“THE ESTABLISHED LEADER IN EE REVIEW” MULTIVECTOR Review and Training Center Rm. 867, Ground Floor, Isabel Bldg. F. Cayco corner Espafia Sts. Sampaloc, Manila Tel. No. 7317423BASIC ELECTRICITY Electricity > is a natural force or phenomena that produce light chemical decomposition, etc... > a form of energy that lights home and power industries, operate radios and television sets, turns many motors used in clocks, washing machine, clothes dryers, vacuum cleaner...etc. > an invisible force that can produce heat, light, motion, and many other physical effects that can be seen in battery, static charge, lighting, electronics, radio, stereo, television, computer, and many other applications, > comes form the ancient Greek word for amber — electron The best way to understand the nature of electricity is to know the smallest component into which an element can be divided and still be identified — the atom. Matter - anything that occupies space and has weight Molecules — smallest particle of a substance and possess the properties of the substance ‘Atom - smallest particle found in any element and possess the properties of the element All matter is composed of atoms, which is made up of a nucleus around which an infinitesimal charge revolves with high velocity. Electrons, -negatively charge particle -weight 9.107 x 10* kg discovered by Sir Joseph J. Thompson Protons -positively charge particle -weight 1.672 x 10” kg -discovered by Wielhelm Wien Neutrons ~have no electric charge weight 1.672 x 10 7” kg Kinds of Electricity " Static electricity ~ electricity at rest othe Kind of electricity which is produced by friction or by potential difference 2. Dynamic Electricity — electricity in motion ©. known as the current electricity Effects of Electricity Noaens Luminous effect Thermal Effect Photoelectric effect Magnetic Effect Mechanical Effect Chemical Effect Physiological Effect General Types of Current 1 Direct Current — is one in which the flow is constant or unidirectional 2. Alternating Current — is one whose direction changes periodically basic electricity_rvs 04Sources of Electricity 1. generator (mechanical ~ motion of a conductor with respect to a magnetic field) 2. battery (chemical — insertion of two dissimilar metals in @ conducting solution) 3. solar cells (photoelectric — light falling upon a photosensitive surface) 4. piezoelectric crystals or quartz (piezoelectric - mechanical pressure applied to a certain crystals) Electric Circuit or Electric Network > is the complete path through which current flows > is an interconnection of electrical elements linked together in a closed path so that an electric current may continuously flow. Basic Electrical Quantities 4, Charge (Q or q) > is the basic property of elementary particles of matter. > basic unit is Coulomb (1C = 6.25 x 10 electrons or protons) Laws of Electrical Charges ‘A. Unlike charges attract each other { T ay BL Like ike charges repel each other _ — 2. Current (A) > the basic unit of current is Ampere named after Andre M. Ampere Ifthe current is constant, it means that the rate of charge is the average electric current. That is l=Q/t where: current, ampere Q = charge, coulomb time, in second during which electron moves charge/electron , Q.= 1.6.x 10-"C 3. Electromotive Force ( emf) > the potential difference across a battery, a generator, or other source of electric energy when it is not connected to any external circuit. > the force that causes the motion of electrons from one point to another 4. Voltage ( V) > the potential energy difference (simply PD) that exist across two points which tends to cause a flow of electron. > the basic unit is volt, named after Alessandro Volta v=wia 1 volt joule/coulomb or 1 Newton — meter/ coulomb “The mechanical analogy of emf or voltage is pressure fates (wath cot! basic electricity rve 04A); MULTIVECTOR REVIEW AND TRAINING CENTER(, 5. Resistance (ohms, 2) > property of a material that resists or opposes the flow of current. > basic unit is ohm named after George Simon Ohm 6. Conductance ( siemens) G=1/R > the opposite or reciprocal of resistance > the property of a material that allows the flow of current > basic unit is siemens (formerly mho) Factors affecting the resistance of a conductor 1. Kind of material — it means resistance of the nature of material 2. Length - resistance varies directly as its length, 3. Cross sectional area — resistance varies inversely as the cross sectional area of the conductor 4. Temperature — its means resistance depends on the temperature of the conductor. The higher the temperature, the higher is the resistance. Shorter length Longer Larger area ‘Smaller A Lower resistance Higher R Neglecting the last factor for the time being, we can say that TT Gantt feng. Onkay Re UAorR=pLiA Where: _p-is known as the specific resistance or resistivity , and it is constant dependi the nature of the material. Unit is chm -m , ohm-cm, ohm - CMV L= length in m, om, ft A= area in m*, cm’, CM CIRCULAR MIL (CM) > an area of a circle whose diameter is equal to 1 mil > a convenient unit of area used with circular wires because the use of square inches or square feet results in complicated calculations and inconveniently small numbers for ordinary size of wires. Conversion Factor 1 inch = 1000 mils = 2.54cm, 1 CM = area of a circle with a diameter of 1 mil Tin’ x10°CM he pt De chometer wm mvs cn ©) neem a dete basic electricity_rvs 04Area in Circular Mils = (diameter in mils)? cM MA unt M% lenge where: CM is the area in circular mils and D is the diameter in mils : : Area in square mils = = (diameter in mils)? = = CM oh men 4 4 {200 A=z D 4 = wot. where: A is the area in square mils, D is the diameter in mils Arn. #1009 mS Resistivity of some conducting materials Material Resistivity at 20 ° C (ohm-CM/ft) Silver 98 Copper 10.4 Aluminum M7 Tungsten 33 Nickel 47 Iron 60 \ Manganin 265, .7esa Nichrome 602 : * Inferred zero resistance for some common materials Lo. Material Inferred Temparature for zero Resistance(°C) 7 ee Copper 234.5 Aluminum, - 236 Tungsten = 202 a aaoe Nickel - 147 Iron - 180 Nichrome ~ 6250 Silver - 243 Ri 2 Ro lohms -23345°C p=0C H kt Temperature (°C) ‘Temperature vs. Resistance for copper By similar triangles, Rik, 245+T en 934.547) ep, 2eS4T Ri= Re 2345472 Resistor — is a material which introduces resistance in the circuit. basic electricity eve 04Two types of Resistor 1. Fixed 2. Variable Construction of Resistor 1. Wire-wound 2. Carbon composition 3. Film type 4. Chip 5. Fusible RESISTOR AND CAPACITOR COLOR CODING Significant Multiplier Tolerance Figure Black 0 1 420% Brown 1 1x10! 41% Red a 1x10? +2% Orange 3 1x 10° 3% Yellow 4 1x10! +4% Green 5 1x18 35% Blue 6 1x10 46% Violet 7 1x10" 47% Gray a 1x 10° 38% White 3 1x10° 49% Gold o4 5% Silver 0.01 #10% No color #20% Note: Tolerance colors other than gold and silver for capacitor only Multiple Choice: 1. Atomic number of an element is decided by a, the no. of protons c. the Sum of protons and neutrons B. the no. of neutrons 4. none of these 2. The material best suited for manufacturing fuse wire is a. aluminum . tungsten be silver 4d. copper 3. A cloud of 2.5 x 10 electrons move past a given point every 2 secs. How much is the intensity of the electron flow? 32 Qi. MW L 2K Ff B ve ehectnony ata 2A 7 ioe ee b.3A a4a 2 BEAT CORT) — = ay toe 4. Which of the following material is used as heating element? a. aluminum . silver b. manganin ‘ nichrome basic electricity evs 045. Ifa No. 10 AWG wire has a diameter of 101.9 mils, what is its circular mil area? a. 10,338.6 ©. 10,3863 = b. 10,383.6 4. 10,3636 6. Assubstance whose molecules consist of the same kind of atoms is called ___.. (RME April 2004) a. proton & element b. valence d. compound 7. If the DC resistance of a 500 MCM copper conductor 1000ft in length is 0.0258 ohm, the DC resistance for a 1000 MCM copper conductor 1000 ft. in length would be—____ geo 12 OR a, 0.0258 0 £, 0.01299 7 0.015150 0.00643 0 x 8. The rule of thumb is that the resistance of wire doubles (or halves) for each three AWG sizes. According to this rule the resistance of a No. 17 AWG wire compared to that of a No. 11 wire is. ar WS; twice b% “a. 4 times 9. Whats the AWG size equivalent of 1000 mm? 2,000 MAH a. 1000 MCM. c. 250 MCM b. 500 MCM 4.750 MCM moe +d 10. Given a wire 1/8 inch in diameter, find the ratio of square mils to circular mils. ~ a. 4n bw ©. w2 d. iB 11. What is the resistance reading of a shorted circuit? a. infinity ©. zero Oe b. greater than zero G.none ofthese = Shorted - 12. Agiven wire has a resistance of 17.5 ohms. If its length is 560 m, how much length must be cut-off from the wire in order to reduce its resistance to 12.5 ohms. io oo sed a. 155 ohms. ©. 170 ohms. 2 - 400 50 b. 145 ohms d. 160 ohms. % 210 oe rb 13. Calculate the length in ft of copper wire having a résistance of 0.232 ohm and diameter of 1/8 in a. 250 ft _b. 350 ft ©. 50ft . 450 14. The resistance of a copper winding at 20 °C is 35 ohms. Calculate its resistance at 80 °C. a. 34.2 ohms b. 43.2 ohms ©. 24.3 ohms 15. What is the color coding of a resistor of 0.47 ohm 15%? a. violet, yellow, brown, silver b. brown, violet, silver, yellow ©. yellow, violet, silver, gold d. yellow, violet, brown, gold d. 42.3 ohms ‘16.A 400 MCM cable has 37 strands. What is the diameter of each strand in mils? (a. 10.81 b. 1081 ©. 108 d. 104 basic electricity rvs 04MULTIVECTOR REVIEW AND TRAINING CENTER ag i) 17. What is the color coding of a resistor of 2.2 KQ? a red, red, red . Ted, red, gold ©. red, red, silver ~d. red, red, orange a. 900MCM “b.)820 MoM ¢. 740 MOM d. 660MCM 19. The resistance of a conductor when its temperature is changed? a. increases b. remains constants c. varies . decreases 20. Voltage across an electric circuit acts as a (RME April 2001) a. mass of electrons force b. negative ions @- component of current 21. Aluminum and copper-clad aluminum of the same circular-mil and insulation have a. the same physical characteristics b. the same termination methods ¢. the same ampacity ~G. different ampacity 22.4 length of wire has a resistance of 6 ohms. The resistance of a wire of the same material three times as long and twice the cross sectional area will be ____ ohms. a. 36 b. 12 ca a4 23. Nichrome wire having a resistance of 200 0 per 100 feet is to be used for a heater that requifes @ total resistance of 10 0. The length of wire required would be _.C- feet a 10 b. 25 e 30 4. 50 24.A# 12 wire has a diameter of 80.81 mils. The ema would be se a. 4110 b. 5630 ©. 4324 (4) 6530 25. The greater the number of free electrons, the better the ofa metal. . voltage drop b. resistance. ‘c.) conductivity d._ insulation value es pe. ®. eee ee So ,