ECE 3120

Computer Systems
Shift and Rotate
Manjeera Jeedigunta
http://blogs.cae.tntech.edu/msjeedigun21
Email: [email protected]
Tel: 931-372-6181, Prescott Hall 120
† Prev:
„ Loops

† Today:
„ Shift and Rotation
Shift and Rotate Instructions
The 68HCS12 has shift and rotate instructions that apply to a memory location,
accumulators A, B and D. A memory operand must be specified using the
extended or index addressing modes.

Logical Shift
Shift Left (Memory,A,B,D): LSL,LSLA,LSLB,LSLD
Shift Right (Memory,A,B,D): LSR,LSRA,LSRB,LSRD

Arithmetic Shift, Similar to a Logical shift, but the sign bit remains unchanged.
Shift Left (Memory,A,B,D): ASL,ASLA,ASLB,ASLD
Shift Right (Memory,A,B,D): ASR,ASRA,ASRB

Cyclic Shift (or Rotation)

Left (Memory,A,B): ROL, ROLA,ROLB
Right (Memory,A,B): ROR, RORA,RORB
Logical Shift One bit falls off and a ‘0’ is shifted in!

LSL,LSLA,LSLB C b7 ----------------- b0 0

LSLD C b7 ----------------- b0 b7 ----------------- b0 0

accumulator A accumulator B

LSR,LSRA,LSRB 0 b7 ----------------- b0 C

LSRD 0 b7 ----------------- b0 b7 ----------------- b0 C

accumulator A accumulator B
Arithmetic Shift :Similar to Logical shift but here the sign bit
remains the same

ASL,ASLA,ASLB C b7 ----------------- b0 0

ASLD C b7 ----------------- b0 b7 ----------------- b0 0

accumulator A accumulator B

ASR,ASRA,ASRB
b7 ----------------- b0 C
Rotation (Cyclic Shift)

ROL, ROLA,ROLB b7 ----------------- b0 C

ROR, RORA,RORB C b7 ----------------- b0

A useful link from The Teacher@ website.

Example 2.18 Suppose that [A] = $95 and C = 1. Compute the new values of A
and C after the execution of the instruction ASLA.

Solution:
accumulator A

1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 Original value New value

C flag
[A] = 10010101 [A] = 00101010
C=1 C=1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
Figure 2.11b Execution result of the ASLA instruction

Figure 2.11a Operation of the ASLA instruction

Example 2.19 Suppose that m[$800] = $ED and C = 0. Compute the new values
of m[$800] and the C flag after the execution of the instruction ASR $800.

Solution:

1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 Original value New value

memory C flag
location [$800]= 11101101 [$800]= 11110110
$800 C=0 C=1
1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
Figure 2.12b Result of the ASR $800 instruction

Figure 2.12a Operation of the ASR $800 instruction

Example 2.20 Suppose that m[$800] = $E7 and C = 1. Compute the new contents
of m[$800] and the C flag after the execution of the instruction LSR $800.

Solution:

1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 Original value New value

memory C flag [$800] = 11100111 [$800] = 01110011
location C=1 C=1
$800
0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 Figure 2.13b Execution result of LSR $800

Figure 2.13a Operation of the LSR $800 instruction

Example 2.21 Suppose that [B] = $BD and C = 1. Compute the new values of
B and the C flag after the execution of the instruction ROLB.

Solution:

Original value New value

1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1
C flag [B] = 10111101 [B] = 01111011
C=1 C=1
accumulator B 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
Figure 14b. Execution result of ROLB
Figure 2.14a Operation of the instruction ROLB
Shift a Multi-byte Number
For shifting right

1. The bit 7 of each byte will receive the bit 0 of its immediate left byte with
the exception of the most significant byte which will receive a 0.
2. Each byte will be shifted to the right by 1 bit. The bit 0 of the least
significant byte will be lost.

Suppose there is a k-byte number that is stored at loc to loc+k-1.

Method for shifting right

Step 1: Shift the byte at loc to the right one place.

Step 2: Rotate the byte at loc+1 to the right one place.
Step 3: Repeat Step 2 for the remaining bytes.
For shifting left

1. The bit 0 of each byte will receive the bit 7 of its immediate right byte with the
exception of the least significant byte which will receive a 0.
2. Each byte will be shifted to the left by 1 bit. The bit 7 of the most significant
byte will be lost.

Suppose there is a k-byte number that is stored at loc to loc+k-1.

Method for shifting left

Step 1: Shift the byte at loc+k-1 to the left one place.

Step 2: Rotate the byte at loc+K-2 to the left one place.
Step 3: Repeat Step 2 for the remaining bytes.
Example 2.24 Write a program to shift the 32-bit number stored at $1000-$1003 to the
right four places.

ldab #4 ;set up the loop count

ldx #$1000
again lsr 0,x
ror 1,x
ror 2,x
ror 3,x
dbne b,again
Boolean Logic Instructions
- Changing a few bits are often done in I/O applications.
- Boolean logic operation can be used to change a few I/O port pins easily.

Table 2 .8 Sum m ary o f Bo o le ran lo gic instruc tio ns

M ne m o nic Func tio n O pe ratio n

AN D A < o pr> AND A with m e m o ry A ← (A) • (M )

AN D B < o pr> AN D B with m e m o ry B ← (B) • (M )
AN D CC < o pr> AN D CCR with m e m o ry (c le ar CCR bits) CCR ← (CCR) • (M )
EO RA < o pr> Exc lusive O R A with m e m ro y A ← (A) ⊕ (M )
Example AND
EO RB < o pr> Exc lusive O R B with m e m o ry B ← (B) ⊕ (M )
O RAA < o pr> O R A with m e m o ry A ← (A) + (M )
O RAB < o pr> O R B with m e m o ry B ← (B) + (M )
Ldaa $56
O RCC < o pr> O R CCR with m e m o ry CCR ← (CCR) + (M )
CLC Cle ar C bit in CCR C← 0 Anda #$0F
CLI Cle ar I bit in CCR I← 0
CLV Cle ar V bit in CCR V← 0 Staa $56
CO M < o pr> O ne 's c o m ple m e nt m e m o ry M ← $ FF - (M )
CO M A O ne 's c o m ple m e nt A A ← $ FF - (A)
CO M B O ne 's c o m ple m e nt B B ← $ FF - (B)
N EG < o pr> Two 's c o m ple m e nt m e m o ry M ← $ 0 0 - (M )
N EG A Two 's c o m ple m e nt A A ← $ 0 0 - (A)
N EG B Two 's c o m ple m e nt B B ← $ 0 0 - (B)
Bit Test and Manipulate Instruction
† Used to either test or change the values of certain bits
in a given number
† Bclr,bita,bitb,bset
† Examples:
„ Bclr 0,x,$81 Æ (10000001)
† Clears MSB and LSB, pointed by memory location 0,x
„ Bita #$44 Æ (01000100)
† Tests bit 6 & 2 of A and updates Z,N flags accordingly
„ Bitb #$22 Æ (00100010)
† Tests bit 5 & 1 of B and updates Z,N flags accordingly
„ Bset 0,y,$33 (00110011)
† Sets bits 5,4,1,0 of the memory location pointed by 0,y
Program Execution Time
- The 68HCS12 uses the E clock (ECLK) as a timing reference.
- There are many applications that require the generation of time delays.

The creation of a time delay involves two steps:

1. Select a sequence of instructions that takes a certain amount of time to

execute.
2. Repeat the selected instruction sequence for an appropriate number of times.

Delay of 10ms
For a delay
Instr1 of 50 ms??
Instr2
Instr3
……
……
Instrn
For example, the instruction
sequence to the right takes 40 loop psha ; 2 E cycles
pula ; 3 E cycles
E cycles to execute. By
psha
repeating this instruction pula
sequence certain number of psha
times, different time delay can pula
be created. psha
pula
psha
Assume that the E frequency of pula
68HCS12 is 24 MHz and hence psha
its clock period is 41.25 ns. pula
psha
Therefore the instruction
pula
sequence to the right will take nop ; 1 E cycle
1.667 μs to execute. nop ; 1 E cycle
dbne x,loop ; 3 E cycles
Example 2.25 Write a program loop to create a delay of 100 ms.

ldx #60000;
Solution: A delay loop psha ; 2 E cycles
of 100 ms can be pula ; 3 E cycles
psha
created by repeating pula
the previous loop psha
60000 times. pula
psha
pula
psha
pula
psha
pula
psha
pula
nop ; 1 E cycle
nop ; 1 E cycle
dbne x,loop ; 3 E cycles
Chapter Review
† Assembly Language Program Structure:
„ Label, operation, operand, comment
† Directives: end,org,db,ds,fill…
† Flow chart
† Arithmetic
† Loops, branch instructions
† Shift and rotate
† Boolean logic
† Bit test and manipulate
† Program execution time
Now, you should be able to:
† Allocate memory blocks, define constants,
and create a message using assembler
directives
† Write assembly programs to perform simple
arithmetic operations
† Write loops to perform repetitive operations
† Use loops to creat time delays
† Use boolean and bit manipulation instructions
to perform bit field operations.
† Next:

„ Chapter 3