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10 01 Errors Approximations PDF

The document discusses errors and approximations in calculus. It defines infinitesimals and differential, and explains that the error in a function f is approximately equal to the differential of f. It provides examples of calculating the change and differential for various functions. Errors are defined as the absolute, relative or percentage change in the dependent variable due to a change in the independent variable. Examples are given of finding errors and differentials for functions and calculating percentage errors in quantities like area and volume due to measurement errors.

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413 views

10 01 Errors Approximations PDF

The document discusses errors and approximations in calculus. It defines infinitesimals and differential, and explains that the error in a function f is approximately equal to the differential of f. It provides examples of calculating the change and differential for various functions. Errors are defined as the absolute, relative or percentage change in the dependent variable due to a change in the independent variable. Examples are given of finding errors and differentials for functions and calculating percentage errors in quantities like area and volume due to measurement errors.

Uploaded by

Sri D
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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You are on page 1/ 8

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com

CHAPTER 10 ERRORS AND APPROXIMATIONS

TOPICS: 1.ERRORS 2.APPROXIMATIONS.

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INFINITESIMALS Let x be a finite variable quantity and be a minute change in x. Such a quanitity , which is very small when compared to x and which is smaller than any pre-assigned small quantity, is called an infinitesimal or an infinitesimal of first order. If x is an infinitesimal then (x ) 2 , (x )3 , ...... are called infinitesimals respectively of 2nd order, 3rd order.... If A is a finite quantity and is an infinitesimal then A. x , A. (x ) 2 , A. (x )3 , ..... are also infinitesimals and they are infinitesimals respectively of first order, second order, third order Definition: A quantity = (x) is called an infinitesimal as x a if Lt ( x ) = 0
xa

THEOREM Let y = f ( x ) be a differentiable function at x and be a small change in x. Then

f '( x ) and

y differ by an infinitesimal (x ) as x 0 , where y = f ( x + x ) f ( x ) . x

DIFFERENTIAL Definition: If y = f ( x ) is a differentiable function of x then f '( x ).x is called the differential of f. It is denoted by df or dy. dy = f '( x )x or df = f ( x ) x .
Note:

f df i.e., error in f is approximately equal to differential of f

APPROXIMATIONS We have f = f ( x + x ) f ( x ) -------------(1)


df f ( x + x ) f ( x )

f 1 ( x ) .x f ( x + x ) f ( x ) f ( x + x ) f ( x ) + f 1 ( x ) .x

If we know the value of f at a point x, then the approximate value of f at a very nearby point x + x can be calculated with the help of above formula. ERRORS Definition: Let y=f(x) be a function defined in a nbd of a point x. Let x be a small change in x and y be the corresponding change in y. If x is considered as an error in x, then (i) y is called the absolute error or error in y, (ii)
y is called the relative error (or proportionate error) in y, y

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(iii)

y
y

100 is called the percentage error in y corresponding to the error x in x.

EXERCISE I. 1. Find y, dy for the following functions.


y = x 2 + 3x + 6, x = 10, x = 0.01 . (Mar. 5)

Sol: y = f ( x + x ) f ( x ) = ( x + x )2 + 3 ( x + x ) + 6 x 2 + 3x + 6 = ( x )2 + 2 x. x + 3 x Put x=10and x =0.01

y = ( 0.01) + 2.10. ( 0.01) + 3 ( 0.01)


2

= 0.0001 + 0.2 + 0.03 = 0.2301 y = x2+ 3x + 6 dy = f1(x) x dy = (2x + 3) x = (2. 10 + 3) (0.01) = 0.23

2. Sol:

y = ex, x = 0, x = 0.1.
y

= f(x + x) f(x)
x +x )

= e(

e x put x =0 and x = 0.1

0.1 y=e

e0 = e0.1 1.

dy = f (x). x = ex. x= e0(0.1) = 0.1


1

3.

y = 1 , x = 2, x = 0.002.
x

Ans: 1
4.

2000

y = log x, x = 3, x = 0.003. Ans: 0.001

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5. y = x2+ 2x, x = 5, x = -0.1 Sol: 6.
y

= - 1.19 ans

dy = -1.2

If the increase in the side of a square is 1%, find the percentage of change in the area of the square.

Sol: Let x be the side and Abe the area of the

Square Percentage error in x is Area A=

x 100 = 1 x

x2

Applying logs on both sides Log A = 2 logx Taking differentials on both sides
A x 1 1 A = 2. x 100 = 2. 100 =2x1 A x A x

Therefore, percentage error in A is 2%


7. Area of ABC is measured, by the measure of a, b, c. If c is the error in measuring c, then what is the percentage error in the area?
2

Sol: area of the triangle is A = 1 ab sin c

Applying logs on both sides , Log A = log( 1 ab) + log sinC


2

Log A = log ( 1 ab sin c)


2

Taking differentials on both sides


1 1 A A = 0 + 100 = C cot C 100 Percentage error in A = 100 cot C. cos C C A sin C A
c

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8. The diameter of a sphere us measured to be 20 cms. If an error of 0.02 cm occurs in this, find the error in volume and surface area of the sphere.

Sol: let d be the diameter of the sphere.


d Volume of the sphere is V = 4 r3 = 4 3 3 2
3

4d3 d3 d3 = = 3 8 6 6 V = 3d2 . d = d2. d


6 2

( )

Given d= 20, d = 0.02


V

= (20)2 (0.02) = (400) (0.01)= 4 cm3


2

Error

in volume = 4 cms3

Let S be the surface area of the sphere.

Then S =

4r

d = 2

d2 2 = d 4

S = (2d). d =

2d

Put d = 20, d = 0.02


S

= 2 (2o) (0.02) =

0 .8

cm2
0 .8

Error

un surface area =

sq.cms 2 .

9.

The time t of a complete oscillation of a simple pendulum of length l is given by the equation t =
2

1 where g gravitational constant. Find the approximate percentage g

error in the calculated g, corresponding to an error of 0.01 percent is the value of t. Sol:

percentage error in t is

t 100 =0.01 t

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Given t= 2
l g

Taking logs on both sides

log t = log ( 2 ) + 1 {(log (l) log g}


2

1 Taking differentials on both sides, 1 ( t ) = 0 + 1 o . ( g ) g t 2

Multiplying with 100,


0 .0 0 1 = 1 g 100 2 g

1 g t 100 = 100 t 2 g

g 1 0 0 = 0 .0 2 g

Percentage

error in g = -0.02

II.

Find the approximate value of 1)


82

2)

63

3) 25.2 6) cos 456

4)

7.8

5) Sin 601 = 0.0175 180

7) (x 1)3 (x-2)2 (x-3) when x = 0.001.

1.

82

Sol: let f(x) =

x ,x = 81, x = 1

Now
f (x + x) = f ( x ) + f 1 ( x ) x

= x+

1 2 x

.x , put x = 81, x = 1

= 81 +
2.
3

1 1 1 .1 = 9 + = 9 + = 9 + 0.056 = 9.056 2.9 18 2 81

63

Sol: let f (x) = 3 x, x = 64, x = 1

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Follow above method.
3.
25.2

Sol: Let x = 25, x = 0.2, f (x) = x Follow above method


25.2 = 5.02

4.

7.8

Sol: Let x = 8, x = 0.2,f (x) = 3 x

ans : 3 7.8 = 1.9834


5. Sin 601, = = 0.0175.
80

Sol: Let f ( x ) = sin x, x = 600 =

and x = 1' = radians 3 60 180 60 180

f (x + x) = f ( x ) + f 1 ( x ) x

= sin x + cos x. x = sin 60 + cos 60.


3 1 0.01745 + . 2 2 60

= 0.86605 + 0.00013 = 0.86618

S u n 6 0 1 ' = 0 .8 6 6 1 8

6.

Cos 456

Ans; Cos 45 6 = 0.7059

7.

(x-1) 3 (x-2) 2 (x-3) at x = 0.001.

Sol: f(x) = (x-1) 3 (x-2) 2 (x-3)

f 1 (x) = (x-1) 3 (x-2) 2. 1+ (x+1) 3 (x-3)+ 2(x-2) + (x-2) 2 (x-3) 3(x-1) 2 = (x-1) 2 (x-2) [(x-1) (x-2)+2 (x-1) (x-3) + 3 (x-2) (x-3)] =(x-1) 2 (x-2) [x2 - 3x + 2 + 2x2-8x + 6 + 3x2-15x + 18] =(x 1)2 (x 2) (6x2 26x + 26)

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dy = f 1 (x). x put x = 0, x = 0.001 dy = [(-1) 2 (-2) ( 0 0 + 26)] (0.001) = - 52 (0.001) = - 0.052
f (x + x) = f ( x ) + f 1 ( x ) x

i.e., f(x + x)

f(x) + dy

= f(0) + dy = (-1) 3 (-2) (- 3) +(- 0.052) = 12 0.052 = 11.948

8. y = cos(x), x = 60 and x = 1. Sol. y = f(x + x) f(x)


= cos(x + x) cos x = cos(60 + 1) cos 60 = cos 61 cos 60 = 0.4848
dy = f (x) x = sin xx 3 (0.0174) 2 = (0.8660)(0.0174) = 0.0151 = sin 60(1) =

1 = 0.4848 0.5 = 0.0152 2

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