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L4 1 LTIsys Analysis

This document discusses linear time-invariant (LTI) systems. It defines the transfer function of an LTI system and decomposes the output into natural response due to system poles and forced response due to input poles. The natural response decays slower while the forced response decays faster. It also discusses how poles determine transient and steady-state response. An example finds the output of an LTI system given its transfer function and input. The document also discusses Z-transforms and how they relate to causality and stability of LTI systems.

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Mohd Shadab Alam
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213 views

L4 1 LTIsys Analysis

This document discusses linear time-invariant (LTI) systems. It defines the transfer function of an LTI system and decomposes the output into natural response due to system poles and forced response due to input poles. The natural response decays slower while the forced response decays faster. It also discusses how poles determine transient and steady-state response. An example finds the output of an LTI system given its transfer function and input. The document also discusses Z-transforms and how they relate to causality and stability of LTI systems.

Uploaded by

Mohd Shadab Alam
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Analysis of LTI Systems

N L
Ak Bk
Y ( z) = H ( z) X ( z) = ∑ −1
+∑ −1
k =1 1 − p k z k =1 1 − q k z
system poles poles of excitation

N L
y[n] = ∑ Ak ( pk ) u[n] + ∑ Bk (qk ) n u[n]
n

k =1 k =1

N L
y nr [n] = ∑ Ak ( pk ) u[n]
n
y fr [n] = ∑ Bk (qk ) n u[n]
k =1 k =1

Response due to system poles Response due to poles of excitation


NATURAL RESPONSE FORCED RESPONSE
transient
decays
SLOWER

•If pk<1, ynr[n]→0; yTR[n] x x

•If qk<1, yfr is also transient transient …


decays n
FASTER

•If i/p is sinusoid, poles lie on u.c.,


o/p is sustained sinusoid, yssr[n] Steady state
response

x
Example: y[n]=0.5y[n-1]+x[n]; system is relaxed;
x[n]=10cos(πn/4)u[n]; determine y[n]

1 10(1 − 1
z −1 )
H ( z) = X ( z) = 2

1 − 0.5 z −1 1 − 2 z + z −2−1

System Nature Input Force

− j 28.7o j 28.7o on
6.3 6.78e 6.78e
Y(z) = H(z)X(z) = −1
+ jπ / 4 −1
+ − jπ / 4 −1 factorization
1−0.5z 1−e z 1−e z
NR
FR

ynr [n] = 6.3(0.5) n u[n]


jπn
− j 28.7 o − jπ4n
y fr [ n] = {6.78e (e ) + 6.78e
4 j 28.7 o
(e )}u[ n]
= 13.56 cos( 4 n − 28.7 )u[ n]
π o
„ Z-tr helps determine CAUSALITY & STABILITY
„ H(z) is causal if ROC>r, r<∞
„ H(z) is stable if ROC includes u.c.
„ Causal & Stable H(z) must satisfy both the
conditions
„ H(z) must converge for |z|>r<1
„ A causal LTI system is BIBO stable if and only if all
the H(z) poles are inside the u.c.
Example: For the system function given, find h[n] if
a) system is causal
b) system is stable

3 − 4 z −1
H ( z) =
1 − 3.5 z −1 + 1.5 z − 2

3 − 4 z −1 1 2
H ( z) = −1 −2
= 1 −1
+
1 − 3.5 z + 1.5 z 1− 2 z 1 − 3 z −1

Zeros : z=0, 4/3


Poles : z=1/2, 3
Contd.

Stable region: Anti


causal
Causal

y[n]=(½)nu[n]-2(3)nu[-n-1] u.c.
|z|>3

o x o x
1/2 3

Causal region: stable

y[n]=(½)nu[n]+2(3)nu[n]

Anti causal region:


y[n]=-(½)nu[-n-1]-2(3)nu[-n-1]; unstable
∞
X + ( z ) = ∑ x[n]z − n
One sided z-transform 0
z+
x[n] = ←⎯→ X + ( z )
x[n]=anu[n]; x[n-2]=?
1. X[n]={1,2,5↑,7,0,1} X + ( z) =
1
⇒X[z]=5+7z-1+z-3 1 − az −1
thus

2. δ[n]⇒1 Z + [ x[n − 2]] = z −2 { X + ( z ) + x(−1) z 1 + x(−2) z 2 }

3. δ[n-k]⇒z-k x(−1) = a −1 ; x ( − 2) = a − 2

z −2
4. δ[n+k]⇒0 +
Z [ x[ n − 2 ]] = −1
+ a −1 1
z + a −2 2
z
1 − az
X[-2]

X[-1]

x[n − 2]

0
Properties

⎧ k
n⎫
1. Delay ⎯→ z ⎨ X ( z ) + ∑ x[ − n ] z ⎬
x[ n − k ] ←z −k +

⎩ n =1 ⎭
Sets initial
condition

⎧ + k −1
−n ⎫
⎯→ z ⎨ X ( z ) − ∑ x[n]z ⎬
2. Advance x[n + k ] ← z k

⎩ n =0 ⎭

3. Final value lim x[n] = lim( z − 1) X + ( z )


n →∞ n →1
PROBLEM at y[-1]=y[-2]=1 find Unit step
response of y[n]=0.9y[n-1]-0.81y[n-2]+x[n]

1
Basic z-transform is H ( z) =
1 − 0.9 z −1 + 0.81z − 2
Let zero state system is relaxed, has no energy stored, no state exists
Yzs ( z ) = H ( z ) X ( z )
Due to step
1 input
=
(1 − 0.9e j z −1 )(1 − 0.9e − j z −1 )(1 − z −1 )
π π
3 3

0.0496 − j 0.542 0.0496 + j 0.542 1.099


= + +
1 − 0.9e z −1 −j −1
1 − z −1
π

1 − 0.9e z
π
j 3 3

y zs [n] = [1.099 + 1.088(0.9) n cos( π3 n − 5.2o )]u[n]


Let zero input;
o/p is only due to the states of the system, or the
energy stored in terms of it’s states

Response is modified due to


presence of states:

N states
Yzi ( z ) = −1 −2
1 − 0.9 z + 0.81z

N states = 0.9[ y (−1)] − 0.81[ y (−2) + y (−1) z −1 ]


= 0.9 − 0.81[1 + z −1 ]
= 0.09 − 0.81z −1
0.09 − .81z −1
Yzi ( z ) =
1 − 0.9 z −1 + 0.81z − 2
0.045 + j 0.4936 0.045 − j 0.4936
= j π3 −1
+ − j π3 −1
1 − 0.9e z 1 − 0.9e z
y zi [n] = 0.99(0.9) cos( 3 n + 87 )]u[n]
n π o

Total Response is due both to the STATES and the INPUT

y[n] = y zs [n] + y zi [n]

= {1.099 + 1.44(0.9) n cos( π n + 38o )}u[n]


3

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