Chapter 1: roadmap

1.1 What is the Internet?

1.2 Network edge
1.3 Network core
1.4 Network access and physical media
1.5 Internet structure and ISPs
1.6 Delay, loss and throughput in packetswitched networks
1.7 Protocol layers, service models
1.8 History
Introduction

1-1

Access networks and physical media

Q: How to connect end
systems to edge router?
residential access nets
institutional access

networks (school,
company)
mobile access networks

Keep in mind:
bandwidth (bits per

second) of access
network?
shared or dedicated?
Introduction

1-2

Residential access: point to point access

Dialup via modem

up to 56Kbps direct access to

router (often less)
Cant surf and phone at same
time: cant be always on

DSL: digital subscriber line

deployment: telephone company (typically)

up to 1 Mbps upstream (today typically < 256 kbps)
up to 8 Mbps downstream (today typically < 1 Mbps)
dedicated physical line to telephone central office

Introduction

1-3

Residential access: cable modems

HFC: hybrid fiber coaxial

asymmetric: up to 30Mbps downstream, 2

Mbps upstream
network of cable and fiber attaches homes to
ISP router
homes share access to router
deployment: available via cable TV companies

Introduction

1-4

Cable Network Architecture: Overview

Typically 500 to 5,000 homes

cable headend
cable distribution
network (simplified)

home

Introduction

1-5

Cable Network Architecture: Overview

cable headend
cable distribution
network (simplified)

home

Introduction

1-6

Cable Network Architecture: Overview

server(s)

cable headend
cable distribution
network

home

Introduction

1-7

Cable Network Architecture: Overview

FDM:
V
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E
O

V
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D
E
O

V
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D
E
O

V
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D
E
O

V
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D
E
O

V
I
D
E
O

D
A
T
A

D
A
T
A

C
O
N
T
R
O
L

Channels

cable headend
cable distribution
network

home

Introduction

1-8

Company access: local area networks

company/univ local area

network (LAN) connects

end system to edge router
Ethernet:
shared or dedicated link
connects end system
and router
10 Mbs, 100Mbps,
Gigabit Ethernet
LANs: chapter 5

Introduction

1-9

Wireless access networks

shared

wireless access

network connects end system

to router

via base station aka access

point

wireless LANs:
802.11b/g (WiFi): 11 or 54 Mbps
wider-area wireless access
provided by telco operator
~1Mbps over cellular system
(EVDO, HSDPA)
next up (?): WiMAX (10s Mbps)
over wide area

router
base
station

mobile
hosts

Introduction

1-10

Home networks
Typical home network components:
ADSL or cable modem
router/firewall/NAT
Ethernet
wireless access
point
to/from
cable
headend

cable
modem

wireless
laptops

router/
firewall
Ethernet

wireless
access
point
Introduction

1-11

Physical Media
Bit: propagates between

transmitter/rcvr pairs
physical link: what lies
between transmitter &
receiver
guided media:

signals propagate in solid

media: copper, fiber, coax

Twisted Pair (TP)

two insulated copper
wires

Category 3: traditional
phone wires, 10 Mbps
Ethernet
Category 5:
100Mbps Ethernet

unguided media:
signals propagate freely,
e.g., radio

Introduction

1-12

Physical Media: coax, fiber

Coaxial cable:
two concentric copper

conductors
bidirectional
baseband:

single channel on cable

legacy Ethernet

broadband:
multiple channel on cable
HFC

Fiber optic cable:

glass fiber carrying light

pulses, each pulse a bit

high-speed operation:

high-speed point-to-point
transmission (e.g., 5 Gps)

low error rate: repeaters

spaced far apart ; immune

to electromagnetic noise

Introduction

1-13

Physical media: radio

signal carried in

Radio link types:

electromagnetic
spectrum
no physical wire
bidirectional
propagation
environment effects:

terrestrial microwave
e.g. up to 45 Mbps channels

reflection
obstruction by objects
multi-path fading
interference

LAN (e.g., Wifi)

2Mbps, 11Mbps
wide-area (e.g., cellular)
e.g. 3G: hundreds of kbps
satellite
Kbps to 45Mbps channel
(or multiple smaller
channels)
270 msec end-end delay
Introduction

1-14

Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 What is the Internet?
1.2 Network edge
1.3 Network core
1.4 Network access and physical media
1.5 Internet structure and ISPs
1.6 Delay, loss and throughput in packetswitched networks
1.7 Protocol layers, service models
1.8 History
Introduction

1-15

Internet structure: network of networks

roughly hierarchical
at center: tier-1 ISPs (e.g., UUNet, BBN/Genuity,

Sprint, AT&T), national/international coverage

treat each other as equals

Tier-1
providers
interconnect
(peer)
privately

Tier 1 ISP

Tier 1 ISP

Tier 1 ISP

Introduction

1-16

Tier-1 ISP: e.g., Sprint

Sprint US backbone network

Introduction

1-17

Internet structure: network of networks

Tier-2 ISPs: smaller (often regional) ISPs
Connect to one or more tier-1 ISPs, possibly other tier-2 ISPs

Tier-2 ISP pays

tier-1 ISP for
connectivity to
rest of Internet
tier-2 ISP is
customer of
tier-1 provider

Tier-2 ISP

Tier-2 ISP

Tier 1 ISP

Tier 1 ISP
Tier-2 ISP

Tier 1 ISP

Tier-2 ISPs
also peer
privately with
each other,
interconnect
at NAP
Tier-2 ISP

Tier-2 ISP
Introduction

1-18

Internet structure: network of networks

Tier-3 ISPs and local ISPs
last hop (access) network (closest to end systems)
local
ISP
Local and tier3 ISPs are
customers of
higher tier
ISPs
connecting
them to rest
of Internet

Tier 3
ISP

local
ISP

Tier-2 ISP

local
ISP

local
ISP
Tier-2 ISP

Tier 1 ISP

Tier 1 ISP

Tier-2 ISP
local
local
ISP
ISP

Tier 1 ISP
Tier-2 ISP
local
ISP

Tier-2 ISP
local
ISP
Introduction

1-19

Internet structure: network of networks

a packet passes through many networks!

local
ISP

Tier 3
ISP

local
ISP

Tier-2 ISP

local
ISP

local
ISP
Tier-2 ISP

Tier 1 ISP

Tier 1 ISP
Tier-2 ISP
local
local
ISP
ISP

Tier 1 ISP
Tier-2 ISP
local
ISP

Tier-2 ISP
local
ISP
Introduction

1-20

Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 What is the Internet?
1.2 Network edge
1.3 Network core
1.4 Network access and physical media
1.5 Internet structure and ISPs
1.6 Delay, loss and throughput in packetswitched networks
1.7 Protocol layers, service models
1.8 History
Introduction

1-21

How do loss and delay occur?

packets queue in router buffers
packet arrival rate to link exceeds output link capacity
packets queue, wait for turn

packet being transmitted (delay)

A
B
packets queueing (delay)
free (available) buffers: arriving packets
dropped (loss) if no free buffers

Introduction

1-22

Four sources of packet delay

1. nodal processing:
check bit errors
determine output link

2. queueing
time waiting at output
link for transmission
depends on congestion
level of router

transmission

propagation

nodal
processing

queueing
Introduction

1-23

Delay in packet-switched networks

3. Transmission delay:
R=link bandwidth (bps)
L=packet length (bits)
time to send bits into
link = L/R

transmission

4. Propagation delay:
d = length of physical link
s = propagation speed in
medium (~2x108 m/sec)
propagation delay = d/s
Note: s and R are very
different quantities!

propagation

nodal
processing

queueing

Introduction

1-24

Caravan analogy
100 km
ten-car
caravan

toll
booth

Cars propagate at

100 km/hr
Toll booth takes 12 sec to
service a car
(transmission time)
car~bit; caravan ~ packet
Q: How long until caravan
is lined up before 2nd toll
booth?

100 km
toll
booth

Time to push entire

caravan through toll

booth onto highway =
12*10 = 120 sec
Time for last car to
propagate from 1st to
2nd toll both:
100km/(100km/hr)= 1 hr
A: 62 minutes
Introduction

1-25

Caravan analogy (more)

100 km
ten-car
caravan

toll
booth

Cars now propagate at

1000 km/hr
Toll booth now takes 1
min to service a car
Q: Will cars arrive to
2nd booth before all
cars serviced at 1st
booth?

100 km
toll
booth

Yes! After 7 min, 1st car

at 2nd booth and 3 cars

still at 1st booth.
1st bit of packet can
arrive at 2nd router
before packet is fully
transmitted at 1st router!

Introduction

1-26

Nodal delay
d nodal = d proc + d queue + d trans + d prop
dproc = processing delay
typically a few microsecs or less
dqueue = queuing delay
depends on congestion
dtrans = transmission delay
= L/R, significant for low-speed links
dprop = propagation delay
a few microsecs to hundreds of msecs

Introduction

1-27

Queueing delay (revisited)

R=link bandwidth (bps)
L=packet length (bits)
a=average packet

arrival rate
traffic intensity = La/R
La/R ~ 0: average queueing delay small
La/R -> 1: delays become large
La/R > 1: more work arriving than can be

serviced, average delay infinite!

Introduction

1-28

Real Internet delays and routes

What do real Internet delay & loss look like?
Traceroute program: provides delay

measurement from source to router along end-end

Internet path towards destination. For all i:

sends three packets that will reach router i on path

towards destination
router i will return packets to sender
sender times interval between transmission and reply.
3 probes

3 probes

3 probes

Introduction

1-29

Real Internet delays and routes

traceroute: gaia.cs.umass.edu to www.eurecom.fr
Three delay measements from
gaia.cs.umass.edu to cs-gw.cs.umass.edu
1 cs-gw (128.119.240.254) 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms
2 border1-rt-fa5-1-0.gw.umass.edu (128.119.3.145) 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms
3 cht-vbns.gw.umass.edu (128.119.3.130) 6 ms 5 ms 5 ms
4 jn1-at1-0-0-19.wor.vbns.net (204.147.132.129) 16 ms 11 ms 13 ms
5 jn1-so7-0-0-0.wae.vbns.net (204.147.136.136) 21 ms 18 ms 18 ms
6 abilene-vbns.abilene.ucaid.edu (198.32.11.9) 22 ms 18 ms 22 ms
7 nycm-wash.abilene.ucaid.edu (198.32.8.46) 22 ms 22 ms 22 ms trans-oceanic
8 62.40.103.253 (62.40.103.253) 104 ms 109 ms 106 ms
link
9 de2-1.de1.de.geant.net (62.40.96.129) 109 ms 102 ms 104 ms
10 de.fr1.fr.geant.net (62.40.96.50) 113 ms 121 ms 114 ms
11 renater-gw.fr1.fr.geant.net (62.40.103.54) 112 ms 114 ms 112 ms
12 nio-n2.cssi.renater.fr (193.51.206.13) 111 ms 114 ms 116 ms
13 nice.cssi.renater.fr (195.220.98.102) 123 ms 125 ms 124 ms
14 r3t2-nice.cssi.renater.fr (195.220.98.110) 126 ms 126 ms 124 ms
15 eurecom-valbonne.r3t2.ft.net (193.48.50.54) 135 ms 128 ms 133 ms
16 194.214.211.25 (194.214.211.25) 126 ms 128 ms 126 ms
17 * * *
* means no response (probe lost, router not replying)
18 * * *
19 fantasia.eurecom.fr (193.55.113.142) 132 ms 128 ms 136 ms
Introduction

1-30

Packet loss
queue (aka buffer) has finite capacity
when packet arrives to full queue, packet is

dropped (aka lost)

lost packet may be retransmitted by
previous node, by source end system, or
not retransmitted at all
buffer
(waiting area)

A
B

packet being transmitted

packet arriving to
full buffer is lost
Introduction

1-31

Throughput
throughput: rate (bits/time unit) at which

bits transferred between sender/receiver

instantaneous: rate at given point in time
average: rate over long(er) period of time

link
capacity
that
can carry
server,
with
server
sends
bits pipe
Rs bits/sec
fluid
at rate
file of
F bits
(fluid)
into
pipe
Rs bits/sec)
to send to client

link that
capacity
pipe
can carry
Rfluid
c bits/sec
at rate
Rc bits/sec)
Introduction

1-32

Throughput (more)
Rs

< Rc What is average end-end throughput?

Rs bits/sec

Rs

Rc bits/sec

> Rc What is average end-end throughput?

Rs bits/sec

Rc bits/sec

bottleneck link
link on end-end path that constrains end-end throughput
Introduction

1-33

Throughput: Internet scenario

per-connection

end-end
throughput:
min(Rc,Rs,R/10)
in practice: Rc or
Rs is often
bottleneck

Rs
Rs

Rs
R

Rc

Rc
Rc

10 connections (fairly) share

backbone bottleneck link R bits/sec
Introduction

1-34