Towards Osaka Blue Ocean Vision - G20 Implementation Framework for Actions on Marine Plastic Litter

Indonesia

Actions and Progress on Marine Plastic Litter
Last Update : 2024/10/01

 

Policy Framework

National Action Plan


Name(Year):● National Action Plan of Marine Debris Management or Rencana Aksi Nasional Penanganan Sampah Laut (RAN PSL) 2018

Brief description:
In order to address and properly manage the marine debris issue especially plastic, the Government of Indonesia issued a Presidential Decree no. 83/2018 concerning the National Action Plan of Marine Debris Management. It set the target of 70% reduction of marine plastic debris by 2025.

It is a joint inter-sectoral framework to address the marine debris problem from upstream to downstream, encompassing five strategies:

  1. National movement to increase the stakeholder awareness;
  2. Land-based waste management;
  3. Waste management in the coastal and marine area;
  4. Funding mechanism, institutional-strengthening, supervision, and law enforcement; and
  5. Research and development.

There are 18 line-ministries mandated under the presidential decree in regard to marine debris management.

  • Coordinating Ministry for Maritime & Investment Affairs acts as a chairman
  • Ministry of Environment and Forestry acts as a daily chairman
  • Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries
  • Ministry of Public Works and Housing
  • Minister of Home Affairs
  • Minister of Foreign Affairs
  • Minister of Finance
  • Minister of Industry
  • Ministry of Health
  • Minister of Education and Culture
  • Minister of Communication and Information
  • Minister of Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises
  • Minister of Tourism
  • Cabinet Secretary
  • Head of the Maritime Security Agency.
  • Ministry of National Development Planning
  • National Research and Innovation Agency
  • Ministry of Transportation

There are 59 activities of marine debris management mandated under the presidential decree (https://www.regulasip.id/book/8391/read). Moreover, in order to coordinate all of the activities from 18 line-ministries, the secretariat of the National Coordinating Team for Marine Debris Management was form.

Legal Framework

Name(Year):2018

Brief description:
Presidential Regulation number 83 in 2018 concerning marine debris management

Indicators and/or Targets

■ Plastic recycling:
Indicators: the total amount of recycled plastic waste through waste facilities (Ton) /
the total amount of plastic waste

■ Plastic use reduction:
Indicators: treduction of waste generation
Targets (if any): 30% of waste reduction from waste generation by 2025

■ Plastic leakage:
Indicators: The amount of Marine Plastic Debris reduction from the baseline of the total amount the marine plastic debris leakage estimation
Targets (if any): 70% of marine plastic debris by 2025

■ Beach Cleanup:
Indicators: the conducted beach cleanup activities represented across regional

■ Ghost Fishing Gear recovery:
Indicators: the total amount of abandoned, lost, or otherwise discarded fishing gear (ALDFG) and end of life fishing gear (EOLFG) got recovered

■ Others
Indicators: handled of waste generation
Targets (if any): 70% of waste managed from waste generation by 2025

Technical Standards, Guidelines and Methodologies

Topics
■ leakage monitoring
Brief Description:
There are four baseline research of marine debris monitoring in Indonesia. It includes:

  1. LIPI
    In situ measurements of stranded marine debris using transect lines along the low tide coastline. Based on 2018 data
  2. TKN PSL
    Combining potential marine debris leakage from land-based and sea-based activities. Based on 2018 data.
  3. World Bank
    Modeling of waste data generated, waste composition, waste management systems, field analysis of waste disposal and capture, and in situ waste sampling in waterways and coastal areas. Based on 2014–2015 data.
  4. NPAP
    Modeling of waste mass flow analysis based on measurements in waste systems reported by local governments. Based on 2015–2018 data

Name of publication can be accessed through:

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Measures

Measures across Value Chain
  • Actions for encouraging sustainable / circular product design
  • Policy actions for encouraging plastic alternatives, recycled materials at production stage.
  • Steps taken towards restricting microplastics in products.
  • Reduce single-use plastic (shopping bags, straws etc.) by regulations or voluntary measures
  • Introduce Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR)
  • Improve waste management and recycling system
  • Promoting plastic waste re-use, recycling and recovery opportunities
  • Install capturing trap/filter on drainage/river
  • Conduct clean-up activities in rivers/ wetlands/ beaches/ coasts/ coral reefs/ sea floor, involving local communities involving local communities
    • Product Specific Measures: ALDFG
  • Taken/to be taken National Level Action and/or Community Level Action on Clean sea initiatives including ghost net retrieval, ocean-bound plastics etc.
  • Taken actions for preventing abandoned, lost and discarded fishing gear (ALDFG) being generated.
  • Created/creating collection/recycling mechanism for ALDFG
    • Partnership and Innovation
  • Boost multi-stakeholder involvement and awareness-raising
  • Encourage/ Incentivize action by private sector companies to reduce/ sustainably manage their plastic waste.
  • Encourage public awareness on MPL issues through formal education system and/or curriculum for
  • Promote innovative solutions through Research & Development
    • Monitoring, Data Management, Understanding Flow of Plastics/MPL
  • Conduct Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of plastic products. What are the challenges if LCA is not conducted?
  • Conduct Material Flow Analysis (MFA) on plastics. What are the challenges if MFA is not conducted?
  • Conduct monitoring / estimation / scientific research on leakage of plastics/microplastics to the natural environment and/or flow of ocean surface. What are the challenges if these actions are not conducted?
    • International Collaboration
  • Participate in international cooperation through international
  • Support target region by your international cooperation initiatives/projects: South, Central and Southeast Asia
    • Measures across Value Chain
    Actions for encouraging sustainable / circular product design (example: improved durability, reparability, recyclability, reduction of material use per product…etc.) Yes

    Specific Measures:
    The Ministry of Industry has set a national standardization for quality assurance, ensuring that all products meet specific criteria for performance, safety, and reliability. This standardization includes comprehensive guidelines on material selection, manufacturing processes, and testing protocols, which manufacturers must adhere to. As a result,
    products designed and produced under these standards exhibit enhanced durability and superior quality. Consequently, consumers can trust that these products will have a longer lifespan, reduced maintenance needs, and improved overall performance, which contributes to greater customer satisfaction and a more sustainable consumption pattern.

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    Policy actions for encouraging plastic alternatives, recycled materials at production stage. In Preparation

    ■ Use of recycled materials
    Brief description:
    Indonesia is undertaking significant measures to integrate recycled content into packaging
    Steps taken towards restricting microplastics in products. No
    Reduce single-use plastic (shopping bags, straws etc.) by regulations or voluntary measures (such as ban, levy, others) Yes

    ■ Regulatory Measures (ex: production ban, Ban on use..etc):
    Brief description:
    Until July 2024, there are 114 local governments that have policies on restricting/banning single-use plastic. It consists of 2 provincial governments and 112 district/city governments.

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    Introduce Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) Yes

    Specific Measures:

    Targeted Products  
    Nature of Responsibility ■ Financial responsibility
    ■ Operational responsibility
    ■ Individual producer responsibility
    Modality Mandatory EPR
    ■ Product take back     		Voluntary EPR
    ■ Product
    ■ Initiative
    ■ CSR Initiative
    Eco-modulation
    (if applicable)

    -

    Performance indicators

    -

    Brief Description

    In Indonesia, the implementation of EPR is governed by the Ministry
    of Environment and Forestry Regulation No.
    P.75/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/10/2019. The regulation aims to　encourage producers to take responsibility for the lifecycle of their products, especially in the post-consumer phase. This is to promote recycling, reduce waste, and minimize environmental impact.

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    Improve waste management and recycling system Yes

    Specific Measures:
    The waste management facilities are increased. In regards to regulation, there would be no landfills installment by 2030.
    Promoting plastic waste re-use, recycling and recovery opportunities Yes

    Specific Measures:
    The total of biobased plastic companies and their annual production

    Install capturing trap/filter on drainage/river Yes

    Specific Measures:
    Numerous trash booms have been strategically installed in several rivers across Indonesia to intercept and collect floating debris. An official Point of Contact (PIC) has been designated to oversee the sustainability of these installations and to manage their daily operations in several cities in Indonesia. This includes regular maintenance, debris removal, and ensuring the effectiveness of the trash booms in reducing riverine pollution. By assigning a dedicated PIC, the initiative aims to enhance the efficiency of waste management efforts, contributing to cleaner waterways and reducing the flow of plastic and other pollutants into the ocean.

    Conduct clean-up activities in rivers/ wetlands/ beaches/ coasts/ coral reefs/ sea floor, involving local communities involving local communities Yes

    Specific Measures:
    Clean-up activities should be designed to represent various regions across Indonesia, ensuring a diverse and comprehensive approach to environmental stewardship. The Ministry of Fisheries always carry out a routine beach clean-up activity across Indonesia, leveraging their expertise and resources.

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    Product Specific Measures: ALDFG
    Taken/to be taken National Level Action and/or Community Level Action on Clean sea initiatives including ghost net retrieval, ocean-bound plastics etc. Yes

    Specific Measures:
    Yes, A national-level action on clean sea initiatives is outlined in Presidential Decree No. 83/2018, encompassing measures to address marine debris, Abandoned, Lost, or Otherwise Discarded Fishing Gear (ALDFG) and End-of-Life Fishing Gear (EOLFG).

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    Taken actions for preventing abandoned, lost and discarded fishing gear (ALDFG) being generated. Yes

    Specific Measures:
    regulation is currently being made to manage ALDFG and EOLFG by the ministry of fisheries

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    Created/creating collection/recycling mechanism for ALDFG Yes

    Specific Measures:
    Although there is currently no specific regulation addressing the management of Abandoned, Lost, or Otherwise Discarded Fishing Gear (ALDFG) and End-of-Life Fishing Gear (EOLFG), the Ministry of Fisheries has proactively undertaken efforts to collect and recycle these materials.

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    Partnership and Innovation
    Boost multi-stakeholder involvement and awareness-raising Yes

    Specific Measures:
    Yes, through regional and international partnerships at the ASEAN level and with global environmental organizations such as UNDP, UNEP, and others, Indonesia has collaborated with development partners including GIZ, AFD, the World Bank, and KfW to manage marine debris and waste. Currently, numerous projects focus on these issues, including UNDP’s Marine Litter Project and initiatives promoting the circular economy.
    Encourage/ Incentivize action by private sector companies to reduce/ sustainably manage their plastic waste. Yes

    Specific Measures:
    Yes, through the secretariat of the national coordinating team for marine debris management (TKN PSL) and Indonesia National Plastic Action Partnership (NPAP)
    Encourage public awareness on MPL issues through formal education system and/or curriculum for Yes

    Specific Measures:
    The topic of Marine Plastic Litter (MPL) has been integrated into the curriculum and school textbooks from elementary through high school levels.
    Promote innovative solutions through Research & Development (e.g., subsidy program, investment fund etc.) Yes

    Specific Measures:
    Certainly. Research and development serve as the fifth strategy to reduce, manage, and monitor Marine Plastic Litter (MPL), as outlined in Presidential Decree No. 83/2018. This includes promoting biobased plastics, conducting research and development on micro and macroplastics, and studying the impact of MPL on human health and the environment. These efforts are among the 59 activities mandated under the decree to address MPL.
    Monitoring, Data Management, Understanding Flow of Plastics/MPL
    Conduct Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of plastic products. What are the challenges if LCA is not conducted? Yes

    Scope: ■ National
    Brief Description:
    One of directorate under National Research and Innovation Agency are focused on LCA of plastic bottle.
    Conduct Material Flow Analysis (MFA) on plastics. What are the challenges if MFA is not conducted? Yes

    Scope: ■ National
    Brief Description:
    There have been many publications related to MF on plastics in Indonesia that have been conducted by the governments, universities and among others.

    Conduct monitoring / estimation / scientific research on leakage of plastics/microplastics to the natural environment and/or flow of ocean surface.
    What are the challenges if these actions are not conducted?     		Yes

    Specific Measures:
    ■ Established a monitoring/reporting program/mechanism
    ■ Regularly conduct monitoring/estimation/scientific research
    ■ Conduct monitoring/scientific research

    Scope: ■ National
    Brief Description:
    Monitoring of Indonesia's marine debris leakage focuses on the objectives stated in Presidential Regulation Number 83 of 2018 concerning the handling of plastic waste in the sea. Therefore, monitoring only includes estimates of the potential for plastic waste leakage into the Indonesian sea. This monitoring is carried out annually with the results of the 2018 calculation as the starting point for measurement (baseline). Monitoring is carried out by applying waste mass flow analysis to capture all areas throughout Indonesia and provide the most up-to-date estimates of the amount of marine debris leakage per year in Indonesia, especially plastic waste. This monitoring uses a quantitative descriptive method with a Secondary Data Analysis (ADS) approach, which is collected from official data issued by Ministries/Institutions (K/L) and partners.

    Based on the source, Indonesia's marine debris leakage is divided into two, namely from activities in the land sector (land-based) and the sea sector (sea-based). Each source is calculated using a different method, adjusting the type of activity sector involved.
    However, in principle each method has the same goal, namely calculating the potential for unmanaged waste to enter water bodies/coasts/seas so that it ends up as marine debris.

    A. Land-based
    Land-based marine waste leakage is defined as waste generated from activities on land but not managed properly and dumped into water bodies and ends up in the ocean.
    Among the factors that influence the calculation of land-based waste are the availability and capacity of waste management facilities, as well as the level of public awareness in waste management in the area.

    B. Sea-based
    Sea-based marine debris leakage is defined as waste from marine sector activities that is not managed successfully by coastal and marine waste management facilities and ends up in the ocean. The marine sector activities in question include marine transportation, ports, capture fisheries, aquaculture, and off-shore. Currently, calculations in the maritime sector only cover maritime transportation activities (passenger ships), ports, and capture fisheries (fishermen).
    International Collaboration
    Participate in international cooperation through international organizations, multi-national groups, etc. Yes

    Specific Measures:
    Indonesia always attended Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee and actively send the country’s feedback from that event.

    Many International NGOs are working with the government to manage and overcome MPL and waste management.

    Support target region by your international cooperation initiatives/projects: South, Central and Southeast Asia Yes

    Specific Measures:
    Indonesia took a lead in publishing regional action plan of marine debris management

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    Challenges

    ■ Recycling system improvement
    Specific Challenges:

    • No specific regulation to use recycled content in packaging
    • Recycle industries are located mainly in Java islands.

    ■ Proper waste management system (including lack of local capacity)
    Specific Challenges:

    • The national waste collection rate was below 40% in 2020, with some regions below 20%.
      There is a significant lack of producer participation in the management of plastic packaging waste.
    • Inadequate waste collection infrastructure, especially in rural, remote and island areas, leads to uncontrolled dumping into rivers, open fields or burning, causing pollution and health hazards.
    • Many landfills in Indonesia are poorly managed, lacking proper liners, leachate collection systems and gas capture mechanisms, resulting in the release of pollutants that contaminate soil and groundwater and pose health risks to nearby communities.

    ■ Data collection related to waste in general
    Specific Challenges:

    • Indonesia has already National Waste Management Information System website (SIPSN) that gathered waste generation, waste competition, waste that go to the waste facilities and other information. The data was filled by the local governments.
      There are 514 cities and regencies in Indonesia, however, some of them are not reporting regularly to the website.

    ■ Data collection related to marine plastic litter
    Specific Challenges:

    • Lack of data availability on annual monitoring of marine plastic litter from several sectors like from passenger ships, fishermen ship, aquaculture, ALDFG, EOLFG, and among others

    ■ Lack of financial incentives for waste treatment in general
    Specific Challenges:

    • Waste management in Indonesia often relies on subsidies due to inadequate cost recovery through user fees, resulting in funding gaps and unstable operating expenditures.
    • Waste management budgets are less than 0.5% of local government budgets, hindering the establishment and maintenance of necessary infrastructure and services.
    • High operating costs, including fuel, labour, and equipment maintenance, burden local governments and waste management organisations, limiting their ability to provide efficient services.

    ■ Lack of financial incentives for technology development
    Specific Challenges:

    • Although there has been investment in technology installations, the ongoing costs of daily processing are still being subsidized.

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    Best Practices

    National level
    Description:
    Interfaith waste charity movement where the congregations in several house of worships are now can bring their clean and sorted waste to the mosques, churches, temples. Currently there are 140 mosques, 48 churches and 2 temples are implementing the interfaith waste charity movement.

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    Contact Details

    Name: Vinda Damayanti
    Position: Director
    Division: Directorate of Waste Disposal Reduction
    Organization: Ministry of Environment dan Forestry, Repblic of Indonesia
    Email: [email protected]

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