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Impact of Jet On Vanes Session - I: Fundamental Concepts (Revision)

The document discusses fundamental concepts related to fluid mechanics including states of matter, Newton's second law of motion, momentum, impulse, Bernoulli's equation, and the venturi effect. It also discusses the impact of a jet of liquid on vanes. Specifically, it explains that as liquid passes through a nozzle, its velocity increases and pressure decreases due to the venturi effect. The high-velocity jet then impacts vanes mounted on a rotor, transferring energy between the rotor and the fluid.

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Mansoor
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36 views

Impact of Jet On Vanes Session - I: Fundamental Concepts (Revision)

The document discusses fundamental concepts related to fluid mechanics including states of matter, Newton's second law of motion, momentum, impulse, Bernoulli's equation, and the venturi effect. It also discusses the impact of a jet of liquid on vanes. Specifically, it explains that as liquid passes through a nozzle, its velocity increases and pressure decreases due to the venturi effect. The high-velocity jet then impacts vanes mounted on a rotor, transferring energy between the rotor and the fluid.

Uploaded by

Mansoor
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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IMPACT OF JET ON VANES

Session I
Fundamental concepts (Revision)

States of Matter:
(i)

Solid

(ii)

Fluid

(iii)

Plasma

Newtons II Law of Motion:

The rate of change of momentum of a moving body is directly proportional to


the magnitude of the applied force and takes place in the direction of the applied
force.

mV mU
t

F ma
a acceleration
F = k ma
If m = 1 and a = 1 then F = 1
k=1
F = ma
SI unit of force: newton (N)

Momentum:

The capacity of a moving body to impart motion to other bodies is called


momentum.
The momentum of a moving body is given by the product of mass and velocity
of the moving body.
Momentum = Mass x Velocity
=mxV
Unit: kgm/s
1

Impulsive Force and Impulse of Force:

A force acting over a short interval of time on a body is called impulsive force.
Eg: Kick given to a foot ball.
Impulse of a force is given by the product of magnitude of force and its time
of action.
Impulse of a force = Force x Time interval
SI unit: Ns

Impulse Momentum Principle:


From Newtons II Law
F = ma
F=m

V U
t

Ft = mV mU
Impulse = Final momentum Initial momentum
Impulse of a force is given by the change in momentum caused by the force
on the body.
Ft = m x Final velocity m x Initial velocity
Fx t = m (Vx Ux)
Fy t = m (Vy Uy)

Rate of Flow or Discharge:


The quantity of fluid flowing across a section in unit time is called rate of

flow.
(i)

Volume Flow Rate (Q):


It is the volume of fluid flowing across the section in unit time.

Unit: m3/s or cumecs

1000 litre/sec = 1 m3/s


Q = Area of section x velocity of flow
Q = AV

(ii)

Mass Flow Rate m :


It is the mass of fluid flowing across the section in unit time.

Unit: kg/s

(iii)

Weight Flow Rate w :


It is the weight of fluid flowing across a section in unit time.

Unite: N/s
Relationship among w , m and Q

Weight density =

Weight
Volume

Weight = Weight density x Volume


Weight of fluid flowing/second = Weight density x Volume of fluid flowing/second
=xQ
w

= AV
w

Mass density =

Mass
Volume

Mass = Mass density x Volume


Mass of fluid flowing/second = Mass density x Volume of fluid flowing/second
=xQ
m

= AV
m

Weight = Mass x g
Weight flowing per second = Mass flowing per second x g
xg
= m
w

Continuity Equation for One Dimensional Flow:

v1

Flow

v2

Q1

= Q2

A1V1 = A2V2

= Q3

= .

= A3V3

= .

v3

Work, Energy and Power:

Work: Work is said to be when the point of application of force attains certain
displacement. The magnitude of work done is given by the product of magnitude of
force and displacement produced along the direction of force.
Work done = Force x Displacement
Work done during rotary motion = Torque x Angular displacement
Unite: Nm or joule (J)
Energy: Energy is the capacity to do work. Energy is measured by the maximum
work that can be done.
Unite: Nm or joule (J)

Power: Rate of doing work is called power.


Power =

Work done
Time

Unit: Nm/s or J/s or watt (W)


For linear motion, Power =

Force x Displacement
Time

= Force x Velocity
For rotatory motion, Power =

Force x Angular displacement


Time

= Force x Angular Velocity

Energy of Flowing Fluid:


1. Pressure Energy
2. Kinetic Energy
3. Potential Energy

Energy Head:
Energy possessed by unit weight of fluid is called Energy Head.

Forms of Energy Head:

1. Pressure Head

V2

2
g

2. Kinetic Head
3. Datum Head

Flow

Z
Datum
5

Bernoullis Equation for Ideal Fluid Flow:

Flow

Z1

Z2

Datum

p1 V1
p
V
+ Z1 = 2 2 + Z2

2g

2g

Flow

Z1

Z2

Datum

p 2 V2
p
V
+ Z2 = 1 1 + Z1

2g

2g

Bernoullis Equation for Real Fluid Flow:

Flow

Z1

Z2

Datum

p1 V1
p
V
+ Z1 = 2 2 + Z2 + Loss of head

2g

2g

Flow

Z1

Z2

Datum

p 2 V2
p
V
+ Z2 = 1 1 + Z1 + Loss of head

2g

2g

Venturi Effect:

Datum

From continuity equation


A1V1 = A2V2
Since A2 < A1, V2 > V1
As the area of cross section of flow decreases, velocity increases.
2

p1 V1
p
V
= 2 2

2g

2g

Neglecting Losses

Z1 Z 2

Since V2 > V1, p2 < p1


As the area of cross section of flow decreases, velocity increases and hence
pressure decreases.

Similarly, as the area of cross section of flow increases, velocity decreases and
hence pressure increases.

Jet of Liquid
Pipe carrying liquid under pressure

Pipe carrying liquid


under pressure
Jet

A nozzle is a tube of reducing cross section. As the water under pressure in


the pipe passes through the nozzle, the area of cross section of flow decreases leading
to increase in velocity and decreases in pressure. The jet of liquid comes out to the
atmosphere.
Vanes: Vanes or blades are plates of definite geometrical shape mounted on the
periphery of rotor of a turbo machine (Pump / Turbine) in order to transfer energy
from rotor to fluid or fluid to rotor.

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