinement.
85
Figure 22a. Hemphillia burringtoni T. Pearce

86
Figure 22b. Hemphillia glandulosa. In comparison to H. burringtoni, the T. Pearce
entire dorsal surface may be strongly papillose and it lacks the row of
distinct gray to black dots along the sides just above the pedal furrows.
Hemphillia pantherina (no photo) is also similar, but the posterior one-
third of the visceral pouch is not covered by the mantle, and the head
and tentacles are white dorsally and pale gray ventrally. Also, the high
keel has a distinct white mid-dorsal line and a larger caudal horn.

87
88
Hemphillia glandulosa Warty Jumping-slug

DESCRIPTION
Adults range from 13-26 mm in length. A distinct visceral hump is
covered by the mantle. The shell plate is visible through a slit in the
back of the mantle. The pneumostome is about midway or slightly back
on the right side of the mantle. Caudal mucous pit is present. The
caudal horn is relatively well-developed. The tail has a distinct, arched
keel with a carinate midline. The head and tentacles are blue-gray. The
mantle is densely covered with distinct papillae. The mantle has light
borders, but is speckled with short, dark lines dorsally. On the tail are
long, ridge-like tubercles running obliquely from under the mantle to
the foot. Wide, dark lines fill the impressed lines between these
tubercles, but fade out farther forward. Tubercles on the tail break-up
into small polygons posteriorly. The ground color is usually light brown
to buff. The sole and pedal flange are white. When at rest, the tail is
curled around the side and can be rapidly extended, causing the slug to
writhe and jerk about, sometimes resulting in springing off of foliage
and traveling some distance to the ground.

RANGE
Western Cascade Range to the Pacific Coast from northern Oregon to
British Columbia, Canada. Oregon: Clatsop and Multnomah Counties.
Washington: Grays Harbor, Jefferson, King, Lewis, Pacific, Pierce,
Skamania, Thurston, and Whatcom Counties.

HABITAT
Habitat similar to Hemphillia burringtoni. Conifer logs and/or heavy
ground cover of low vegetation, litter, and debris.

SIMILAR SPECIES
There are basically two species groups in Hemphillia, which probably
represent separate genera or subgenera. One group, including H.
burringtoni, H. glandulosa, and H. pantherina, has a short, thick body with
the visceral mass and mantle covering 50% or more of the total length
(in live animals) and a strong posterior dorsal keel. These species are
confined as far as known to western WA and adjacent parts of western
OR and western BC. The second group has a narrow, rather worm-like
body, subdued posterior dorsal keel, and a visceral mass covering less
than 50% of the full length. This group, which includes H. camelus, H.
danielsi, H. dromedarius, H. malonei, and at least two undescribed species,
occupies the same territory as the first, but extends also to western MT
and the lower Salmon River-Hells Canyon area of western ID.
Caution should be exercised in identification of Hemphillia species, as
additional undescribed forms are quite possible and color variation is
extensive in some forms. Anatomical criteria are best, but need further
refinement.
89
T. Pearce
Figure 23a. Hemphillia glandulosa

90
T. Pearce
Figure 23b. Hemphillia burringtoni. In comparison to H. glandulosa, only
the mantle will be papillose and it has a row of distinct gray to black
dots along the sides just above the pedal furrows. Hemphillia pantherina
(no photo) is also similar, but the posterior one-third of the visceral
pouch is not covered by the mantle, and the head and tentacles are white
dorsally and pale gray ventrally. Also, the high keel has a distinct white
mid-dorsal line and a larger caudal horn.

91
92
Hemphillia malonei Malone Jumping-slug

DESCRIPTION
Adults may reach lengths up to 6 cm. A distinct visceral hump is covered
by the mantle. The shell plate is visible through a slit in the back of the
mantle. The pneumostome is located about the middle of the right side of
the mantle. Caudal mucous pit is present. The caudal horn is small and
inconspicuous. The tail is laterally compressed, but is not elevated into a
high keel behind the mantle. The tentacles are dark brown. Ground color
is light tan or buff. The anterior half of the mantle has a few scattered,
small, black spots. The sides below the mantle are light colored with dark
gray mottling beginning under the posterior mantle and increasing in
density posteriorly. A light mid-dorsal line (usually brighter than the
ground color) runs from behind the mantle to the caudal horn.
There appear to be a variety of localized color variations in this species,
ranging from yellow to buff to rich brown. Markings on the mantle of the
Mt. St. Helens variety are very distinct brown lines and squares. Some of
these varieties may prove to be new species, but for now they best fit the
description of H. malonei.

RANGE
Has been found from the Cispus River, Lewis County and Thurston
County, Washington to west central Oregon.

HABITAT
Moist to wet forested habitats usually with a mixed hardwood component.
It may be found on or under debris, often on the underside of bark laying
on the ground.

SIMILAR SPECIES
There are basically two species groups in Hemphillia, which probably
represent separate genera or subgenera. One group, including H.
burringtoni, H. glandulosa, and H. pantherina, has a short, thick body with
the visceral mass and mantle covering 50% or more of the total length (in
live animals) and a strong posterior dorsal keel. These species are
confined as far as known to western WA and adjacent parts of western OR
and western BC. The second group has a narrow, rather worm-like body,
subdued posterior dorsal keel, and a visceral mass covering less than 50%
of the full length. This group, which includes H. camelus, H. danielsi, H.
dromedarius, H. malonei, and at least two undescribed species, occupies the
same territory as the first, but extends also to western MT and the lower
Salmon River-Hells Canyon area of western ID.
Caution should be exercised in identification of Hemphillia species, as
additional undescribed forms are quite possible and color variation is
extensive in some forms. Anatomical criteria are best, but need further
refinement.
93
T. Burke
Figure 24a. Hemphillia malonei

T. Burke

Figure 24b. Hemphillia malonei

94
T. Pearce
Figure 24c. Hemphillia dromedarius. In comparison to H. malonei, the
dorsal color is nearly uniform dark gray and no light mid-dorsal line is
visible. The ranges of H. camelus (no photo) and H. danielsi (no photo),
other low-keeled Hemphillia species, are not known to overlap that of H.
malonei. Other undescribed species may occur, and caution is advised in
identifying any out-of-range Hemphillia species.

95
96
Hemphillia pantherina Panther Jumping-slug

DESCRIPTION
Adults range from 15-25 mm in length. The anterior two-thirds of a
distinct visceral hump is covered by the mantle. The shell plate is visible
through a slit in the back of the mantle. The pneumostome is located
about the middle of the right side of the mantle. Caudal mucous pit is
present. The caudal horn is large and distinct, triangular in outline, and
dark gray in color. The head and tentacles are white dorsally and pale
gray ventrally. The light-colored mantle is heavily granulose and covers
the anterior two-thirds of the visceral pouch. The mantle is unmarked
along the lower margins, but marbled on the dorsal two-thirds with dark
stellate markings. The sides are white anteriorly, but the posterior half is
marked by 26 large, cell-like granules outlined in black. Posteriorly, it is
dusky near the midline, but the high keel is bold white. No other
jumping-slug has the posterior one-third of the visceral pouch uncovered
by the mantle.

RANGE
Known from a single site near the Lewis River, Skamania County,
Washington. It is suspected throughout the Cascade Range of western
Washington from the Snoqualmie watershed to the Columbia Gorge.

HABITAT
The known site of H. pantherina was in deep forest floor litter near a
stream. Its habitat is assumed to be similar to that of other Hemphillia.

SIMILAR SPECIES
There are basically two species groups in Hemphillia, which probably
represent separate genera or subgenera. One group, including H.
burringtoni, H. glandulosa, and H. pantherina, has a short, thick body with
the visceral mass and mantle covering 50% or more of the total length (in
live animals) and a strong posterior dorsal keel. These species are
confined as far as known to western WA and adjacent parts of western OR
and western BC. The second group has a narrow, rather worm-like body,
subdued posterior dorsal keel, and a visceral mass covering less than 50%
of the full length. This group, which includes H. camelus, H. danielsi, H.
dromedarius, H. malonei, and at least two undescribed species, occupies the
same territory as the first, but extends also to western MT and the lower
Salmon River-Hells Canyon area of western ID.
Caution should be exercised in identification of Hemphillia species, as
additional undescribed forms are quite possible and color variation is
extensive in some forms. Anatomical criteria are best, but need further
refinement.

97
T. Pearce
Figure 25a. No photo is available for Hemphillia pantherina. Hemphillia
burringtoni (above) is similar to H. pantherina, but has a black head and
tentacles and no bold white mid-dorsal stripe. Also, the mantle covers
the entire visceral pouch.

98
T. Pearce
Figure 25b. Hemphillia glandulosa. Also a Hemphilia species with a carinate
tail, H. glandulosa may be strongly papillose on the entire dorsal surface.
The mantle covers the entire visceral pouch. Ground color is light brown
to buff. The head and tentacles are dark gray rather than white as with
H. pantherina.

99
100
Prophysaon coeruleum Blue-gray Tail-dropper

DESCRIPTION
Up to 45 mm length in motion with a slender, unkeeled, tapering body.
The body color is somewhat variable, ranging from very pale, cloudy
blue to dark steel blue-gray. The head is slightly lighter in color and
the tentacles slightly darker. The mantle is relatively large and narrow,
covering almost one-third of the back, with a small pneumostome
located just in front of the midpoint on the right side. The coloration
on the sole of the foot is uniformly pale gray or white, and there is no
caudal fossa. The key feature is a pattern of parallel grooves and
ridges on the back and flanks. The mucus is colorless and not
exceptionally sticky.

RANGE
Puget Trough south through the western Cascade Range of
Washington, Oregon, and northern California. It is also suspected to
occur on the east slope of the Cascade Range.

HABITAT
Found in a wide range of moist and mixed conifer forests. In open or
dry areas, it is usually located in sites with relatively higher shade and
moisture levels than those of the general forest habitat. It is typically
found in moist plant communities, such as big-leaf maple and sword-
fern. This slug is usually associated with leaf and needle litter, wood
chips from decomposing logs, mosses, and is known to browse on
mycorrhizal fungi species. Fecal analysis in spring of 1998 showed
fungal hyphal fragments and structures associated with mycorrhizal
fungi root attachment. Spores of hypogeous fungi were also found.

SIMILAR SPECIES
Several possible subspecies or color variants have been recognized for
this species, including a very dark form from the Klamath Basin, var.
klamathica, and a very light race, or possible other, undescribed species
of Prophysaon. Also, an undescribed bluish species of slug occurs in
S.W. Washington that can be easily distinguished from the tail-
droppers by the pneumostome positioned well back in the right side of
the mantle, and a slight dorsal keel the whole length of the tail.

101
J.S. Applegarth
Figure 26a. Prophysaon coeruleum

102
J.S. Applegarth
Figure 26b. Prophysaon coeruleum. This pale form may represent a new
species.

103
104
Prophysaon dubium Papillose Tail-dropper

DESCRIPTION
15-20 mm in length. The mantle covers almost one-third of the back,
with the pneumostome located just in front of the midpoint on the
right side. There are irregular dark brown to black markings on the
mantle, often forming two or three irregularly bordered lines. The
entire body, except the head and neck, is densely covered with
prominent, conical papillae. The tail and sides are marked with thin,
dark brown or black impressed lines, fairly evenly spaced and running
obliquely down to the foot margin. The two dorsal most lines run
irregularly parallel from under the back of the mantle for about one-
third the length of the tail, then branch. Color is light brown,
sometimes with a reddish or olive tint. The body mucus is colorless
and sticky or white and thick.

RANGE
Widespread, found sporadically from the east slopes of the Washington
Cascade Range to the Olympic Mountains, and south into northern
California. Oregon: Clackamas, Coos, Douglas, Hood River, Lane, and
Multnomah Counties. Washington: Chelan, Kittitas, Lewis, Pierce,
Skamania, and Thurston Counties.

HABITAT
Appears to be strongly associated with hardwood logs and leaf litter.
It has been found in sites that are similar to, but somewhat more
exposed than those described for Prophysaon coeruleum. It has been
located in association with fungal fruiting bodies of species such as
Suillus and Lactaria. Fecal analysis in spring of 1998 showed fungal
hyphal fragments and structures associated with mycorrhizal fungi
root attachment. Spores of hypogeous fungi were also found.

SIMILAR SPECIES
Prophysaon andersoni

105
J.S. Applegarth
Figure 27a. Prophysaon dubium

J.S. Applegarth

Figure 27b. Prophysaon dubium

106
J.S. Applegarth
Figure 27c. Prophysaon andersoni. Much larger, with a distinct lighter
dorsal line and a granulate (rather than strongly papillose) mantle.
Lateral lines on the tail form a reticulated, or diamond-shaped pattern
which is distinct among the Prophysaon slugs.

107
108
Glossary

adnate (adj.) Barely attached to or in contact with; refers generally to

contact of last whorl with preceding one. See appressed.
angular, angulate (adj.) Having an angle (or having the tendency to
form an angle), rather than a round contour.
aperture (n.). The opening or mouth of a snail shell through which
the body protrudes when the snail is active.
apex (n.) The tip of a shell, farthest away from its aperture.
appressed (adj.) Well-attached to or clearly in contact with; refers
generally to contact of last whorl with preceding one. See adnate.
basal (adj., n.) That part of shell peristome opposite the apex; a tooth
or lamella located in that portion of the shell aperture. As regards the
natural life position, the base is the anterior end. When held with the
apex directed upward, the base is the bottom of the shell.
basal crescent (n.) Depressed area of, or immediately adjacent to,
columella, often crescent or wedge-shaped, generally with closely
spaced prominent growth lines or striae. Used in regard to shells of
Hydrobiidae and related freshwater snail families.
body whorl (n.) The last whorl of a spiral shell, measured from the
outer lip back to a point immediately above the outer lip.
broadly conic (adj.) Shell conic, as wide or wider than high.
carinate (adj.) Forming a ridge or keel, such as around the shell
periphery or on the tail.
caudal horn (n.) Small, horn-shaped projection or protuberance at
posterior end of snail, above mucous pore.
caudal pit (n.) A depression in the posterior dorsum of the foot of
some snails which contains mucous glands.
collabral (adj.). Parallel to the lip of a snail shell. Said of shell
sculpture such as ridges or ribs. Sometimes called transverse. Some
older literature uses the term axial, but this is less appropriate
because sculpture rarely runs parallel to the axis of the shell.
columella (n.) The internal column around which the whorls revolve;
the axis of a spiral shell; especially the exposed expression of this
structure on the last whorl. The adjective is columellar.

109
compressed (adj.). Appearing flattened; relatively plane as opposed to
convex. Usually said of the whorls of a shell, the body whorl, or the
base of the shell.
conic or conical (adj.). Having approximately the shape of a cone, i.e.,
tapering evenly from a wide, circular base to a point. Said of the shell.
A broadly conic shell is as wide or wider than high; a narrowly conic
shell is markedly higher than wide.
crenulated (adj.). Notched or scalloped in outline.
crescentic (adj.). Having the shape of a crescent moon. Generally said
of the shape of an aperture or of a lamella that, rather than being
straight, curves through a shallow arc.
crest (n.) In pupillid and other land snails, a thickened area of the
shell immediately or closely behind the shell aperture.
crustose (adj.). Having a crust of irregular, granular, deposits of shell
material. Said particularly of the margin of the mature shell lip in
some Haplotrematidae, where the deposits almost resemble a border of
glued-on sand or silt grains.
deflected (adj.). Bent downward from the preceding trajectory of
growth, as in the terminal part of the last whorl of some snail shells.
depressed (adj.). Flattened dorso-ventrally or from apex to base. Said
of the shell. Sometimes used in combination with other adjectives
describing shell shape; e.g., a depressed-globose shell is one that is
somewhat flatter than globe-shaped.
depressed conic (adj.) Conic shell depressed dorso-ventrally or
postero-anteriorly; more specifically, with an apical angle of about
100E.
discoidal (adj.) Round and flat like a disk.
disjunct (adj.) Refers to whorls or portion of shell not in contact with
preceding whorls (portion of shell); detached; loosely coiled shell,
wholly or in part, with the whorls not touching one another.
elongate conic (adj.) Conic spire with an apical angle of about 30.
embryonic shell (n.) The earliest whorls that are formed in the egg.
excentric (adj.) Not placed in the center; refers most often to the
nucleus of an operculum.
external genital pore (n.). The hole by which the reproductive system
reaches the exterior of the animal. In most pulmonate land mollusks it
is located on the right side of the body, posterior to and slightly below
the right ocular tentacle.
110
foot (n.) The locomotory organ of mollusks; the long, broad, ventral
surface of the animal.
globose (adj.) Shaped like a sphere, i.e. with equal width and height
and broadly rounded sides.
globosely conic (adj.) Conic spire with an apical angle of about 70.
heliciform (adj.) See helicoid.
helicoid (adj.). In the form of a low three-dimensional spiral; with a
somewhat depressed spire and whorls that increase regularly in
diameter. Also (and less frequently) called heliciform.
imperforate (adj.). Having no umbilicus. Said of a snail shell in which
the inner sides of the coiled whorls are pressed together, leaving no
central cavity along the shell axis; or, if the whorls are not pressed
together and a cavity is formed, then in adult shells its opening is
completely covered by callus or the reflected columellar lip of the
aperture.
impressed (adj.) Marked by a furrow.
inflated (adj.). Appearing swollen; strongly convex as opposed to
flattened. Usually said of the whorls of a shell, the body whorl, or the
base of the shell.
keel (n.) A sharp edge.
lamella (n., plural lamellae). A calcareous plate, blade, tooth, or
scale-like structure on the shell of a snail. Most commonly used to
refer to structures of this shape that project into the aperture, and
sometimes restricted to such structures occurring on the parietal and
columellar sides of the aperture, those on the outer sides of the
aperture being called folds or plicae.
lamellar (adj.). Plate-like, blade-like, or scale-like (i.e., as opposed to
more broadly rounded). Generally said of ribbing or other sculptural
features of the shell.
lappet (n.) A fold, small flap, lobe, or loose hanging portion.
lenticular (adj.). Having the shape, in lateral view, of the cross-section
of a convex lens, i.e., broadly convex above and below, angulate at the
sides.
lineolate (adj.) Marked with minute lines.
lip (n.) Edge of aperture of the shell; also called peristome.
lirate (adj.) Ornamented with sharp, raised threads, marked with
parallel grooves or ridges; having thread-like sculpture (lira, pl. lirae).

111
maculate (adj.) Having irregular-shaped spots of contrasting color.
malleation (n.). A texture of the surface of a shell in which the surface
bears numerous small, rounded dents, as if a sheet of metal had been
beaten with a ball-peen hammer. The individual dents (malleations)
may be densely or sparsely distributed.
mantle (n.) A fleshy tunic; a membranous covering of a mollusk that
secretes the shell from marginal glands and provides the periostracum;
pallium.
mucronate (adj.) Terminating abruptly in a short sharp point or spine.
mucus (n.) A viscid, slippery secretion.
multispiral (adj.) Numerous, very slowly enlarging whorls, spirals, or
coils.
neanic (adj.). Post-embryonic. Said of the whorls of a snail shell that
develop after the snail hatches from its egg. Embryonic whorls (i.e.,
those at the apex of the shell that develop while the snail is within its
egg) are often differently sculptured from the neanic whorls that follow
them.
neritiform (adj.) Subglobose or hemispherical, with few, rapidly
enlarging whorls, very reduced spire, and a heavily callused and
expanded parietal apertural margin.
node (n.) A knob or swelling.
nucleus (n.) The first part or beginning of a shell or operculum.
ocular tentacle (n). One of the upper pair of the two pairs of
elongated, flexible organs on the head of snails and slugs, bearing an
eye at the tip. Also sometimes called superior tentacle,
ommatophore, or eyestalk.
operculum (n.) A horny plate that serves the purpose of closing the
aperture when the snail withdraws into the shell.
ovate (adj.). Having the shape of the longitudinal section of a hens
egg, i.e., oblong and curvilinear, with one end narrower than the other.
palatal (adj., n.) Outer lip or tooth or lamella in this area; that portion
of the lip between the parietal wall and the basal lip; term used
particularly for pupillid and related land snails.
parietal (adj.). Describing the wall of the shell aperture that represents
the outer wall of the preceding whorl.

112
parietal lamella is a tooth-like or blade-like calcareous structure borne
on the parietal wall and projecting into the aperture. Pertaining to the
inside wall of the shell aperture, i.e., that portion in contact with the
preceding whorl. (A synonym is parietal tooth, although it is better
not to refer to shell structures as teeth, to avoid confusion with the
teeth of the radula.)
periostracum (n.). The thin, proteinaceous outer layer of the shell.
periphery (n.). The edge of the shell as seen in outline; that part of the
shell which is farthest away from the axis.
peristome (n.) The thickened rim or lip around the mouth; the lip or
margin of the aperture of a spiral shell.
plication (n.) A small fold or corrugation that affects the whole shell
but does not thicken it.
pneumostome (n.) The opening to the pulmonary cavity, specifically
in pulmonate snails.
protoconch (n.) That portion of the shell that is developed in the egg,
prior to hatching; also termed embryonic whorls.
pupilliform (adj.) Shaped like a small pupa or cocoon; refers to a
common shell form in the Pupillidae and families with similar shell
morphology.
reflected (adj.) Turned back; refers to edge of peristome or lip.
retractive (adj.) Oriented opposite of the direction of coiling.
revolute (adj.) Rolled back; refers to edge of peristome.
rounded (adj.) Having an evenly curved periphery, not angular or
carinate.
rugae (plural n.; singular ruga but rarely used). Convex, usually
collabral, undulations of the shell surface, roughening it but not rising
to the prominence of ribs. In cross-section through the shell wall,
rugae would appear simply as outward undulations of the shell,
whereas ribs would show actual thickening of the shell material.
sculpture (n.) The natural surface markings on snail shells.
sinulus (n.) A dent or invagination in the palatal wall of the aperture;
used especially for pupillids.
solid (adj.). Firm, substantial. Said of the composition of a snail shell,
as opposed to thin or delicate.

113
spiral (adj.). Winding, coiling, or circling around a central axis;
winding around a fixed point and continually receding from it; the
form of the shell of most snails. Generally said of shell sculptural
features such as striae; the opposite of collabral or transverse.
spire (n.) The whorl series of whorls of a spiral shell, excepting the
last.
striae (plural n.; singular stria but rarely used). A narrow superficial
groove or fine furrow on the outer shell surface. Properly, the term
refers to a feature that is incised below the general shell surface, but it
is also sometimes used for streaks or fine threadlike lines that are
raised above the shell surface.
subangulate or subangular (adj.). Describing the periphery of a shell
in which the top and bottom surfaces of the whorl come together to
almost form an angle, but the actual profile is rounded.
sulcus (n.). A relatively broad, shallow furrow on the surface of a
shell.
suture (n.) The line of junction or seam along which two hard
structures join; a continuous spiral line marking the junction of whorls
in a gastropod shell.
tumid (adj.). Appearing swollen; broad as opposed to slender.
Usually said of the whorls of a shell, the body whorl, or the base of the
shell.
umbilicus (n.). The central opening or cavity along the axis of a shell
that is formed when the inner sides of the coiled whorls are not
pressed together. A shell with the umbilicus showing prominently in
basal view is termed umbilicate.
varix (n.). A transverse or collabral thickening of the inner or outer
wall of the shell. The term is usually restricted to a structure that
occurs once or a few times during the growth of the shell, as opposed
to regular, closely repeating ribbing or striation.

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Field Guide to Survey and Manage Terrestrial Mollusk
Species from the Northwest Forest Plan