Prof. Dr. Avni Morg Prof. Dr. Avni Morg Prof. Dr. Avni Morg Prof. Dr.

Avni Morg
Prof. Dr. Avni Morg Prof. Dr. Avni Morg Prof. Dr. Avni Morg Prof. Dr. Avni Morg


l ll l
l ll l
Bo
Bo

azi
azi

i
i
University
University
Electrical
Electrical
-
-
Electronic Engineering Department
Electronic Engineering Department
Advances in
Digital Television
& Broadcast Technology
Advances in
Advances in
Digital Television
& Broadcast Technology
& Broadcast Technology
APCC'2003 APCC'2003 Avni Morgul Avni Morgul 2 2
Contents
Contents
Brief History of Television
Brief History of Television
Television Fundamentals
Television Fundamentals
Colour Television
Colour Television
Digital TV Fundamentals
Digital TV Fundamentals
Video Compression Techniques
Video Compression Techniques
Audio Compression Techniques
Audio Compression Techniques
Digital Modulation
Digital Modulation
Digital Video Broadcasting, DVB
Digital Video Broadcasting, DVB
Digital TV Receiving Systems
Digital TV Receiving Systems
Recent advances
Recent advances
Conclusion
Conclusion
APCC'2003 APCC'2003 Avni Morgul Avni Morgul 3 3
Why Digital?
Why Digital?
More reliable
More reliable
Less susceptible to noise and interference
Less susceptible to noise and interference
Not distorted during transmission and copying
Not distorted during transmission and copying
(First copy is identical to the 100 (First copy is identical to the 100 th copy) th copy)
Digital systems can be duplicated exactly
Digital systems can be duplicated exactly
Signal quality is controllable
Signal quality is controllable
Quality may be increased by increasing bits/symbol & bitrate Quality may be increased by increasing bits/symbol & bitrate
TV systems are merging to computer systems
TV systems are merging to computer systems
(MULTIMEDIA) (MULTIMEDIA)
Everything is going to be digital
Everything is going to be digital
Digital Circuits are becoming cheaper Digital Circuits are becoming cheaper
Easy to interface with other systems Easy to interface with other systems
Digital signal processing techniques are advancing rapidly Digital signal processing techniques are advancing rapidly
Suitable for VLSI Suitable for VLSI
APCC'2003 APCC'2003 Avni Morgul Avni Morgul 4 4
What is already digital?
What is already digital?
CD (Compact Disc)
CD (Compact Disc)
DVD (Digital Versatile
DVD (Digital Versatile [Video] [Video]
Disc)
Disc)
VCD (Video CD)
VCD (Video CD)
DAT (Digital Audio Tape)
DAT (Digital Audio Tape)
Measuring instruments
Measuring instruments
What is going to be digital soon?
TV Broadcast (DVB)
TV Camera
Audio/Video Recorders
TV Receivers
Radio Broadcast
Radio / TV Receivers
APCC'2003 APCC'2003 Avni Morgul Avni Morgul 5 5
Broadcasting
Broadcasting
TV & Radio Broadcast
TV & Radio Broadcast

Terrestrial
Terrestrial
Mostly Analog Mostly Analog
U.S.A. U.S.A., China , China and most of the countries has started terrestrial and most of the countries has started terrestrial
digital TV broadcast digital TV broadcast
U.S.A. Going to convert all digital before the year 2010 U.S.A. Going to convert all digital before the year 2010

Cable
Cable
Most cable operators started digital in parallel with analog Most cable operators started digital in parallel with analog

Satellite
Satellite
Has started in 1994, there are still analog TV but digital is Has started in 1994, there are still analog TV but digital is
dominating now dominating now
APCC'2003 APCC'2003 Avni Morgul Avni Morgul 6 6
Generation of Digital TV signals
Generation of Digital TV signals
Step 1: Analog
Step 1: Analog
-
-
to
to
-
-
Digital Conversion
Digital Conversion
SAMPLING QUANTIZATION
CODING
A/D
time
1.0V
0V
0.5V
0 1 2 3 4 5 (ms)
a
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
1.0V
0V
0.5V
0 1 2 3 4 5 (ms)
7
0
5
3
0 1 2 3 4 5 (ms)
4
2
6
1
s
t
e
p
s
analog signal sampled signal quantized signal
encoded signal
code
Voltage (V)
step
000
0
0
001
0,143
1
010
0,286
2
011
0,429
3
100
0,571
4
101
0,714
5
110
0,857
6
111
1,00
7
digital signal
0
1
APCC'2003 APCC'2003 Avni Morgul Avni Morgul 7 7
Digitizing Video Signal
Digitizing Video Signal
Sampling rate
Sampling rate

f
f
s s
> 2f
> 2f
max max
(Nyquist limit) (Nyquist limit)

f
f
s s

3f
3f
max max
(Preferred) (Preferred)
Bits/Sample
Bits/Sample
3x8=24 b/sample (colour video) 3x8=24 b/sample (colour video)
Data Rate
Data Rate
Standard TV (PAL,SECAM): Standard TV (PAL,SECAM): r r
n n

300Mb/s 300Mb/s
f f
max max
= 5MHz, f = 5MHz, f
s s
=
= 13.5 Ms/s, r 13.5 Ms/s, r
n n
= 13.5x24=324Mb/s = 13.5x24=324Mb/s
HDTV: HDTV: r r
n n
> 1Gb/s > 1Gb/s
f f
max max
= 30MHz, f = 30MHz, f
s s
> 60 Ms/s, r > 60 Ms/s, r
n n
> 1.4Gb/s > 1.4Gb/s
Such huge band
Such huge band
width
width
s are not available!
s are not available!
Transmission of such data is only possible after
Transmission of such data is only possible after
at least
at least
50 times of Compression!
50 times of Compression!
MPEG MPEG- -2 compresses STV data to 4..8Mb/s 2 compresses STV data to 4..8Mb/s
PIXEL
MACROBLOK
FRAME
APCC'2003 APCC'2003 Avni Morgul Avni Morgul 8 8
Video Compression Standards
Video Compression Standards
JPEG
JPEG
For still pictures
For still pictures
CCITT
CCITT
-
-
H261
H261
Very low resolution
Very low resolution
MPEG
MPEG
-
-
1
1
Low resolution moving pictures
Low resolution moving pictures
MPEG
MPEG
-
-
2
2
High resolution moving pictures
High resolution moving pictures
MPEG
MPEG
-
-
4
4
Interactive Video, Multimedia
Interactive Video, Multimedia
MPEG
MPEG
-
-
7
7
3
3
-
-
D Picture & Sound, Parametric search,
D Picture & Sound, Parametric search,
Multimedia
Multimedia
Error Correction is necessary!
Error Correction is necessary!
Error Correction is necessary!
APCC'2003 APCC'2003 Avni Morgul Avni Morgul 9 9
Present Digital TV
Present Digital TV
Provides;
Provides;
4 to 10 digital (SDTV) channels in 1 4 to 10 digital (SDTV) channels in 1- -analog channel space analog channel space
Easier and more reliable scrambling Easier and more reliable scrambling
Easier video Easier video- -on on- -demand and Pay TV services demand and Pay TV services
To the Service Provider
To the Service Provider
Same picture quality with analog (sometimes worst) Same picture quality with analog (sometimes worst)
CD quality sound CD quality sound

2 to 10 times more money to pay for the equipment!

2 to 10 times more money to pay for the equipment!
To the Customer
To the Customer
Not a fair deal!
APCC'2003 APCC'2003 Avni Morgul Avni Morgul 10 10
Video Data Compression
Video Data Compression
Based on;
Based on;
Removing spatial redundancies
Removing spatial redundancies
(intra frame)
(intra frame)

By using the transformations

By using the transformations
Removing temporal redundancies
Removing temporal redundancies
(inter frame)
(inter frame)

By not sending the unchanged parts of frames

By not sending the unchanged parts of frames
Human vision system
Human vision system

s response
s response

More resolution for Luminance;

More resolution for Luminance;

Less resolution for Chrominance;

Less resolution for Chrominance;
APCC'2003 APCC'2003 Avni Morgul Avni Morgul 11 11
Removing spatial redundancies
Removing spatial redundancies
(
(
Intraframe
Intraframe
)
)
APCC'2003 APCC'2003 Avni Morgul Avni Morgul 12 12
Removing temporal redundancies
Removing temporal redundancies
(
(
I
I
nterframe
nterframe
)
)
Difference
APCC'2003 APCC'2003 Avni Morgul Avni Morgul 13 13
Human vision system
Human vision system

s response
s response
More resolution for Luminance; more pixels
and more bits/pixel
Less resolution for Chrominance; less pixels
and less bits/pixel are required.
+ =
APCC'2003 APCC'2003 Avni Morgul Avni Morgul 14 14
Human vision system
Human vision system

s response
s response
High resolution
is not required
for moving
sections of the
picture
APCC'2003 APCC'2003 Avni Morgul Avni Morgul 15 15
Intraframe
Intraframe
Compression
Compression
Source Coding by using DCT (
Source Coding by using DCT (
Discrete Cosine
Discrete Cosine
Transform
Transform
)
)

Based on
Based on
Converting the image to Converting the image to Spatial Frequency Spatial Frequency components components
Assigning more bits to low Assigning more bits to low- -frequency components (large smooth frequency components (large smooth
areas) and less bits to high areas) and less bits to high- -frequency components frequency components (since human (since human
eye do not resolve the luminance levels on the fine details of t eye do not resolve the luminance levels on the fine details of the he
picture) picture)

The picture is divided into 8x8 pixel Macroblocks

The picture is divided into 8x8 pixel Macroblocks

The DCT is applied to each block

The DCT is applied to each block
) v
n
cos( ) u
m
cos( ) n , m ( f
) v ( c ) u ( c
) v , u ( F
m n

16
1 2
16
1 2
4
7
0
7
0
+ +
=

= =
f(m,n): luminance of the pixel at coordinates m,n= 0,1,...7
F(u,v): DCT coefficient of 2-D frequency u,v= 0,1,...7
c(0)= 0.707; c(k)= 1 k=1,2,...7
f(m,n): luminance of the pixel at coordinates m,n= 0,1,...7
F(u,v): DCT coefficient of 2-D frequency u,v= 0,1,...7
c(0)= 0.707; c(k)= 1 k=1,2,...7
APCC'2003 APCC'2003 Avni Morgul Avni Morgul 16 16
Intraframe
Intraframe
Compression
Compression
(cont.)
(cont.)
In the DCT matrix the first component,
In the DCT matrix the first component,
F
F
(0,0)
(0,0)
, corresponds to
, corresponds to
the DC component or, the average gray level of the complete
the DC component or, the average gray level of the complete
macroblock
macroblock
The last component,
The last component,
F
F
(
(
7
7
,
,
7
7
)
)
, corresponds to the highest
, corresponds to the highest
spatial frequency or finest details of the picture.
spatial frequency or finest details of the picture.
APCC'2003 APCC'2003 Avni Morgul Avni Morgul 17 17
Intraframe
Intraframe
Compression
Compression
(cont.)
(cont.)
The DCT matrix components
The DCT matrix components
are weighted by dividing each
are weighted by dividing each
component with a different
component with a different
number (weighting matrix)
number (weighting matrix)
The most important component,
The most important component,
F
F
(1,1)
(1,1)
Corresponds to the DC or average Corresponds to the DC or average
grey level grey level
Divided by the smallest number,8, Divided by the smallest number,8,
generating the highest number of generating the highest number of
significant digits. significant digits.
Transmitted with max. number of Transmitted with max. number of
bits (or encoded by max. bits (or encoded by max.
quantization levels) quantization levels)
83 69 56 46 38 35 29 27
69 56 46 38 34 29 27 26
58 48 40 35 32 29 27 26
48 40 35 32 29 27 26 22
40 37 34 29 27 26 22 22
38 34 34 29 27 26 22 19
37 34 29 27 24 22 16 16
34 29 27 26 22 19 16 8
JPEG weighting matrix
JPEG weighting matrix JPEG weighting matrix
APCC'2003 APCC'2003 Avni Morgul Avni Morgul 18 18
Minimizing the Data
Minimizing the Data
127 127 0 0 0 127 0 127
127 127 0 255 127 127 0 255
0 0 255 255 0 0 255 0
0 0 255 255 0 0 0 0
127 127 0 0 255 255 255 255
127 127 0 0 255 255 255 255
127 127 0 0 255 255 255 255
127 127 0 0 255 255 255 255
78 78 58 58 24 24 88 88 80 80 - -65 65 - -94 94 - -56 56
- -86 86 - -26 26 - -105 105 - -125 125 14 14 0 0 5 5 - -41 41
40 40 - -48 48 118 118 97 97 - -112 112 73 73 123 123 161 161
- -2 2 59 59 50 50 - -32 32 - -23 23 24 24 - -55 55 - -96 96
- -22 22 - -10 10 - -234 234 - -27 27 233 233 - -190 190 - -106 106 - -60 60
73 73 0 0 155 155 52 52 - -139 139 154 154 40 40 17 17
- -153 153 - -61 61 156 156 - -50 50 - -257 257 98 98 273 273 247 247
18 18 - -24 24 56 56 32 32 - -94 94 58 58 275 275 987 987
0 0 0 0 2 -1 -3 -2
0 0 0 -3 0 0 0 -1
0 0 2 2 -3 2 4 6
0 0 1 0 0 0 -2 -4
0 0 -6 0 8 -7 -4 -2
1 0 4 1 -5 5 1 0
-4 -1 5 -1 -10 4 17 15
0 0 2 1 -4 3 17 123
118 133 7 6 7 113 7 103
124 118 43 206 120 111 43 220
15 11 230 256 2 58 202 36
-1 22 220 249 21 -22 36 25
126 98 23 33 239 266 217 267
138 120 31 -32 244 247 279 241
118 127 -14 3 247 257 231 259
131 91 36 7 264 248 244 250
112 153 -18 7 29 107 -19 121
130 86 94 199 76 119 108 174
26 12 193 273 30 57 136 82
-22 49 233 223 21 -17 54 10
139 76 26 51 227 249 252 249
140 127 9 -22 252 258 235 268
110 124 21 -29 244 264 249 244
134 93 18 25 264 241 243 253
0 0 0 1 2 -1 -3 -2
-1 0 -2 -3 0 0 0 -1
0 0 2 2 -3 2 4 6
0 1 1 0 0 0 -2 -4
0 0 -6 0 8 -7 -4 -2
1 0 4 1 -5 5 1 0
-4 -1 5 -1 -10 4 17 15
0 0 2 1 -4 3 17 123
8-bit input matrix
8x8 pixel input
image
Constructed
image
Constructed
image (tranc.)
DCT matrix
W
e
i
g
h
t
e
d

m
a
t
r
i
x
I
n
v
e
r
s
e

D
C
T
I
n
v
e
r
s
e

D
C
T
Trancated matrix
0 0 0 1 2 -1 -3 -2
-1 0 -2 -3 0 0 0 -1
0 0 2 2 -3 2 4 6
0 1 1 0 0 0 -2 -4
0 0 -6 0 8 -7 -4 -2
1 0 4 1 -5 5 1 0
-4 -1 5 -1 -10 4 17 15
0 0 2 1 -4 3 17 123
APCC'2003 APCC'2003 Avni Morgul Avni Morgul 19 19
Motion Estimation
Motion Estimation
(
(
interframe
interframe
compr
compr
.)
.)
The consecutive frames of a moving picture are
The consecutive frames of a moving picture are
almost the same since any object can not
almost the same since any object can not
change considerably, in 40ms (frame duration)
change considerably, in 40ms (frame duration)
It is not necessary to send any information for
It is not necessary to send any information for
stationary regions.
stationary regions.
Only the difference
Only the difference
between the
between the
consecutive frames
consecutive frames
should be transmitted
should be transmitted
F
2
-F
3
F
1
F
2
F
3
F
4
F
5
APCC'2003 APCC'2003 Avni Morgul Avni Morgul 20 20
Motion Estimation
Motion Estimation
Difference
between the 2
nd
and predicted
frames
1
st
frame
studied
block
1
st
& 2
nd
frames
The new place The new place
of the block of the block
The old The old
place of the place of the
block block
motion motion
vector vector
2
nd
frame
Small fit Small fit
Max. fit
No fit
Predicted
frame
Difference between
the 1
st
and 2
nd
frames
It is enough to transmit the motion vectors and the difference between the
predicted (motion compensated) frame and next frame.
APCC'2003 APCC'2003 Avni Morgul Avni Morgul 21 21
Motion Compensation
Motion Compensation
Picture Frame
Picture Frame
Motion Vectors
Motion Vectors
Difference
Difference
Difference
after Motion
Compensation
Difference
after Motion
Compensation
APCC'2003 APCC'2003 Avni Morgul Avni Morgul 22 22
Channel coding
Channel coding
Further
Further
bitrate
bitrate
reduction is possible by using the VLC (Variable
reduction is possible by using the VLC (Variable
length coding) before transmission.
length coding) before transmission.
Most commonly used coding is
Most commonly used coding is
Huffmann
Huffmann
coding.
coding.
110100 110101 11011 1100 100 101 111 0 Output code
02 03 05 06 10 14 20 40
Probability [%]
011 101 001 111 100 110 010 000
Input code
Input bit rate = 3 bit/symbol
Output bit rate = 1x0.4+3x(0.2+0.14+0.1)+4x0.06+5x0.05+6x(0.03+0.02)
Output bit rate = 2.43 bit/symbol
Input bit rate = 3 bit/symbol
Output bit rate = 1x0.4+3x(0.2+0.14+0.1)+4x0.06+5x0.05+6x(0.03+0.02)
Output bit rate = 2.43 bit/symbol
APCC'2003 APCC'2003 Avni Morgul Avni Morgul 23 23
Video Compression standards
Video Compression standards
JPEG Compression for Still pictures
JPEG Compression for Still pictures
analog
VIDEO
Input
DCT
Q
VLC
output
A/D
PCM
VIDEO
offset
Q-table
Diff.
Encoder
AC
DC
127 127 0 0 0 127 0 127
127 127 0 255 127 127 0 255
0 0 255 255 0 0 255 0
0 0 255 255 0 0 0 0
127 127 0 0 255 255 255 255
127 127 0 0 255 255 255 255
127 127 0 0 255 255 255 255
127 127 0 0 255 255 255 255
input matrix
input
image
78 78 58 58 24 24 88 88 80 80 - -65 65 - -94 94 - -56 56
- -86 86 - -26 26 - -105 105 - -125 125 14 14 0 0 5 5 - -41 41
40 40 - -48 48 118 118 97 97 - -112 112 73 73 123 123 161 161
- -2 2 59 59 50 50 - -32 32 - -23 23 24 24 - -55 55 - -96 96
- -22 22 - -10 10 - -234 234 - -27 27 233 233 - -190 190 - -106 106 - -60 60
73 73 0 0 155 155 52 52 - -139 139 154 154 40 40 17 17
- -153 153 - -61 61 156 156 - -50 50 - -257 257 98 98 273 273 247 247
18 18 - -24 24 56 56 32 32 - -94 94 58 58 275 275 987 987
DCT matrix
Zig-zag
scanning
Zig-zag
Encoder
0 0 0 1 2 - 1 - 3 - 2
- 1 0 - 2 - 3 0 0 0 - 1
0 0 2 2 - 3 2 4 6
0 1 1 0 0 0 - 2 - 4
0 0 - 6 0 8 - 7 - 4 - 2
1 0 4 1 -5 5 1 0
- 4 - 1 5 - 1 -10 4 17 15
0 0 2 1 - 4 3 17 123
APCC'2003 APCC'2003 Avni Morgul Avni Morgul 24 24
MPEG Encoders
MPEG Encoders
DCT Q
VLC
PCM
VIDEO
Input
selector
-
mod
selector
selector
Filter
compans.
Motion
estimation
Motion
memory
frame
DCT
-1
+
0
memory
Buffer
Correction
F. Error
output
Quantization factor
motion
vector
e
s
t
i
m
a
t
e
d
p
i
c
t
u
r
e
Q
-1
memory
frame
Side Info
Encoder
MPEG
APCC'2003 APCC'2003 Avni Morgul Avni Morgul 25 25
MPEG Decoders
MPEG Decoders
VIDEO
MPEG
Input
Filter
compans.
Motion
0
memory
Buffer
Side Info
Decoder
Correction
Error
output
VLD
memory
frame
DCT
-1
+
Q
-1
memory
frame
APCC'2003 APCC'2003 Avni Morgul Avni Morgul 26 26
MPEG1
MPEG1
Pixel
Pixel
-
-
per
per
-
-
line:
line:
720
720
Lines
Lines
-
-
per
per
-
-
frame:
frame:
576
576
Frames
Frames
-
-
per
per
-
-
second:
second:
30
30
Macroblock
Macroblock
-
-
per
per
-
-
frame:
frame:
396
396
Macroblock
Macroblock
-
-
per
per
-
-
second:
second:
9900
9900
Max.
Max.
bitrate
bitrate
:
:
1.86Mb/s
1.86Mb/s
Buffer memory size:
Buffer memory size:
376 832 bit
376 832 bit
APCC'2003 APCC'2003 Avni Morgul Avni Morgul 27 27
MPEG1
MPEG1
8 8
Y
8 8
Y
8 8
Y
8 8
Y
8 8
Y
8 8
Y
8 8
Y
8 8
Y
4 4
Cr
4 4
Cr
4 4
Cb
4 4
Cb
4 4
Cr
4 4
Cr
4 4
Cb
4 4
Cb

Block
MacroBlock
Slice
8 8
Y
8 8
Y
8 8
Y
8 8
Y
8 8
Y
8 8
Y
8 8
Y
8 8
Y
4 4
Cr
4 4
Cr
4 4
Cb
4 4
Cb
4 4
Cr
4 4
Cr
4 4
Cb
4 4
Cb
8 8
Y
8 8
Y
8 8
Y
8 8
Y
8 8
Y
8 8
Y
8 8
Y
8 8
Y
4 4
Cr
4 4
Cr
4 4
Cb
4 4
Cb
4 4
Cr
4 4
Cr
4 4
Cb
4 4
Cb
P B B P B B B I B B
Forward estimation
interpolation
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Group of Pictures, GOP
interpolation
Forward estimation
Slice
Slice
At least one I-Frame must
be used for every 132
frames
APCC'2003 APCC'2003 Avni Morgul Avni Morgul 28 28
MPEG
MPEG
-
-
2
2
Basic properties
Basic properties
Max. bitrate=20MB/s Max. bitrate=20MB/s (HDTV) (HDTV)
Interlaced and progressive scanning Interlaced and progressive scanning
Different sampling choices Different sampling choices
Scalable variable bitrate Scalable variable bitrate
Advanced quantization and coding algorithms Advanced quantization and coding algorithms
Profiles
Profiles
Simple Profile Simple Profile
Main Profile Main Profile (Standard TV) (Standard TV)
SNR scalable Profile SNR scalable Profile
Spatially Scalable Profile Spatially Scalable Profile
High Profile High Profile (HDTV) (HDTV)
Levels
Levels
High Level High Level
Main Level Main Level
Low level Low level
Sampling
Sampling
4;2;0 4;2;0 - - 4;2;2 4;2;2 - - 4;4;4 4;4;4 (HDTV) (HDTV)
4;2;0 4;2;2 4;4;4
luminance chrominance
4Y, 1Cr, 1Cb 4Y, 2Cr, 2Cb 4Y, 4Cr, 4Cb
APCC'2003 APCC'2003 Avni Morgul Avni Morgul 29 29
Levels & Profiles
Levels & Profiles
100Mb/s 60 1152 1920 High
80Mb/s 60 1152 1440 High 1440
15Mb/s 30 576 720 Main
4Mb/s 30 288 352 Low
Max. bitrate Frame/sec. line/frame Sample/line Level
4:2:0 Same as the Main profile except B-type frame
prediction mode
Simple Profile
4:2:0 No scaling , interlaced scan, B-type frame
prediction mode
Main Profile
4:2:0 SNR Scaled 2 layers SNR Scaled
4:0:0 SNR and Spatially Scaled 2 layers Spatially Scaled
4:2:2 SNR and Spatially Scaled 3 layers High Profile
sampling algorithms Profile
APCC'2003 APCC'2003 Avni Morgul Avni Morgul 30 30
Digital Video Picture
Digital Video Picture
Standard
Standard
s
s
Low Resolution Standards
Low Resolution Standards
SIF (
SIF (
Source Independent Format)
Source Independent Format)
Luminance Luminance 360 360 288 pixel (625 288 pixel (625- -line system) or 360 line system) or 360 240 (525 240 (525- -line system) line system)
Frame rate Frame rate 25 Hz ( 25 Hz (625 625- -line system line system) ) or or 29.97 Hz ( 29.97 Hz (525 525- -line system line system) )
CIF(
CIF(
Common Intermediate Format)
Common Intermediate Format)
360 360 288 pixel and 29.97Hz (common for 625 and 288 pixel and 29.97Hz (common for 625 and 525 525- -line systems line systems) )
QCIF (Quarter CIF)
QCIF (Quarter CIF)
180 180 144 pixel and 15 or 7.5 Hz ) 144 pixel and 15 or 7.5 Hz )
Computer Monitor Standards
Computer Monitor Standards
VGA
VGA (Video Graphic Adapter) (Video Graphic Adapter)
640x480, 31kHz/60...70Hz) 640x480, 31kHz/60...70Hz)
SVGA
SVGA (Super VGA) (Super VGA)
800X600 or higher, 800X600 or higher, 30...65 kHz/50...120 Hz 30...65 kHz/50...120 Hz) )
APCC'2003 APCC'2003 Avni Morgul Avni Morgul 31 31
MPEG4
MPEG4
MPEG4 is
MPEG4 is
accepted in
accepted in
1999. It is an easy access, adaptive,
1999. It is an easy access, adaptive,
interactive, audio and video compression standard with high
interactive, audio and video compression standard with high
compression. Suitable for multimedia.
compression. Suitable for multimedia.
Basic advances:
Basic advances:
Content based access Content based access
Tools for multimedia Tools for multimedia
Suitable coding for simultaneous data transmission Suitable coding for simultaneous data transmission
Content based scaling Content based scaling
Suitable coding for natural, artificial and mixed data Suitable coding for natural, artificial and mixed data
More efficient coding and compression More efficient coding and compression
Very low bit rate coding for motion pictures Very low bit rate coding for motion pictures
Robustness against noise and bit errors Robustness against noise and bit errors
Data rate: 5kb/s to 10Mb/s
Data rate: 5kb/s to 10Mb/s
APCC'2003 APCC'2003 Avni Morgul Avni Morgul 32 32
MPEG4 Structure
MPEG4 Structure
Syntax
Algoritma4
Algorithm-9
Tool4
Tool2
Tool1
Profile-4
Algorithm-5
Tool5
Tool2
Tool1
Algorithm-2
Tool5
Tool2
Tool1
Algorithm-1
Tool5
Tool2
Tool1
Algoritma4
Algorithm-7
Tool5
Tool2
Tool1
Profile-2
Algorithm-5
Tool5
Tool2
Tool1
Algorithm-2
Tool5
Tool2
Tool1
Algorithm-1
Tool5
Tool2
Tool1
Algoritma4
Algorithm-8
Tool7
Tool2
Tool1
Profile-1
Algorithm-5
Tool3
Tool2
Tool1
Algorithm-2
Tool5
Tool2
Tool1
Algorithm-1
Tool5
Tool2
Tool1
APCC'2003 APCC'2003 Avni Morgul Avni Morgul 33 33
MPEG4 Structure
MPEG4 Structure
(a) (b)
(c)
Video Object Plane
Video Object Plane
Background
Background
Combined
Picture
Combined
Picture
Sprite
Sprite
APCC'2003 APCC'2003 Avni Morgul Avni Morgul 34 34
MPEG4 Hierarchy
MPEG4 Hierarchy
Very Low
Very Low
Bitrate
Bitrate
Video, VLBV
Video, VLBV
Layer
Layer

5
5
-
-
64
64
kbit
kbit
/s
/s

Starting from a few pixels to 352x288 pixels (CIF) Frame

Starting from a few pixels to 352x288 pixels (CIF) Frame
rate: 0 (still picture) to 15 Hz
rate: 0 (still picture) to 15 Hz

Very high protection

Very high protection
High
High
Bitrate
Bitrate
Video, HBV Layer
Video, HBV Layer

Added to VLBV layer to increase the resolution

Added to VLBV layer to increase the resolution

4Mb/s
4Mb/s
APCC'2003 APCC'2003 Avni Morgul Avni Morgul 35 35
MPEG7
MPEG7
MPEG7 is not a compression standard, it is a Multimedia
MPEG7 is not a compression standard, it is a Multimedia
Content Description Interface
Content Description Interface
, consisting
, consisting
Descriptors Descriptors
Description Schemes Description Schemes
Description Definition Language, DDL Description Definition Language, DDL
Analysis
(Description
Definitions)
MPEG-7
Rules
Application
(Search Engine)
Descriptor
Description Description
Schemes Schemes
AUDIO
AUDIO
COMPRESSION
COMPRESSION
APCC'2003 APCC'2003 Avni Morgul Avni Morgul 37 37
Digital Sound Compression
Digital Sound Compression
Old Techniques :
Old Techniques :

Instantaneous Companding
Instantaneous Companding
14bit linear PCM 14bit linear PCM > > 11 bit compressed PCM 11 bit compressed PCM

NICAM
NICAM
(Near Instantaneous
(Near Instantaneous
Companded
Companded
Multiplex,
Multiplex,
ITU
ITU
-
-
R rec.660
R rec.660
)
)
32kHz,14bit linear PCM 32kHz,14bit linear PCM > > 10 bit compressed PCM, 728kb/s 10 bit compressed PCM, 728kb/s
Used in analog terrestrial TV broadcast Used in analog terrestrial TV broadcast
New Techniques are based on :
New Techniques are based on :

Perception Coding
Perception Coding

Frequency Domain Coding

Frequency Domain Coding

Window Switching
Window Switching

Dynamic Bit Allocation

Dynamic Bit Allocation
APCC'2003 APCC'2003 Avni Morgul Avni Morgul 38 38
Digital Sound Compression
Digital Sound Compression
Masking Effect & Perceptual
Masking Effect & Perceptual
Coding
Coding
Qualitative distortion is not important, Qualitative distortion is not important,
if the difference between the original if the difference between the original
and reproduction is not and reproduction is not perceptible perceptible by by
human hearing system! human hearing system!
High level sound masks the High level sound masks the
neighbouring week signals. neighbouring week signals.
If a signal is below the masking If a signal is below the masking
threshold it is not encoded! threshold it is not encoded!
Hearing
Threshold
Quantization
Noise
SOUND
LEVEL
Masking
Sound
Masking
Threshold
Frequency
Masked
Sounds
dB
Frequency Domain Coding
Different sampling rate (decimation) for different frequency reg Different sampling rate (decimation) for different frequency regions ions
1. Sub-band Coding, SBC
2. 2. Transform Coding, Transform Coding, TC TC
3. 3. Hybrid Coding Hybrid Coding
APCC'2003 APCC'2003 Avni Morgul Avni Morgul 39 39
Digital Sound Compression
Digital Sound Compression
Window Switching
Long blocks generate long pre-
echo at the silent regions
Shorter blocks require higher bit
rate due to the overhead bits
A compromise and efficient coding
is possible by using adaptively
changing the block size
1024 sample block
Pre-echo
256 sample block
No pre-echo
Original signal
APCC'2003 APCC'2003 Avni Morgul Avni Morgul 40 40
Digital Sound Compression
Digital Sound Compression
Dynamic Bit Allocation
Less bits allocated in higher
bands
No bits assigned for masked
signals if the signal to
threshold ratio is smaller than
zero
20 bits/sample are reduced to
average 2 bits/sample (10-
times compression)
60
40
20
0
40
20
0
-20
-40
-60
Sub-band Number
C
o
m
p
r
e
s
s
e
d

s
i
g
n
a
l

[
b
i
t
s
/
s
a
m
p
l
e
]
13579
1
0
1
3
1
5
1
7
1
9
2
1
2
3
2
5
2
7
2
9
8
4
0
S
o
u
n
d

p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

[
d
B
]
M
a
s
k
i
n
g

t
h
r
e
s
h
o
l
d

[
d
B
]
S
i
g
n
a
l
-
t
o
-
t
h
r
e
s
h
o
l
d

r
a
t
i
o

[
d
B
]
60
40
20
0
APCC'2003 APCC'2003 Avni Morgul Avni Morgul 41 41
ISO
ISO
-
-
MPEG1
MPEG1
Audio
Audio
Coding
Coding
CD Quality sound
CD Quality sound
Output data rate:
Output data rate:
32, 44.1 and 48 kHz sampling rates 32, 44.1 and 48 kHz sampling rates
320kb/s for mono 320kb/s for mono
448, 384 & 320 kb/s for levels I, II & III 448, 384 & 320 kb/s for levels I, II & III
Dynamic range = 120dB !
Dynamic range = 120dB !
Level
Level
-
-
III
III
Switchable hybrid filter bank, Switchable hybrid filter bank,
Advanced pre Advanced pre- -echo cancellation, echo cancellation,
Non Non- -uniform quantization, uniform quantization,
Entropy coding, Entropy coding,
Elastic buffer Elastic buffer
Variable bitrate etc.. is added Variable bitrate etc.. is added
APCC'2003 APCC'2003 Avni Morgul Avni Morgul 42 42
MPEG
MPEG
-
-
2 and Dolby
2 and Dolby
-
-
AC3, 5.1 Surround Sound
AC3, 5.1 Surround Sound
Surround (Left) Surround (Right)
LS
RS
L C R
SW
Subwoofer
Left
Center
Right
APCC'2003 APCC'2003 Avni Morgul Avni Morgul 43 43
5.1 Surround
5.1 Surround
Encoder
Encoder
M
a
t
r
i
x
MPEG-1
encoder
L
C
R
LS
RS
MPEG-2
Extension
Encoder
T
1
=L
0
T
2
=R
0
T
3
T
4
T
5
M
u
l
t
i
p
l
e
x
e
r
(
M
U
X
)
L
0
= ( L+ C + LS )
L
0
= ( L+ C + LS )
2 1
1
+
2 2
R
0
= ( R+ C + RS )
R
0
= ( R+ C + RS ) 2 2
2 1
1
+
For Level-I, Level-II and 5.1 Compatibility
For Level-I, Level-II and 5.1 Compatibility Compatibility
APCC'2003 APCC'2003 Avni Morgul Avni Morgul 45 45
Broadcasting
Broadcasting
TV & Radio Broadcast
TV & Radio Broadcast

Terrestrial
Terrestrial
U.S.A. and most of the European and Asian countries has started U.S.A. and most of the European and Asian countries has started
terrestrial digital TV broadcast terrestrial digital TV broadcast
U.S.A. Going to convert all digital before the year 2010 U.S.A. Going to convert all digital before the year 2010
Probably all countries will follow Probably all countries will follow

Cable
Cable
Most cable operators preferred digital Most cable operators preferred digital

Satellite
Satellite
Digital is dominating now Digital is dominating now
Few analog broadcast exist. Being converted to digital. Few analog broadcast exist. Being converted to digital.
APCC'2003 APCC'2003 Avni Morgul Avni Morgul 46 46
Digital Broadcast Standards
Digital Broadcast Standards
Video
Video
(ISO/IEC 1318
(ISO/IEC 1318
-
-
2, ITU
2, ITU
-
-
R601)
R601)
All use MPEG All use MPEG- -2 2
Main Profile, Main Level for standard TV Main Profile, Main Level for standard TV
High profile, Main level for HDTV High profile, Main level for HDTV
Modulations Modulations
Satellite : QPSK ( Satellite : QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) ) (DVB (DVB- -S) S)
Cable : QAM ( Cable : QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) ) (DVB (DVB- -C) C)
Terrestrial Terrestrial
COFDM COFDM ( (Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex) ) in most in most
countries ( countries (DVB DVB- -T T) )
8 8- -level VSB level VSB ( (Vestigial Sideband Vestigial Sideband) ) in U.S.A. & Canada in U.S.A. & Canada
Sound
Sound
(ISO/IEC 1318
(ISO/IEC 1318
-
-
3 )
3 )
MPEG MPEG- -2 in Europe 2 in Europe
Dolby AC Dolby AC- -3 in U.S.A 3 in U.S.A
A golden opportunity
to unify the global standards
missed again !
APCC'2003 APCC'2003 Avni Morgul Avni Morgul 47 47
Modulation Techniques
Modulation Techniques
All countries use QPSK for satellite and QAM for
cable broadcast
DVB-T (COFDM) has been selected for use in
China, Europe, India, Latin America and South East
Asia. USA and Canada have chosen ATSC (8VSB).
South Korean Tests showed that DVB-T COFDM is
10% and 20% superior to the ATSC (8VSB) system
at stationary sites and even further ahead in mobile
APCC'2003 APCC'2003 Avni Morgul Avni Morgul 48 48
Transmitting
Transmitting
Bitstream
Bitstream
TV Progr. 1
TV Progr. 2
MPEG-2
Video Enc.
MPEG-2
Audio Enc.
MPEG-2
Video Enc.
MPEG-2
Audio Enc.
Outer
Coder
M
u
l
t
i
p
l
e
x
e
r
(
P
r
o
g
r
a
m
&
T
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
)
Inter-
leaver
Digital
Modulation
Carrier
Generation
V1
A1
V2
A2
An
Energy
Dispersal
Inner
Coder
Inter-
leaver
Frame
Adaptation
Mapper
Outer
Coder
Inter-
leaver
Energy
Dispersal
Inner
Coder
High
Priority
Data
Low
Priority
Data (Payload)
APCC'2003 APCC'2003 Avni Morgul Avni Morgul 49 49
DVB Hierarchy
DVB Hierarchy
Compres-
sion layer
Variable length codes
Header
Motion
vectors
Luminance &
chrominance DCT
coefficients
MPEG-2
Bit stream
Transport
layer
Packet
header
Video
packet
MPEG-2
Packets
Audio
packet
Packet
header
Auxiliary
data
Different video formats and
frame rates
Baseband
layer
PCM
Bit stream
Different modulation and
transmission standards
Trans-
mission
layer
Modulated
signal
APCC'2003 APCC'2003 Avni Morgul Avni Morgul 50 50
PES: Packetized Elementary Stream
PES
Transport
packets
PES-1 PES-2
184-byte 184-byte
122-byte
184-byte
Transport Packet Header
PES Header
Payload (video, audio, etc.)
Stuffing bits
Empty
Empty
188-byte
TP1 TP2 TP3 TP4 TP5 TP6 TP7
Empty
APCC'2003 APCC'2003 Avni Morgul Avni Morgul 51 51
MPEG Transport stream
MPEG Transport stream
video data audio1 video video audio2 data video video data audio1
. .
alignment bits data bits
4-byte
Transport packet
header
Variable video
alignment header
(optional)
188-byte Transport Packet
184-byte payload
APCC'2003 APCC'2003 Avni Morgul Avni Morgul 52 52
Multiplexed Program Packet
Multiplexed Program Packet
ESM: Elementary Stream Map, PMT: Program Map Table,
PSM: Program Stream Map, PAT: Program Association (Allocation ) Table CAT:
Conditional Access Table,
PID=2
PID=3
PID=4
PID=n
PID=n+1
Video-1
Audio-1
Audio-2
Data-k
ESM (PMT)
PID=0
Progr. transport stream 1
PSM(PAT)
Progr. transport stream 2
Progr. transport stream 3
Progr. transport stream 4
System level multiplexed
data stream
(Transport Stream)
PID=1
CAT
P
I
D
PAT PMT Video1 Video2 audio1 Video2 data1
P
I
D
P
I
D
P
I
D
P
I
D
P
I
D
P
I
D
APCC'2003 APCC'2003 Avni Morgul Avni Morgul 53 53
De
De
-
-
multiplexing DVB
multiplexing DVB
ESM: Elementary Stream Map, PMT: Program Map Table,
PSM: Program Stream Map, PAT: Program Association (Allocation ) Table CAT:
Conditional Access Table,
PID=1
PID=2
PID=n
Video-1
Audio-1
Unused
Packets
PID=0
Extract the packet
number of the PMT
P
I
D

n
u
m
b
e
r
s
P
I
D

n
u
m
b
e
r

o
f


t
h
e

P
M
T

p
a
c
k
e
t

Extract the PID
number of program
components
System level
multiplexed data
stream
(Transport Stream)
APCC'2003 APCC'2003 Avni Morgul Avni Morgul 54 54
Scrambling & Conditional Access
Scrambling & Conditional Access
Scrambling & Conditional Access
Scrambling & Conditional Access
is used in
is used in

P
P
ay
ay
-
-
TV
TV

V
V
ideo
ideo
-
-
on
on
-
-
demand
demand

P
P
ay
ay
-
-
per
per
-
-
view
view
applications
applications
The scrambling method and the necessary
The scrambling method and the necessary
information must be transmitted in the PMT
information must be transmitted in the PMT
(Program Map table) and CAT (
(Program Map table) and CAT (Conditional Access
Table).
Standard also defines a Common Scrambling
Algorithm, (CSA)
.
.
A common interface (
A common interface (
CI
CI
) may be used by all the
) may be used by all the
broadcast companies if CSA is used.
broadcast companies if CSA is used.
APCC'2003 APCC'2003 Avni Morgul Avni Morgul 55 55
Scrambling & Conditional Access
Scrambling & Conditional Access
DVB standard advices two
DVB standard advices two
methodes
methodes
Simulcrypt
Simulcrypt
system: Common scrambling algorithm
system: Common scrambling algorithm
different Conditional Access
different Conditional Access
Multicrypt
Multicrypt
system: All functions are implemented in a
system: All functions are implemented in a
Common Interface,
Common Interface,
(
(
CI
CI
), a PCMCA type exchangeable
), a PCMCA type exchangeable
card.
card.
Different companies may use same
Different companies may use same
CI
CI
and
and
different
different
Smart Card
Smart Card
s
s
or it is also possible to use
or it is also possible to use
different
different
CI
CI
.
.
APCC'2003 APCC'2003 Avni Morgul Avni Morgul 56 56
Common Interface
Common Interface
Two type of
Two type of
CI
CI
messages are generated and transmitted for de
messages are generated and transmitted for de
-
-
scrambling
scrambling
ECM ECM: Entitlement Control Messages. : Entitlement Control Messages. Transmitted every 2 Transmitted every 2- -sec. sec.
EMM EMM: Entitlement Management Messages. : Entitlement Management Messages. Transmitted every 10 Transmitted every 10- -sec. sec.
The broadcast data are scrambled by using a
The broadcast data are scrambled by using a
Control Word.
Control Word.
Two
Two
Entitlement
Entitlement
signals are generated by using
signals are generated by using
Service & User Keys
Service & User Keys
and also broadcasted.
and also broadcasted.
Service Key: Service Key: Used for selecting different groups of subscribers Used for selecting different groups of subscribers
User Key: User Key: Used for each subscriber to scramble the Service Key Used for each subscriber to scramble the Service Key
ECM
ECM
EMM
EMM
User Key
User Key User Key
Service Key
Service Key
Control Word
Control Word
SCRAMBLING
ECM = f (Control Word, Service Key)
EMM = f (Service Key, User Key)
SCRAMBLING
ECM = f (Control Word, Service Key)
EMM = f (Service Key, User Key User Key)
APCC'2003 APCC'2003 Avni Morgul Avni Morgul 57 57
De
De
-
-
Scrambling
Scrambling
The end
The end
-
-
user only
user only
knows the User Word
knows the User Word
on his smart card.
on his smart card.
The Common Interface
The Common Interface
generates the Control
generates the Control
Word by the help of
Word by the help of
user
user

s Smart Card
s Smart Card
Control Word
De-scrambling
Control Word
De-scrambling
Service Word
Control Word
Service Word
De-scrambling
Service Word
De-scrambling
User Word
(Smart Card)
Licence
Control
Information
Licence
Control
Information
ECM
ECM
EMM
EMM
APCC'2003 APCC'2003 Avni Morgul Avni Morgul 58 58
De
De
-
-
Scrambling procedure
Scrambling procedure
PID 0 Video3 PID M Audio3 PID 1 Video3 EMM-1 EMM-2 ECM-3
Prog-3
Program
Association
table PAT
Conditional Access
table CAT
EMM-1 reference
EMM-2 reference
Prog-3
CA-1
st
system
CA-2
nd
system
Program Map
table PMT
1
2
3
4
4
4
4
5
6
7
There are other tricks which are kept secret by the companies bu There are other tricks which are kept secret by the companies but there is no t there is no
unbreakable code. unbreakable code.
Several spectacular pay-tv collapses, due to endemic piracy and
comprehensive smartcard swapout programmes in many countries
Digital TV
Digital TV
Receiving Systems
Receiving Systems
APCC'2003 APCC'2003 Avni Morgul Avni Morgul 60 60
Digital TV Receiving Systems
Digital TV Receiving Systems
Analog TV Receiver
SET
Set -Top - Box
Satellite
Terrestial
Cable
APCC'2003 APCC'2003 Avni Morgul Avni Morgul 61 61
The
The
Set
Set
-
-
Top
Top
-
-
Box
Box
Modulated
Digital RF
Baseband
Analog Video
(component)
Baseband
Analog Audio
Baseband
Analog Video
(Encoded)
Modulated
Analog RF
Baseband
Digital Video
Baseband
Digital Audio
Video
DACs
MPEG
Digital
A/V Data
Front
End
DRAM
MPEG
A/V
Decoder
T
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t

D
e
m
u
l
t
i
p
l
e
x
e
r
Audio
DAC
AC-3
Decoder
(optional)
OSD
RF
Mod.
Video
Encoder
PAL- NTSC
RS232
ROM
Modem
Micro
Controller
Data
Comm.
Smart Card
(optional)
Smart
Card
Reader
Conditional
Access
(optional)
Power
Supply
APCC'2003 APCC'2003 Avni Morgul Avni Morgul 62 62
The Front End
The Front End
Terrestrial
Tuner
A/D
COFDM
Demod.
FEC
Satellite
Tuner
2x
A/D
QPSK
Demod.
FEC
Cable
Tuner
2x
A/D.
QAM
Demod.
FEC
MPEG
BITSTREAM
Terrestrial
Ant.
Satellite
Ant.
Cable
Service
S
E
L
E
C
T
O
R
APCC'2003 APCC'2003 Avni Morgul Avni Morgul 63 63
Decoder
Decoder
EXT. MPEG
BITSTREAM
DRAM
4Mbits
Conditional
Access
MPEG
Transport
Demultiplexer
Cache
MPEG-2
Audio Decoder
Dolby AC-3
Audio Decoder
MPEG-2
Video Decoder
DRAM
16Mbits
Audio
DACs
OSD
Flash ROM
I C
2
Front End
Modem
8-bit
Control CPU
32-bit
System CPU
Control Keys
Remote Control
S
e
l
e
c
t
o
r
Smart
card
Sync.
PAL/NTSC
Encoder
Video
DACs
Comm.
APCC'2003 APCC'2003 Avni Morgul Avni Morgul 64 64
1
1
st st
Generation: 2Chips+CPU+Periferals
Generation: 2Chips+CPU+Periferals
DRAM
4Mbits
Conditional
Access
MPEG
Transport
Demultiplexer
MPEG-2
Audio Decoder
Dolby AC-3
Audio Decoder
MPEG-2
Video Decoder
SDRAM
16Mbits
Audio
DACs
OSD
Graphics
Flash ROM
Control Keys
IR
Remote Control
PAL/NTSC
Encoder
Video
DACs
Chip 1
Sync.
VXO
Clock Gen.
32- bit
System &
Control CPU
Modem
Cache
S
e
l
e
c
t
o
r
Chip 2
Chip 3
APCC'2003 APCC'2003 Avni Morgul Avni Morgul 65 65
2
2
nd
nd
Generation: 2Chips +
Generation: 2Chips +
DRAM
4Mbits
Conditional
Access
MPEG
Transport
Demultiplexer
MPEG-2
Audio Decoder
Dolby AC-3
Audio Decoder
MPEG-2
Video Decoder
SDRAM
16Mbits
Audio
DACs
OSD
Graphics
Flash ROM
Control Keys
IR
Remote Control
PAL/NTSC
Encoder
Video
DACs
Chip 1
Sync.
VXO
Clock Gen.
32- bit
System &
Control CPU
Modem
Cache
S
e
l
e
c
t
o
r
Chip 2
APCC'2003 APCC'2003 Avni Morgul Avni Morgul 66 66
3
3
rd rd
Generation: Single Chip +
Generation: Single Chip +
SDRAM
4Mbits
Conditional
Access
MPEG
Transport
Demultiplexer
MPEG-2
Audio Decoder
Dolby AC-3
Audio Decoder
MPEG-2
Video Decoder
SDRAM
16Mbits
Audio
DACs
OSD
Graphics
Flash ROM
I C
2
Control Keys
IR
Remote Control
PAL/NTSC
Encoder
Video
DACs
Chip 1
Sync.
VXO
Clock Gen.
32- bit
System &
Control CPU
Modem
Cache
S
e
l
e
c
t
o
r
APCC'2003 APCC'2003 Avni Morgul Avni Morgul 67 67
4th Generation
4th Generation
(State of the Art)
(State of the Art)
:
:
Single Chip with advanced features & graphics
Single Chip with advanced features & graphics
SDRAM
4Mbits
Conditional
Access
MPEG
Transport
Demultiplexer
MPEG-2
Audio Decoder
Dolby AC-3
Audio Decoder
MPEG-2
Video Decoder
SDRAM
16Mbits
Audio
DACs
Advance
Graphics
Flash ROM
Control Keys
IR
Remote Control
PAL/NTSC
Encoder
Video
DACs
Chip 1
Sync.
VXO
Clock Gen.
64- bit
System &
Control CPU
Modem
Cache
S
e
l
e
c
t
o
r
APCC'2003 APCC'2003 Avni Morgul Avni Morgul 68 68
Advanced Features
Advanced Features
24 Bit Colour Graphics
24 Bit Colour Graphics

Blending
Blending

Still Picture & Logo

Still Picture & Logo

Letter Boxing
Letter Boxing

2
2
-
-
D, 3
D, 3
-
-
D Animation
D Animation
PIP (With Additional Memory & Hardware)
PIP (With Additional Memory & Hardware)

Pan/Zoom
Pan/Zoom
Teletext
Teletext
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Software
Software
The Software in DVB receivers is
The Software in DVB receivers is

harder
harder

than its hardware!

than its hardware!
Application Software
User Applications: OSD, Control,
Graphics, Program Guides,
API
(Application Program Interface)
OS
(Real Time Operating System)
DRIVER DRIVER DRIVER DRIVER DRIVER
Must be written by the Receiver
Manufacturer (Software Houses
Available)
Partially provided by the Chip
Manufacturer
Provided by the Chip
Manufacturer or being sold by a
Third Party
Provided by the Chip
Manufacturer
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Converging TV & Computer
Converging TV & Computer
By using new multimedia techniques
By using new multimedia techniques

Computers may be used as TV receivers

Computers may be used as TV receivers

TV receivers may be used as Internet browsers

TV receivers may be used as Internet browsers

Mobil telephones may be used for Internet and TV

Mobil telephones may be used for Internet and TV
reception
reception
Therefore the next generation equipment will be
Therefore the next generation equipment will be
multipurpose MULTIMEDIA equipment.
multipurpose MULTIMEDIA equipment.
The software and hardware tools are available for
The software and hardware tools are available for
this purpose
this purpose
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NEW
NEW
MULTIMEDIA HOME
MULTIMEDIA HOME
Simultaneous Simultaneous
TV / Internet / Camera TV / Internet / Camera
display display
Security camera Security camera
Laptop Laptop
Keyboard Keyboard
Tablet Tablet
RF or IR RF or IR
wireless wireless
connection connection
Multifunction Multifunction
remote remote
control control
WB WB RF RF
distribution distribution
Main Main
Computer Computer
WEB WEB- -Cam Cam
Large screen LCD or Plasma display Large screen LCD or Plasma display
Surround Surround
Stereo Sound Stereo Sound
Satellite Satellite
receiver receiver
DVD DVD- -VCD Player VCD Player
Satellite Dish Satellite Dish
Small Small
kitchen or kitchen or
badroom TV badroom TV
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VGA
VGA
/
/
PAL (NTSC) Conversion
PAL (NTSC) Conversion

PAL(NTSC) VGA SVGA
Line Freq. 15,625kHz
(15,750kHz)
31kHz 3060kHz
Field Freq. 50 (60)Hz 6070Hz 50120Hz
Scanning Interlaced Progressive Progressive


Interlaced Interlaced Scanning Scanning Progressive Progressive Scanning Scanning
ODD FIELD: ODD FIELD:
odd numbered lines odd numbered lines
EVEN FIELD: EVEN FIELD:
Even numbered lines Even numbered lines
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VGA
VGA
-
-
PAL (NTSC) Converter
PAL (NTSC) Converter
A/D Converter
A/D Converter
Buffer
Memory
Buffer
Memory
address
clock
sync
RGB
(VGA)
D/A
converter
PAL
(NTSC)
encoder
D/A
converter
PAL
(NTSC)
encoder
clock
sync
Control
Circuit
Control
Circuit
RGB
(PAL)
C-Video
S-Video
Buffer Memory = 1 line
Buffer Memory = 1 line

Line converter
Line converter
Buffer Memory = 1 frame
Buffer Memory = 1 frame

Frame converter
Frame converter
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PAL (NTSC)
PAL (NTSC)

VGA
VGA
Converter
Converter
A/D
Converter
A/D
Converter
Buffer
Memory
Buffer
Memory
address address
clock clock
Sync. Sync.
C C- -Video Video
( (PAL PAL) )
D/A
conver
ter
D/A
conver
ter
clock clock
Sync. Sync.
Control
Circuit
Control
Circuit
RGB RGB
( (VGA VGA) )
PAL
Decoder
PAL
Decoder
RGB RGB
It is not necessary to use this converters for digital TV
receivers (or 100Hz TV) since these TV receivers already
have a VGA input.
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Multimedia Home Platform, MHP
Multimedia Home Platform, MHP
MHP uses a delivery technology called DSM-CC Object
Carousel (OC) to deliver applications and heterogeneous data
from multiple sources
This enables the presentation of a complete broadcast file-system
Java-based applications,
Interactive services.
home shopping, home banking,
gaming, chatting, voting
super teletext, electronic programme guides, information
e-mail.
There is a DVB-MHP standard, ensuring that broadcasters,
service providers and network operators can take full advantage
of digital TV.
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Globally Executable MHP (GEM)
A GEM application will run
unaltered on an MHP digital TV
in Finland, an OCAP (Open Cable
Applications Platform) set-top box in
New York, or any other GEM-
compliant device.
A single, worldwide iTV (interactive TV) standard
European Telecom. Standards Institute as ETSI TS 102 819
V1.1.1.
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Advanced Digital Broadcast (ADB)
Advanced Digital Broadcast (ADB), has developed an
optimised open standard solution based on the MHP
specification.
The platform, compliant with DVB MHP 1.0.1 ETSI TS 101
812 Enhanced and Interactive broadcast profiles, MPEG2
processors.
ADB has also available a set of tools that allows applications
to be designed, developed, and implemented in a simulated
end-to-end scenario, resulting in a resident applications
compatible with the MHP standard.
These include Installation Menu, Zapper, Channel Navigation
and Multilanguage Programme Menu.
And a set of interactive applications
E@syMail, T-Commerce and Information Services.
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MCP (Multimedia Car Platform)
MCP provides a powerful
architecture for multimedia
services in the car.
Positioning and
communications services could
be combined with data and
applications received via digital
broadcast.
Extended application priority
and security handling
car security breaks media
streaming
blocking distraction of the driver
while moving
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MCP (Multimedia Car Platform)
Extended application priority and security handling
car security breaks media streaming
blocking distraction of the driver while moving
Integration of APIs for Speech; Phone, Navigation, CarData and
a car radio interface
Mobile Management Client API; Seamless integration of all
types of networks (DVB-T, DAB, GSM, GPRS, Bluetooth, in-car
networks with TCP/IP; JINI service interface
User interface supporting Internet access, cached web services,
location aware services, m-commerce and entertainment.
Clever Petrol application, alerted the driver when the fuel gauge
ran under a given limit with the driver receiving navigational
instructions to the cheapest petrol station in the area.
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DVB
DVB
-
-
X
X
The technology was released in January 2003. It is based on the current
DVB-T standard and for the new service scenarios where small, mobile
terminals (handheld devices) receive broadcast services in various places
(inside buildings, in cars) on the move.
Provide new business for broadcast and cellular operators, chip and
equipment manufacturers.
Broadcast operators
Reach their customers anywhere, while they are on the move,
Cellular operators
A cost efficient way to implement data broadcast type of services.
For the end user
A more inexpensive and richer content
In addition to voice, messaging, internet browsing, radio, still and video
camera, TV would complement the service.
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Conclusion
Conclusion
Digital TV Systems have become to a mature state now
Digital TV Systems have become to a mature state now
Plenty of Hardware & Software tools are available
Plenty of Hardware & Software tools are available
But there is still room to improve the specifications and
But there is still room to improve the specifications and
to integrate more functions in a single chip
to integrate more functions in a single chip
The computer, communication and TV systems are being
The computer, communication and TV systems are being
unified
unified
The trend of finding better and cheaper solutions
The trend of finding better and cheaper solutions
will
will
never end!..
never end!..